VEGETATION MANAGEMENT, Vegetationan Ecological MANAGEMENT: Approach an Ecoregional Approach 122 VEGETATION MANAGEMENT: an Ecoregional Approach

VEGETATION MANAGEMENT, VEGETATIONAn Ecological MANAGEMENT: Approach An Ecoregional Approach 122 VEGETATION MANAGEMENT: An Ecoregional Approach

Edited by Bonnie Harper-Lore, retired FHWA Restoration Ecologist

Maggie Johnson, EPA Botanist

William F. Ostrum, FHWA Environmental Specialist

3 13 12 Vegetation Management, An Ecological Approach VEGETATION MANAGEMENT: An Ecoregional Approach CONTENTS

Foreword 7 Acknowledgement 9 Introduction 11 FOREWORD APartCKNOWLEDGEMENTS 1 –Why an Ecoregional Approach? 13 I NTRODUCTIONIntroduction 15 Chapter 1 – Ecology 16 Chapter 2 – Ecoregions 18 PART I. WHY Chapter AN 3 –ECOLOGICAL Ecoregion Map Choices APPROACH 19 C HAPTER 1 - ECOLOGY Part- 2Importance – State Ecoregion to Vegetation Maps, Managers Models, and Resources 25 Introduction 27 - UnderstandingAlabama - Wyoming Critical Ecological Principles 28 - Guidelines for Decision-Making in Planning CPartHAPTER 3 – Applied2 - ECOREGIONS Ecology, The Nebraska Model 129 - UsefulnessIntroduction to Land Managers 131 Chapter 1 - Landscape and Corridor Objectives 132 C HAPTER Chapter3 - AGENCIES 2 - Nebraska USE VARIOUS Region M“D”APS Example 134 - MajorChapter Cooperative 3 - Plant EcologicalSpecies Match Efforts Objectives 137 - EcoLogical, an Interagency Approach Part 4 – Native Plant Establishment 141 - InternationalIntroduction Ecoregional Efforts 143 C HAPTER Chapter4 - PLANT 1 - TheCOMMUNITIES Midwest Model WITHIN ECOREGIONS 145 Chapter 2 – Design Considerations 146 - What Chapter are Plant 3 – Planning Communities? a Seed Mix 150 - Grassland Chapter 4Communities – Plant Species Fit Selection Roadside Needs 152 Chapter 5 – Native Seed Specification 156 - What Chapter is Native 6 – Erosion and what Control is not? Use 159 CHAPTER 5 - 50 STATE ECOREGION MAPS, MODELS AND RESOURCES Part 5 – Integrated Roadside Vegetation Management 167 PART 2. IntroductionAN APPLIED ECOLOGY EXAMPLE 169 Chapter 1 – Planning Ahead – How to Develop an IRVM Plan 172 C HAPTER Chapter1 - MATCHING 2 – RoadsideECOLOGICAL Succession AND PROJECT NEEDS 174 Chapter Chapter2 - Nebraska 3 – How Department to Inventory of Vegetation Roads Use of Ecoregions 176 Chapter 4 – Noxious Weed or Invasive Plant? 178 - Objectives Chapter 5for – Roadsides Corridors for Wildlife 184 - Nebraska?s Classiﬁcation Map CPartHAPTER 6 – On-the-Ground3 - HOW IT WORKS Applications 193 Introduction 195 - Matching Chapter of 1 -Landscape Basic Mowing and Strategies Classiﬁcation to Region D 196 - Nebraska Chapter Species 2 - Basic list Spraying for Region Strategies D 198 Chapter 3 - How to Control 40 Common Invasive Plants 201 Chapter 4 - Other Successful Tools 205 PART 3. ChapterHOW TO 5 - FourESTABLISH Modern Partnerships NATIVE VEGETATION 207 CHAPTER 1 - ESTABLISHING A NATIVE GRASSLAND COMMUNITY Part- 7Native – Appendix grassland characteristics 215 Introduction 217 - Native Chapter Plant 1 - RequirementsClassroom and Field Exercises for Instructor Use 218 - How Chapter to Protect 2 - Additional Native Remnants Reading and Resources 223 Chapter 3 - Memorandum of Understanding Examples 226 - Why Chapter Ecoregion 4 - Requirements Ecotypes are That Important Support an Ecological Approach 234

5 13 Vegetation Management, An Ecological Approach

CHAPTER 2 - DESIGNING AND PLANNING NATIVE PLANT USE - How to Match Seed Species to Conditions - Cover Crop Considerations - Lessons of Nonnative Legumes - How to write a Native Seed Speciﬁcation - How to Read a Native Seed Label - How to Seed Native Vegetation CHAPTER 3 - PLANNING EROSION AND SEDIMENT CONTROL USE - Why Plan for Erosion Control - Native Grasses Minimize Erosion (drawings) - How to Use Native Species for Erosion Control - How to Develop a SWPP Plan - BMPs for Erosion and Sediment Control?

PART 4 - HOW TO MANAGE ALL VEGETATION - Importance of Integrated Vegetation Management

12 FOREWARDFOREWORD

When we first started using an “ecoregional approach” to roadside vegetation management, we received an inquiry from a newspaper in the Minneapolis-St. Paul area. They Whenwanted we to first know started why using we weren’t an “ecological mowing approach” and spraying to roadside more (or vegetation all) of the management, non-paved we receivedareas of thean inquiry transportation form a newspaper corridors. in Our the Minneapolis-St.response was that Paul roadsides area. They fit wantedthe definition to know whyof rangelands we weren’t or mowing grasslands, and spraying even where more largely (or all) wooded. of the non-paved The roadsides areas of are the nottransportation agricultural lands, manicured lawns nor parklands. Rangelands are mainly managed by applying corridors.ecological Ourprinciples response to wasthe developmentthat roadsides andfit the manipulation definition of ofrangelands, the vegetation. grasslands An ecologi-even wherecal approach largely wooded.required Thea longer roadsides time wereframe not to agronomic produce favorable nor a house results. lawn Aor newspaper a park. Rangelandsresponded thatare mainly it sounded managed good by but applying seemed ecological to be just principles another to name the development for “don’t mow and the grass and let the weeds grow.” And so it often may appear at first. Time is an important manipulationelement in the of developmentthe vegetation. of Andthings such in annature. approach required a longer time frame to produce favorable results. A wag responded that it sounded good but seemed to be just another name for “don’tStarting mow from the zero grass in and 1900, let theindependent weeds grow.” motorized And so it vehicles often may (cars appear and attrucks) first. Timeincreased is an importantso rapidly elementthat by aboutin the development1930 there was of thingsone car in fornature. every six citizens (today there is more than one per citizen). Highway structures had to increase accordingly and became the “Arteries of the Nation.” They are the most widespread and visible of all public improve- Startingments. Infrom 1932, zero the in Roadside1900, independent Development motorized Committee vehicles in (cars the andDesign trucks) Division increased of the so rapid- lyHighway that by aboutResearch 1930 Board there was oneestablished car for every to research six citizens and (todaydisseminate there is information more than one per regarding roadside care and use (termed “development”). Later there was a Committee on citizen).Roadside Highway Maintenance structures in the had Maintenance to increase accordingly Division. Inand time, became the Americanthe “Arteries Association of the Nation.”of State HighwayThey are theOfficials most widespread (AASHO) and formed visible a ofsomewhat all public improvements.parallel committee In 1932 to exchange the Roadsideinformation Development on the subject Committee between in the the Design States. Division In the late of the1960’s, Highway the AASHO Research committee Board was was re-established in a different form and name. established to research and disseminate information regarding roadside care and use (termed “development”).With the “Great Depression”Later there was in athe Committee 1930’s, highway on Roadside work Maintenance projects of thein the Works Maintenance Project Division.Administration In time (WPA) the American employed Association many architects of State Highway and landscape Officials architects. (AASHO) formedIt was natural a some- whatthat a parallel “dressed-manicured” committee to exchange agronomic information approach on shouldthe subject result. between The termthe states. “front In yards the lateof the nation” came into vogue. This carried with it the image of front lawns, fairways and 1960’sparkways the AASHO(as per thecommittee Washington was eliminated, and Taconic but Parkways)later yet it wasdeveloped somewhat at that re-established time. The in a differentagronomic form approach and name. was in the forefront.

With the start of the Interstate highway program, late 1950’s, early 1960’s, the acreage Withinvolved the “Greatrapidly Depression” increased andin the so 1930’s,did soil highway erosion work and costs.projects By of the the late Work 1960’s Project roadside Administrationpolicy modifications (WPA) employedbecame common many architects – “limited and contours”landscape architectsand “architectural on these projects.mowing” It wasand naturalspot spraying that a “dressed-manicured” are examples. Then agronomic in the 1970’s approach came shouldthe fuel result. shortages The termand “frontcost inflation to increase the mood for change. Applications of the ecological approach were show- yardsing results of the and nation” gaining came public into vogue. acceptance. This carried with it the image of front lawns, fairways and parkways (as per the Washington and Taconic Parkways) developed at that time. The agronom- icThe approach transportation was in the structure forefront. exists between the two right-of-way boundaries. Its primary purpose is to provide a safe, smooth, solid surfaced area to move vehicles on efficiently. All other concerns are secondary or less. Thus the main purpose of the non-surfaced areas Withi.e., fore the slope,start of ditch, the Interstate back slope highway and other program, vegetated late 1950’s, areas early – is to1960’s, provide the stabilityacreage involved to and rapidlyprotection increased for the and surfaced so did erosionareas from and costs.damage By or the traffic late 1960’s interruption. roadside policy The modificationsecological ap- becameproach iscommon a naturally – “limited stabilizing contours” approach and “architectural for vegetation mowing” whereas and the spot agronomic spraying approachare exam- is a disturbing approach (mowing, broadcast spraying with the negative effects of the ples.accompanying Then in the power 1970’s equipment). came the fuel shortages and cost inflation to increase the mood for change. And applications of the ecological approach were showing results and gaining public acceptance.

7 13 CHAPTER 2 Why An Ecological Approach

The two approaches, ecological and agronomic, require a differing set of inputs. The ecologicalThe transportation approach structure mainly exists requires between research the two and right-of-way planning with boundaries. some minor Its prime material, purpose isequipment to provide and a safe, financial smooth, inputs solid surfacedsuch as areaseed, to spot move spraying vehicles and on efficiently.limited mowing. All other Thecon- cernsagronomic are secondary approach or requiredless. Thus large the maininputs purpose of equipment, of the non-surfaced materials, manpower,areas – fore slope,fuel and finances. The agronomic approach has quick, short-lasting results (a freshly-mowed area,ditch, for back example). slope and Because other vegetated of the disturbance areas – is to resultingprovide stability to vegetation to and protectionfrom the mowing, for the sur- spraying,faced areas etc. from the damage results or are traffic short-lived interruption. and must The beecological repeated approach regularly. is a Damage naturally from stabiliz- the ingequipment approach (wheel for vegetation tracks, etc.)whereas is longer the agronomic lasting. The approach results is aof disturbing the ecological approach approach (mowing, are considerably slower in appearing. The cost differential, in favor of the positive ecological approachbroadcast sprayingresulting with from the decreased negative effectsdisturbance, of the accompanying and increased power vegetation equipment). stability is large. Secondary dividends are increased habitat for small non-game and game wildlife, refuges Thefor native two approaches, plant species ecological and often and agronomic,a pleasing requirevisual appearance. a differing set Some of inputs. call it The“naturalization ecological of the roadside”. approach mainly requires mental inputs with some minor material, equipment and financial Lawrenceinputs such E. as Foote, seed, spotPh.D. spraying and limited mowing. The agronomic approach required large inputsretired, of Minnesota equipment, Department materials, manpower, of Transportation fuel and finances. The agronomic approach has quick, short-lasting results (a freshly-mowed area, for example). Because of the disturbance resulting to vegetation from the mowing, spraying, etc. the results are short-lived and must be repeated regularly. Damage from the equipment (wheel tracks, etc.) is longer lasting. The results of the ecological approach are considerably slower in appearing. The cost differential, in favor of the positive ecological approach resulting from decreased disturbance, and increased vegetation stability is large. Secondary dividends are increased habitat for small non-game and game wildlife, refuges for native plant species and often a pleasing visual appearance. Some call it “naturalization of the roadside”.

Lawrence E. Foote, Ph.D. CHAPTER 3 are further subdivided into Provinces, USEPA / James Omernik – Aquatic whichthat ecoregions are similar are in vegetationdistinct by covervirtue types. of Ecosystem Focused spatial variations of many characteristics, EROREGION MAP CHOICES James Omernik (1995) describes the earli- Sectionsand the arepredominant finest level characteristics of detail and varyhave similar terrain features. est attempts in the 1980s by the http://www.fs.fed.us/land/ecosysmgmt/from one ecoregion to another. EnvironmentalUSDA Forest ProtectionService / AgencyRobert (EPA)Bailey index.html.EPA/Omernik’s system gives numbers toEcoregions classify aquatic – Climate resources Focused by adapting (Roman numerals), not names, to the Mapsecosystem can be levels downloaded such that at Level I is the Bailey’s (1976) ecoregional classification http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/ecoregions/ To address the needs of the United States most general, Level II is a subdivision of system.Forest Service, It is logical Robert that Bailey streams developed in an an products/map-ecoregions-united-states/. ecosystemecoregional reflect classification the characteristics based on ofclimate, the Level I with Level III being the most watershedland surface that features they drain, (physiography), and because detailed level. and potential natural vegetation (based Bailey’son Küchler classification (1964)).There includes are many four levels char- acteristicsof detail in critical Bailey’s to ecosystem a watershed classifica- that clas- After the most general ecosystem classifi- sificationtion — Domain, system wasDivision, a logical Province, starting and cation (Level I) was published in 1987, point.Section. However, The geographically Bailey’s system largest was notunits a various States, EPA Regions and Research are Domains, which are subdivided into perfectDivisions. fit for classifying aquatic ecosys- Labs decided they needed greater detail for tems. EPA developed its own classification their management and research purposes systemAreas withinbased ona Division their own have needs similar to classi- over- and cooperative efforts began to develop all climates but are subdivided by higher level maps. Often many States and fyprecipitation aquatic ecosystems. and temperature. The EPA/Omernik Divisions classification system is based on the belief EPA Regions cooperated on efforts to

12188 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSACKNOWLEDGEMENTACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Vegetation Management: An Ecoregional Our respect and appreciation go to Kirk ApproachAn Ecological is theApproach third tobook Roadsides in a seriesis the Hendersonbetween Washington of the National D.C. and Center the work for on thirdintended book to in provide a series supportintended forto providethe on-the- Roadsidethe ground, Vegetation to review inapplications Cedar Falls, of thisIowa, supportground forindividuals the on-the-ground of State Departments individuals of fortraining his input manual. into APart very 3: specialNative thanks Plant to my of Transportation (DOT) and other land Establishment. The Iowa experience with managersState Departments as partners. of Transportation Once again we(DOT) called nativeNatural plantings, Environment expanding teammates production who of andupon other many land scientists managers and as practitionerspartners. Once to nativereviewed ecotype information seed and on naturalthe Migratory Bird againhelp us we fill called in theupon blanks. many Statescientists DOTs’ and help selection,Act, erosion along and withsediment the legislated control, wildlife Iowa was given by Jeff Caster (prescribed burn Living Roadside Trust accomplishments, andpractitioners outdoor to advertising), help us fill in Kenneth the blanks. Graeve shouldhabitat, be along a model with roadsideto all States. vegetation and (nativeState DOTs’ seed help mix), was Tina given Markesson by Jeff Caster (bio- deer-crashes. (prescribedcontrol use), burn James and Merriman outdoor advertising), (protection Including the foreword by Dr. Lawrence of pollinators), Art Thompson (the Nebras- FooteMy great is a respectgreat honor. and appreciation He foresaw go the to Kirk kaKenneth model), Graeve and Ray(native Willard seed mix), (corridor Tina func- potential for conservation and restoration tionalMarkesson zone (biocontrol graphic). Stateuse), DepartmentsJames Merriman of ofHenderson corridors. of Our the Nationalthanks for Center his contribu- for (protectionNatural Resources of pollinators), and their Art NaturalThompson Herit- tion.Roadside Vegetation in Cedar Falls, Iowa, for (theage ProgramsNebraska model),provided and the Ray ecoregion Willard (cor-maps his input into the establishment of native and visitable sites. Carmelita Nelson from Wevegetation also thank section. Maggie The Johnson Iowa experience (USEPA, with theridor Minnesota functional DNRzone graphic).contributed State greatly to Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Departmentsthe section on of roadsidesNatural Resources for wildlife. and their Preventionnative plantings, (OCSPP) expanding at headquarters production inof Natural Heritage Programs provided the Washington,native ecotype DC) seed for and her natural diligent selection, and Coincidentally a National Cooperative meticulousalong with thework. legislated Without Iowa Maggie’s Living Highwayecoregion Researchmaps and Programvisitable sites. 14-16 Carmelita project communications with all 50 state Natural withNelson the from Transportation the Minnesota Research DNR contributed Board HeritageRoadside Programs,Trust accomplishments, this unique collectionshould be a greatlyoverlapped to the this section work on in roadsides 2009. We for thank ofmodel ecoregion to all States.maps would not exist. Ian Heap, lead investigator on that team, wildlife. for sharing the specific weed controls for 40 AndIncluding I thank the Gary Foreword Lore byfor Lawrence his unpaid Foote is species of common invasive plants, often editing time. No one does it better! foundCoincidentally on noxious an NCHRP weed lists. 14-16 Another project re-with a great honor. If I had not met Lawrence Foote on a tallgrass prairie tour, I would not thesearch Transportation project is reflected Research inBoard the overlappedsection on Bonnie L. Harper-Lore thisGPS work use inin inventory2009. I thank work. Ian Thanks Heap, lead to Vic- Restorationhave worked Ecologist with roadsides. He hired me as tor Maddox of Mississippi State University retired,a “fish outFHWA of water” in the Minnesota forinvestigator the applied on that research team, andfor sharing the training the spe- cificmanual weed we controls hope all for States 40 species will utilize. of common Department of Transportation. He also saw invasive plants, often found on noxious weed the potential for conservation and restoration Thanks to the support of the Federal of corridors. My everlasting thanks for the Highwaylists. Another Administration’s research project Divisions is reflected and in Resourcethe section Centers’ on GPS usereview in inventory of the classroom work. opportunity of my life. Thanksexercises. to TheyVictor Maddoxare in perfect of Mississippi position State between Washington D.C. headquarters Once again, without the diligence and metic- andUniversity the work for theon theapplied ground, research to review and the ap- plicationstraining manual of this I hopetraining all States manual. will A copy. very ulous work of Maggie Johnson, this book special thanks to our Natural Environment would never have been attempted. And I Thanksteammates to the who support reviewed of the information Federal on thank my husband, Gary Lore, for all his Highwaythe Migratory Administration’s Bird Act, erosionDivision and and sedi- unpaid editing time. No one does it better! ment control, wildlife habitat, along with roadsideResource Centers’vegetation review and deer-crashes.of the classroom exercises. They are in perfect position Bonnie L. Harper-Lore

9 13 12 INTRODUCTION

Highway corridors connect us all via our Why did this 1930s understanding of road- commercial transport, recreational excur- sides and the natural environment not con- sions, workday travel, and more. The mo- tinue? This question has no easy answer. bilityHighway and corridors safety of connect U.S. highways us all via is oura proud Itare likely but involvesthe frame a of combination a continuous of panorama factors: accomplishmentcommercial transport, of the recreational Federal Highway excur- thelandscape economy, and war, as such building their developmentof the interstate Administrationsions, workday travel, with itsand State more. and The local mobili- system,must be increased devoid of artificialregulations, effects and and a viewreplete partners. Highway rights-of-way are the of roadsides as extra real estate for further mostty and visible safety of U.S.all public highways lands is anda proud likely expansionwith natural of settings.”infrastructure. The Plant Whatever ecology thesub- theaccomplishment least understood. of the ThisFederal manual Highway is es- reasons,committee more reported, roads “Thatmeant in more each develop-region, peciallyAdministration written with for thoseits State decision-makers and local part- mentexisting and vegetation more disturbance along a highway of the environ-furnishes in maintenance, landscape, environmental ment. Application of ecological principles services,ners. Highway and turf rights-of-way and erosion are controlthe most to vis- tothe roadsides key to proper was not selection a priority. of the trees and shareible of what all public we know lands about and likely managing the least this ground cover plants to be established.” land.understood. This manual is especially writ- In the 1970s, during the energy crunch, ten for those decision-makers in mainte- someWhy DOTsdid this and 1930’s land understanding management of agen- road- The world of roadside management is com- cies in need of economic solutions moved plicated.nance, landscape, Environmental environmental regulations services, limit awaysides fromand the the natural traditional environment agricultural not con- ap- theturf practicesand erosion we control use. Utility to share lines, what signage, we proach.tinue? ThisThe questionneeds of haspublic no easylands answer. were notIt fiberopticknow about and managing oil pipelines, this land. snow storage, thelikely same involves as those a combination of a farm field. of factors: Using the adjacent crops, trout streams, and range- the local natural plant life found as part of lands further limit our solutions. Daily theeconomy, context war, of thebuilding project of oncethe interstate again made sys- weatherThe world conditions of roadside require management changes is oncom- the sense.tem, increased It was during regulations, this era and that a view some of fly.plicated. Public Environmental expectation regulationscan change limit every- the embracedroadsides asreduced extra real mowing estate offor roadsides further thing. Roadside development and mainte- to reduce the use of costly fuels. Using the nancepractices have we evolveduse. Utility far beyondlines, signage, the simple fiber inexpensiveexpansion of tool infrastructure. of fire to manageWhatever native the mowoptic and oilspray pipelines, or agricultural snow storage, approach adja- of remnantsreasons, more and nativeroads meant plants more reduced development costs thecent 1930s orchards, and trout‘40s. streams, and rangelands asand well. more Preserving disturbance remnant of the environment. native vegeta- further limit our solutions. Daily weather tionApparently was preferred, we understood because ecological it was cheaper princi- In 1932, the Highway Research Board and and required less energy than seeding Americanconditions Associationrequire changes of Stateon the Highway fly. Public newlyples but disturbed not how soils. to apply Pragmatism them to roadsides. shifted Officialsexpectation begancan change the Committeeeverything. onRoadside Roadside practicesNor was thison the strategy, ground. a priority. This shift to an Development.development and The maintenance Bureau of have Public evolved Roads ecological approach resulted in less surface (now the Federal Highway Administration) water runoff, increased native seed source, helpedfar beyond inspire the simplea nation-wide mow and interest spray or in agri- moreIn the diversity 1970’s, during and improved the energy aesthetics. crunch, some roadsides.cultural approach Within of this the 1930’s and 40’s. DOTs and land management agencies in Committee were research groups on Ero- Inneed the of21st economic century, solutions, many land moved managers away sion, Plant Ecology, Public Relations and have fallen back to the reliable and quick RoadsideIn 1932, the Economics. Highway Research They reported, Board and “The solutionsfrom the traditionalthat are reminiscent agricultural of approach. the roadsidesAmerican Associationare but the offrame State of Highway a continu- agriculturalThe needs of approach. public lands But were the notconditions the same ousOfficials panorama began thelandscape Committee and onas suchRoadside their ofas our those economy, of a farm the field. highway’s Using purpose,the local nat- developmentDevelopment. must The Publicbe devoid Roads of artificial andural the plant environment life found as have part changedof the context again. of effects and replete with natural settings.” We have another energy crunch, an explo- TheAdministration Plant Ecology (now sub-committee the Federal Highway reported, sionthe projectof weed once invasions, again made and sense.global climate It was “ThatAdministration) in each region, helped existinginspire a vegeta-nation-wide change.during this We era knew also, an that ecological some embraced approach tioninterest along in roadsides.a highway Within furnishes this the Committee key to heldreduced promise mowing in the of roadsides‘30s. We tolearned reduce out the of proper selection of the trees and ground necessity in the ‘70s that an ecological ap- coverwere research plants to groups be established.” on Erosion, Plant proachuse of costlyworks. fuels. Now Using we need the inexpensive to adapt our tool Ecology, Public Relations and Roadside increasedof fire to manageknowledge native of remnantsecology toand current native Economics. They reported, “The roadsides conditionsplants reduced with costs an eye as well.to the Preserving future. rem-

11 13 CHAPTER 1 Why An Ecological Approach

CHAPTER 1 stress on interrelationships. One familiar teaching example is to think of the envi- ECOLOGY ronment as a giant stretched-out or fish The term “ecology” was first used in the net. If you pull on one part of the web the 1860s by Ernst Haeckel, a German biolo- entire web will move in response. Just like gist. The word ecology is derived from the that web the components of our environ- Greek words for household/home and ment, living and not living, are connected study/knowledge and defined it as the It’s not enough to know what habitats and comprehensive study of the relationship of species exist in the area you manage, but organisms to all aspects, living and non- you must know how they relate to one living, of their environment another so that you can successfully man- (Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2009). age a roadside habitat.

Why is Ecology Important to Ecology became a separate discipline of Roadside Vegetation Managers? study only relatively recently in the 1970s. Public awareness of the long-lasting effects When you were a child did you take apart of environmental damage was heightened a household item like a clock or radio and by the publication in 1962 of Silent Spring, then was not able to put it back together by biologist Rachel Carson, who is widely properly so that it would work again? If credited with inspiring the environmental you did this as a child (or know a child movement. Carson warned of the dangers who did) you may have learned a valuable from the overuse of pesticides, specifically lesson! If you do not understand what the chlorine-containing, highly persistent parts make up an integrated whole and insecticide DDT (dichloro-diphenyl- how the parts work together to allow the trichloroethane). She described a poten- unit to function, you will not be able to tial future with a spring season that has restore it after it has been altered or dis- been silenced by the complete lack of bird turbed. songs. EPA banned the use of DDT in the U.S. in 1972. Humans change landscapes in dramatic ways. It is a fact of life that we humans If you search for “ecology” in one of the profoundly alter landscapes for our own popular online search engines you will uses. Historically environmental and eco- find approximately 50 million hits (August logical impacts were not considered when 2009 www.google.com search). We are land use projects were planned. We have steeped in ecology, so much so that “eco- learned that our actions have definite sig- friendly” and “green” are some of the new nificant impacts, and that it is more cost- buzz words used in marketing. As a cul- effective to plan to minimize impacts and ture we are becoming concerned with our ensure that ecological integrity is retained impact on the environment. Ecology is than to abandon an area and find a new the study of the interrelationship of organ- alternative or restore a severely impacted isms and their environments, with the area.

1212 CHAPTER 1 Why An Ecological Approach

1313 nant native vegetation was preferred, because agricultural approach. But conditions of our it was cheaper and required less energy than economy, highway purpose, and the environ- seeding newly disturbed soils. Pragmatism ment have changed again. We have another shifted practices on the ground. This shift to energy crunch, an explosion of weed inva- an ecological approach resulted in: less water sions, and possible climate change layered runoff, increased native seed source, more on. We knew an ecological approach held diversity and if it happened to be esthetically promise in the ‘30’s. We learned out of neces- pleasing, so much the better. sity in the ‘70’s that an ecological approach works. Now we need to adapt our increased Here we are in the 21st century. Many land knowledge of ecology to current conditions managers have fallen back to the reliable and with an eye to the future. quick solutions that are reminiscent of the

12 PART 1 WhyWhy An An Ecoregional Ecological Approach Approach

Introduction Community ecology is the study of biotic communities, “A biotic community is Communitycomposed of ecology all the isorganisms the study of allbiotic species communities, living in a “A particular biotic community area.” (Emmel, is composed 1973) of allIt should the organisms not be newsof all speciesthat the living traditional in a particular practices area.” borrowed (Emmel, from 1973) agriculture have not succeeded over time. The production goals of farmers and ranchers differ from environ- Itmental should stewardship not be news goals that theof public traditional land practices managers. borrowed Environmental from agriculture stewardship have not remains suc- ceededan overall over goal time. of highwayThe production design, goals construction of farmers and and management. ranchers differ Tofrom minimize environmental impacts and do no harm has been the public mantra since the 1969 National Environmental Policy stewardshipAct (NEPA). goals During of public the1970’s land managers. economic Environmentalcrisis, when fuel stewardship costs skyrocketed remains anto overall$1.25/gal, goal ofsome highway State design,Departments construction of Transportation and management. looked To to minimize the science impacts of ecology and do forno answers.harm has beenAn ecological the pub lic approach mantra since was discussedthe 1969 National coast to Environmental coast, but not Policyembraced Act (NEPA).by all. During the

1970’sForty yearseconomic later, crisis, while when still tryingfuel costs to do skyrocketed the right thing,to $1.25/gal, we are some once Stateagain Departments stressed by ofan Transportationeconomic crisis, looked higher to fuelthe science costs, and of ecology climate for change answers. considerations. An ecological It approach is time for was all dis- cussedland managers coast to coast,to reconsider but not embraced an ecological by all. approach. After all, change comes slowly. Reference Cited: FortyEmmel, years Thomas later, while C. 1973. still tryiong An Introduction to do the rightto Ecology thing, &we Population are once again Biology. stressed W. W.by anNo eco- r t o n nomic& Company,Inc. crisis, higher New fuel York. costs, with climate change considerations. It is time for all land managers to reconsider an ecological approach. On the land, we are all connected. These intercon- nections are the basis of ecology. Understanding those relationships, and with full knowledge of the consequences, we must act in concert. “That land is a community is the basic concept of ecology, but that land is to be loved and respected is an extension of ethics.” (Leopold, 1949)

Reference Cited: Emmel, Thomas C. 1973. An Introduction to Ecology & Population Biology. W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. New York. Leopold, Aldo. 1949. A Sand County Almanac. Oxford University press. New York.

The National Highway System illustrates how highway corridors cross through and potentially impact our biotic communities. As a consequence,The National shared Highway environmentalSystem illustrates how stewardshiphighway with corridors transporationcross through is key our to protectingbiotic all communities lands. and sometimes impact our connections. As a consequence, shared environmental stewardship with transpo- ration is key to protecting the land.

1513 CHAPTER 1 Why An Ecological Approach

CHAPTER 1 a stressWhite on Paper interrelationships. entitled “Ecological One familiarPrin- ciplesteaching and exampleGuidelines is tofor think Managing of the theenvi- ECOLOGY Use of Land” (ESA 2000). The document identifiesronment asfive a giant ecological stretched-out principles or fishor con- EcologyThe term is “ecology” the study wasof the first interrelation- used in the ceptsnet. thatIf you are pull important on one forpart land of the managers web the 1860sships of by organisms Ernst Haeckel, and their a German environ- biolo- toentire understand web will so move that they in response. can manage Just anlike ecosystem for human uses and still retain gist.ments, The with word the ecologystress on is interrelation- derived from the that web the components of our environ- ships. One familiar teaching example is the integrity of the ecosystem. toGreek think words of the for environment household/home as a giant, and ment, living and not living, are connected study/knowledgestretched-out fish and net. defined If you itpull as onthe one TheIt’s notfive enough principles to know are time, what species,habitats place, and part of the net, the entire net will move disturbance,species exist and in thelandscape. area you For manage, greater but de- comprehensive study of the relationship of tail on the five principles and especially on in response. Just like that net, the compo- you must know how they relate to one nentsorganisms of our to environment, all aspects, living living and and non- not the guidelines (which we will only list here) living, areof their connected. environment It’s not enough to pleaseanother refer so tothat the you original can successfully source at man- (Encyclopædiaknow what habitats Britannica and species Online, exist 2009). in Ecologicalage a roadside Principles habitat. and Guidelines for the area you manage. You must know how Managing the Use of Land by V. H. Dale, S. Brown, R. A. Haeuber, N. T. Hobbs, N. they relate to one another so that you can Why is Ecology Important to Ecology became a separate discipline of Huntly, R. J. Naiman, W. E. Riebsame, M. successfully manage a roadside habitat. Roadside Vegetation Managers? study only relatively recently in the 1970s. G. Turner and T. J. Valone. Ecological Ap- plications Vol. 10, No. 3 (Jun., 2000), pp. PublicWhy awareness is Ecology of Important the long-lasting to Roadside effects When you were a child did you take apart Vegetation Managers? 639-670. Published by: Ecological Society of environmental damage was heightened ofa America.household item like a clock or radio and byHumans the publication alter landscapes in 1962 for of our Silent own Spring, http://www.jstor.org/stable/2641032then was not able to put it back together byuses. biologist Historically Rachel environmental Carson, who isand widely eco- properly so that it would work again? If logical impacts were not considered when credited with inspiring the environmental TIMEyou did Ecosystems this as a childfunction (or knowat many a child land use projects were planned. We have time scales, from the very long (geologic movement.learned that Carsonthese actions warned have of thedefinite dangers weatheringwho did) you of rock may to have form learned soil) to a thevaluable very fromsignificant the overuse impacts, of pesticides,and that it specificallyis more cost shortlesson! (metabolic If you do processes not understand within a what plant or effective to plan to minimize impacts and animal).parts make Ecosystems up an integrated can change whole over and time, theensure chlorine-containing, that ecological integrity highly ispersistent retained andhow left the alone, parts thework natural together pattern to allow of plant the insecticidethan to abandon DDT (dichloro-diphenyl-an area and find a new succession will take a disturbed roadside trichloroethane).alternative or restore She a described severely impacted a poten- Right-Of-Wayunit to function, (ROW) you willto a notrelatively be able stable to tialarea. future with a spring season that has plantrestore community it after it haswhich been will altered vary depend- or dis- ing on regional conditions. beenUsing silenced an ecological by the approach complete to lack land of bird turbed. songs.management EPA banned is valuable the usebecause, of DDT plain in the SPECIES It is important to understand U.S.and simple,in 1972. it works and saves resources in theHumans species change of plants landscapes and animals in dramatic present the long run. In order to properly manage inways. the ecosystem It is a fact becauseof life that these we species humans a roadside habitat and minimize dam- oftenprofoundly have complex alter landscapes interdependencies. for our own A Ifage you so searchthat the for ecosystem “ecology” will in onecontinue of the to butterfly relies on a plant species to survive. popularfunction online properly, search it is enginescritical toyou under- will Removeuses. Historically the plant and environmental the butterfly and will eco- be stand what makes up the ecosystem (plant gonelogical too. impacts What specieswere not are considered native to thewhen findand animalapproximately species, 50soils, million water, hits weather, (August arealand and use what projects introduced were planned. alien species We have are 2009etc.), howwww.google.com the ecosystem search). works, whatWe are the threatening the area? Retain and/or restore steepedlimiting infactors ecology, are, so and much how so much that impact“eco- thelearned native that species our actionsif at all possible.have definite sig- friendly”it will withstand and “green” while are still some retaining of the its new nificant impacts, and that it is more cost- integrity as a functioning ecosystem. PLACE buzz words used in marketing. As a cul- effectiveThis to plan principle to minimize stresses impacts the impor- and tance of understanding the unique charac- ture weUnderstanding are becoming Critical concerned Ecological with our teristicsensure ofthat the ecological specific integrityhabitat. isWhat retained are impact on the environment.Principles Ecology is thethan plant to abandonand animal an organismsarea and find present, a new the soilalternative types, water or restore regime, a severelyprevailing impacted climate, theIn 2000, study the of Landthe interrelationship Use Initiative ofof theorgan- andarea. geomorphology (slope, orientation, ismsEcological and their Society environments, of America with put togetherthe etc.) that characterize the habitat? Any land

1216 CHAPTER 1 Why An Ecological Approach

managementUsing an ecological project approach must consider to land man- t3FUBJOMBSHFDPOUJHVPVTPSDPOOFDUFEwill only list here) please refer to the origi- agementthese specific is valuable characteristics because, plainbecause and nal source areas at that contain critical simple,the species it works that will and be saves established resources (or in the http://wwwhabitats;.esa.org/science_resources/pub- maintained) in the habitat must be able to t.JOJNJ[FUIFJOUSPEVDUJPOBOETQSFBE survivelong run. within Ecology these focuses constraints. on the interrela- lications/landUse.php of nonnative. species;The White Paper is tionships of organisms and their environ- t"WPJEPSDPNQFOTBUFGPSFČFDUTPGavailable to ESA members on the ESA web ments.DISTURBANCE It’s not enough Disturbance to know ofwhat a site. development on ecological habitat is the result of natural events, such processes; and habitatsas wildfires and speciesor floods, exist or in human the area activities, you t*NQMFNFOUMBOEVTFBOENBOBHFNFOU manage,including but clearing you must native know vegetation how they for T IME - Ecosystems practices that function are compatible at many with relateagriculture to one or another logging, in building order to transpor- success- time scales, the from natural the potential very long of (such the area. as tation systems, or controlling rivers via fullydamming manage or levees.a roadside The habitat. type of In distur- order geologic weathering of rock to form soil) tobance properly will affect manage the a plantroadside and habitatanimal and to the very short (metabolic processes minimizepopulations damage that become so that establishedthe ecosystem after within a plant or animal). Ecosystems can willthe disturbance.continue to function properly, it is change over time, and left alone the natu- criticalLANDSCAPE to understand The size,what shape, makes and up spa-the ral pattern of plant succession will take a tialecosystem relationships (plant ofand the animal land-cover species, types soils, disturbed roadside ROW to a relatively (forestwater, weather,edge, grassland, etc.), how etc.) the present ecosystem will stable plant community which will vary control the types of plants and animals thatworks, can what exist the in thelimiting habitat. factors Generally are, and depending on regional conditions. William largerhow much habitats impact support it will a widerwithstand range while of Niering wrote an essay for Roadside Use of speciesstill retaining and are its more integrity stable as than a functioning smaller Native Plants entitled “Working With habitats with fewer species. However, small,ecosystem. patchy habitats also can be valu- Succession-An Ecological Approach in able. Preserving Biodiversity” (Niering, 1999). Understanding Critical Ecological In his essay Niering discusses how road- Principles Guidelines for Decision-Making in Land side vegetation managers, using an ecolog- In 2000 the LandUse Use Planning Initiative of the ical approach, can work with natural suc- Ecological Society of America put together The Land Use Initiative of the ESA used cession to help preserve our dwindling a White Paper entitled “Ecological the five ecological principles described biodiversity. Niering gives examples of abovePrinciples to develop and Guidelines eight land for use Managing guide- how roadside vegetation managers in all thelines Use to assistof Land” managers (ESA 2000). in planning The docu-roadside vegetation projects. Following these regions of the country can benefit from ment identifies five ecological principles or guidelines can help ensure that projects integrating natural plant communities into willconcepts maintain that theare importantintegrity of for the land impact- man- the ROW. agersed habitat to understand while still soserving that they the intendedcan man- human needs. We will only list the guide age an ecosystem for human uses and still lines here and suggest the reader refer to S PECIES - It is important to understand theretain original the integrity source offor the the ecosystem. specifics of the the species of plants and animals present Followingguidelines. the five principles the ESA in the ecosystem because these species developed guidelines for making wise t&YBNJOFJNQBDUTPGMPDBMEFDJTJPOTJO have sometimes complex relationships and land-use adecisions. regional context;In this chapter we often are interdependent. A butterfly t1MBOGPSMPOHUFSNDIBOHFBOEdescribe the five principles and present the relies on a plant species to survive – guidelines unexpected that are based events; on the principles. t1SFTFSWFSBSFMBOETDBQFFMFNFOUTBOE remove the plant and the butterfly will be The five principlesassociated arespecies; time, species, place, gone too. What species are native to the t"WPJEMBOEVTFTUIBUEFQMFUFOBUVSBMdisturbance, and the landscape. For area and what introduced alien species are resources over a broad area; greater detail on the five principles and threatening the area? Retain and/or restore especially on the guidelines (which we the native species if at all possible. Refer

1713 CHAPTER 12 Why An Ecological Approach

CHAPTER 12 WHATstressNatural ARE on Resources interrelationships. PLANT COMMUNITIES Conservation One ANDService familiar WHY ARE THEY IMPORTANT? teaching(NRCS) Majorexample Land is toResource think of Areas; the envi- (2) ECOLOGY ECOREGIONS ronmentUSDA Forest as a giantService stretched-out / Robert Bailey or fish Thenet.Ecoregions; landscape If you pulland is on(3)more one USEPA complex part /of James thethan web just the TheAn “Ecoregion” term “ecology” is a wasconceptual first used tool inused the by An “Ecoregion” is a conceptual tool used forests,entireOmernik webgrasslands, Ecogegions. will move and in wetlands.This response. handbook Within Just like 1860senvironmental by Ernst managersHaeckel, ain German which land-biolo- any ecosystem, province, or natural region gist.by environmental The word ecology managers is derived in which from the thatdoes webnot recommendthe components any oneof our classification environ- scapeslandscapes are grouped are grouped into unitsinto units and subunitsand sub- are local assemblages of species known as plantment,system communities. living over another.and not Collectively, living, One system are connected these is not plant Greekbyunits their bywords ecologically-relevanttheir for ecologically-relevant household/home characteris- and characteristics. The US EPA’s Western Ecology communitiesIt’s“better” not enough or “preferred” are to called know –vegetation. whatit’s up habitats to theVegeta- and study/knowledgetics. The US EPA’s and Western defined Ecology it as the tion differs in kinds of species and total comprehensiveDivision (http://www.epa.gov/wed/pages/ study of the relationship of speciesusers to exist determine in the whicharea you system manage, fits theirbut Divisionecoregions/na (http://www.epa.gov/wed/pages/ eco.htm) describes ecore- number of species depending on the local youneeds must best. know how they relate to one organismsecoregions.htm)gions as areas to all of aspects, describesthe landscape living ecoregions andthat non-have as soil and moisture conditions. Although living,generally of theirsimilar environment characteristics such as plantanother communities so that you differ can successfully from region man- areas of the landscape that have generally to region, they have great similarities in (Encyclopædialandforms, soils, Britannica hydrologic Online, resources, 2009). and ageUSDA, a roadside NRCS habitat. Major Land Resource similarplants andcharacteristics animals. such as landforms, compositionAreas – Soil and Focused structure. A mesic prairie in Wisconsin does not differ greatly from a soils, hydrologic resources, plants and ani- Why is Ecology Important to Ecology became a separate discipline of mesicOne of grassland the earliest in Kansas, ecoregional and aclassifica- lowland mals,How etc.Can Thean Ecoregional term “ecoregion” Concept was Be first Use- Roadside Vegetation Managers? ful to Land Managers? foresttion systems in West isVirginia the major is very land similar resource to a studyused in only the relativelylate 1960s recently by the Canadianin the 1970s. lowland forest in Missouri. Understanding Public awareness of the long-lasting effects Whenareas (MLRAs) you were first a child developed did you in take the apartearly geographer,Ecoregions J.M.provide Crowley a way (Omernik, for land man- 1987). plant communities allows us to share solu- ofagers environmental to manage anddamage monitor was ecosystemsheightened tionsa1970s household to by road-side the itemU.S. issues likeDepartment a acrossclock ortheof radio country. and more efficiently. Just as the physical and NothenAgriculture’s State, was with not Soil ablethe Conservation exceptionto put it back of Hawaii, Service together has- byHow the Can publication an Ecoregional in 1962 of ConceptSilent Spring Be, discreet plant communities. byUsefulbiological biologist to resourcesLand Rachel Managers? Carson, within anwho ecoregion- is widely properlynow the Naturalso that itResources would work Conservation again? If can be described with some degree of con- youService did (NRCS).this as a childThis classification(or know a child system creditedEcoregionsfidence, with the provide responsesinspiring a way theof forthat environmental land ecoregion man- to Continued reaction to change of environ- movement.disturbances Carson can be warnedpredicted. of the This dangers aspect mentwhohas an did)is agriculturalfavorable you may to havefocussome learned andspecies as a and resultvaluable agers to manage and monitor ecosystems unfavorable to others. Drought, soil distur- of predictability allows for more efficient lesson!major defining If you docharacteristics not understand are soils,what cli- frommore theefficiently. overuse Just of pesticides, as the physical specifically and bances, and insect infestations, will cause management! partsmate, makewater up resources, an integrated and land whole use andpat- thebiological chlorine-containing, resources within highly an ecoregion persistent the species assemblage to change. In the past,howterns. thesethe There parts changes are work 278 have together major been land topredictable. allow resource the insecticidecan be describedFederal DDT Agencies (dichloro-diphenyl-with some Use degree Various of con- Ecoregional Approaches Thisunitareas to changewhich function, areover further youtime will is divided known not be into asable succes- geo- to trichloroethane).fidence, the responses She describedof that ecoregion a poten- to sion. Succession is the natural adaptation of tial future with a spring season that has restoregraphically it after associated it has been land altered resource or dis-units disturbancesThere are several can be majorpredicted. ecoregional This aspectclas- plant species to changes. turbed.(LRUs). These LRUs generally correspond beenofsification predictability silenced systems by allows the developed complete for more andlack efficient usedof bird to the individual State general soil map songs.management!by Federal EPA land banned management the use of agencies DDT in inthe U.S.the Unitedin 1972. States. These classifications Humansunits. change landscapes in dramatic are similar in their basic concepts, but ways. It is a fact of life that we humans Federaldiffer in Agenciestheir environmental Use Various focus. These IfEcoregionalecoregional you search classification for Approaches “ecology” systems,in one of include the profoundlyThe NRCS usesalter this landscapes system, fordescribed our own in (1) the U.S.Department of Agriculture uses.the Agriculture Historically Handbook environmental 296 (USDA and eco- popularThere are online several search major engines ecoregional you will classi- (USDA)Natural Resources Conservation logical2006), impactsto assist werein making not considered national and when findficationService approximately systems(NRCS) developedMajor 50 million Land and Resource hits used (August by landregional use landprojects use weredecisions, planned. identifying We have 2009FederalAreas; www.google.com (2)USDA land-management Forest search). Service agencies /We Robert inare the Bailey Ecoregions; and (3) USEPA / James learnedresearch that and ourinventory actions needs, have definiteand to sig- steepedUnited States.in ecology, These so classificationsmuch so that “eco-are friendly”Omernik and Ecogegions. “green” are This some handbook- of the new nificantextrapolate impacts, research and results that it acrossis more political cost- similardoes not in recommendtheir basic concepts, any one classifica-however effectiveboundaries. to plan MLRA to minimizemaps along impacts with the and buzztheytion differsystemwords in usedover which inanother. marketing.major Oneenvironmental systemAs a cul- is ensuredigitized that MLRA ecological data are integrity available is retainedon the turecharacteristicsnot“better” we are becomingor are“preferred” the concernedfocus – ofit’s the up with system.to the our impactusers to on determine the environment. which system Ecology best is fits thanUSDA to web abandon site at an http://soils.usda.gov/ area and find a new Thesetheir needs. ecoregional classification systems, alternativesurvey/geography/mlra/ or restore a severelyfor the entireimpacted thedescribed study ofbelow, the interrelationshipare: (1) the U.S.of organ- area.United States, the Caribbean, and the ismsDepartment and their of environments,Agriculture (USDA) with the Pacific Basin.

1218 CHAPTER 12 Why An Ecological Approach

Using an ecological approach to land man- will only list here) please refer to the origi- agement is valuable because, plain and nal source at simple, it works and saves resources in the http://www.esa.org/science_resources/pub- long run. Ecology focuses on the interrela- lications/landUse.php. The White Paper is tionships of organisms and their environ- available to ESA members on the ESA web ments. It’s not enough to know what site. habitats and species exist in the area you manage, but you must know how they T IME - Ecosystems function at many relate to one another in order to success- time scales, from the very long (such as fully manage a roadside habitat. In order geologic weathering of rock to form soil) to properly manage a roadside habitat and to the very short (metabolic processes minimize damage so that the ecosystem within a plant or animal). Ecosystems can will continue to function properly, it is change over time, and left alone the natu- critical to understand what makes up the ral pattern of plant succession will take a ecosystem (plant and animal species, soils, disturbed roadside ROW to a relatively water, weather, etc.), how the ecosystem stable plant community which will vary works, what the limiting factors are, and depending on regional conditions. William how much impact it will withstand while Niering wrote an essay for Roadside Use of stillCHAPTER retaining its integrity as a functioning 3 Native Plants entitled “Working With ecosystem. Succession-An Ecological Approach in EROREGION MAP CHOICES ThePreserving NRCS Biodiversity”uses this system, (Niering, described 1999). in Understanding Critical Ecological theIn Agriculturehis essay Niering Handbook discusses 296 how(USDA road- Principles 2006), to assist in making national and regionalside vegetation land use managers, decisions, using identifying an ecolog- USEPAInUSDA, 2000 NRCS the/ James Land Major UseOmernik Land Initiative Resource – Aquaticof the Areas – Soil Focused researchicalthat approach,ecoregions and inventory can are work distinct needs, with by andnatural virtue ex- ofsuc- EcologicalEcosystem Society Focused of America put together trapolatingcessionspatial variations to helpresearch preserve of resultsmany our characteristics,across dwindling politi- a White Paper entitled “Ecological cal boundaries. MLRA maps data for the OneJames of Omernik the earliest (1995) ecoregional describes classifica- the earli- biodiversity.and the predominant Niering givescharacteristics examples varyof tionPrinciples systems and is Guidelinesthe Major Land for Managing Resource entire United States, the Caribbean, and the est attempts in the 1980s by the howfrom roadsideone ecoregion vegetation to another. managers in all Areasthe Use (MLRAs), of Land” first(ESA developed2000). The in docu-the Pacific Basin, are available on the USDA earlyEnvironmental 1970s by the Protection U.S. Department Agency (EPA) of webregionsEPA/Omernik’s site atof http://soils.usda.gov/survey/the country system cangives benefit numbers from ment identifies five ecological principles or Agriculture’sto classify aquatic Soil Conservation resources by adaptingService geography/mlra/integrating(Roman numerals), natural plant not names, communities to the into (nowconcepts the thatNatural are importantResources forConserva- land man- Bailey’s (1976) ecoregional classification theecosystem ROW. levels such that Level I is the tionagers Service to understand (NRCS)). so Thisthat they classification can man- systemsystem. has It isan logical agricultural that streams focus andin an as a most general, Level II is a subdivision of age an ecosystem for human uses and still result,ecosystem the majorreflect definingthe characteristics characteristics of the SLevelPECIES I with- LevelIt is important III being theto understandmost retain the integrity of the ecosystem. arewatershed soils, climate, that they water drain, resources, and because and land thedetailed species level. of plants and animals present useFollowing patterns. the There five principles are 278 themajor ESA land re- Bailey’s classification includes many char- in the ecosystem because these species sourcedeveloped areas guidelines which are for further making divided wise into geographicallyacteristics critical associated to a watershed land resource that clas- haveAfter sometimesthe most general complex ecosystem relationships classifi- and land-use decisions. In this chapter we unitssification (LRUs). system These was aLRUs logical generally starting cor- oftencation are (Level interdependent. I) was published A butterfly in 1987, responddescribe tothe the five individual principles state and general present soil the point. However, Bailey’s system was not a reliesvarious on States, a plant EPA species Regions to survive and Research – mapguidelines units. that are based on the principles. perfect fit for classifying aquatic ecosys- removeLabs decided the plant they and needed the butterflygreater detail will befor The five principles are time, species, place, tems. EPA developed its own classification gonetheir managementtoo. What species and research are native purposes to the disturbance, and the landscape. For system based on their own needs to classi- areaand cooperativeand what introduced efforts began alien to species develop are greater detail on the five principles and fy aquatic ecosystems. The EPA/Omernik threateninghigher level themaps. area? Often Retain many and/or States restore and especially on the guidelines (which we classification system is based on the belief theEPA native Regions sp eciescooperated if at all on possible. efforts to Refer

1913 CHAPTER 2 Why An Ecological Approach

Sections are finest level of detail and have similar terrain features. http://www.fs.fed.us/land/ecosysmgmt/ index.html. USDA Forest Service / Robert Bailey Maps can be downloaded at Ecoregions – Climate Focused http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/ecoregions/ USEPA / James Omernik – Aquatic products/map-ecoregions-united-states/.that ecoregions are distinct by virtue of EcosystemTo address the Focused needs of the United States spatial variations of many characteristics, JamesForest Omernik Service, in(1995) 1983 describesRobert Bailey the earli- and the predominant characteristics vary developed an ecoregional classification estbased attempts on climate, in the land1980s surface by the features from one ecoregion to another. Environmental(physiography), Protection and potential Agency natural (EPA) EPA/Omernik’s system gives numbers tovegetation classify aquatic (based resourceson Küchler by (1964)). adapting (Roman numerals), not names, to the There are four levels of detail in Bailey’s ecosystem levels such that Level I is the Bailey’secosystem (1976) classification ecoregional —classification Domain, Divi- system.sion, Province, It is logical and Section.that streams The in geograph- an most general, Level II is a subdivision of ecosystemically largest reflect units the are characteristics Domains, which of the are Level I with Level III being the most subdivided into Divisions. watershed that they drain, and because detailed level. Bailey’sAreas within classification a Division includes have similarmany char- over- acteristicsall climates critical but are to subdivided a watershed by that clas- After the most general ecosystem classifi- sificationprecipitation system and was temperature. a logical starting Divisions cation (Level I) was published in 1987, are further subdivided into Provinces, point.which However,are similar Bailey’s in vegetation system coverwas not types. a various States, EPA Regions and Research perfect fit for classifying aquatic ecosys- Labs decided they needed greater detail for tems. EPA developed its own classification their management and research purposes system based on their own needs to classi- and cooperative efforts began to develop fy aquatic ecosystems. The EPA/Omernik higher level maps. Often many States and classification system is based on the belief EPA Regions cooperated on efforts to

1220 CHAPTER 2 Why An Ecological Approach

USEPA / James Omernik – Aquatic After the most general ecosystem classifi- Ecosystem Focused cation (Level I) was published in 1987,various States, EPA Regions and Research Labs decided they needed greater detail for James Omernik (1995) describes the their management and research purposes. earliest attempts in the 1980s by the Cooperative efforts began to develop Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) higher level maps. The Level III map was USEPAto classify / James aquatic Omernikresources by– Aquatic adapting revisedthat ecoregions in December are distinct 2011 and by virtueis available of EcosystemBailey’s (1976) Focused ecoregional classification atspatial ftp://ftp.epa.gov/wed/ecoregions/us/ variations of many characteristics, system. It is logical that streams in an Eco_Level_III_US_Hillshade.pdf.and the predominant characteristics Level vary IV Jamesecosystem Omernik reflect (1995) the characteristicsdescribes the earli- of maps are being developed and are available estthe attempts watershed, in the that 1980s they drain,by the and be- atfrom ftp://ftp.epa.gov/wed/ecoregions/. one ecoregion to another. Environmentalcause Bailey’s classificationProtection Agency includes (EPA) many EPA/Omernik’s system gives numbers References Cited: tocharacteristics classify aquatic critical resources to a watershed, by adapting that (Roman numerals), not names, to the classification system was a logical starting Bailey, R.G. 1983. Delineation of Ecosys- Bailey’spoint. (1976)However, ecoregional Bailey’s system classification was not a temecosystem Regions. levels Environmental such that Level Management I is the system.perfect fitIt is for logical classifying that streams aquatic in ecosys- an 7(4):365-373.most general, Level II is a subdivision of ecosystemtems. EPA reflect developed the characteristics its own classifica- of the Level I with Level III being the most tion system based on their own needs to Küchler,detailed level.A.W. 1964. Potential natural veg- watershedclassify aquatic that they ecosystems. drain, and The because EPA/ etation of the conterminous United States. Bailey’sOmernik classification classification includes system many is based char- American Geographic Society acteristicson the belief critical that toecoregions a watershed are thatdistinct clas- SpecialAfter the Publication most general 36. ecosystem116 p. classifi- by virtue of spatial variations of many sification system was a logical starting cation (Level I) was published in 1987, characteristics, and the predominant Omernik, J.M. 1987. Map Supplement: point.characteristics However, vary Bailey’s from system one ecoregion was not a various States, EPA Regions and Research EcoregionsLabs decided of thethey Conterminous needed greater United detail for perfectto another. fit for EPA/Omernik’s classifying aquatic system ecosys- gives States. Annals of the Association of Ameri- numbers (Roman numerals), not names, tems. EPA developed its own classification cantheir Geographers, management Vol.and 77,research No. 1 purposes(Mar., to the ecosystem levels such that Level I is system based on their own needs to classi- 1987),and cooperative pp.118-125 efforts (article began consists to develop of 24 the most general, Level II is a subdivision pages). fyof aquatic Level I ecosystems.with Level III The being EPA/Omernik the most higher level maps. Often many States and classificationdetailed level. system is based on the belief EPA Regions cooperated on efforts to

2113 CHAPTER 3 Why An Ecological Approach

Omernik,seemCHAPTER to be J.M. a better 1995. fit Ecoregions: in the western A spatial US 3 agenciesAFederal Practical Highway what Application ecosystem Administration for classification Seed/Plant (FHWA), Spe- sys- frameworkand BLM was for involvedenvironmental in doing manage- some of temNational they Oceanicuse andcies why.and Choices Atmospheric The specific ment.theWHICH ground-truthing In: ECOREGION Biological MAP Assessmentin western DO AGENCIES areasand Cri- forUSE respondersAdministration won’t Fisheries be identified Service but (NOAA teria: Tools for Water Resource Planning The Native Seed Network (NSN) is a andthe OmernikDecision maps.Making. Davis, W.S. and programFisheries of Service), the Institute National for Applied Park Service T.P.The SimonEnvironmental (eds.) Lewis Protection Publishers, Agency’s Boca Ecology(NPS), U.S.(http://appliedeco.org/ Army Corps of Engineers ), a Raton,research FL. program pp. 49-62. Environmental non-profit(USACE), U.S.organization Department located of Agriculture in Corvallis, Oregon. USDA.Monitoring 2006. and Major Assessment Land Resource Program Area Forest Service (USDA FS), U.S. Fish and (MLRA)(EMAP) usesLand Omernik’s Resource RegionsEcoregions and for TheWildlife NSN Service works to(USFWS), provide resourcesthe Knik Armand Majormonitoring Land andResource assessment Areas of thethe Unitednation’s toolsBridge for and habitat Toll restorationAuthority, andefforts, several and State States, the Caribbean, and the Pacific strongly encourages using native plant Basin.ecological U.S. resources. Department EPA’s of Agriculture, Office of Water materialsDepartments and local-areaof Transportation seed sources. (DOT), Handbookalso uses Omernik’s 296, Natural Ecoregions Resources for Con-nation- Theirincluding web Northsite has Carolina a useful DOT,tool for Vermont servational aquatic Service(NRSC).assessments. http://soils. selectingAgency ofnative Transportation, plant species and and Washington seed usda.gov/survey/geogra-phy/mlra/. sourcesDOT. based on the ecoregion where the Major Cooperative Efforts project is located. The NSN web site also offers an ecoregion map, based on the E CO-LOGICAL - Cooperation across USEPAI NTERNATIONAL / Omernik ecosystem,- The Commission which allows a forsite Environmental visitor to click Cooperationon his or her (CEC) State and is agencies is essential to successful land retrieve a native plant list by city or the management because ecosystems don’t specifican international subregion. organization Native plant created information by stop at political borders. In 2004 isCanada, from the Mexico PLANTS and database the United of theStates NRCS at http://plants.usda.gov/. President Bush signed Executive Order under the North American Agreement on 13352 requiring that the Departments of ThisEnvironmental type of application Cooperation can be(NAAEC). highly As Interior, Agriculture, Commerce, and valuableexplained to aon land their manager web site who at www may.cec.or not g Defense and the Environmental Protection havethe CECa strong was background established specificallyin ecology or to botanyresponsesaddress but regional wehas gotto environmentalplanwere a pretty revegetation much concerns what of Agency work together in the spirit of habitat restoration project. The user can go Federal and State Agencies Use weand expected. complements Scientists the environmental in various Federal pro- CooperativeVarious Ecoregional Conservation Approaches in managing to one web site and be directed to the natural resources. properagenciesvisions ecoregion of use the ecosystem North and Americansubregion classification Free and thenTrade Many Federal and State Agencies involved getmethodsAgreement a plant that list (NAFTA). specificallybest fit their In 1997for specific that the needs.CEC subregion. Anin land excellent management, example asof wellCooperative as non-gov- published “Ecological Regions of North The Nature Conservancy, NatureServe, and Conservationernmental organizations across Federal like agenciesThe Nature and America - Toward a Common Perspective” State Natural Heritage Programs, devel- theConservancy, States is “Eco-Logical: also use an ecoregional An Ecosystem which uses the USEPA / Omernik ecosys- oped their classification system based on Approachapproach toto landDeveloping management. Infrastructure However tem classification method. The CEC the USDA Forest Service’s ECOMAP, which Projects”there is no http://www one-best,.envir preferredonment.fhwa. ecoregional breaks down North America into 15 Level is based on Bailey’s Ecosystems. dot.approach gov/ecological/eco_entr that everyone uses.y.asp. As previous-Eco- I ecoregions, 52 Level II ecoregions, and ly mentioned each approach has advan- 200 Level III ecoregions. Logical, which has been incorporated into The National Park Service says that for a tages and organizations use the approach the FHWA’s Environmental Review Toolkit landscape scale projects they often use that best fits their specific needs. P RACTICAL A PPLICATION OF at http://www.environment.fhwa.dot. Bailey’s system. They also use NatureServe’s THE E COREGIONAL C ONCEPT- gov/index.asp, gives examples of using an Ecoregions for vegetation mapping, fire What Ecoregional Approaches Do The Native Seed Network (NSN) at ecosystem approach to infrastructure analysis, and for development of desired Federal Agencies Use & Why http://www.nativeseednetwork.org/ is a development. The Eco-Logical authors conditions. Ininclude preparation representatives for this handbook from the Bureau the of program of the Institute for Applied authorsLand Management did an informal (BLM), email U.S. and tele- Omernik’sEcology http://appliedeco.or Ecoregion maps areg/, useda non-profit by the phoneEnvironmental survey to Protection ask colleagues Agency in other(EPA), Bureauorganization, of Land located Management in Corvallis, because Oregon. they

1222 CHAPTER 3 Why An Ecological Approach

seem to be a better fit in the western US Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), and BLM was involved in doing some of National Oceanic and Atmospheric the ground-truthing in western areas for Administration Fisheries Service (NOAA the Omernik maps. Fisheries Service), National Park Service The Environmental Protection Agency’s (NPS), U.S. Army Corps of Engineers research program Environmental (USACE), U.S. Department of Agriculture Monitoring and Assessment Program Forest Service (USDA FS), U.S. Fish and (EMAP) uses Omernik’s Ecoregions for Wildlife Service (USFWS), the Knik Arm monitoring and assessment of the nation’s Bridge and Toll Authority, and several State ecological resources. EPA’s Office of Water Departments of Transportation (DOT), also uses Omernik’s Ecoregions for nation- including North Carolina DOT, Vermont al aquatic assessments. Agency of Transportation, and Washington DOT. Major Cooperative Efforts

E CO-LOGICAL - Cooperation across I NTERNATIONAL - The Commission agencies is essential to successful land for Environmental Cooperation (CEC) is management because ecosystems don’t an international organization created by stop at political borders. In 2004 Canada, Mexico and the United States President Bush signed Executive Order under the North American Agreement on 13352 requiring that the Departments of Environmental Cooperation (NAAEC). As Interior, Agriculture, Commerce, and explained on their web site at www.cec.org Defense and the Environmental Protection the CEC was established specifically to Agency work together in the spirit of address regional environmental concerns Cooperative Conservation in managing and complements the environmental pro- natural resources. visions of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). In 1997 the CEC An excellent example of Cooperative published “Ecological Regions of North Conservation across Federal agencies and America - Toward a Common Perspective” the States is “Eco-Logical: An Ecosystem which uses the USEPA / Omernik ecosys- Approach to Developing Infrastructure tem classification method. The CEC Projects” http://www.environment.fhwa. breaks down North America into 15 Level dot. gov/ecological/eco_entry.asp. Eco- I ecoregions, 52 Level II ecoregions, and Logical, which has been incorporated into 200 Level III ecoregions. the FHWA’s Environmental Review Toolkit at http://www.environment.fhwa.dot. P RACTICAL A PPLICATION OF gov/index.asp, gives examples of using an THE E COREGIONAL C ONCEPT- ecosystem approach to infrastructure The Native Seed Network (NSN) at development. The Eco-Logical authors http://www.nativeseednetwork.org/ is a include representatives from the Bureau of program of the Institute for Applied Land Management (BLM), U.S. Ecology http://appliedeco.org/, a non-profit Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), organization, located in Corvallis, Oregon.

2313 CHAPTER 1 Why An Ecological Approach

1224 CHAPTER 1 Why An Ecological Approach

age an ecosystem for human uses and still S PECIES - It is important to understand retain the integrity of the ecosystem. the species of plants and animals present Following the five principles the ESA in the ecosystem because these species developed guidelines for making wise have sometimes complex relationships and land-use decisions. In this chapter we often are interdependent. A butterfly describe the five principles and present the relies on a plant species to survive – guidelines that are based on the principles. remove the plant and the butterfly will be The five principles are time, species, place, gone too. What species are native to the disturbance, and the landscape. For area and what introduced alien species are greater detail on the five principles and threatening the area? Retain and/or restore especially on the guidelines (which we the native species if at all possible. Refer

2513 1226 CHAPTER 4 Why An Ecological Approach PART 12 STATE ECOREGIONWhy An MAPS, Ecological MODELS, Approach AND RESOURCES North Dakota are considered steppes or high plains. Warm season grasses domi- References Cited: Curtis, John T. 1959. The Vegetation of nate these prairies. Wisconsin. University of Wisconsin Press, IntroductionMadison. The desert grassland is found on plateaus Odum, Eugener P., 1997. Ecology, a Bridge HOW TO USE AN ECOREGION MAP correctBetween common Science and and Society. scientificSinauer names Associates, to of more than 1000m elevation in western avoid mistakes in specifications later. Texas, southernFOR DECISION-MAKING New Mexico, and south- Inc. Sunderland, MA. ThisThe Flora natural of North area Americabecomes Editorial your model or eastern Arizona. reference site for the plantings you do. It willCommittee, allow you 1993. a benchmark The Flora of for North comparison America. Transportation professionals have talked Oxford University Press, Inc., New York about an “Ecological Approach to Road- over time to learn what worked and what sideThe intermountainPlanting”, since grassland 1941, when or steppeG.B. Gor- didThe not. Nature Conservancy, 2009. Natureserve. Washington D.C. doncovers described western itWyoming at the legendary through annualnorth- EXAMPLE: Ohio Short Course. This event took place Vickery, Peter D. and Peter W. Dunwiddie, Eds. western Utah, southern Idaho, northern A1997. project Grasslands is just northof Northeastern of LaCrosse, North annually from 1941-1966 and examined Wisconsin. Look at the map on page 122 roadsideNevada, and development northeastern issues. California Weed intoCon- America. Massachusetts Aududon Society, the Columbia Basin of Oregon, toLincoln. find the surrounding natural region is trol by Chemical Treatment was discussed called the “Western Coulee and Ridges”. Washingtonin 1946. Grasses, and Idaho. An Economical This grassland Ap- is Call the listed contact and ask for a loca- proach to Erosion Control was described known as Palouse prairie. Much of this tion toHOW visit TO and USE also AN ask ECOREGION for a plant MAP inven- in 1953. tory list for note making on site visit. grassland has been overtaken by cheat- FOR DECISION-MAKING grass.Half a century later, we continue to look VISIT A PRESERVE for ecological and economical answers. TheTransportation Nature Conservancy has talked (TNC)about an man- This book includes “how-tos” for many of ages“Ecological preserves Approach in all 50 to States Roadside and in more theThe land central management California grasslandissues we continuehas few than 30 countries. These protected lands toremnants have in remaining. common. ItIt alsooriginally includes occupied an includePlanting”, some since of the1941, best when remnants G.B. Gordon of plant muchecoregion of the map Sacramento for each State’s Valley, reference. the north- communitiesdescribed it at of the grasslands, legendary wetlands annual Ohioand Here are suggested steps for using the woodlandsShort Course. for yourThis information.annual even examinedTNC resourcesern half of included the San Joaquin,in Part 2 and for coastalyour val- is the leading conservation organization specificleys south State: to San Diego. Most of this workingroadside todevelopment protect ecologically issues from important 1941- grassland has been replaced by grazing and lands1966. and Weed waters Control for nature by Chemical and people. fields1. Look of produce.at your State’s map to get the lay of the land or big picture. LocateTreatment and wasvisit discussed a preserve in near 1946. you to see adaptedGrasses, native An Economical plant associations Approach to to inform East2. Identify of the tallgrass the natural prairie region which or ecologi-reached yourErosion own Control project was site describeddecisions. inUse 1953. the I Ohio,cal landscape lie remnants in which of grasslands: your project is in preserves inventory list as your shopping located. listmention to match this plant bit of species history, to because your planting appar- described as meadows, pine-grassland bar- project.ently the To problems access TNC and preservesolutions data we faceas a 3.rens Contact in Eastern your Maine, State’s sandplainNatural Heritage grass- sourcetoday, andfor Googlein the pages Maps of , or this as manual,a layer for landsProgram on Long(also Island,shown) Piedmont to find a prairies,preserve Google Earth (example below), you can or natural example typical of that region. usecontinue their feedto be url the same. There are no balds and meadows of the Carolinas, http://my.nature.org/preserves/.easy answers. We continue to look for Florida’s dry prairies, Alabama glades and 4. Visit the preserve or natural area to ecological and economical answers. coastalbetter understand prairies into the Louisiana. plant communi- These grasslandsties and species evolved that with are fire,common just as there. the Observe how they are structured and This book includes “how-tos” for the land tallgrass did. The Ozark prairie of where plants grow best. What grows in management issues we continue to have in Arkansas,the wet areas Kansas, that matchMissouri your and ditches? Oklahoma common. Also included is an ecoregion didWhat also. grows Other in the grassland driest partscommunities that match slopes? map for each State’s reference. exist as coastal plains, barrens, karst plains, 5.serpentine Ask the grasslands,Natural Heritage and more. Program for a plant inventory list of the preserve to get

2713 CHAPTER 5 Why An Ecological Approach

CHAPTER 5 Part 2 50 STATE ECOREGION MAPS, MODELS, AND RESOURCES

ALABAMA ECOREGIONS

1228 CHAPTER 5 Why An Ecological Approach

ECOREGIONS:ECOREGIONS: Alabama has seven ecore- VISITNHP C AONTACT PRESERVE: Alfred Schotz, Alabamagions which has follow seven ecoregionsthe designations which by fol- InBotanist/Ecologist addition to Department of Natural lowBailey the and designations the US Forest by Bailey Service. and These the US ResourceAlabama Naturalpreserves Heritage called ScientificProgram and Forest Service. These ecoregions include: Natural Areas (SNAs), the Nature Con- ecoregions include: Interior Low Plateau- 1090 South Donahue Drive Interior Low Plateau-Highland Rim; servancy (TNC) manages preserves in all SouthernHighland AppalachianRim; Southern Piedmont; Appalachian Coastal 50Auburn States University, and in more AL than 36849 30 countries. Plains-Middle;Piedmont; Coastal Southern Plains-Middle; Cumberland ThesePhone: protected334-844-5019 lands Fax:include 334-844-4462 some of the Plateau;Southern Southern Cumberland Ridge Plateau; and Valley; Southern Gulf bestEmail: remnants [email protected] of plant communities of CoastalRidge and Plains Valley; and Gulf Flatwoods; Coastal andPlains Gulf and grasslands, wetlands and woodlands for CoastalFlatwoods; Lowlands. and Gulf Coastal Lowlands. yourGRASSLAND information.EXAMPLE TNC: An is theexample leading of con-the servationBlack Belt organization Prairie, a mosaic working of natural to protect SOURCES: SOURCE: Cleland, DT., J. A. Freeouf, J. E. ecologicallygrassland and important hardwood lands forest and and waters well Cleland, DT., J. A. Freeouf, J. E. Keys Jr., for nature and people. Keys Jr., G. J. Nowacki, C. Carpenter, W. represented throughout the Coastal Plain G. J. Nowacki, C. Carpenter, W.H. McNab. 2007.H. McNab. Ecological 2007. subregions: Ecological sections subregions: and Locateof west and central visit Alabama, a preserve is nearlocated you along to subsectionssections and of subsections the conterminous of the Unitedcontermi- seeeither adapted side of native County plant Road associations 9 roughly to 0.1 Statesnous United [1:3,500,000] States .[1:3,500,000]. Sloan, informroad miles your north own ofproject County site Road decisions. 2, A.M., cartog. Gen. Tech. Report WO-76. Useapproximately the preserves 9.0 inventory air miles southwestlist as your of Sloan,Washington, A.M., cartog.DC: U.S. Gen. Department Tech. Report of shoppingdowntown list Selma. to match plant species to WO-76.Washington, DC: U.S. Depart- your planting project. Agriculture, Forest Service. Map creator: ment of Agriculture, Forest Service. Map creator:Michael MichaelBarbour, Barbour, GIS Analyst, GIS Analyst,AL NHP, AL To access TNC preserve data as a source NHP,Auburn Auburn University, University, AL. AL. for Google Maps , or as a layer for Google Earth, you can use their feed url -- NHP CONTACT: http://www.nature.org/placesweprotect/ Alabama Natural Heritage Program preserve-map.xml. 1090 South Donahue Drive Auburn University, AL 36849 Phone: 334-844-5019 Fax: 334-844-4462

GRASSLAND EXAMPLE: An example of the Black Belt Prairie, a mosaic of natural grassland and hardwood forest and well represented throughout the Coastal Plain of west central Alabama, is located along either side of County Road 9, roughly 0.1 road miles north of County Road 2, approximately 9.0 air miles southwest of downtown Selma.

2913 CHAPTER 5 Why An Ecological Approach

ALASKA ECOREGIONS

I. Beaufort Coastal Plain 12. Yukon River Lowlands 23. Copper River Basin 2. Brooks Foothills 13. Kobuk Ridges and ValIeys 24. Wrangell Mountains 3. Brooks Range 14. Ray Mountains 25. Kluane Ranges 4. Kotzebue Sound Lowlands 15. Tanana-Kuskokwim Lowlands 26. Aleutian Islands 5. Seward Peninsula 16. Yukon-Tanana Uplands 27. Alaska Peninsula 6. Bering Sea Islands 17. Yukon-Old Crow Basin 28. Kodiak Island 7. Nulato Hills 18. Davidson Mountains 29. Gulf of Alaska Coast 8. Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta 19. North Ogilvie Mountains 30. Chugach-St. Elias Mountains 9. Ahklun Mountains 20. Lime Hills 31. Northern Coast Mountains 10. Bristol Bay Lowlands 21. Cook Inlet Basin 32. Alexander Archipelago 11. Kuskokwim Mountains 22. Alaska Range

1230 CHAPTER 5 Why An Ecological Approach

ECOREGIONS:ECOREGIONS: The Unified Ecoregions Map VISITGRASSLAND A PRESERVEEXAMPLE: Calamagrostis Theof Alaska Unified combines Ecoregions the Bailey/US Map of Alaska Forest Incanadensis addition to(bluejoint) Department dominates of Natural the combinesService and the Omernik Bailey/US approaches. Forest Service The and ResourceBluejoint preserves Grasslands, called which Scientific is one ofand the Omernikecoregions approaches. are described The in ecoregions detail (and are Naturalmost common Areas (SNAs), and widespread the Nature grassland Con- describedshown in in greater detail clarity(and shown than can in greater be pro- servancyassociations (TNC) in southeastmanages preservesand southcentral in all clarityvided thanhere) can at http://agdc.usgs.gov/data/be provided here) at 50Alaska. States Roadand in accessible more than examples 30 countries. of this http://forestry.alaska.gov/ These protected lands include some of the usgs/erosafo/ecoreg/index.html. association occur along Hatcher Pass Road pdfs/00ecoregions.pdf best remnants of plant communities of north of Palmer near Independence Mine SOURCE: Nowacki, Gregory; Spencer, grasslands, wetlands and woodlands for SOURCES: yourState information. Historical Park, TNC and is the Turnagain leading Passcon- Page; Fleming, Michael; Brock, Terry; and Nowacki, G.J.; P.Spencer; T.Brock; servationsouth of organizationAnchorage along working Highway to protect 1. Jorgenson, Torre. Ecoregions of Alaska: M.Fleming; and T.Jorgenson. 2001. Ecore- ecologically important lands and waters gions2001. of U.S. Alaska Geological and Neighboring Survey Open-File Territo- for nature and people. ries.Report U.S. 02-297 Geological (http://agdc.usgs.gov/data/ Survey Miscellaneous Investigationsusgs/erosafo/ecoreg/index.htm). series I map (in press). Locate and visit a preserve near you to see adapted native plant associations to NHPNHP CONTACT: CONTACT: Keith Boggs, inform your own project site decisions. ProgramProgram Manager/Program Manager/Program Ecologist Use the preserves inventory list as your AlaskaAlaska Natural Natural Heritage Heritage Program Program shopping list to match plant species to UniversityUniversity of of Alaska-Anchorage Alaska-Anchorage707 A your planting project. 707Street, A Street Anchorage, AK 99501Phone: 907- Anchorage,257-2783 Email: AK 99501 [email protected]. To access TNC preserve data as a source Phone: 907-257-2783 for Google Maps , or as a layer for Google Earth, you can use their feed url -- GRASSLAND EXAMPLE: http://www.nature.org/placesweprotect/ Calamagrostis canadensis (bluejoint) preserve-map.xml. dominates the Bluejoint Grasslands, which is one of the most common and widespread grassland associations in southeast and south central Alaska. Road accessible examples of this association occur along Hatcher Pass Road north of Palmer near Independence MineState Historical Park, and Turn Again Pass south of Anchorage along Highway 1.

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ARKANSAS ECOREGIONS

1232 CHAPTER 5 Why An Ecological Approach

ECOREGIONS:ECOREGIONS: Arkansas has seven Level III GRASSLANDCONTACTS: Arkansas EXAMPLE: Natural Heritage Arkansasecoregions has which seven follow Level theIII ecoregionsdesignations GrasslandsCommission in Arkansas’s ecoregions are whichby Omernik. follow the These designations ecoregions by include Omernik. listed1500 Towerbelow alongBuilding, with 323 the Center Counties Street, TheseOzark ecoregionsHighlands; includeBoston Mountains;Ozark High- inLittle which Rock, they Arkansas are found 72201 and the map lands;Arkansas Boston Valley; Mountains; Ouachita Arkansas Mountains; Valley; numberCindy Osborne, associated Data with the grassland. Descriptions and precise locations are OuachitaSouth Central Mountains; Plains; South Mississippi Central Alluvial Plains; Manager/Environmental Review Mississippi Alluvial Plain; and Mississippi available at http://www.naturalheritage. Plain; and Mississippi Valley Loess Plains. Coordinator, Phone: 501-324-9762, Valley Loess Plains. Descriptions are avail- com/areas/map.asp. Descriptions are available at ftp://ftp.epa.gov/ [email protected] able at http://www.wildlifearkansas.com/ ecoregions.htmlwed/ecoregions/us/useco_desc.doc. OZARK HIGHLANDS Theo Witsell, Botanist, Phone: 501-324- Baker Prairie Natural Area, Boone Co. SOURCES: Woods A.J., Foti, T.L., 9615, [email protected] SOURCE: Map # 1 WoodsChapman, A.J., S.S., Foti, Omernik, T.L. , Chapman, J.M., Wise, S.S., J.A., Chesney Prairie Natural Area, Benton Co. GRASSLAND EXAMPLE: Calamagrostis Omernik,Murray, E.O., J.M., Prior, Wise, W.L., J.A., Murray,Pagan, J.B., E.O., Jr., Map # 2 canadensis (bluejoint) dominates the Prior,Comstock, W.L., Pagan,J.A., and J.B., Radford, Jr., Comstock, M., 2004, J.A., ARKANSAS VALLEY andEcoregions Radford, of M., Arkansas 2004, Ecoregions (color poster of Arkan- with CherokeeBluejoint Grasslands,Prairie Natural which Area, is one Franklin of the sasmap, (color descriptive poster with text, map, summary descriptive tables, text, and Co.most Map common # 3 and widespread grassland summaryphotographs): tables, Reston, and photographs) Virginia, U.S.. Reston, H.associations E. Flanagan in southeastPrairie Natural and southcentral Area, Virginia,Geological U.S. Survey Geological (map scaleSurvey 1:1,000,000). (map scale FranklinAlaska. Road Co. Mapaccessible # 4 examples of this 1:1,000,000). Saratogaassociation Blackland occur along Prairie Hatcher Natural Pass Area, Road Witsell, Theo. Staff Botanist, Arkansas Howardnorth of Co.Palmer Map near # 5 Independence Mine CONTACTS:Natural Heritage Commission State Historical Park, and Turnagain Pass Arkansas Natural Heritage Commission SOUTHsouth of CENTRALAnchorage alongPLAINS: Highway 1. 1500 Tower Building, 323 Center Street Lit- Terre Noire Natural Area, Clark Co. tle Rock, Arkansas 72201 Map # 6 Data Manager/Environmental Review Warren Prairie Natural Area, Bradley & Coordinator, Drew Cos. Map # 7 Phone: 501-324-9762 MISSISSIPPI ALLUVIAL PLAIN: Roth Prairie Natural Area, Arkansas Co. Map # 8 Konecny Prairie Natural Area, Prairie Co. Map # 9 Railroad Prairie Natural Area, Prairie & Lonoke Cos. Map # 10 Downs Prairie Natural Area, Prairie Co. Map # 11

3313 CHAPTER 5 Why An Ecological Approach

ARIZONA ECOREGIONS

1234 CHAPTER 5 Why An Ecological Approach

ECOREGIONS:ECOREGIONS: Arizona has five ecoregions VISITMexico A and PRESERVE Northern Mexico”, Underwhich Arizona’sfollow the Comprehensive designations by Wildlife Bailey InDavid addition F. Gori to andDepartment Carolyn A.of NaturalF. Enquist, Conservationand the US Forest Strategy Service. (CWCS) These six ecore- ecore- ResourceJanuary 2003” preserves is available called Scientific at http:// and gionsgions areinclude: described Apache following Highlands; the desig- Arizona- Naturalazconservation.org/projects/grasslands/ Areas (SNAs), the Nature Con- nationsNew Mexico of Omernik. Mountains; These Colorado ecoregions Plateau; servancyand lists grasslands(TNC) manages located preserves in the Apache in all include: Colorado Plateau, Arizona-New 50 States and in more than 30 countries. Mojave Desert; and Sonoran Desert. Highlands Ecoregion of Arizona. These Mexico Mountains, Apache Highlands These protected lands include some of the Native Grasslands having less than 10% North, Apache Highlands South, Sonoran best remnants of plant communities of SOURCE: Arizona's Natural Heritage Desert, and Mohave Desert. grasslands,shrub cover wetlands are: and woodlands for Program: Heritage Data Management The ecoregion map is available at your information. TNC is the leading con- System (HDMS) within the Arizona Game t"HVB'SJB/BUJPOBM.POVNFOU #-. http://www.azgfd.gov/w_c/cwcs_format. servation organization working to protect shtmland Fish Department ecologicallyowned, 2,052 important acres. lands and waters http://www.gf.state.az.us/w_c/edits/species for nature and people. t"QQMFUPO8IJUUFMM3FTFBSDI3BODI SOURCE:_concern.shtml. Arizona’s Natural Heritage Program LocateNational and Audubonvisit a preserve Society-owned, near you to 5,919 (HDMS)CONTACT : Sabra Schwartz, HDMS seeacres. adapted native plant associations to http://www.azgfd.gov/w_c/edits/species_Program Supervisor inform your own project site decisions. concern.shtmlAZ Game and Fish Dept. WMHB Uset$PDPOJOP/BUJPOBM'PSFTU BDSFT the preserves inventory list as your 5000 W. Carefree Highway shopping list to match plant species to t$PSPOBEP/BUJPOBM'PSFTU BDSFT CONTACT:Phoenix, AZ 85086-5000 your planting project. Arizona Game & Fish Department Phone: 623-236-7618 t(JMB/BUJPOBM'PSFTU BDSFT WMHBFax: 623-236-7366 - Project Evaluation Program To access TNC preserve data as a source [email protected] W. Carefree Hwy fort-BT$JFOFHBT/BUJPOBM$POTFSWBUJPO Google Maps , or as a layer for Google Phoenix, AZ 85086-5000 Earth, you can use their feed url -- "SFB #-.PXOFE BDSFT HDMSGRASSLAND ProgramEXAMPLE Coordinator: The Nature http://www.nature.org/placesweprotect/ Phone:Conservancy 623-236-7618 is the leading Fax: 623-236-7366 expert for preserve-map.xml.t1SFTDPUU/BUJPOBM'PSFTU BDSFT Additionalgrasslands incontacts Arizona. are Thelisted TNC at docu- http://www.azgfd.gov/w_c/edits/hdms_con- ment “An Assessment of the Spatial Extent t5POUP/BUJPOBM'PSFTU BDSFT tact.shtml. and Condition of Grasslands in Central and Southern Arizona, Southwestern New

3513 CHAPTER 5 Why An Ecological Approach

CALIFORNIA ECOREGIONS

261A: Central California Coast M261G: Modoc Plateau 261B: Southern California Coast M262A: Central California Coast Ranges 262A: Great Valley M262B: Southern California Mountains and Valleys 263A: Northern California Coast 322A: Mojave Desert M261A: Klamath Mountains 322B: Sonoran Desert M261B: Northern California Coast Ranges 322C: Colorado Desert M261C: Northern California Interior Coast Ranges 341D: Mono M261D: Southern Cascades 341F: Southeastern Great Basin M261E: Sierra Nevada 342B: Northwestern Basin and Range M261F: Sierra Nevada Foothills

1236 CHAPTER 5 Why An Ecological Approach

EECOREGIONS:COREGIONS: California has 19 ecological t8"3.%&4&35(3"44-"/%4 GPVOEand Southeastern Great Basin ecological in Colorado, Sonoran and Mo have sectionsCalifornia that has follow 19 ecological the designations sections bythat sections. Deserts and Southeastern Great Basin Robertfollow theBailey designations and the USDA, by Robert Forest Bai- ecological sections. Service.ley and the More USDA, information Forest Service. at More Reference Cited: Todd Keeler-Wolf, information at http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/ Julie M. Evens, Ayzi K I. Solomeshch, http://www.fs.fed.us/r5/projects/ecore- References: LandArch/ec/plants/seed.htm. V. L. Holland, And Michael G. Barbour. gions/ca_sections.htm. Todd Keeler-Wolf, Julie M. Evens, Ayzi K Chp. 3 Community Classification and SOURCE: I. Solomeshch, V. L. Holland, And Michael SOURCE: USDA, Forest Service G.Nomenclature Barbour. Chp. in 3Stromberg, Community M.R., Classifica- J.D. http://www.fs.fed.us/r5/projects/ecore-USDA, Forest Service http://www.fs.fed.us/ Corbin, C.M. D'Antonio, Editors. 2007. rm/ecoregions/products/. tion and Nomenclature in Stromberg, M.R., gions/toc.htm. California Grasslands: Ecology and J.D.Corbin, C.M. D'Antonio, Editors. 2007. Management. The Regents of the Univ. of CONTACT: California Grasslands: Ecology and Man- CONTACT: Biogeographic Data Branch of Biogeographic Data Branch of the Calif. agement.Calif., Los The Angeles. Regents of the Univ. of Calif., the Calif. Dept. of Fish and Game Dept. of Fish and Game 1807 13th Street, Loshttp://www.cnps.org/cnps/vegetation/pdf/gr Angeles.http://www.cnps.org/cnps/veg- 1807 13th Street, Suite 202, Sacramento, Suite 202, Sacramento, CA 95811 etation/pdf/grassland_stromberg07_ch3.assland_stromberg07_ch3.pdf CAPhone: 95811 916-322-2493 pdf Phone:Fax: 916-324-0475 916-322-2493 Fax: 916-324-0475 SITES TO VISIT: GREAT VALLEY GRASSLANDS Web sitesite: http://www.dfg.ca.gov/biogeodata/ http://www.dfg.ca.gov/biogeo- SITESSTATE P TOARK VISIT:, San Joaquin Valley, remnant data/ GREATstands of VALLEY Sporobolus GRASSLANDS airoides (native STATE GRASSLAND EXAMPLES: The five major PARK,bunchgrass). San Joaquin Information Valley, atremnant stands of Sporobolus airoides (native bunchgrass). grasslandGRASSLAND types EXAMPLES:in California, recognized http://www.parks.ca.gov/. http://www.parks.ca.gov/. byThe many five ecologists, major grassland are: types in Califor- nia, recognized by many ecologists, are: TILDEN REGIONAL PARK, Wildcat Canyon TILDEN REGIONAL PARK, Wildcat Can- t$ OLD DESERT GRASSLANDS - NE part of near Berkeley has a coastal grassland site yon near Berkeley has a coastal grassland Southern Cascades, Modoc Plateau, with native grasses, on Nimitz Way. More t$0-%%&4&35(3"44-"/%4/&QBSU site with native grasses, on Nimitz Way. Northwesternof Southern Cascades, Basin and Modoc Range, Plateau, and information at http://www.ebparks.org/parks/tilden.htm. MonoNorthwestern ecological Basin sections. and Range, and http://www.ebparks.org/parks/tilden.htm. Mono ecological sections. BEAR CREEK BOTANICAL MANAGE- t/ ORTH COASTAL GRASSLANDS - Northern BEAR CREEK BOTANICAL MANAGEMENT AREA MENT AREA (BMA), 20 miles west of to Central Calif. Coast ecological sections. t/035)$0"45"-(3"44-"/%4 Williams(BMA), 20 along miles Highway west of 20Williams in western along Northern to Central Calif. Coast ColusaHighway County. 20 in westernThe BMA Colusa is a remnant County. of t4 ecologicalERPENTINE sections.GRASSLANDS - on serpentine InnerThe BMA Coast is Rangea remnant vegetation. of Inner 20 Coast BMAs are outcrops, similar to Valley grasslands. partRange of avegetation. Caltrans program 20 BMAs that are identifies,part of a t4&31&/5*/&(3"44-"/%4PO preservesCaltrans programand manages that identifies,significant preserves native t7 serpentineALLEY/SOUTH outcrops,COASTAL similarGRASSLANDS to Valley(also plantand manages communities significant along nativeroadsides. plant com- calledgrasslands. Valley needlegrass grassland, California prairie, or California annual munities along roadsides. The California Native Grasslands Associa- t7"--&:4065)$0"45"-grassland) found in the Great Valley eco- tionThe hasCalifornia a "Guide Native to Visiting Grasslands California's GRASSLANDS(also called Valley needle logical section. Grasslands" at http://www.cnga.org/visi- grass grassland, California prairie, or Association has a "Guide to Visiting tor_guide.html.California's Grasslands" at t8 CaliforniaARM DESERT annualGRASSLANDS grassland), found found in in the Colorado,Great Valley Sonoran eco-logical and Mohave section. Deserts htpp://www.cnga.org/visitor_guide.html.

3713 CHAPTER 5 Why An Ecological Approach

COLORADO ECOREGIONS

1238 CHAPTER 5 Why An Ecological Approach

ECOREGIONS:ECOREGIONS: Colorado contains parts of increasingare available elevation at http://www.fs.fed.us/r2/ and precipitation at Coloradosix ecoregions contains as delineated parts of six by ecoregions The Nature therecreation/map/colorado/index.shtml. transition between plains and moun- asConservancy delineated by (modified The Nature from ConservancyBailey 1995, tains, Foothills-Piedmont Grassland types (modifiedhttp://www.fs.fed.us/land/ecosysmgmt/inde from Bailey 1995, http://www. appear.The U.S.D.A. In the higher,Forest Servicewetter elevationsmanages the of following National Grasslands in fs.fed.us/rm/ecoregions/products/).x.html). East of the mountain front Eastthe the Southern Rocky Mountains, a variety of the mountain front the State is part of Colorado. Information and links located state is part of the Central Shortgrass of Montane Grasslands and Subalpine the Central Shortgrass Prairie. The moun- at http://www.fs.fed.us/recreation/ Prairie. The mountainous central portion Grasslands are found. Sparse Semi-desert tainous central portion of the State forms map/state_list.shtml#Colorado. Grassland communities are typical of the theof thebulk state of the forms Southern the bulk Rocky of the Moun- Southern tainsRocky ecoregion. Mountains On ecoregion. the western On edge the ofwest- drier,t$PNBODIF/BUJPOBM(SBTTMBOEJT warmer mesas and canyons of the theern State, edge fourof the ecoregions state, four are ecoregions shared with are westernlocated inslope. southeastern Descriptions Colorado of these in grass-two neighboringshared with States:neighboring Wyoming states: Basins, Wyoming Utah- landareas: types south are of available Springfield at and southwest WyomingBasins, Utah-Wyoming Rocky Mountains, Rocky Utah Mountains, High http://www.cnhp.colostate.edu/projects/ecoof La Junta. Plateaus,Utah High and Plateaus, the Colorado and the Plateau. Colorado _systems/eco_systems.html. Plateau. t1BXOFF/BUJPOBM(SBTTMBOEMPDBUFEJO SOURCE: t5IF64%"'PSFTU4FSWJDFNBOBHFTUIFnorth central Colorado east of Ft. Collins ColoradoSOURCE: NaturalColorado Heritage Natural Program Heritage infollowing an area bounded National by Grasslands Routes 85, in 14 and toProgram http://csfs.colostate.edu/pages/forest- www.cnhp.colostate.edu. 71.Colorado (information and links located types.html. at http://www.fs.fed.us/recreation/ NHP CONTACT: Michael Menefee, t(JMB/BUJPOBM'PSFTU BDSFTmap/state_list.shtml#Colorado). NHPEnvironmental CONTACT: Review Coordinator EnvironmentalColorado Natural Review Heritage Coordinator Program Colo- t$PNBODIF/BUJPOBM(SBTTMBOEJTMPDBUFE radoColorado Natural State Heritage University Program in southeastern Colorado in two areas: Colorado8002 Campus State DeliveryUniversity south of Springfield and southwest of La 8002 Campus Delivery Fort Collins, CO 80523-8002 Junta. Fort Collins, CO 80523-8002 Ph: 970-491-7331 Phone: 970-491-7331 [email protected] tPawnee National Grassland located in north central Colorado east of Ft. GRASSLAND EXAMPLES: GRASSLAND EXAMPLES: Grasslands in Collins in an area bounded by Routes Grasslands in Colorado are greatly influ- BOEt(JMB/BUJPOBM'PSFTU encedColorado by elevation are greatly and influenced local climate. by eleva- On the easterntion and plains, local Shortgrassclimate. On Prairie the eastern is typical. 9,075 acres. Withplains, increasing Shortgrass elevation Prairie andis typical. precipitation With at the transition between plains and mountains, Foothills-Piedmont Grassland types appear. In the higher, wetter elevations of the Southern Rocky Mountains, a variety of Montane Grasslands and Subal- pine Grasslands are found. Sparse Semi- desert Grassland communities are typical of the drier, warmer mesas and canyons of the western slope. Maps of natural areas, including grassland examples, in Colorado

3913 CHAPTER 5 Why An Ecological Approach

CONNECTICUT ECOREGIONS

1240 CHAPTER 5 Why An Ecological Approach

ECOREGIONS: Connecticut has two Level GRASSLAND EXAMPLE: Connecticut's ECOREGIONS: VISIT A PRESERVE ConnecticutIII ecoregions has following two Level the III designations ecoregions InDepartment addition to of Department Environmental of Natural Protection followingby Omernik. the designations These ecoregions by Omernik. are Resourcehas produced preserves a guideline called Scientificentitled and TheseNortheastern ecoregions Highlands are Northeastern and Northeastern Natural"Managing Areas Grasslands, (SNAs), the Shrublands, Nature Con- and HighlandsCoastal Zone, and whichNortheastern are further Coastal subdivid- Zone, servancyYoung Forest (TNC) Habitats" manages which preserves provides in all whiched into are four further Level subdivided IV ecoregions into each. four 50useful States information and in more on than managing 30 countries. grass- LevelThese IV ecoregions ecoregions are each. shown These on the ecore- Theselands, whichprotected are landsa common include early some stage of theof gionsattached are mapshown and on described the attached at map and bestplant remnants succession. of plant The documentcommunities can of be describedhttp://www.epa.gov/wed/pages/ecore- at grasslands,obtained from wetlands the DEP and Online woodlands Store for ftp://ftp.epa.gov/wed/ecoregions/us/ gions.htm. [email protected], information. 79TNC Elm is Stthe Hartford, leading con-CT Eco_Level_III_US_Hillshade.pdf and ftp:// servation06106-5127, organization Phone 860-424-3555, working to protect Fax ftp.epa.gov/wed/ecoregions/us/Eco_Level_ SOURCE: U.S. Environmental Protection ecologically important lands and waters IV_US.pdf 860-424-4088. Agency, Western Ecology Division, for nature and people. Corvallis, Oregon http://www.epa.gov/ SOURCE: Locate and visit a preserve near you to wed/pages/ecoregions.htm. U.S. Environmental Protection see adapted native plant associations to Agency, Western Ecology Division, BNR CONTACT: Connecticut Natural inform your own project site decisions. Corvallis, Oregon Use the preserves inventory list as your Diversity Database ftp://ftp.epa.gov/wed/ecoregions/us shopping list to match plant species to Bureau of Natural Resources, your planting project. BNRWildlife CONTACT: Division ConnecticutDepartment ofNatural Environmental Diversity DatabaseProtection To access TNC preserve data as a source Bureau79 Elm ofStreet, Natural Sixth Resources, Floor for Google Maps , or as a layer for Google WildlifeHartford, Division CT 06106-5127 Earth, you can use their feed url -- DepartmentPhone: 860-424-3540 of Environmental Fax: 860-424-4058 Protection http://www.nature.org/placesweprotect/ 79 Elm Street, Sixth Floor preserve-map.xml. Hartford,Nancy Murray, CT 06106-5127 Coordinator/Biologist, Phone:[email protected] 860-424-3540 Fax: 860-424-4058 Ken Metzler, Ecologist, [email protected] EXAMPLE: Connecticut's Department of Environmen- tal Protection has produced a guideline entitled "Managing Grasslands, Shrublands, and Young Forest Habitats" which provides useful information on managing grasslands. The document can be obtained from the DEP Online Store http://www.ct.gov/dep/cwp, 79 Elm St Hartford, CT 06106-5127 Phone: 860-424-3555, Fax: 860-424-4088.

4113 CHAPTER 5 Why An Ecological Approach

DELAWARE ECOREGIONS

1242 CHAPTER 5 Why An Ecological Approach

EECOREGIONS:COREGIONS: Delaware has three Level III GdagoRASSLAND rugosa),E XAMPLEhyssop-leaf: A suitable thoroughwort example ecoregions,Delaware has including: three Level Middle III ecoregions, Atlantic is(Eupatorium located on DEhyssopifolium Route 273), and three-nerved I-95 Coastalincluding: Plain, Middle Northern Atlantic Piedmont, Coastal andPlain, Roadside,joe-pye weed on the(Eupatorium roadside of dubium the south-), sweet SoutheasternNorthern Piedmont, Plains. and Southeastern boundpepperbush DE 273 (Clethra onramp alnifolia to I-95.), highbush This 5 Plains. acreblueberry area is ( Vacciniummanaged with corymbosum different ),levels arrow-wood (Viburnum dentatum), sweet SOURCE: Ecoregion map was drawn by of mowing--regularly mowed roadside SOURCE: gum (Liquidambar styraciflua), red maple Robert Coxe based on EPA Level III maps strip, yearly mowed zone, shrub zone followingEcoregion Omernick' map was drawn designations. by Robert Roads (Acer rubrum) and many more. Coxe based on EPA Level III maps fol- mowed once every five years and data are from Delaware Department of lowing Omernick’ designations. Roads VISITunmowed A PRESERVE area. Prior to 1998, this entire Transportation. data are from Delaware Department of Inarea addition was mowed to Department to a tree line. of Natural It has been Transportation. Resourceallowed to preserves grow since called then Scientific and a grass- and NHP CONTACT: Robert Coxe, Ecologist Naturalland, forb, Areas shrub (SNAs), and tree the communityNature Con- has Delaware Natural Heritage Program NHP CONTACT: servancydeveloped. (TNC) Most manages of the area preserves is dry, but in alla Division of Fish & Wildlife 50 States and in more than 30 countries. Delaware Natural Heritage Program Divi- drainage ditch through the center provides Dept. of Natural Resources & These protected lands include some of the sion of Fish & Wildlife a moist zone. The unmowed zones are Environ. Control best remnants of plant communities of Dept. of Natural Resources & Environ. spot sprayed to reduce incursion of inva- 89 Kings Highway, Dover, DE 19901 grasslands, wetlands and woodlands for Control sive species. Species include switchgrass Phone:89 Kings 302-653-2880 Highway, Fax: 302-653-3431 your information. TNC is the leading con- (Panicum virgatum), little bluestem [email protected], DE 19901 servation organization working to protect (Schizacharium scoparium), rugose golden- Phone: 302-653-2880 ecologically important lands and waters Fax: 302-653-3431 forrod nature(Solidago and rugosa people.), hyssop-leaf thoroughwort (Eupatorium hyssopifolium), GRASSLAND EXAMPLE: Locatethree-nerved and visit joe-pye a preserve weed near(Eupatorium you to A suitable example is located on DE seedubium adapted), sweet native pepperbush plant associations (Clethra alnifo-to Route 273 and I-95 Roadside, on the informlia), highbush your own blueberry project (siteVaccinium decisions. corym- roadside of the southbound DE 273 Usebosum the), preservesarrow-wood inventory (Viburnum list asdentatum your ), shopping list to match plant species to onramp to I-95. This 5 acre area is man- sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua), red your planting project. aged with different levels of mowing: maple (Acer rubrum) and many more. regularly mowed roadside strip, yearly mowed zone, shrub zone mowed once To access TNC preserve data as a source every five years and unmowed area. Prior for Google Maps , or as a layer for Google to 1998, this entire area was mowed to Earth, you can use their feed url -- a tree line. It has been allowed to grow http://www.nature.org/placesweprotect/ since then and a grassland, forb, shrub preserve-map.xml. and tree community has developed. Most of the area is dry, but a drainage ditch through the center provides a moist zone. The unmowed zones are spot sprayed to reduce incursion of invasive species. Species include switch grass (Panicum virgatum), little bluestem (Schizacharium scoparium), rugose goldenrod (Soli-

4313 CHAPTER 5 Why An Ecological Approach

FLORIDA ECOREGIONS

1244 CHAPTER 5 Why An Ecological Approach

EECOREGIONS:COREGIONS: Florida has three Level III GDRYRASSLAND PRAIRIEEXAMPLES are flatland: MESIC withFLATWOODS sand sub- ecoregions:Florida has (65)three Southeastern Level III ecoregions: Plains, (75) arestrate; flatland mesic-xeric; with sand subtropical substrate; ormesic; temper- Southern(65) Southeastern Coastal Plain, Plains, and (75) (76) Southern Southern subtropicalate; annual or or temperate; frequent fire; frequent wiregrass, fire; saw FloridaCoastal CoastalPlain, and Plain. (76) Descriptions Southern Florida of slashpalmetto, pine and/orand mixed longleaf grasses pine and with herbs; saw as theseCoastal ecoregions Plain. Descriptions are found at of US these EPA's palmetto,much a shrubland gallberry and/oras grassland. wiregrass Reference or ecoregions are found at US EPA’s Western site: Kissimmee Prairie Preserve State Western Ecology Division web site at cutthroat grass understory. Although Ecology Division web site at Park, 27 34 52.1 N, 81 01 59.4 W. http://www.epa.gov/wed/pages/ecore- forested, this natural community is basi- http://www.epa.gov/wed/pages/ecoregions.htm callyVISIT grassland A PRESERVE with a thin, open-canopy ofIn pines. addition Reference to Department site: Apalachicola of Natural SOURCE: Florida Department of SOURCE: NationalResource Forest, preserves 30 05 called 34.4 N,Scientific 85 02 28.8 and W. Transportation,Florida Department Environmental of Transportation, Natural Areas (SNAs), the Nature Con- ManagementEnvironmental Office, Management Office, SservancyANDHILL are (TNC) upland manages with deep preserves sand sub- in all 605 Suwannee St MS 37 Tallahassee, FL strate;50 States xeric; and temperate; in more than frequent 30 countries. fire (2-5 32399Tallahassee, Phone: FL 850-414-4447. 32399 years);These longleaf protected pine lands and/or include turkey some oak of the Phone: 850-414-4447. withbest wiregrassremnants understory; of plant communities also a lightly of FNAI CONTACT: Amy Jenkins, Senior forestedgrasslands, natural wetlands community and woodlands with a grassy for your information. TNC is the leading con- BotanistFNAI CONTACT: understory. Reference site: Ocala National servation organization working to protect Florida Natural Areas InventoryInventory Forest, 29 27 16.6 N, 81 48 32.7 W. 10181018 Thomasville Thomasville Road,Road, SuiteSuite 200-C200-C ecologically important lands and waters for nature and people. Tallahassee, FL 32303 DRY PRAIRIE are flatland with sand sub-

Phone: 850-224-8207 [email protected] strate; mesic-xeric; subtropical or temper- Web site: http://www.fnai.org/ Locate and visit a preserve near you to Web site: http://www.fnai.org/ ate;see annualadapted or native frequent plant fire; associations wiregrass, tosaw palmetto, and mixed grasses and herbs; as GRASSLAND EXAMPLES: inform your own project site decisions. much a shrubland as grassland. Reference MESIC FLATWOODS are flatland with Use the preserves inventory list as your site: Kissimmee Prairie Preserve State sand substrate; mesic; subtropical or shopping list to match plant species to temperate; frequent fire; slash pine and/or Park,your 27planting 34 52.1 project. N, 81 01 59.4 W. longleaf pine with saw palmetto, gallberry and/or wiregrass or cutthroat grass un- To access TNC preserve data as a source derstory. Although forested, this natural for Google Maps , or as a layer for Google community is basically grassland with a Earth, you can use their feed url -- thin, open-canopy of pines. Reference site: http://www.nature.org/placesweprotect/ Apalachicola National Forest, 30 05 34.4 preserve-map.xml. N, 85 02 28.8 W. SANDHILL are upland with deep sand substrate; xeric; temperate; frequent fire (2-5 years); longleaf pine and/or turkey oak with wiregrass understory; also a lightly forested natural community with a grassy understory. Reference site: Ocala National Forest, 29 27 16.6 N, 81 48 32.7 W.

4513 CHAPTER 5 Why An Ecological Approach

GEORGIA ECOREGIONS

1246 CHAPTER 5 Why An Ecological Approach

ECOREGIONS:ECOREGIONS: Georgia has five Level III VISITDNR CAONTACT PRESERVE: J. Mincy Moffett, Jr. Georgiaecoregions, has fiveincluding: Level SouthwestIII ecoregions, InGeorgia addition Department to Department of Natural of Natural Resources including:Appalachians Southwest Ridge and Appalachians Valley, Blue Ridge, ResourceWildlife Resourcespreserves Divisioncalled Scientific and Ridge and Valley, Blue Ridge, Piedmont, Piedmont, Southeastern Plains, and NaturalNongame Areas Conservation (SNAs), the Section Nature Con- Southeastern Plains, and Southern Coastal Southern Coastal Plains. servancy2065 US (TNC)Hwy 278, manages SE preserves in all Plains. 50 States and in more than 30 countries. Social Circle, GA 30025 SOURCES: Map was downloaded in These protected lands include some of the SOURCE: Phone: 770-918-6411 or 706-557-3032 November 2008 from the Georgia GIS best remnants of plant communities of Map was downloaded in November 2008 grasslands,Cell: 706-424-2128 wetlands and woodlands for Data Clearinghouse from the Georgia GIS Data Clearinghouse [email protected] information. TNC is the leading con- https://gis1.state.ga.us/index.asp by Chris https://gis1.state.ga.us/index.asp by Chris servation organization working to protect Canalos,Canalos, GeorgiaGeorgia DNR.DNR. Original Original data data ecologicallyGRASSLAND importantEXAMPLES :landsRed Topand Mountainwaters from:from: Griffith, G.E., J.M. Omernik, J.A. forState nature Park and in Bartow people. County northwest of Comstock, S. Lawrence, G. Martin, A. Atlanta on Rt. 75, has some narrow strips Goddard,Griffith, G.E., V.J. Hulcher, J.M. Omernik, and T. Fulcher.J.A. Locateof native and grasses visit a bypreserve the sides near of youRed to Top 2001.Comstock, Ecoregions S. Lawrence, of Alabama G. Martin, and Georgia. A. seeMountain adapted Road native which plant runs associations through tothe U.S.Goddard, Geological V.J. Hulcher, Survey, andReston, T. Fulcher. informpark. The your coordinates own project for site the decisions. location are VA;2001. and Ecoregions U.S. Geological of Alabama Survey. and 2001. UseN 34.13989755, the preserves W inventory -84.69890775 list as your StateGeorgia. of Georgia U.S. Geological topographic Survey, map Reston,(DRG), shopping(WGS84); list or to UTM match 17: plant species to 1:500,000. Reston, VA, U.S. Geological VA; and your3783852.30000194, planting project. 158886.53988348. Survey. U.S. Geological Survey. 2001. State of To access TNC preserve data as a source DNRGeorgia CONTACT: topographic map (DRG), for Google Maps , or as a layer for Google Georgia1:500,000. Department Reston, VA, of Natural U.S. Geological Resources Earth, you can use their feed url -- WildlifeSurvey. Resources Division Nongame http://www.nature.org/placesweprotect/ Conservation Section 2065 US Hwy 278, preserve-map.xml. SE Social Circle, GA 30025 Phone: 770-918-6411 or 706-557-3032

GRASSLAND EXAMPLES: Red Top Mountain State Park in Bartow County northwest of Atlanta on Rt. 75, has some narrow strips of native grasses by the sides of Red Top Mountain Road which runs through the park. The coordinates for the location are N 34.13989755, W -84.69890775 (WGS84); or UTM 17: 3783852.30000194, 158886.53988348.

4713 CHAPTER 5 Why An Ecological Approach

HAWAII ECOREGIONS

1248 CHAPTER 5 Why An Ecological Approach

ECOREGIONS:ECOREGIONS: Three ecoregion categories andPrimary the Mauna Contact: Kea Roy grasslands Kam, Heritage which are Three(Alpine, ecoregion Subalpine categories and Coastal) (Alpine, are Subal- dominatedDatabase Manager by Hawaiian bentgrass (Agros- pinegrouped and accordingCoastal) are to groupedelevation, according moisture, tisPhone: sandwicensis 808-956-8094), and pili Email: uka (Trisetum toand elevation, physiognomy, moisture, following and physiognomy, the natural [email protected]). followingcommunity the classification natural community currently clas- in use sificationby The Nature currently Conservancy in use by of Hawai'i.The Nature VISITDwight A Matsuwaki, PRESERVE GIS Specialist ConservancyFor more information of Hawai'i see see the http://www. Atlas of InPhone: addition 808-956-7184 to Department Email: of Natural hawaiiecoregionplan.info/introduction. Resource preserves called Scientific and Hawai'i, Chapter “Terrestrial Ecosystems”. [email protected] html. For more information see the Atlas Natural Areas (SNAs), the Nature Con- Fourteen communities, including non- of Hawai'i, Chapter “Terrestrial Ecosys- servancyGRASSLAND (TNC)EXAMPLES manages: The preserves vegetation in all of native vegetation, are shown in the tems”. Fourteen communities, including 50Hawai'i States is and unique in more for manythan 30reasons countries. and attached map. Reference Cited: Juvik, S.P., nonnative vegetation, are shown in the Thesehas few protected remaining lands native include grasslands. some ofThe the J.O. Juvik, and T.R. Paradise. 1998. Atlas attached map. bestNature remnants Conservancy's of plant Mo'omomicommunities Preserve of of Hawai'i Third Edition. University of grasslands, wetlands and woodlands for has good examples of coastal area grass- SOURCE:Hawaii Press. ISBN-10 0824821254. your information. TNC is the leading con- land with 'aki'aki (Sporobolus virginicus) Hawai'i Biodiversity & Mapping Program servation organization working to protect Juvik,SOURCE S.P.,: Hawai'i J.O. Juvik, Biodiversity and T.R. &Paradise. Mapping ecologicallywith mixed nativeimportant coastal lands subshrubs. and waters In 1998.Program, Atlas Dwight of Hawai’i Matsuwaki, Third Edition.GIS forthe natureNW Hawaiian and people. Islands, there are UniversitySpecialist. of Hawaii Press. ISBN-10 kawelu (Eragrostis variabilis) grasslands, 0824821254. Locatealso with and native visit acoastal preserve shrubs. near youExamples to CONTACT: Hawai'i Biodiversity & Mapping seeof high adapted elevation native native plant grasslandsassociations include to CONTACT:Program informsubalpine your East own Maui, project dominated site decisions. by Hawai'iUniversity Biodiversity of Hawai'i & at Mapping Manoa Program UseDeschampsia the preserves spp., inventory and the Mauna list as yourKea UniversityCenter for ofConservation Hawai'i at Manoa Research Center & for shoppinggrasslands list which to match are dominated plant species by to ConservationTraining Research & Training yourHawaiian planting bentgrass project. (Agrostis sandwicensis), 3050 MaileMaile Way,Way, GilmoreGilmore Hall 406 and pili uka (Trisetum glomeratum). For Honolulu, HI 96822 To access TNC preserve data as a source Honolulu, HI 96822 Phone: 808-956-8094 more information contact the Nature Phone: 808-956-8094 for Google Maps , or as a layer for Google Fax: 808-956-8493 Conservancy Senior Scientist and Cultural Fax: 808-956-8493 Earth, you can use their feed url -- Website: http://hbmp.hawaii.edu/hbmp/ http://www.nature.org/placesweprotect/Advisor Samuel (Sam) M. 'Ohukani'ohi'a Staff at http://hbmp.hawaii.edu/hbmp/con- preserve-map.xml.Gon III, Ph.D. [email protected] GRASSLANDtact.html EXAMPLES: Phone: 808-587-6241 or The vegetation of Hawai'i is unique for Fax: 808-545-2019. many reasons and there are few remaining native grasslands. The Nature Con- servancy's Mo'omomi Preserve has good examples of coastal area grassland with 'aki'aki (Sporobolus virginicus) with mixed native coastal subshrubs. In the NW Ha- waiian Islands, there are kawelu (Eragrostis variabilis) grasslands, also with native coastal shrubs. Examples of high elevation native grasslands include subalpine East Maui, dominated by Deschampsia spp.,

4913 CHAPTER 5 Why An Ecological Approach

IOWA ECOREGIONS

1250 CHAPTER 5 Why An Ecological Approach

ECOREGIONS:ECOREGIONS: Georgia has five Level III VISITDNR AC ONTACTPRESERVE: J. Mincy Moffett, Jr. Iowaecoregions, has eight including: landforms Southwest regions, includ- InGeorgia addition Department to Department of Natural of Natural Resources ing:Appalachians Alluval Plains, Ridge Des and Moines Valley, Lobe, Blue Ridge,East- ResourceWildlife preservesResources calledDivision Scientific and CentralPiedmont, Iowa Southeastern Drift Plain, Plains,Iowan andSurface, NaturalNongame Areas Conservation (SNAs), the Section Nature Con- LoessSouthern Hills, Coastal Northwest Plains. Iowa Plains, Palezoic servancy2065 US (TNC) Hwy 278, manages SE preserves in all Plateau, and Southern Iowa Drift Plain. 50Social States Circle, and in GA more 30025 than 30 countries. Descriptions of the landform regions and SOURCE: Map was downloaded in ThesePhone: protected 770-918-6411 lands includeor 706-557-3032 some of the historic plant communities in each region November 2008 from the Georgia GIS bestCell: remnants 706-424-2128 of plant communities of areData available Clearinghouse at http://www.iowadnr.gov/ grasslands, wetlands and woodlands for portals/idnr/uploads/Wildlife%20Steward- [email protected] https://gis1.state.ga.us/index.asp your information. TNC is the leading con- ship/iwap_part3.pdf. servation organization working to protect by Chris Canalos, Georgia DNR. Original GRASSLAND EXAMPLES: Red Top Mountain ecologically important lands and waters data from: State Park in Bartow County northwest of SOURCE: for nature and people. Iowa Department of Natural Resources Atlanta on Rt. 75, has some narrow strips Griffith, G.E., J.M. Omernik, J.A. http://www.iowadnr.gov/ Locateof native and grasses visit a preserveby the sides near of you Red to Top Comstock, S. Lawrence, G. Martin, A. seeMountain adapted Roadnative which plant runsassociations through to the Goddard, V.J. Hulcher, and T. Fulcher. DNR CONTACT: informpark. Theyour coordinates own project for site the decisions. location are Plant2001. Ecologist Ecoregions of Alabama and UseN 34.13989755, the preserves Winventory -84.69890775 list as your DepartmentGeorgia. U.S. of NaturalGeological Resources Survey, Reston, shopping(WGS84); list or to UTM match 17: plant species to WallaceVA; and State Office Building your3783852.30000194, planting project. 158886.53988348. 502 East 9th Street DesU.S. Moines, Geological IA 50319-0034 Survey. 2001. State of To access TNC preserve data as a source Phone:Georgia 515-281-3891 topographic map (DRG), for Google Maps , or as a layer for Google 1:500,000. Reston, VA, U.S. Geological Earth, you can use their feed url -- GRASSLANDSurvey. EXAMPLE: http://www.nature.org/placesweprotect/ The Hayden Prairie, a 242-acre native preserve-map.xml. prairie, is located in Howard County, 4.9 miles west of Lime Springs on A23 at the Intersection of Jade Avenue and 50th Street. Information and map at http://www.iowadnr.gov/portals/idnr/uploads/wildlife/wmamaps/hayden_prairie. pdf .

5113 CHAPTER 5 Why An Ecological Approach

IDAHO ECOREGIONS

1252 CHAPTER 5 Why An Ecological Approach

ECOREGIONS:ECOREGIONS: Idaho encompasses 14 sec- milesMESIC northwest MEADOWS of Cambridge are found along in the Idahotions of encompasses four LeveI III 14 ecoregions sections of following four HighwayBeaverhead 71. Mountains About 45% and of theIdaho 24,000-ac LeveIthe Omernik III ecoregions designations. following There the Omernikare 5 WMABatholith is comprised ecoregions; of canyonspecies presentgrasslands. designations.major grassland There ecological are 5 systemsmajor grassland in the include: timber oatgrass (Danthonia ecologicalState. The systemsextent of in these the State. 5 grassland The extent eco- MintermediaESIC MEADOWS); tuftedare foundhairgrass in the oflogical these systems, 5 grassland the ecologicalecoregion insystems, which the Beaverhead(Deschampsia Mountains caespitosa) and. Idaho ecoregionthey are found, in which and theythe commonare found, grassland and the Batholith ecoregions; species present common grassland species found in each PALOUSE PRAIRIES are found in the species found in each are listed under include: timber oatgrass (Danthonia inter- are listed under “Grassland Examples”. media);Palouse tufted Prairie hairgrass ecoregion; (Deschampsia species present cae- “Grassland Examples”. include: Idaho fescue; bluebunch wheat- spitosa). SOURCE: grass (Pseudoroegneria spicata). SOURCE: http://www.epa.gov/wed/pages/ecoregions/ PALOUSE PRAIRIES are found in the Palouse http://fishandgame.idaho.gov/cms/ SUBALPINE AND ALPINE id_eco.htm Prairie ecoregion; species present include: tech/CDC/ GRASSLANDS are found in the Beaver- Idaho fescue; bluebunch wheatgrass CONTACT: head Mountains, Challis Volcanics, and CONTACT: Chris Murphy, Habitat and (Pseudoroegneria spicata). Habitat andRestoration Ecologist Idaho Overthrust Mountains ecoregions; spe- DepartmentRestoration Ecologist of Fish and Game, Wildlife cies present include: slender wheatgrass SUBALPINE AND ALPINE GRASSLANDS are Bureau,Idaho Department Habitat Section of Fish and Game, (Elymus trachycaulus); rough fescue found in the Beaverhead Mountains, 600Wildlife S. Walnut Bureau, St., Habitat P.O. Box Section 25 (Festuca campestris); Idaho fescue; green- Boise,600 S. IDWalnut 83707 St., P.O. Box 25 Challisleaf fescue Volcanics, (Festuca and viridula Overthrust); spike fescue Phone:Boise, ID 208-287-2728 83707 Mountains(Leucopoa ecoregions;kingii). species present Phone: 208-287-2728 include: slender wheatgrass (Elymus tra- [email protected] EXAMPLES: chycaulus);MOUNTAIN rough FOOTHILL fescue (Festuca AND CANYON GRASSLANDS are found in the campestris);VALLEY GRASSLANDS Idaho fescue; aregreenleaf found fescuein the BlueGRASSLAND MountainsEXAMPLES and Idaho: Batholith (FestucaOkanogan viridula); Highlands, spike Owyhee fescue (LeucopoaUplands, ecoregions;CANYON GRASSLANDS species presentare found include: in the red Blue kingii).and Snake River Basalts ecoregions; threeawnMountains (Aristida and Idaho purpurea Batholith var. ecore- species present include: Indian ricegrass longisetagions; species); Idaho present fescue include: (Festuca red idahoen- three- M(AchnatherumOUNTAIN FOOTHILL hymenoides AND VALLEY); red threeawn; squirreltail (Elymus elymoides); sisawn); needle(Aristida and purpurea thread ( Hesperostipavar. longiseta); GRASSLANDS are found in the Okanogan comata); Sandberg's bluegrass (Poa se- rough fescue; Idaho fescue; needle and Idaho fescue (Festuca idahoensis); needle Highlands, Owyhee Uplands, and Snake cunda); bluebunch wheatgrass (Pseudoroeg- Riverthread; Basalts basin ecoregions; wildrye (Leymus species cinereus present); and thread (Hesperostipa comata); western wheatgrass (Pascopyrum smithii); neria spicata); sand dropseed (Sporobolus include: Indian ricegrass (Achnatherum cryptandrusSandberg's bluegrass). (Poa secunda); blue- Sandberg's bluegrass; bluebunch wheat- hymenoides); red threeawn; squirreltail bunch wheatgrass (Pseudoroegneria spica- grass; sand dropseed. (Elymus elymoides); rough fescue; Idaho THEta); sand CECIL dropseed D. ANDRUS (Sporobolus WILDLIFE cryptan- MANAGEMENTdrus). AREA, one of the best fescue; needle and thread; basin wildrye places to view canyon grassland communi- (Leymus cinereus); western wheatgrass ties,THE isC ECILlocatedD. A inNDRUS WashingtonWILDLIFE County about (Pascopyrum smithii); Sandberg's blue- 18MANAGEMENT miles northwestAREA, ofone Cambridge of the best along places grass; bluebunch wheatgrass; sand Highwayto view canyon 71. About grassland 45% of communities, the 24,000-ac is dropseed. WMAlocated is in comprised Washington of canyonCounty grasslands. about 18

5313 CHAPTER 5 Why An Ecological Approach

ILLINOIS ECOREGIONS

1254 CHAPTER 5 Why An Ecological Approach

ECOREGIONS:ECOREGIONS: Illinois contains 14 natural brood-rearingnities have been of constructedprairie-chickens to provide and Illinoisdivisions contains which 14are natural classified divisions natural which envi- otherhabitat birds, for 15 woodlands/old state threatened fields, and cropland endan- areronments classified and naturalbiotic communitiesenvironments based and beinggered convertedwetland dependent into grassland, species. and mis- bioticupon physiographycommunities based(topography, upon physiogra- soil and cellaneousDirections: areas From such State as Highway buildings 33 sites turn phybedrock), (topography, natural soil vegetation, and bedrock), climate, natu- flora andsouth waterways. on Bogota Management Road (990 N of900E) this areaand go 4 miles to first curve in road. Go raland vegetation, fauna. Descriptions climate, flora for eachand fauna.natural includes the development of grassland Descriptions for each natural division can straight off curve to crossroads (600N division can be found within the source plant communities of native prairie species be found within the source cited here. 900E), turn left (east) for 1 mile or first cited here. and introduced grasses. Wetland commu- crossroad (600N 1000E) then turn right SOURCE: nities(south) have and been go 1 constructed 3/4 miles to towhite provide house SOURCE: Schwegman, J.E. 1973. Schwegman, J.E. 1972. Comprehensive Plan habitatwith wire for fence. 15 state threatened and endan- Comprehensive Plan For The Illinois For The Illinois Nature Preserves System, geredhttp://dnr.state.il.us/orc/prairieridge/ wetland dependent species. Nature Preserves System, Part 2 - The Part 2 - The Natural Divisions Of Illinois. Directions:index.htm From State Highway 33 turn IllinoisNatural Nature Divisions Preserves Of Illinois. Commission, Illinois south on Bogota Road (990 N 900E) and Rockford,Nature Preserves IL. 32 pp. Commission, http://archive.org/ goVISIT 4 miles A PRESERVE to first curve in road. Go In addition to Department of Natural details/comprehensivepla02illiRockford, IL. 32 pp. straight off curve to crossroads (600N Resource preserves called Scientific and 900E), turn left (east) for 1 mile or first DNR CONTACT: John Wilker, Natural Natural Areas (SNAs), the Nature Con- DNR CONTACT: crossroad (600N 1000E) then turn right Areas Program Manger servancy (TNC) manages preserves in all Natural Areas Program Manger Illinois (south) and go 1 3/4 miles to white house DepartmentIllinois Department of Natural of NaturalResources Resources 50 States and in more than 30 countries. with wire fence. OneOne NaturalNatural ResourcesResources Way These protected lands include some of the http://dnr.state.il.us/orc/prairieridge/index.best remnants of plant communities of Springfield,Springfield, ILIL 6270262702 htmgrasslands, wetlands and woodlands for Phone:Phone: 217-785-8774217-785-4559 your information. TNC is the leading con- http://dnr.state.il.us/conservation/[email protected] heritage/ servation organization working to protect ecologically important lands and waters GRASSLAND EXAMPLE: The Prairie Ridge GRASSLAND EXAMPLE: for nature and people. State Natural Area is found in Jasper and TheMarion Prairie Counties, Ridge SWState of NaturalNewton. Area The is site found in Jasper and Marion Counties, SW Locate and visit a preserve near you to contains a mosaic of habitat types includ- of Newton. The site contains a mosaic of see adapted native plant associations to ing native remnant prairies, restored native habitat types including native remnant inform your own project site decisions. prairies,grasses, wetlands,restored native cool seasongrasses, grasses, wetlands, Use the preserves inventory list as your coolhabitats season prepared grasses, by habitats annual prepareddiscing for shopping list to match plant species to by annual discing for brood-rearing of your planting project. prairie-chickens and other birds, woodlands/old fields, cropland being converted To access TNC preserve data as a source into grassland, and miscellaneous for Google Maps , or as a layer for Google areas such as buildings sites and water- Earth, you can use their feed url -- ways. Management of this area http://www.nature.org/placesweprotect/ includes the development of grassland preserve-map.xml. plant communities of native prairie species and introduced grasses. Wetland commu-

5513 CHAPTER 5 Why An Ecological Approach

INDIANA ECOREGIONS

1256 CHAPTER 5 Why An Ecological Approach

ECOREGIONS:ECOREGIONS: Indiana has six ecoregions VISITGRASSLAND A PRESERVEEXAMPLE: The Hoosier Prairie, Indianawhich follow has six the ecoregions USGS designations. which follow Inwithin addition the Northwestern to Department Morainal of Natural Natural theThese USGS ecoregions designations. include: These Central ecoregions Corn ResourceRegion, is preserves located east called of U.S. Scientific 41 on Mainand include:Belt Plains; Central Eastern Corn Corn Belt Belt Plains; Plains; Eastern NaturalStreet in Areas Griffith. (SNAs), This sitethe Naturecontains Con- dry Corn Belt Plains; Huron / Erie Lake Plains; Huron / Erie Lake Plains; Interior Plateau; servancyblack oak (TNC) savannas manages with mesic preserves sand in all Interior Plateau; Interior River Valleys and Interior River Valleys and Hills; and S. 50prairie States openings and in more on slopes than between30 countries. the Hills; and S. Michigan / N. Indiana Drift These protected lands include some of the Michigan / N. Indiana Drift Plains. rises and swales. Nearly 500 acres in size, Plains. best remnants of plant communities of this State Dedicated Nature Preserve is grasslands, wetlands and woodlands for SOURCE: Homoya, Michael A., D. Brian SOURCE: yourmanaged information. by prescribed TNC fireis the and leading mechani- con- Abrell, James R. Aldrich and Thomas W. Homoya, Michael A., D. Brian servationcal removal organization of select trees working and shrubs. to protect Post. 1985. The Natural Regions of Abrell, James R. Aldrich and Thomas W. ecologically important lands and waters Post.Indiana. 1985. Proc. The Ind. Natural Acad. RegionsSci. 94:245-268. of for nature and people. Indiana.Map Drafted Proc. by Ind. Roger Acad. L. Purcell,Sci. 94:245-268. Indiana MapGeological Drafted Survey. by Roger L. Purcell, Indiana Locate and visit a preserve near you to Geological Survey. http://www.naturalher- see adapted native plant associations to itageofindiana.org/learn/regions.htmlDNR CONTACT: Cloyce L. Hedge, inform your own project site decisions. Heritage Program Coordinator Use the preserves inventory list as your DNRIndiana CONTACT: Department of Natural Resources shopping list to match plant species to HeritageDivision ofProgram Nature CoordinatorPreserves your planting project. Indiana402 W. Washington Department St., of NaturalRm W267 Resources DivisionIndianapolis, of Nature IN 46204 Preserves To access TNC preserve data as a source 402Phone: W. Washington317-232-4078 St., [email protected] Rm W267 for Google Maps , or as a layer for Google Indianapolis, IN 46204 Earth, you can use their feed url -- Phone: 317-232-4078 http://www.nature.org/placesweprotect/ http://www.in.gov/dnr/naturepreserve/ preserve-map.xml.

GRASSLAND EXAMPLE: The Hoosier Prairie, within the Northwest- ern Morainal Natural Region, is located east of U.S. 41 on Main Street in Griffith. This site contains dry black oak savannas with mesic sand prairie openings on slopes between the rises and swales. Nearly 500 acres in size, this State Dedicated Nature Preserve is managed by prescribed fire and mechanical removal of select trees and shrubs.

5713 CHAPTER 5 Why An Ecological Approach

KANSAS ECOREGIONS

1258 CHAPTER 5 Why An Ecological Approach

ECOREGIONS:ECOREGIONS: Kansas is divided into 8 landThe prairiefollowing on alluvial-colluvialare additional native soils. grass- KansasLevel III is ecoregions: divided into 47 8 WesternLevel III Cornecore- Belt Gallerylands found forests in dominatedthe ecoregions by bur of Kansas. and gions:Plains, 47 40 Western Central CornIrregular Belt Plains, Plains, 40 chinquapinThis information oaks and is taken hackberry from occurthe Kansas Central39 Ozark Irregular Highlands, Plains, 29 Central39 Ozark High- alongNative the Plant major Society stream web courses. site at Site lands,Oklahoma/Texas 29 Central Plains,Oklahoma/Texas 28 Flint Hills, Plains, accesshttp://www.kansasnativeplantsociety.org/ is limited; see 28 Flint Hills, 27 Central Great Plains, 26 27 Central Great Plains, 26 Southwestern http://www.konza.ksu.edu/ecoregions.php Southwestern Tablelands, and 25 Western Tablelands, and 25 Western High Plains. for more information. High Plains. Descriptions of each ecore- 39 OZARK HIGHLANDS: Spring River gionDescriptions can be found of each on ecoregion the web site can listed be TheWildlife following Area, areCherokee additional Co. native(undisturbed grass- underfound Source.on the web site listed under prairie meadow). lands found in the ecoregions of Kansas. “Source”. This information is taken from the Kansas SOURCE: 40 CENTRAL IRREGULAR PLAINS: SOURCE: US EPA US EPA NativeHarmon Plant Wildlife Society Area, web Labette site at Co. http://www.epa.gov/wed/pages/ecoregions/http://www.epa.gov/wed/pages/ecoregions/l http://www.kansasnativeplantsociety.org/ec(undisturbed prairie meadow); Ivan Boyd ksne_eco.htmevel_iii.htm oregions.htmMemorial Prairie Preserve, Douglas Co., (tallgrass prairie). CONTACT:CONTACT: Kelly Kindscher, 39 OZARK HIGHLANDS: Spring River Wildlife Community Ecologist Area,47 WESTERN Cherokee CORN Co. (undisturbed BELT PLAINS: prairie Kansas Natural Heritage Inventory meadow).Olathe Prairie Center, Johnson Co., Kansas Biological Survey (remnant prairie). 2101 ConstantConstant Ave.Ave. 40 CENTRAL IRREGULAR PLAINS: Harmon Lawrence, KS 66047-3759 Wildlife28 FLINT Area, HILLS: Labette Tallgrass Co. (undisturbed National Phone: 785-864-1500785-864-1529 Email: prairiePreserve, meadow); Chase Co., Ivan (tallgrass Boyd Memorial prairie). [email protected] Prairie Preserve, Douglas Co., (tallgrass GRASSLAND EXAMPLES: prairie).25 WESTERN HIGH PLAINS: Cimarron KonzaGRASSLAND PrairieE XAMPLESBiological: Konza Station, Prairie located National Grasslands, Morton Co., (sand- approximatelyBiological Station, 13 km located south approximately of Manhattan, 47sage W prairie).ESTERN CORN BELT PLAINS: Olathe Kansas, is a 3487-hectare site dominated by 13 km south of Manhattan, Kansas, is a Prairie Center, Johnson Co., (remnant native Flint Hills tallgrass prairie. Owned 3487-hectare site dominated by native prairie). by The Nature Conservancy and Kansas Flint Hills tallgrass prairie. Owned by The State University, it is operated as a field 28 FLINT HILLS: Tallgrass National Nature Conservancy and Kansas State research station by the K-State Division of Preserve, Chase Co., (tallgrass prairie). Biology.University, Habitats it is operated include asupland a field prairie research on station by the K-State Division of Biology. thin loess soils, hill prairie along alternat- 25 WESTERN HIGH PLAINS: Cimarron ingHabitats limestone include benches upland and prairie slopes, on and thin National Grasslands, Morton Co., (sand- lowlandloess soils, prairie hill prairieon alluvial-colluvial along alternating soils. sage prairie). Gallerylimestone forests benches dominated and slopes, by bur and and low- chinquapin oaks and hackberry occur along the major stream courses. Site access is limited; see http://kpbs.konza.ksu.edu/.

5913 CHAPTER 5 Why An Ecological Approach

KENTUCKY ECOREGIONS

1260 CHAPTER 5 Why An Ecological Approach

EECOREGIONS:COREGIONS: Kentucky has three major VISITGRASSLAND A PRESERVEEXAMPLE: Logan County physiographicKentucky has threeregions, major including: physiographic Coastal InGlade addition State toNature Department Preserve of is Natural 41 acres of Plain,regions, Appalachian including: CoastalHighlands, Plain, and Interior Resourcelimestone preservesglades in calledRussellville, Scientific and haveand LowAppalachian Plateaus. Highlands, and Interior Low Naturalareas dominated Areas (SNAs), by little the bluestem Nature Con- Plateaus. servancy(Schizachyrium (TNC) scoparium manages )preserves and side-oats in all SOURCE: Evans, Marc and Greg Abernathy. 50grama States (Bouteloua and in more curtipendula than 30 ).countries. A permit SOURCE: These protected lands include some of the 2008. Natural Regions of Kentucky Map. is required to access some areas. Located KentuckyEvans, Marc State and Nature Abernathy, Preserves Greg. 2008. best remnants of plant communities of Natural Regions of Kentucky Map. Kentucky in Logan County: From the junction of the Commission, Frankfort, Kentucky. grasslands, wetlands and woodlands for State Nature Preserves Commission, Frank- yourGreen information. River Parkway TNC and is U.S.the leading 68/KY 80con- at fort, Kentucky. Bowling Green, follow U.S. 68/KY 80 west NPC CONTACT: Deborah White, servation organization working to protect for 24.4 miles to Russellville. Turn right Botanist/Heritage Branch Manager ecologically important lands and waters NPC CONTACT: forinto nature parking and area people. between Health Kentucky State Nature Preserves Heritage Branch Manager Department and old hospital. Additional Commission Kentucky State Nature Preserves Locategrasslands and invisit Kentucky's a preserve State near Nature you to 801 Schenkel Lane Commission seePreserves adapted and native State plant Natural associations Areas system to Frankfort, KY 40601 801 Schenkel Lane informare listed your at own project site decisions. Phone: 502-573-2886 Email: Frankfort, KY 40601 Usehttp://www.naturepreserves.ky.gov/stew- the preserves inventory list as your [email protected]: 502-573-2886 shoppingardship/preserves.htm. list to match plantNote speciesthat access to to your planting project. some areas is limited. GRASSLAND EXAMPLE: Logan County Glade State Nature Preserve To access TNC preserve data as a source is 41 acres of limestone glades in Rus- for Google Maps , or as a layer for Google sellville, and has areas dominated by little Earth, you can use their feed url -- bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium) and http://www.nature.org/placesweprotect/ side-oats grama (Bouteloua curtipendula). preserve-map.xml. A permit is required to access some areas. Located in Logan County: From the junction of the Green River Parkway and U.S. 68/KY 80 at Bowling Green, follow U.S. 68/KY 80 west for 24.4 miles to Russell- ville. Turn right into parking area between Health Department and old hospital. Addi- tional grasslands in Kentucky's State Nature Preserves and State Natural Areas system are listed at http://naturepreserves.ky.gov/naturepreserves/Pages/logancntyglade.aspx. Note that access to some areas is limited.

6113 CHAPTER 5 Why An Ecological Approach

LOUISIANA ECOREGIONS

1262 CHAPTER 5 Why An Ecological Approach

ECOREGIONS:ECOREGIONS: Louisiana has six ecoregions VISITGRASSLAND A PRESERVEEXAMPLE: Iowa-Fenton Prairie Louisianawhich follow has thesix ecoregionsdesignations which by The follow InRemnant, addition located to Department between Iowaof Natural and theNature designations Conservancy. by The These Nature ecoregions Conserv- ResourceFenton beside preserves RR tracks called on Scientific east side andof US ancy.include: These East ecoregionsGulf Coastal include: Plain; GulfEast Gulf Natural165, N ofAreas junction (SNAs), w/ I-10.the Nature The Nature Con- CoastalCoast Prairies Plain; Gulfand Marshes;Coast Prairies Mississippi and servancyConservancy (TNC) has manages a seed lease preserves and is inper- all Marshes;River Alluvial Mississippi Plain; UpperRiver AlluvialEast Gulf Plain; 50forming States stewardshipand in more (chemical than 30 countries. and Upper East Gulf Coastal Plain; Upper West Coastal Plain; Upper West Gulf Coastal Thesemechanical protected control lands of woodyinclude vegetation some of the Gulf Coastal Plain; and West Gulf Coastal best remnants of plant communities of Plain; and West Gulf Coastal Plain. plus burning) on this remnant prairie Plain. grasslands, wetlands and woodlands for strip. your information. TNC is the leading con- SOURCE: Louisiana Natural Heritage SOURCE: servation organization working to protect Program, 2008 Louisiana Natural Heritage Program, ecologically important lands and waters http://www.nature.org/ourinitiatives/re- for nature and people. CONTACT: Chris Reid, Botanist gions/northamerica/unitedstates/louisiana/ Louisiana Natural Heritage Program explore/index.htm Locate and visit a preserve near you to Louisiana Department of Wildlife & see adapted native plant associations to CONTACT:Fisheries inform your own project site decisions. Botanist2000 Quail Louisiana Drive Natural Heritage Use the preserves inventory list as your ProgramBaton Rouge, Louisiana LA 70898-9000 Department of Wildlife shopping list to match plant species to &Phone: Fisheries 225-765-2828, your planting project. [email protected] Quail Drive Baton Rouge, LA 70898-9000 To access TNC preserve data as a source Phone: 225-765-2800 for Google Maps , or as a layer for Google Earth, you can use their feed url -- http://www.nature.org/placesweprotect/ GRASSLAND EXAMPLE: preserve-map.xml. Iowa-Fenton Prairie Remnant, located between Iowa and Fenton beside RR tracks on east side of US 165, North of junction with I-10. The Nature Conservancy has a seed lease and is performing stewardship (chemical and mechanical control of woody vegetation plus burning) on this remnant prairie strip.

6313 CHAPTER 5 Why An Ecological Approach

MAINE ECOREGIONS

1264 CHAPTER 5 Why An Ecological Approach

ECOREGIONS:ECOREGIONS: Maine contains three Level VISITGRASSLAND A PRESERVEEXAMPLE: The largest native MaineIII ecoregions, contains following three Level the III designations ecoregions, Ingrassland addition in to Maine, Department the Kennebunk of Natural Plains, followingby Omernik. the designationsThese ecoregions by Omernik. include: Resourceis located preserves5 miles west called of theScientific Town of and Natural Areas (SNAs), the Nature Con- These58. Northeastern ecoregions Highlands; include: 58. 59. Northeastern Kennebunk in the Northeastern Coastal Highlands; 59. Northeastern Coastal Zone; servancy (TNC) manages preserves in all Northeastern Coastal Zone; and 82. Zone of southern Maine. More information and 82. Laurentian Plains and Hills. 50 States and in more than 30 countries. Laurentian Plains and Hills. Theseis available protected at www.nature.org/ lands include some of the SOURCE: bestwherewework/northamerica/states/maine/ remnants of plant communities of SOURCE: Omernik, J.M. 1987. Ecoregions Omernik, J.M. 1987. Ecoregions of the grasslands,preserves/art20991.html wetlands and andwoodlands for of the conterminous United States. Map conterminous United States. Map (scale yourwww.maine.gov/ifw/wildlife/ information. TNC is the leading con- 1:7,500,000).(scale 1:7,500,000). Annals Annals of the Associationof the of servationmanagement/wma/region_ organization working to protect AmericanAssociation Geographers of American 77(1):118-125. Geographers ecologicallya/kennebunkplains.htm. important lands and waters ftp://ftp.epa.gov/wed/ecoregions/me/77(1):118-125. for nature and people.

CONTACT:CONTACT: Molly Docherty, Director 207- Locate and visit a preserve near you to Maine287-8045 Natural [email protected] Areas Program Natural see adapted native plant associations to Areas Division Department of inform your own project site decisions. ConservationDon Cameron, Botanist 207-287-8041 Use the preserves inventory list as your [email protected] State House Station shopping list to match plant species to Augusta, Maine 04333-0093 your planting project. Phone:Lisa St. 207-287-8044Hilaire, Information or 8046 Manager 207- Fax:287-8046 207-287-8040 [email protected] To access TNC preserve data as a source Email:Maine [email protected] Areas Program for Google Maps , or as a layer for Google WebNatural site: Areas Division Earth, you can use their feed url -- http://www.maine.gov/doc/nrimc/mnap/Department of Conservation http://www.nature.org/placesweprotect/ 93 State House Station preserve-map.xml. GRASSLANDAugusta, Maine EXAMPLE: 04333-0093 ThePhone: largest 207-287-8044 native grassland or 8046 in Maine, the KennebunkFax: 207-287-8040 Plains, is located 5 miles west of the Town of Kennebunk in the North- Email: [email protected] eastern Coastal Zone of southern Maine. Web site: More information is available at http:// www.nature.org/ourinitiatives/regions/http://www.maine.gov/doc/nrimc/mnap/ northamerica/unitedstates/maine/ placesweprotect/kennebunk-plains.xml.

6513 CHAPTER 5 Why An Ecological Approach

MARYLAND ECOREGIONS

Ecological Units (Keys, et al, 1995) 1. Western Allegheny Mountains 2. Ridge and Valley 3. Northern Ridge and Valley 4. Great Valley of Virginia 5. Northern Great Valley 6. Northern Blue Ridge 7. Northern Piedmont 8. Gettysburg Piedmont Lowland 9. Triassic Basin 10. Piedmont Upland 11. Western Chesapeake Upland 12. Eastern Chesapeake Upland 13. Delmarva Upland 14. Delmarva Outer Coastal Plain Bays and Islands

1266 CHAPTER 5 Why An Ecological Approach

EECOREGIONS:COREGIONS: Maryland has 14 ecological GRASSLANDDNR CONTACT EXAMPLES:: Jason Harrison unitsMaryland which has follow 14 ecological the designations units which by the TheMD WildlifeSerpentine and Barren,Heritage located Service at Soldiers USfollow Forest the Service.designations These by ecological the US Forest units DelightMD Department Natural Environmental of Natural Resources Area, is approximately 1,900 acres of woodland include:Service. TheseWestern ecological Allegheny units Mountains; include: 909 Wye Mills Road and grassland savanna habitat on serpen- RidgeWestern and Allegheny Valley; Northern Mountains; Ridge Ridge and Wye Mills, Maryland 21679 and Valley; Northern Ridge and Valley; tine soils. It supports native grasses and Valley; Great Valley of Virginia; Northern Phone: 410-827-8612 (Ext.2) Great Valley of Virginia; Northern Great numerous rare plant species. Serpentine Great Valley; Northern Blue Ridge; Fax: 410-827-5186 Valley; Northern Blue Ridge; Northern barrens are kept from succeeding to closed NorthernPiedmont; Piedmont; Gettysburg Gettysburg Piedmont Piedmont Lowland; [email protected] by periodic fire, edaphic factors, Lowland;Triassic Basin; Triassic Piedmont Basin; Piedmont Upland; Western Upland; and unstable substrates. Directions: Take GRASSLAND EXAMPLES: The Serpentine WesternChesapeake Chesapeake Upland; EasternUpland; ChesapeakeEastern I-795, to Franklin Blvd. West, right at ChesapeakeUpland; Delmarva Upland; Upland; Delmarva and Upland; Delmarva ChurchBarren, Road,located left at Soldierson Berrymans Delight Lane,Natural andOuter Delmarva Coastal OuterPlain BaysCoastal and Plain Islands. Bays thenEnvironmental left on Deer Area, Park is approximatelyRoad. More infor- and Islands. mation1,900 acres is available of woodland at http://www.dnr.state. and grassland SOURCES: md.us/publiclands/central/soldiersdelight.savanna habitat on serpentine soils and SHarrison,OURCES: J.W.Harrison, 2007. J.W.The 2007.Natural The Com- aspsupports . native grasses and numerous rare Naturalmunities Communities of Maryland: ofDraft. Maryland: Maryland Draft. VISITplant species. A PRESERVE Serpentine barrens are kept MarylandDepartment Department of Natural of Resources, Natural Wildlife Infrom addition succeeding to Department to closed forestsof Natural by peri- Resources,and Heritage Wildlife Service, and Annapolis, Heritage Service,MD. Un- Resourceodic fire, preservesedaphic factors, called Scientificand unstable and Annapolis,published report. MD. Unpublished July 2007. 112 report. pp. Naturalsubstrates. Areas Directions: (SNAs), theTake Nature I-795, Con- to July 2007. 112 pp. servancyFranklin (TNC)Blvd. West, manages right preserves at Church in Road, all Keys, Jr., J.; Carpenter, C.; Hooks, S.; 50left States on Berrymans and in more Lane, than then 30 leftcountries. on Deer Koenig, F.; McNab, W.H.; Russell, W.; Keys, Jr., J.; Carpenter, C.; Hooks, S.; ThesePark Road. protected More lands information include issome available of the Koenig,Smith, M.L. F.; McNab, 1995. Ecological W.H.; Russell, units W.;of the best remnants of plant communities of eastern United States - first approximation at http://www.dnr.state.md.us/wildlife/ser- Smith, M.L. 1995. Ecological units of the grasslands, wetlands and woodlands for (CD-ROM), Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department pentine.asp. eastern United States - first approximation your information. TNC is the leading con- of Agriculture, Forest Service. (CD-ROM), Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department servation organization working to protect ecologically important lands and waters of Agriculture, Forest Service. GIS cover- GIS coverage in ARCINFO format, for nature and people. age in ARCINFO format, selected imagery, selected imagery, and map unit tables. Map andcreated map by unit Jason tables. Harrison, Map created October by 2008. Jason Locate and visit a preserve near you to Harrison, October 2008. see adapted native plant associations to DNR CONTACT: inform your own project site decisions. MD DNR Wildlife and Heritage Service Use the preserves inventory list as your Headquarters shopping list to match plant species to Tawes State Office Building your planting project. E-1 580 Taylor Ave Annapolis, MD 21401 To access TNC preserve data as a source Phone: 410-260-8540 for Google Maps , or as a layer for Google Fax: 410-260-8596 Earth, you can use their feed url -- http://www.dnr.state.md.us/wildlife/ http://www.nature.org/placesweprotect/ preserve-map.xml.

6713 CHAPTER 5 Why An Ecological Approach

MASSACHUSETTS ECOREGIONS

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ECOREGIONS:ECOREGIONS: Massachusetts has three leftGRASSLAND on Martha’sEXAMPLE Vineyard,: Katama closed Plains to the MassachusettsLevel III ecoregions has three which Level follow III ecore- the des- publicPreserve because is located of its in sensitive Edgartown, gionsignations which by followOmernik. the designationsThese ecoregions by environment.Massachusetts Information on Martha's onVineyard, the Katama con- Omernik.are Northeastern These Highlands;ecoregions areNortheastern Northeast- Plainstact The Preserve Nature isConservancy available at for access. ernCoastal Highlands; Zone; and Northeastern Atlantic Coastal Coastal Pine Zone; www.nature.org/wherewework/north-Katama is one of the few remaining andBarrens. Atlantic Each Coastal ecoregion Pine hasBarrens. Level EachIV america/states/massachusetts/preserves/Sandplain grasslands in the world. The ecoregion has Level IV ecoregions within art5320.html . ecoregions within it, and descriptions of most common species dominating the it. Descriptions of these ecoregions are Plant community information is the ecoregions are available at Sandplain grasslands are little blue stem available at http://www.epa.gov/wed/pages/ available at http://www.mass.gov/dfwele/ ecoregions.htm.http://www.epa.gov/wed/pages/ dfw/nhesp/natural_communities/pdf/grass (Schizachyrium scoparium), ecoregions.htm. sandplain_grassland_factsheet.pdfPennsylvania sedge (Carex pensylvanica), . SOURCE: and poverty grass (Danthonia spicata). DynamacSOURCE: GlennCorporation Griffith, (Under Dynamac contract to VISITPrescribe A PRESERVEburning is use to manage the USEPA)Corporation (Under contract to USEPA) In128 addition acre site to which Department historically of Natural was Resource preserves called Scientific and 200200 SWSW 35th35th St.St. Corvallis, Oregon 97333 mowed or grazed. Information on the Natural Areas (SNAs), the Nature Con- Corvallis, Oregon 97333 Katama Plains Preserve is available at CONTACT: Bryan A. Connolly, servancy (TNC) manages preserves in all www.nature.org/wherewework/northameri- Massachusetts State Botanist 50 States and in more than 30 countries. CONTACT: ca/states/massachusetts/preserves/art5320. Natural Heritage & Endangered Species These protected lands include some of the Massachusetts State Botanist html NaturalProgram Heritage & Endangered Species best remnants of plant communities of grasslands, wetlands and woodlands for ProgramDivision of Fisheries and Wildlife yourPlant information. community informationTNC is the leadingis available con- Division1 Rabbit ofHill Fisheries Road and Wildlife at www.mass.gov/dfwele/dfw/nhesp/ 1 Rabbit Hill Road servation organization working to protect Westborough, MA 01581 nhcomm/sandplain_grassland.pdf. Westborough, MA 01581 ecologically important lands and waters Phone: 508-389-6344 Fax: 508-389-7891 for nature and people. Phone:[email protected] 508-389-6360 Fax: 508-389-7891 Email: [email protected] Locate and visit a preserve near you to see adapted native plant associations to GRASSLAND EXAMPLE: inform your own project site decisions. Katama Plains Preserve is located in Edgar- Use the preserves inventory list as your town, Massachusetts on Martha's Vine- shopping list to match plant species to yard. Contact The Nature Conservancy for your planting project. access. Katama is one of the few remaining Sandplain grasslands in the world. The most To access TNC preserve data as a source common species dominating the Sandplain for Google Maps , or as a layer for Google grasslands are little blue stem grass (Schi- Earth, you can use their feed url -- zachyrium scoparium), Pennsylvania sedge http://www.nature.org/placesweprotect/ (Carex pensylvanica), and poverty grass preserve-map.xml. (Danthonia spicata). Prescribed burning is used to manage the 128 acre site which historically was mowed or grazed. Unfortu- nately the Katama Plains Preserve, the largest example of native sandplain grassland

6913 CHAPTER 5 Why An Ecological Approach

MICHIGAN ECOREGIONS

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ECOREGIONS:ECOREGIONS: The regional landscape GRASSLANDState Park.E OfXAMPLE the roughly: Algonac 100,000 State Parkacres Theecosystems regional of landscape Michigan ecosystemsare hierarchical of Michi- Naturalof lakeplain Area, St.oak Clair openings County. described 8732 River ganmap are units hierarchical that represent map unitsareas thatwith represent dis- Road,in Michigan Marine City, in the MI early 48039. 1800s, This the 1,244- areastinctive with natural distinctive conditions natural affecting conditions acre106-acre natural remnant area protects at Algonac globally State rare Park affectingspecies composition species composition and productivity. and productiv- lakeplainis one of prairie the last and intact lakeplain examples. oak open-At ity. Michigan is divided into four sections: Michigan is divided into four sections: ings.least Prior 22 rare to European plant species settlement, occur within Southern Lower Michigan, Northern Lacus- Algonac State Park, one of the highest Southern Lower Michigan, Northern Michigan had more than 128,000 acres of trine-Influenced Lower Michigan, Northern concentrations of rare species in any Lacustrine-Influenced Lower Michigan, lakeplain prairie. Today, less than 1% of Lacustrine-Influenced Upper Michigan, Michigan State Park. andNorthern Northern Lacustrine-Influenced Continental Michigan. Upper These the original lakeplain prairie remains, and sectionsMichigan, are and subdivided Northern into Continental 22 subsections manyVISIT of the A PRESERVE remnants occur in or near (depictedMichigan. in These the attached sections map).are subdivided Fifteen of the AlgonacIn addition State Park.to Department Of the roughly of Natural 22into subsections 22 subsections are divided (depicted further in the into 38 sub- 100,000Resource acres preserves of lakeplain called oak Scientific openings and Natural Areas (SNAs), the Nature Con- subsections.attached map). Map Fifteen units areof the delineated 22 subsec- and described in Michigan in the early 1800s, servancy (TNC) manages preserves in all definedtions are baseddivided on furtherclimate, into bedrock 38 sub-sub- geology, the 106-acre remnant at Algonac State 50 States and in more than 30 countries. physiography,sections. Map andunits vegetation. are delineated Descriptions and Park is one of the last intact examples. At of each section, subsection, and sub-subsec- These protected lands include some of the defined based on climate, bedrock geology, leastbest 22 remnants rare plant of species plant communities occur within of tionphysiography, can be found and at vegetation. http://nrs.fs.fed.us/pubs/ Descriptions Algonac State Park, one of the highest gtr/other/gtr-nc178/index.html. grasslands, wetlands and woodlands for of each section, subsection, and sub-sub- concentrations of rare species in any your information. TNC is the leading con- section can be found at Michigan State Park. SOURCE: servation organization working to protect Michiganhttp://nrs.fs.fed.us/pubs/gtr/other/ Natural Features Inventory ecologically important lands and waters http://mnfi.anr.msu.edu/gtr-nc178/index.html. for nature and people.

SOURCE: CONTACT:Michigan Natural Features Locate and visit a preserve near you to EcologyInventory Section http://web4.msue.msu.edu/mnfi/ Leader see adapted native plant associations to Michigan Natural Features Inventory inform your own project site decisions. CONTACT: Stevens T. MasonMichael Building A. Kost, Use the preserves inventory list as your POEcology Box 30444Section Leader shopping list to match plant species to Lansing,Michigan MI Natural 48909-7944 Features Inventory your planting project. Phone:Stevens 517-373-1552 T. Mason Building PO Box 30444 To access TNC preserve data as a source for Google Maps , or as a layer for Google GRASSLANDLansing, MI 48909-7944 EXAMPLE: Earth, you can use their feed url -- AlgonacPhone: 517-373-4817 State Park Natural Area, St. Clair http://www.nature.org/placesweprotect/ [email protected] 8732 River Road, Marine City, MI 48039. This 1,244- acre natural area protects preserve-map.xml. globally rare lakeplain prairie and lakeplain oak openings. Prior to European settlement, Michigan had more than 128,000 acres of lakeplain prairie. Today, less than 1% of the original lakeplain prairie remains, and many of the remnants occur in or near Algonac

7113 CHAPTER 5 Why An Ecological Approach

MINNESOTA ECOREGIONS

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ECOREGIONS:ECOREGIONS: The Minnesota Department VISITGRASSLAND A PRESERVEEXAMPLES: Two of the Theof Natural Minnesota Resources Department uses the ofEcological Natural InProvinces addition in to Minnesota Department are of primarily Natural ResourcesClassification uses System the Ecological (ECS) developed Classification by Resourcegrasslands. preserves THE PRAIRIE calledPARKLAND Scientific and Systemthe U.S. (ECS) Forest developed Service and by Bailey.the U.S. There Forest NaturalPROVINCE Areas, over (SNAs), 16 million the Natureacres in Con- western Serviceare four and Provinces Bailey. inThere Minnesota are four (Eastern Provinces servancyMinnesota (TNC) extending manages from preserves Canada to in the all in Minnesota (Eastern Broadleaf Forest, 50 States and in more than 30 countries. Broadleaf Forest, Laurentian Mixed Forest, southern border with Iowa, coincides with Laurentian Mixed Forest, Prairie Parkland, These protected lands include some of the Prairie Parkland, and Tallgrass Aspen the part of the state historically dominated and Tallgrass Aspen Parklands) and these best remnants of plant communities of areParklands) further brokenand these down are intofurther ten brokenSections grasslands,by tallgrass wetlandsprairie and woodlands for anddown 26 into Subsections. ten Sections and 26 your(http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/ecs/251/index. information. TNC is the leading con- Subsections. servationhtml). The organization TALLGRASS A workingSPEN PARKLANDS to protect SOURCE: ecologicallyPROVINCE covers important about lands3 million and acreswaters of http://files.dnr.state.mn.us/natural_SOURCE: http://files.dnr.state.mn.us/natu- fornorthwestern nature and Minnesota people. resources/ecs/subsection.pdfral_resources/ecs/subsection.pdf (http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/ecs/223/index. Locatehtml). and visit a preserve near you to CONTACT:CONTACT: Carmen Converse and/or see adapted native plant associations to MinnesotaNorm Aaseng County Biological Survey inform your own project site decisions. SupervisorMinnesota County Biological Survey Use the preserves inventory list as your MN Department ofof NaturalNatural ResourcesResources shopping list to match plant species to 500 LafayetteLafayette Road,Road, BoxBox 2525 your planting project. St. Paul,Paul, MNMN 55155 55155 Phone: 651-259-5083 615-296-2835 Fax: To access TNC preserve data as a source [email protected] for Google Maps , or as a layer for Google [email protected] EXAMPLES: Earth, you can use their feed url -- Two of the Provinces in Minnesota are http://www.nature.org/placesweprotect/ primarily grasslands. preserve-map.xml.

THE PRAIRIE PARKLAND PROVINCE, over 16 million acres in western Minnesota extending from Canada to the southern border with Iowa, coincides with the part of the state historically dominated by tallgrass prairie (http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/ ecs/251/index.html).

The TALLGRASS ASPEN PARKLANDS PROVINCE covers about 3 million acres of northwestern Minnesota (http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/ecs/223/index. html).

7313 CHAPTER 5 Why An Ecological Approach

MISSOURI ECOREGIONS

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ECOREGIONS:ECOREGIONS: Missouri has four ecological G“PublicRASSLAND PrairiesEXAMPLES of Missouri”,: Numbered 2003, loca-Mis- Missourisections that has followsix Level the III US ecoregions Forest Service fol- tionssouri areDept. indicated of Conservation, on the Missouri P.O. Box map. 180 lowingdesignations. the designations The ecological of Omernik. sections Theseare Jefferson City, MO 65102. Online at ecoregionsthe Ozark Highlands;are: 39 Ozark Mississippi Highlands; Alluvial 40 (1)http://mdc4.mdc.mo.gov/Documents/76. UNION RIDGE CONSERVATION AREA is pdf. CentralBasin; Central Irregular Dissected Plains; 47Till Western Plains; andCorn located NE of Green City on highway D Belt Plains; 72 Interior River Lowland; 73 Osage Plains. Criteria used to establish and is an excellent example of a glaciated Mississippi Alluvial Plain; and 74 Missis- VISIT A PRESERVE sections are geomorphology (land form, prairie, savanna and woodland. sippi Valley Loess Plain. Information on In addition to Department of Natural relative relief, lithology, structure, and geo- Resource preserves called Scientific and the ecoregions and on Missouri Ecoregion (2) PRAIRIE STATE PARK is located in Barton morphic process), potential vegetation, Natural Areas (SNAs), the Nature Con- Mapping is available at the site listed under Co., North of Mindenmines and is an and major soil groups. Descriptions of servancy (TNC) manages preserves in all Source. excellent example of Osage Plains prairie each ecological section, and of the subsec- 50 States and in more than 30 countries. complete with elk and bison herds. SOURCE:tions within each, can be found on the These protected lands include some of the NaturalMissouri Resources Department Conservation of Conservation Service web best remnants of plant communities of (3) OZARK NATIONAL SCENIC RIVERWAYS is a (NRCS) Missouri web site at http://www. grasslands, wetlands and woodlands for site listed under “Source”. national park centered on the Current and mo.nrcs.usda.gov/technical/nat_res_data/ your information. TNC is the leading con- servationJacks Fork organization rivers with itsworking headquarters to protect at ecoindex.htmlSOURCE: Missouri has aDepartment link to their of ecore- ecologicallyVan Buren, MO.important It is an lands outstanding and waters gionConservation map at http://www.mo.nrcs.usda.gov/ forexample nature of and a rugged people. Ozark landscape and technical/nat_res_data/mo_ecoregion/out/http://mdcgis.mdc.mo.gov/website/ usepa.pdf. its many unique features. ecoregions_book/ Locate and visit a preserve near you to see(4) adaptedMINGO N nativeATIONAL plantWILDLIFE associationsREFUGE tois CONTACT:CONTACT: Tim Nigh, Natural Community informthe largest your remaining own project example site decisions. of the MissouriEcologist Department of Conservation Useswamps the preserves and bottomland inventory forests list asthat your once ConservationMissouri Department Headquarters of Conservation 2901 W. Truman Blvd. shoppingcovered this list region.to match plant species to Resource Science Center Jefferson City, MO, 65109 your planting project. 1110 S. College Ave. Phone: 573-751-4115 Fax:Columbia, 573-751-4467 MO 65201-5204 To access TNC preserve data as a source MDCPhone: Regional 573-882-9880 Offices ext. are 3244 listed at for Google Maps , or as a layer for Google http://mdc.mo.gov/contact-us/[email protected] Earth, you can use their feed url -- http://www.nature.org/placesweprotect/ GRASSLAND EXAMPLES: preserve-map.xml. The Osage Prairie Conservation Area is a 1,500-acre upland prairie located in Vernon County that contains stretches of three streams and features diverse flora and fauna. The prairie is located six miles south of Nevada, Missouri on Hwy. 71. Go 5 miles west on an unnamed gravel road (marked with a sign), then 0.5 mile south on another unnamed road. This and other prairies are described in

7513 CHAPTER 5 Why An Ecological Approach

MISSISSIPPI ECOREGIONS

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ECOREGIONS:ECOREGIONS: Mississippi has four Level III VISITGRASSLAND A PRESERVEEXAMPLE: The USDA-NRCS Mississippiecoregions whichhas four follow Level the III designationsecoregions InPlant addition Materials to Department Center in Coffeeville of Natural has a whichby Omernik. follow theThese designations ecoregions by are: Omernik. Resourcepublicly-accessible preserves nativecalled Scientificgrassland. Theyand TheseMississippi ecoregions Alluvial are: Plain; Mississippi Mississippi Allu- Naturalhave done Areas a lot (SNAs), of work the on Nature native Con-grass- vialValley Plain; Loess Mississippi Plains; Southeastern Valley Loess Plains, Plains; servancyland establishment (TNC) manages and could preserves provide in all Southeastern Plains, and Southern Coastal And Southern Coastal Plain. Each Level 50roadside States andvegetation in more managers than 30 countries.with tons of Plain. Each Level III ecoregion has Level These protected lands include some of the III ecoregion has Level IV ecoregions with- useful info. Location and contact informa- IV ecoregions within it. Descriptions of the best remnants of plant communities of in it. Descriptions of the ecoregions are tion is listed here under “Contact”. ecoregions are available at ftp://ftp.epa.gov/ grasslands, wetlands and woodlands for wed/ecoregions/us/useco_desc.doc.available at ftp://ftp.epa.gov/wed/ your information. TNC is the leading con- ecoregions/us/useco_desc.doc. servation organization working to protect SOURCE: ecologically important lands and waters SOURCE: MississippiMississippi Natural Heritage Natural ProgramHeritage for nature and people. Program CONTACT: Locate and visit a preserve near you to CONTACT: Plant MateralsJon AllisonCenter USDA-NRCS see adapted native plant associations to 2533Jamie County L. Whitten Rd. 65Plant Materials Center inform your own project site decisions. Coffeeville,USDA-NRCS MS 38922-2652 Use the preserves inventory list as your Phone:2533 County 662-675-2588 Rd. 65 shopping list to match plant species to Fax:Coffeeville, 662-675-2369 MS 38922-2652 your planting project. WebPhone: site: 662-675-2588 Fax: 662-675-2369 http://plant-materials.nrcs.usda.gov/ To access TNC preserve data as a source mspmc/[email protected] Web site for Google Maps , or as a layer for Google http://plant-materials.nrcs.usda.gov/ Earth, you can use their feed url -- GRASSLANDmspmc/ EXAMPLE: http://www.nature.org/placesweprotect/ The USDA-NRCS Plant Materials Center in preserve-map.xml. Coffeeville has a publicly-accessible native grassland. They have done significant work on native grassland establishment and can provide roadside vegetation managers with an abundance of useful information. Loca- tion and contact information is listed above under Contact.

7713 CHAPTER 5 Why An Ecological Approach

MONTANA ECOREGIONS

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ECOREGIONS:ECOREGIONS: Montana has seven Level III http://www.nature.org/ourinitiatives/GRASSLAND EXAMPLE: Dancing Prairie Montanaecoregions has following seven Level the designationsIII ecoregions by regions/northamerica/unitedstates/mon-Preserve, a Nature Conservancy trust land, followingOmernik. the These designations ecogregions by Omernik.include tana/placesweprotect/dancing-prairie-consists of 600+ acres of fescue-wheat- TheseCanadian ecogregions Rockies; Middleinclude Rockies;Canadian Rock- preserve.xmlgrass-needlegrass grasslands in rolling gla- ies;Northern Middle Rockies; Rockies; Idaho Northern Batholith; Rockies; Ida- cial hills. The western Montana grasslands ho Batholith; Northwest Glaciated Plains; VISIT A PRESERVE Northwest Glaciated Plains; Northwest are transitional between the Palouse Northwest Great Plains; and Wyoming In addition to Department of Natural Great Plains; and Wyoming Basin. Prairie, which is more typical of eastern Basin. Descriptions of each region can be Resource preserves called Scientific and foundDescriptions at ftp://ftp.epa.gov/wed/ecoregions/ of each region can be found NaturalWashington Areas and (SNAs), Oregon, the and Nature the grass-Con- mt/mt_front_1.pdf.at ftp://ftp.epa.gov/wed/ecoregions/ servancylands of the (TNC) Northern manages Great preserves Plains. inThe all mt/mt_front_1.pdf. 50Montana States andSpecies in more of Concern, than 30 Spalding'scountries. SOURCE: Thesecampion protected (Silene spaldingilands include) occurs some on moreof the MontanaSOURCE: MontanaNatural Heritage Natural ProgramHeritage bestmesic remnants sites such of asplant cool communities slopes, small of www.mtnhp.org.Program www.mtnhp.org. grasslands,draws and swaleswetlands at theand Preserve. woodlands for yourDirections: information. From Eureka, TNC is Montana,the leading take con- CONTACT: Linda Vance, Senior Ecologist CONTACT: servationHighway 93organization north to MT working 37, then to protecttake MT Montana Natural Heritage Program ecologically important lands and waters Montana Natural Heritage Program 37 west for about one mile to Airport 1515 E. 6th Avenue for nature and people. 1515 E. 6th Avenue Road. The Preserve is about two miles Helena, MT 59620 north on Airport Road. Phone: 406-444-5354406-444-3380 [email protected] Locate and visit a preserve near you to Email: [email protected] see adapted native plant associations to inform your own project site decisions. GRASSLAND EXAMPLE: Use the preserves inventory list as your Dancing Prairie Preserve, a Nature shopping list to match plant species to Conservancy trust land, consists of 600+ your planting project. acres of fescue-wheatgrass-needlegrass grasslands in rolling glacial hills. The To access TNC preserve data as a source western Motana grasslands are transitional for Google Maps , or as a layer for Google between the Palouse Prairie, which is more Earth, you can use their feed url -- typical of eastern Washington and Oregon, http://www.nature.org/placesweprotect/ and the grasslands of the Northern Great preserve-map.xml. Plains. A Montana Species of Concern, Spaling's campion (Silene spaldingi), occurs on more mesic sites such as cool slopes, small draws and swales at the Preserve. Directions: From Eureka, Montana, take Highway 93 north to MT 37, then take MT 37 west for about one mile to Airport Road. The Preserve is about two miles north on Airport Road.

7913 CHAPTER 5 Why An Ecological Approach

NEBRASKA ECOREGIONS

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ECOREGIONS:ECOREGIONS: Nebraska has six ecoregions VISITCONTACT A PRESERVE: Gerry Steinauer, Nebraskaprimarily hasfollowing six ecoregions the designations primarily by InBotanist/Ecologist addition to Department of Natural followingOmernik withthe designations modifications by basedOmernik on ResourceNebraska preserves Natural Heritage called Scientific Program and withBailey modifications and the USGS. based These on ecoregionsBailey and NaturalNebraska Areas Game (SNAs), and Parks the Nature Commission Con- the USGS. These ecoregions include Loess include Loess Hills; Loess and Glacial servancy1703 L. St., (TNC) Aurora, manages NE 68818 preserves in all Hills; Loess and Glacial Drift; Central Loess 50 States and in more than 30 countries. Drift; Central Loess Plains and Rainwater Phone: 402-694-2498 Plains and Rainwater Basins; Sandhills; These protected lands include some of the Basins; Sandhills; Shale Plains-Tablelands; [email protected] Shale Plains-Tablelands; and High Plains. best remnants of plant communities of and High Plains. grasslands, wetlands and woodlands for GRASSLAND EXAMPLE: The Nine Mile SOURCE: your information. TNC is the leading con- SOURCE: Boundaries were derived primari- Prairie is located northwest of the Lincoln Nebraska Department of Roads, Plan for servation organization working to protect thely from Roadside Level Environment III ecoregions, June in Chapman, 2008, ecologicallyMunicipal Airport important on West lands Fletcher and waters NDORS.S., J. Omernik,Landscape J. PlanFreeouf, Committee, D. Huggins, online J. forAvenue nature in andLincoln. people. This 140 acre tallgrass atMcCauley, http://www.nebraskatransportation.org/ C. Freeman, G. Steinauer, R. prairie is one of the largest areas of origi- environment/guides/roadside-plan/revi-Angelo, and R. Schlepp. 2001. Ecoregions Locatenal tallgrass and visit prairie a preserve in the statenear ofyou to sion/road-env-plan-total.pdf.of Nebraska and Kansas. US Geological seeNebraska. adapted Thenative prairie plant is associations managed by to the Survey, Reston, VA. The eastern boundary informUniversity your of own Nebraska-Lincoln project site decisions. which CONTACT:of region C was derived from Bailey, R.G., Useconducts the preserves regular prescribedinventory listburns. as your NebraskaP. Avers, T. Natural King, andHeritage W. McNab, Program eds., shopping list to match plant species to Nebraska1994. Ecoregions Game and and Parks subregions Commission of the your planting project. 1703 L. St., United States. USDA Forest Service, Aurora, NE 68818 To access TNC preserve data as a source Washington, D.C. Boundaries have been Phone: 402-471-0641 for Google Maps , or as a layer for Google somewhat generalized from the original. http://outdoornebraska.ne.gov/wildlife/ Earth, you can use their feed url -- programs/nongame/Heritage.asp http://www.nature.org/placesweprotect/ preserve-map.xml. GRASSLAND EXAMPLE: The Nine Mile Prairie is located northwest of the Lincoln Municipal Airport on West Fletcher Avenue in Lincoln. This 140 acre tallgrass prairie is one of the largest areas of original tallgrass prairie in the state of Nebraska. The prairie is managed by the University of Nebraska-Lincoln which con- ducts regular prescribed burns. http://snr.unl.edu/aboutus/where/fieldsites/ ninemileprairie.asp

8113 CHAPTER 5 Why An Ecological Approach

NEVADA ECOREGIONS

1282 CHAPTER 5 Why An Ecological Approach

ECOREGIONS:ECOREGIONS: Nevada has four Level III OWYHEEGRASSLAND PLATEAU,EXAMPLES :locatedSPRING inVALLEY Elko Nevadaecoregions has following four Level the III designations ecoregions fol- by County,STATE PARK hashttp://www.parks.nv.gov/sv.htm, remnants of Alkali Sagebrush lowingOmernik. the Thedesignations ecoregions by are:Omernik. the The (atArtemisia the headwaters arbuscula of Meadowssp. Longiloba Valley) /Wash, ecoregionsNorthern Basin are: theand Northern Range; Sierra Basin Nevada; and CurlyLincoln Bluegrass Co. in east-central (Poa secunda Nevada,) Shrub has Herbaceous Vegetation. This short shrub- Range;Mojave SierraBasin Nevada;and Range; Mojave and CentralBasin and remnant native grass species, including: Range; and Central Basin and Range. De- steppe association is found between Basin and Range. Descriptions of the basin wildrye (Leymus cinerus); big galleta scriptions of the ecoregions are available at 4750-8530 feet elevation in northeastern ecoregions are available at (Pleuraphis rigida); blue grama (Bouteloua http://www.fws.gov/nevada/habitats/ Nevada. It is located on gentle to moderate ecoregions_html.htmhttp://www.fws.gov/nevada/habitats/ and slopesgracilis or); galletarolling grassuplands, (Pleuraphis ridges, alluvial jamesii ); http://www.epa.gov/wed/pages/ecoregions_html.htm and fans,Indian and ricegrass basin bottoms (Achnatherum on most aspects. ecoregions/level_iii.htm.http://www.epa.gov/wed/pages/ Soilshymenoides tend to); beneedle a heavy and clay thread loam. Artemi- ecoregions/level_iii.htm. sia(Hesperostipa arbuscula ssp.comata longiloba); sand dominates dropseed the SOURCE: shrub(Sporabolus overstory. cryptandrus ); sandberg blue- SOURCE: Nevada Fish & Wildlife Office of Nevada Fish & Wildlife Office of the U.S. VISITgrass ( PoaA PRESERVE secunda); and sideoats grama the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Fish and Wildlife Service In(Bouteloua addition curtipendulato Department). of Natural http://www.fws.gov/nevada/habitats/ http://www.fws.gov/nevada/habitats/ Resource preserves called Scientific and documents/na_eco.pdf NaturalOWYHEE AreasPLATEAU (SNAs),, located the in Nature Elko County,Con- servancyhas remnants (TNC) of Alkalimanages Sagebrush preserves in all CONTACT: James D. (Jim) Morefield, Ph.D., CONTACT: 50(Artemisia States and arbuscula in more ssp. than Longiloba 30 countries.) / Curly DepartmentSupervisory Botanistof Conservation & Webmaster & Natural TheseBluegrass protected (Poa secunda lands )include Shrub Herbaceoussome of the ResourcesState of Nevada, Department of bestVegetation. remnants This of shortplant shrub-steppecommunities associ-of Nevada Natural Heritage Conservation & Natural Resources grasslands,ation is found wetlands between and 4750-8530 woodlands feet for ele- Program Richard H. Bryan Building Nevada Natural Heritage Program yourvation information. in northeastern TNC Nevada. is the leading It is locat- con- 901 South Stewart Street, Suite 5002 servation organization working to protect Carson City, NV 89701-5245 ed on gentle to moderate slopes or rolling Richard H. Bryan Building ecologically important lands and waters Phone: 775-684-2902 or 2900 uplands, ridges, alluvial fans, and basin 901 South Stewart Street, Suite 5002 forbottoms nature on and most people. aspects. Soils tend to be Web site: http://heritage.nv.gov Carson City, NV 89701-5245 a heavy clay loam. Artemisia arbuscula Locate and visit a preserve near you to GRASSLANDPhone: 775-684-2902 EXAMPLES: or 2900 ssp. longiloba dominates the shrub over- [email protected] Web site: see adapted native plant associations to SPRING VALLEY STATE PARK informstory. Squirreltail your own project(Elymus site elymoides decisions.) and http://heritage.nv.gov http://www.parks.nv.gov/sv.htm, at the Use(Festuca the preserves idahoensis inventory) are consistently list as your pres- headwaters of Meadow Valley Wash, shoppingent along listwith to Curly match Bluegrass plant species to Lincoln Co. in east-central Nevada, has your(Poa plantingsecunda). project. Information is available at remnant native grass species, including: http://www.natureserve.org/explorer/servlet basin wildrye (Leymus cinerus); big galleta To/NatureServe?searchCommunityUid= access TNC preserve data as a source (Pleuraphis rigida); blue grama (Boute- forELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.686833 Google Maps , or as a layer for Google loua gracilis); galleta grass (Pleuraphis Earth, you can use their feed url -- jamesii); Indian ricegrass (Achnatherum http://www.nature.org/placesweprotect/ hymenoides); needle and thread (Hesper- preserve-map.xml. ostipa comata); sand dropseed (Sporabolus cryptandrus); sandberg bluegrass (Poa secunda); and sideoats grama (Bouteloua curtipendula).

8313 CHAPTER 5 Why An Ecological Approach

NEW HAMPSHIRE ECOREGIONS

1284 CHAPTER 5 Why An Ecological Approach

ECOREGIONS:ECOREGIONS: Three ecoregions have been VISITGRASSLAND A PRESERVEEXAMPLE: New Hampshire is Threedefined ecoregions in New Hampshire have been based defined on cli-in New Inthe addition second-most to Department forested state of Natural in the U.S., Hampshiremate, landforms, based andon climate, soils: (1) landforms, the Lower Resourceand has few preserves if any well-defined called Scientific grassland and and soils: (1) the Lower New England Natural Areas (SNAs), the Nature Con- New England section, (2) the Vermont- natural communities. Most current grass- section, (2) the Vermont-New Hampshire servancy (TNC) manages preserves in all New Hampshire Upland section, and (3) lands are of anthropogenic origin, e.g. pas- Upland section, and (3) the White Moun- 50 States and in more than 30 countries. tainthe Whitesection. Mountain section. Thesetures and protected the margins lands ofinclude airports. some In theof the best1800s, remnants forests convertedof plant communities to sheep pastures of SOURCE: New Hampshire Natural SOURCE: grasslands,covered most wetlands of New and Hampshire, woodlands so forgrass- NewHeritage Hampshire Bureau Natural Heritage Bureau yourland information.plant species TNChave ais longthe leading history con-in http://www.nhdfl.org/library/pdf/http://mdcgis.mdc.mo.gov/website/ servationthe state. organizationMany native speciesworking do to exist, protect Natural%20Heritage/WebVersion_Tech%20ecoregions_book/ ecologicallyoften specializing important as early-successional lands and waters Manual.pdf forcolonizers. nature and Using people. native species in road- CONTACT: Sara Cairns, side plantings will help conserve New Data Manager/ Biologist CONTACT: LocateHampshire's and visit biodiversity, a preserve and near native you tovs. NH Natural Heritage Bureau NH Natural Heritage Bureau seenaturalized adapted nativespecies plant are identified associations in to POPO Box 1856 inform your own project site decisions. "Vascular Plants of New Hampshire" Concord,Concord, NH 03302-185603302-1856 Use the preserves inventory list as your (http://www.nhdfl.org/library/pdf/w_ Phone:Phone: 603-271-2214603-271-2215 x 302 shopping list to match plant species to flora.pdf). [email protected] your planting project. GRASSLAND EXAMPLE: New Hampshire is the second-most To access TNC preserve data as a source forested state in the U.S., and has few if for Google Maps , or as a layer for Google any well-defined grassland natural com- Earth, you can use their feed url -- munities. Most current grasslands are of http://www.nature.org/placesweprotect/ anthropogenic origin, e.g. pastures and the preserve-map.xml. margins of airports. In the 1800s, forests converted to sheep pastures covered most of New Hampshire, so grassland plant species have a long history in the state. Many native species do exist, often specializing as early-successional colonizers. Using native species in roadside plantings will help conserve New Hampshire's biodiversity. Native and naturalized species are identified in "Vascular Plants of New Hampshire" (http://www.nhdfl.org/library/pdf/w_ flora.pdf).

8513 CHAPTER 5 Why An Ecological Approach

NEW JERSEY ECOREGIONS

1286 CHAPTER 5 Why An Ecological Approach

ECOREGIONS:ECOREGIONS: New Jersey has five Level III VISITPO Box A 404 PRESERVE Newecoregions Jersey followinghas five Levelthe designations III ecoregions by fol- InTrenton, addition NJ to 08625-0404 Department of Natural lowingOmernik. the designationsThese ecoregions by Omernik. include: These67 ResourcePhone: 609-984-1339 preserves called Scientific and ecoregionsValley and Ridge;include: 58 67 Highlands; Valley and 64 Ridge; 58 [email protected] Areas (SNAs), the Nature Con- Highlands;Piedmont; 6364 CoastalPiedmont; Plain, 63 Coastaland 84 Plain, servancy (TNC) manages preserves in all and 84 Atlantic Coastal Pine Barrens. De- Atlantic Coastal Pine Barrens. 50GRASSLAND States andE inXAMPLES more than: The 30 only countries. extensive scriptions of these ecoregions and of the These protected lands include some of the Descriptions of these ecoregions and of the native (upland) grasslands in New Jersey Level IV ecoregions within each Level III bestoccur remnants on coastal of plantdunes, communities e.g. Sandy Hook of ecoregionLevel IV ecoregions can be found within at the each URL Level listed III grasslands,in Monmouth wetlands County, and New woodlands Jersey. for underecoregion Source. can be found at the URL listed your information. TNC is the leading con- Numerous old fields with abundant native under “Source”. servation organization working to protect and non-native grasses occur statewide on SOURCE: ecologically important lands and waters SOURCE: Woods, A.J.,EPA J.M. ecoregions Omernik, in B.C. New Moran. Jersey, forformerly nature forested and people. land. For more informa- 2007.Woods, Level A.J., III J.M. and Omernik, IV Ecoregions B.C. Moran.of New tion on successional upland grassland Jersey.2007. LevelU.S. Environmental III and IV Ecoregions Protection of New Locatehabitats and in visitthe state a preserve see the near book: you Collins, to Agency,Jersey, U.S. Western Environmental Ecology Division, Protection Report seeB.R. adapted and K. nativeH. Anderson. plant associations 1994. Plant to EPA/CR-831682-01,Agency, Western Ecology 19p. http://www.epa.Division, Report informCommunities your own of Newproject Jersey: site decisions.A Study in gov/wed/pages/ecoregions/nj_eco.htmEPA/CR-831682-01, 19p. UseLandscape the preserves Diversity. inventory Rutgers list University as your http://www.epa.gov/wed/pages/ecore- shoppingPress, New list Brunswick, to match plant NJ. 287p. species to CONTACT:gions/nj_eco.htm your planting project. NJ Natural Heritage Program OfficeCONTACT of: Kathleen Natural LandsStrakosch Management Walz To access TNC preserve data as a source POEcologist, Box 404 Natural Heritage Program for Google Maps , or as a layer for Google Trenton,Office of NJNatural 08625-0405 Lands Management Earth, you can use their feed url -- Phone: 609-984-1339 http://www.nature.org/placesweprotect/ preserve-map.xml. GRASSLAND EXAMPLES: The only extensive native (upland) grasslands in New Jersey occur on coastal dunes, e.g. Sandy Hook in Monmouth County, New Jersey. Numerous old fields with abundant native and non-native grasses occur statewide on formerly forested land. For more information on successional upland grassland habitats in the state see the book: Collins, B.R. and K. H. Anderson. 1994. Plant Communities of New Jersey: A Study in Landscape Diversity. Rutgers Uni- versity Press, New Brunswick, NJ. 287p.

8713 CHAPTER 5 Why An Ecological Approach

NEW MEXICO ECOREGIONS

Û Û Û Û Û Û Û 20 21 22 26 Û UTAH 21 COLORADO Û Level III Ecoregions 20 n r rro Rive Raton ma 20 Ci Dry OKLAHOMA 26 Navajo Farmington Aztec Reservoir San Tierra Amarilla Jua of New Mexico n River

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Brantley Reservoir G r Lake Avalon an de Carlsbad Lordsburg Salt CITING THIS MAP: Griffith, G.E., Omernik, J.M., McGraw, M.M., Deming Lake Las Cruces River Jacobi, G.Z., Canavan, C.M., Schrader, T.S., Mercer, D., Hill, R., ck 79 la B and Moran, B.C., 2006, Ecoregions of New Mexico (color poster

Û Û with map, descriptive text, summary tables, and photographs): Red Bluff TEXAS 23 Reservoir Reston, Virginia, U.S. Geological Survey (map scale 1:1,400,000).

El Paso MEXICO Ecoregion maps, publications, GIS files, and contact information are available 79 Ciudad Juarez at www.epa.gov/wed/pages/ecoregions.htm. Level III ecoregion County boundary 24 State boundary Pecos International boundary

Û Û Û Û Û Û Û NM_Level_III_fnl.ai GG 2/12/07

1288 CHAPTER 5 Why An Ecological Approach

ECOREGIONS:ECOREGIONS: New Mexico has seven BoutelouaGRASSLAND gracilisEXAMPLES (blue :grama)This area / Bouteloua may not Newecoregions Mexico following has eight the major designations ecoregions by dactyloidesbe close to (buffalograss) urban centers, grasslandthe Gray inRanch, the followingBailey and EPA/Omernik’s the U.S. Forest classificationService. These Fitzpatricklocated 7.5 pasture miles south area. of Birchfield on Rt. system. These ecoregions are shown in ecoregions include: Apache Highlands, VISIT338 in AHidalgo PRESERVE County may be the best theArizona-New NM map atMexico ftp://ftp.epa.gov/wed/ Mountains, Central example of nearly original grasslands in ecoregions/nm/nm_pg_3.pdf. These In addition to Department of Natural Shortgrass Prairie, Chihuahua Desert, New Mexico. While has been grazed it eight ecoregions include: 23 Arizona/ Resource preserves called Scientific and Colorado Plateau, Colorado Rocky has relatively intact examples of Bouteloua New Mexico Mountains, 22 Arizona/New Natural Areas (SNAs), the Nature Con- MexicoMountains, Plateau, and 24Southern Chihuahuan Shortgrass Deserts, 20 servancyeriopoda (black(TNC) grama) manages grassland, preserves in all ColoradoPrairie. Plateau, 79 Madrean Archipela- 50Sporobolis States and wrightii in more(giant than sacaton 30 countries. grass), go, 21 Southern Rockies, 26 Southwestern Theseand a veryprotected limited lands Bouteloua include gracilis some (blueof the Tablelands,SOURCE: Ecoregional and 25 Western Conservation High Plains. bestgrama) remnants / Bouteloua of plant dactyloides communities (buffalo- of Analysis of the Arizona - New Mexico grasslands,grass) grassland wetlands in the and Fitzpatrick woodlands pasture for your information. TNC is the leading con- SOURCE:Mountains, Prepared by The Nature area of this ranch. Griffith,Conservancy's G.E., Arizona Omernik, - New J.M., Mexico McGraw, servation organization working to protect M.M.,Mountains, Jacobi, Ecoregional G.Z., Canavan, Conservation C.M., ecologically important lands and waters for nature and people. Schrader,Team. 1999. T.S., Published Mercer, D.,by Hill,The NatureR., and Mo- ran,Conservancy, B.C., 2006, Santa Ecoregions Fe, New of MexicoNew Mexico (color poster with map, descriptive text, Locate and visit a preserve near you to http://azconservation.org/dl/TNCAZ_Ecore see adapted native plant associations to summarygions_Assessment_AZ-NM_Mtns.pdf. tables, and photographs): Reston, Virginia, U.S. Geological Survey (map scale inform your own project site decisions. 1:1,400,000). Use the preserves inventory list as your CONTACT: Esteban Muldavin and/or shopping list to match plant species to Yvonne Chauvin your planting project. CONTACT:New Mexico Natural Heritage Program Natural Heritage New Mexico Dept. of Biology UNM Biology Dept. To access TNC preserve data as a source University of New Mexico MSC03 2020 for Google Maps , or as a layer for Google 1167 University Castetter of Hall New Mexico Earth, you can use their feed url -- AlbuquerqueAlbuquerque, NMNM 87131-0001 87131 http://www.nature.org/placesweprotect/ Phone:[email protected], 505-277-3822 preserve-map.xml. Fax:[email protected] 505-277-3844 Email: [email protected]

GRASSLAND EXAMPLES: Located 7.5 miles south of Birchfield on Rt. 338 in Hidalgo County, the Gray Ranch may be the best example of nearly original grasslands in New Mexico. While the ranch has been grazed, it has relatively intact examples of Bouteloua eriopoda (black grama) grassland, Sporobolis wrightii (giant sacaton grass), and a very limited

8913 CHAPTER 5 Why An Ecological Approach

NEW YORK ECOREGIONS

1290 CHAPTER 5 Why An Ecological Approach

ECOREGIONS: ECOREGIONS:The ecoregional map shown VISITt3JWFSTJEFJDFNFBEPX MPDBUJPOT A PRESERVE Thehere isecoregional the version map developed shown hereby The is the In Southaddition of Theto Department Glen, Warren of NaturalCo. versionNature Conservancydeveloped by (TNC)The Nature following Con- Resourcet3PDLZTVNNJUHSBTTMBOE MPDBUJPOT preserves called Scientific and servancydesignations following by the designations US Forest Service by the and US NaturalHarriman Areas State (SNAs), Park, the Orange Nature Co. Con- ForestBailey. ServiceThere are and seven Bailey. TNC There ecoregions are seven servancyt4VDDFTTJPOBMOPSUIFSOTBOEQMBJOHSBTT (TNC) manages preserves in all ecoregionsand 34 ecoregion and 34 subsections ecoregion subsections in New York. in 50MBOE MPDBUJPOT $IBTF-BLF4BOEQMBJO States and in more than 30 countries. New York. The Ecozone map of New York These-FXJT$P protected lands include some of the canSOURCE be downloaded: New York fromNatural http://www.dec. Heritage bestt4VDDFTTJPOBMPMEGJFME MPDBUJPO remnants of plant communities of ny.gov/maps/ecozonelink.kmzProgram, New York State DEC. and viewed grasslands,$IJQQFXB$SFFL1MBJOT 4U-BXSFODF wetlands and woodlands for using Google Maps©. yourCo.; information. Saratoga NHP, TNC Saratoga is the leading Co. con- CONTACT: Greg Edinger, Chief Ecologist servation organization working to protect SOURCE:New York Natural Heritage Program ecologically important lands and waters Descriptions for these communities are NewNew YorkYork NaturalState Department Heritage Program, of New for nature and people. found in Ecological Communities of NYS YorkEnvironmental State DEC. Conservation (Edinger et al. 2002): http://www.dec.ny.gov/animals/29338.html625 Broadway, 5th Floor Locate and visit a preserve near you to http://www.dec.ny.gov/animals/29392.html Albany, NY 12233-4757 see adapted native plant associations to CONTACT: informConservation your own guides project for thesite followingdecisions. Phone: 518-402-8947 Fax: 518-402-8925 New York Natural Heritage Program Use“grassland” the preserves communities inventory in listNY asare your [email protected] Web site: NY DEC Central Office shoppingavailable: list to match plant species to http://www.nynhp.org 625 Broadway, 5th Floor yourt(SFBU-BLFTEVOFT planting project. Albany,GRASSLAND NY 12233-4757EXAMPLES: The New York http://www.acris.nynhp.org/guide.php?id Phone:Natural 518-402-8545 Heritage Program has describes To=10002 access TNC preserve data as a source Go to http://www.dec.ny.gov/24.html and the following “grassland” communities in fort0BLPQFOJOHT Google Maps , or as a layer for Google locate your Regional Office for their con- Earth, you can use their feed url -- NY with the number of Element http://www.acris.nynhp.org/guide.php?id tact information. http://www.nature.org/placesweprotect/ Occurrences in the NY Natural Heritage =9960 preserve-map.xml. GRASSLANDdatabase in parentheses, EXAMPLES: followed by one t3JWFSTJEFJDFNFBEPX Grasslandor two representative communities locations: can be located http://www.acris.nynhp.org/guide.php?id usingt"MWBSHSBTTMBOE MPDBUJPOT $IBVNPOU the New York State Department of =10009 EnvironmentalBarrens Preserve, Conservation’s Jefferson Co. online bio- t3PDLZTVNNJUHSBTTMBOE diversityt(SFBU-BLFTEVOFT MPDBUJPOT %FFS information search tool, New York http://www.acris.nynhp.org/guide.php?id NatureCreek Explorer. Marsh WMA, Land Oswegomanagers, Co. planners, =10019 consultants,t)FNQTUFBE1MBJOHSBTTMBOE MPDBUJPO and project developers can identifyMitchell a specific Field, Nassau area and Co. search for grass- landt.BSJUJNFEVOFT MPDBUJPOT +POFT communities in that area. The New YorkBeach Nature State Explorer Park, Nassau is online Co.; at Fire http:// Island www.dec.ny.gov/animals/57844.html. National Seashore, Suffolk Co. t.BSJUJNFHSBTTMBOE MPDBUJPOT Shinnecock Hills, Suffolk Co.; Montauk Point State Park, Suffolk Co. t0BLPQFOJOHT MPDBUJPOT 3VTI0BL Openings, Monroe Co.

9113 CHAPTER 5 Why An Ecological Approach

NORTH CAROLINA ECOREGIONS

1292 CHAPTER 5 Why An Ecological Approach

ECOREGIONS:ECOREGIONS: North Carolina has four USEFUL REFERENCES: NATIVE Northphysiographic Carolina provinces, has four physiographic including: http://www.ncnhp.org/Images/Other%20GRASSLAND/WOODLAND PLANT COMMUNITIES: provinces,Tidewater; including:Coastal Plain; Tidewater; Piedmont; Coastal and Publications/class.pdfSee Schafale, M.P., and A.S. Weakley. 1990. Plain;Mountains. Piedmont; and Mountains. Classification of the natural communities of PiedmontNorth Carolina: Prairie third Fact approximation Sheet: ftp://ftp-fc.. North SOURCE: SOURCE: North Carolina Natural Heritage sc.egov.usda.gov/NC/NCweb/Programs/Carolina Natural Heritage Program, North North Carolina Natural Heritage Piedmont-Prairie-fact-sheet.pdf Program. 2008. North Carolina Carolina Dept. of Environment, Health Program.Department 2008. of Environment North Carolina and Natural Department of Environment and Natural VISITand Natural A PRESERVE Resources, Raleigh. Contact Resources, Raleigh, NC, 27699-1601. Resources, Raleigh, NC. InNC addition NHP for to 4th Department approximation. of Natural Resourcehttp://www.ncnhp.org/Images/Other%20Pu preserves called Scientific and CONTACT: Misty Buchanan, Botanist or CONTACT: Naturalblications/class.pdf Areas (SNAs), the Nature Con- Michael Schafale, Ecologist NC Natural Heritage Program servancy (TNC) manages preserves in all NC Natural Heritage Program 1601 MSC 50PIEDMONT States andPRAIRIE in moreFACT thanSHEET 30: countries.“Piedmont Raleigh,1601 MSC, NC Raleigh, 27699-1601 NC 27699-1601 Theseprairie wasprotected once landscommon include in North some of the www.ncnhp.org bestCarolina remnants but is of now plant reduced communities to remnant, of grasslands,isolated patches wetlands . . . .and Historical woodlands Piedmont for GRASSLAND EXAMPLE: McDowell Nature GRASSLAND EXAMPLE: yourprairies information. were open TNC pockets is the among leading the con- Preserve - Dodge City Prairie and servation organization working to protect MCDOWELL PRAIRIE in southwestern mixed oak forests typical of the upland McDowell Prairie (Mecklenburg County ecologically important lands and waters Mecklenburg County has a good assem- Carolina Piedmont. These glades were Parks & Recreation Department), at 15222 for nature and people. blage of grasses common in the Piedmont probably dominated by grasses such as ofYork NC Road with in a mixsouthwestern of native grassesMecklenburg and Indian grass (Sorghastrum nutans), purple- forbsCounty. that Although can educate most and natural inspire plant road- Locate and visit a preserve near you to top (Tridens flavus), and broomsedge sidecommunities vegetation in managers. NC have a http://www. scattered to see adapted native plant associations to inform(Andropogon your ownvirginicus project).” site decisions. charmeck.org/closed canopy, the grasslands at this site Useftp://ftp-fc.sc.egov.usda.gov/NC/NCweb/ the preserves inventory list as your Departments/Park+and+Rec/Home.htmshow a good assemblage of grasses com- shoppingPrograms/Piedmont-Prairie-fact-sheet.pdf. list to match plant species to mon in the Piedmont of NC. The mix of SHUFFLETOWN PRAIRIE Nature your planting project. native grasses and forbs may educate and Preserve, also in Mecklenburg County, is inspire roadside vegetation managers. just 18 acres in size but may be the best To access TNC preserve data as a source PiedmontContact the Prairie Mecklenburg remnant County in the Carolinas. Parks & for Google Maps , or as a layer for Google http://charmeck.org/mecklenburg/county/Recreation Department for more informa- Earth, you can use their feed url -- ParkandRec/StewardshipServices/NatureP-tion about how these prairies were estab- http://www.nature.org/placesweprotect/ reserves/pages/shuffletown%20prairie.aspxlished and maintained. preserve-map.xml. http://www.charmeck.org/Departments/Par USEFULk+and+Rec/Home.htm REFERENCES: Native Grassland/Woodland Plant Com- munities. Schafale, M.P., and A.S. Weakley. 1990. Classification of the natural communities of North Carolina: third approximation. NC NHP, NC Dept. of Environment, Health and Natural Resources, Raleigh.

9313 CHAPTER 5 Why An Ecological Approach

NORTH DAKOTA ECOREGIONS

1294 CHAPTER 5 Why An Ecological Approach

ECOREGIONS:ECOREGIONS: North Dakota has four Level Preserve;From Washburn and Sentinel go 4 Buttemiles Statewest onNature HWY NorthIII ecoregions, Dakota has including: four Level Northwestern III ecore- Preserve.200A to Hensler, ND, then six miles gions,Glaciated including: Plains; NorthwesternNorthwestern Glaci-Great southeast on the gravel road. atedPlains; Plains; Northern Northwestern Glaciated Great Plains; Plains; and VISIT A PRESERVE Northern Glaciated Plains; and Lake In addition to Department of Natural Lake Agassiz Plain. Descriptions can be THE DAKOTA PRAIRIE GRASSLANDS Agassiz Plain. Descriptions can be found at Resource preserves called Scientific and found at http://www.epa.gov/wed/pages/ (http://www.fs.fed.us/r1/dakotaprairie/) are http://www.epa.gov/wed/pages/ecoregions/ Naturalpublicly Areas owned (SNAs), lands administeredthe Nature Con- by the level_iii.htm.ecoregions/level_iii.htm. servancy (TNC) manages preserves in all USDA Forest Service covering more than 1 50 States and in more than 30 countries. SOURCES: Bryce, S.A., Omernik, J.M., million acres located mostly in western SOURCE: These protected lands include some of the Bryce,Pater, D.A.,Sandra. Ulmer, James M., M. Schaar, Omernik, J., Freeouf, David bestNorth remnants Dakota. of The plant locations communities of these of E.J., Pater,Johnson, Michael R., Kuck, Ulmer, P., Jeromeand Schaar, grasslands,grasslands arewetlands shown and on woodlandsThe Forest for JerryS.H. Azevedo.Freeouf, Rex1996. Johnson, Ecoregions Pat Kuck, of North and yourService information. web site at TNC http://www.fs.fed.us/r1/ is the leading con- SandraDakota H.and Azevedo. South Dakota, 1998. (colorEcoregions poster of servationdakotaprairie/dpg_map_page.htm. organization working to protect Northwith map, Dakota descriptive and South text, Dakota. summary James- tables ecologically important lands and waters town,and photographs). ND: Northern Reston, Prairie Virginia,Wildlife Re-U.S. forThe nature LITTLE andMISSOURI people.N ATIONAL GRASSLANDS searchGeological Center Survey Online. (map http://www.npwrc. scale 1:1,500,000). is located within the Northwestern Great usgs.gov/resource/habitat/ndsdeco/index. LocatePlains and includesvisit a preserve the Theodore near you to htmCONTACT (Version: Kathy 30NOV1998). Duttenhefner, seeRoosevelt adapted National native plant Park associationswhich has exten- to Coordinator/Biologist informsive prairies your ownand grasslandsproject site (info decisions. at CONTACT:Natural Resource Program Usehttp://www.nps.gov/thro/naturescience/prai the preserves inventory list as your NaturalNatural ResourceAreas Registry/Natural Program Heritage shoppingries.htm). list to match plant species to NaturalInventory Areas Registry/Natural Heritage your planting project. Inventory North Dakota Parks and Recrea- North Dakota Parks and Recreation Tallgrass prairie can be found in the tion Department To access TNC preserve data as a source Department SHEYENNE NATIONAL GRASSLANDS, located 1600 East Century Ave. Suite 3 forwithin Google the MapsLake Agassiz, or as a Plain layer infor southeast- Google Bismarck,1600 East NDCentury 58503 Ave. Suite 3 Earth, you can use their feed url -- ern North Dakota in Richland and Ransom Phone:Bismarck, 701-328-5370 ND 58503 http://www.nature.org/placesweprotect/ Counties. This 70,000-acre prairie has WebPhone: site: 701-328-5370, http://www.parkrec.nd.gov/na- (cell) 701-220-3377 preserve-map.xml. ture/[email protected] isolated remnants of original tallgrass Web site: prairie with big bluestem, switchgrass, GRASSLANDhttp://www.parkrec.nd.gov/Nature/Preserve EXAMPLES: Indian grass and prairie cordgrass. Norths.htm Dakota currently has five designated State nature preserves that are owned ei- therGRASSLAND by variousEXAMPLES state agencies: The C orROSS by RprivateANCH groupsNATURE suchPRESERVE as Theis a Naturecentral Conservancy.mixed-grass Informationprairie common on each to the preserve Northwestern is available Great atPlains. http://www.parkrec.nd.gov/nature/herit- The site contains Prairie mixed age.html.with upland Dedicated woody drawsState nature and adjacent preserves to include: Cross Ranch State Nature Pre- cottonwood dominated floodplain forests. serve; Gunlogson State Nature Preserve; Bison and prescribed burning are utilized Head of the Mountain State Nature Preserve;as grassland H.R. management Morgan State tools. Nature Directions:

9513 CHAPTER 5 Why An Ecological Approach

OHIO ECOREGIONS

1296 CHAPTER 5 Why An Ecological Approach

ECOREGIONS:ECOREGIONS: The Physiographic Regions VISITGRASSLAND A PRESERVEEXAMPLES: Information on Theof Ohio Physiographic include: Appalachian Regions of Highlands Ohio Inpresettlement addition to Departmentprairies in Ohio of Natural can be include:(Appalachian Appalachian Plateaus); Highlands Interior (Appala-Plains Resourcefound at thepreserves web site called of the Scientific Ohio Prairie and chian(Interior Plateaus); Low Plateaus, Interior Central Plains (InteriorLowland). NaturalAssociation Areas http://www.ohioprairie.org/, (SNAs), the Nature Con- Low Plateaus, Central Lowland). These servancy (TNC) manages preserves in all These Major Divisions and Provinces (Click on “The Prairie Regions of Ohio” Major Divisions and Provinces regions are 50 States and in more than 30 countries. regions are further divided into Sections. link). According to the web site, Ohio has further divided into Sections. Descriptions These protected lands include some of the ofDescriptions these regions of theseare available regions atare the available URL bestseven remnants Prairie Regions. of plant communitiesThree of these of listedat the underURL listed Source. under “Source”. grasslands,regions still wetlands have large and presettlement woodlands for yourprairies. information. These Prairie TNC Regions, is the leading the origi- con- SOURCE: SOURCE:The Physiographic Regions of servationnal prairies organization within each, working and the to counties protect TheOhio, Physiographic as described byRegions C. Scott of BrockmanOhio, as ecologicallywhere the original important prairies lands are and located waters are: described(derived from by C. Ohio Scott ecoregions Brockman mapping (derived for nature and people. fromproject Ohio funded ecoregions by the U.S.mapping Forest project Service), t-AKE PLAINS PRAIRIE REGION: Oak fundedare presented by the at U.S. http://www.dnr.state.oh.us/ Forest Service), are LocateOpenings and visitPrairies a preserve(Lucas nearCounty), you to presentedPortals/10/pdf/physio.pdf. at http://www.dnr.state.oh.us/ seeWood adapted County native Prairies plant(Wood associations County), to Portals/10/pdf/physio.pdf. informCastalia-Sandusky your own project Bay Prairiessite decisions. CONTACT: Greg Schneider Use(Sandusky the preserves and Erieinventory Counties), list as your CONTACT:Ohio Natural Heritage Program shoppingFirelands list Prairie to match(Erie plant County) species to OhioDivision Natural of Natural Heritage Areas Program & Preserves your planting project. DivisionDepartment of Natural of Natural Areas Resources & Preserves t$ENTRAL TILL PLAIN PRAIRIE REGION: OH2045 DNR Morse Road, Bldg. F ToSandusky access TNC Plains preserve Prairie data(Wyandot, as a source 2045Columbus, Morse OHRoad, 43229 Bldg. Phone: F 614-265- forCrawford, Google Maps and Marion, or as a Counties)layer for Google Columbus, OH 43229 Earth, you can use their feed url -- 6452 Email: Phone: 614-265-6561 http://www.nature.org/placesweprotect/ [email protected] t4OUTHERN TILL PLAIN PRAIRIE REGION: preserve-map.xml.Darby Plains Prairie (Champaign, Clark, GRASSLAND EXAMPLES: and Madison Counties) Information on presettlement prairies in Ohio can be found at the web site of the Ohio Prairie Association http://www.ohioprairie.org/ (Click on “The Prairie Regions of Ohio” link). According to the web site, Ohio has seven Prairie Regions. Three of these regions still have large presettlement prairies. These Prairie Regions, the Lake Plains Prairie, Central Till Plain Prairie, and the Southern Till Plain Prairie, and the locations of their remaining original prairies are shown at the link above.

9713 CHAPTER 5 Why An Ecological Approach

OKLAHOMA ECOREGIONS

1298 CHAPTER 5 Why An Ecological Approach

EECOREGIONS:COREGIONS: Oklahoma has 12 Level III MIXEDGRASS PRAIRIES: ecoregionsOklahoma includinghas 12 Level Arkansas III ecoregions Valley, MIXEDGRASSt Cooper Wildlife PRAIRIES: Management Area Bostonincluding Mountains, Arkansas Central Valley, BostonGreat Plains, Moun- Cooper(Woodward Wildlife County), Management covers Area, 16,080 Wood- tains, Central Great Plains, Central Ir- Central Irregular Plains, Cross Timbers, wardacres Co. of http://www.travelok.com/listings/ northwestern Woodward and regular Plains, Cross Timbers, East Central view.profile/id.12341 East Central Texas Plains, Flint Hills, High south central Harper Counties. Located Texas Plains, Flint Hills, High Plains, Plains, Ouachita Mountains, Ozark just east of Hwy. 270 (northwest of the Ouachita Mountains, Ozark Highlands, Four Canyon Preserve, Ellis Co. http:// Highlands,South Central South Plains, Central and Plains,Southwestern and www.nature.org/wherewework/northameri-city of Woodward) www.wildlifedepart- SouthwesternTablelands. Descriptions Tablelands. of Descriptions these ecore- of ca/states/oklahoma/preserves/four_canyon.ment.com/cooper.htm. thesegions ecoregionscan be found can at be http://www.epa.gov/ found at html http://www.epa.gov/wed/pages/ecoregions/lwed/pages/ecoregions/level_iii.htm. tFour Canyon Preserve (The Nature evel_iii.htm. WichitaConservancy, Mountains Ellis National County), Wildlife Located off SOURCE: Refuge,County Comanche Road NS Co. 195, http://www.fws.gov/ approximately 8 SMapOURCE provided: Map providedby Oklahoma by Todd Natural Fagin, refuge/wichita_mountains/miles south Harmon, bordering the OklahomaHeritage Inventory Natural Heritage Inventory Canadian River. Information is at www.oknaturalheritage.ou.edu/.www.oknaturalheritage.ou.edu/ SHORTGRASShttp://www.nature.org/wherewework/nor PRAIRIE: Blackthamerica/states/oklahoma/preserves/ Mesa State Park, Cimarron Co. NHI CCONTACT:ONTACT: Bruce Hoagland http://www.stateparks.com/black_mesa.four_canyon.html. OklahomaOK Natural Natural Heritage Heritage Inventory Inventory / Dep. andof html DepartmentGeography of Geography tWichita Mountains National Wildlife UniversityUniv. of Oklahoma of Oklahoma Refuge (Comanche County) is a 59,000 111 East Chesapeake St.Street acre remnant of mixed-grass prairie. Norman, OK 73019 Norman, OK 73019 Directions: From I-44 take Highway 49 Dept. of Geography Phone: 405-325-5325 [email protected] (exit 45). Go west 10 miles to the www.geography.ou.edu Refuge gate. If coming from Highway 62, Department of Geography: OK Vascular Plants Database: take Highway 115 (Cache exit) north to www.geography.ou.edu www.oklahomaplantdatabase.org the Refuge Gate. http://www.fws.gov/southwest/refuges/ok Oklahoma Vascular Plants Database: Department of Geography: lahoma/wichitamountains/ www.oklahomaplantdatabase.org www.geography.ou.edu SHORTGRASS PRAIRIE: GRASSLAND EXAMPLES: The following are Oklahoma Vascular Plants Database: tBlack Mesa State Park Located off examples of Tall-, Mixed-, and Short-grass www.oklahomaplantdatabase.org County Road 325, 27 miles northwest of prairies. Boise City http://www.stateparks.com/ GRASSLAND EXAMPLES: black_mesa.html TALLGRASS PRAIRIE: TALLGRASS PRAIRIE: tTallgrassTallgrass Prairie Prairie Preserve, Preserve Osage(The Nature Co. http:// www.nature.org/ourinitiatives/regions/Conservancy, Osage County) contains northamerica/unitedstates/oklahoma/plac-the largest protected, contiguous esweprotect/tallgrass-prairie-preserve.xmlTallgrass prairie in North America and is managed using a natural fire regime.

9913 CHAPTER 5 Why An Ecological Approach

OREGON ECOREGIONS

12100 CHAPTER 5 Why An Ecological Approach

ECOREGIONS:ECOREGIONS: Oregon has nine Level III VISITCONTACT A :PRESERVE Jimmy Kagan, Acting Director Oregonecoregions has following nine Level the III Omernik ecoregions desig- InOregon addition Natural to Department Heritage Information of Natural followingnations. Thesethe Omernik ecoregions designations. include: ResourceCenter preserves called Scientific and TheseCoastal ecoregions Range, Willamette include: Valley,Coastal Range, Natural1322 SE Areas Morrison (SNAs), Street the Nature Con- Willamette Valley, Cascades, Eastern servancy (TNC) manages preserves in all Cascades, Eastern Cascades Slopes and Portland, OR 97214-2423 Cascades Slopes and Foothills, Columbia 50 States and in more than 30 countries. Foothills, Columbia Plateau, Blue Phone and Fax: 503-731-3070 Plateau, Blue Mountains, Snake River Plain, These protected lands include some of the KlamathMountains, Mountains, Snake River Northern Plain, KlamathBasin and bestEmail: remnants [email protected] of plant communities of Range.Mountains, Descriptions Northern of Basin each andecoregion Range. and grasslands, wetlands and woodlands for GRASSLAND EXAMPLES: BOARDMAN ofDescriptions the Level IV of ecoregionseach ecoregion within and each of the your information. TNC is the leading con- LevelLevel IIIIV ecoregionecoregions are within at the each URL Level listed III servationGRASSLANDS organizationPRESERVE / Boardmanworking to Research protect underecoregion Source. are at the URL listed under ecologicallyNatural Area. important DOD owned, lands located and waters south “Source”. forof thenature Columbia and people. River, in north central SOURCE: Oregon, 22,642 acres. Directions and addi- Thorson,SOURCES: T.D.,Thorson, Bryce, T.D., S.A., Bryce, Lammers, S.A., Locatetional informationand visit a preserve can be found near you at to D.A.,Lammers, Woods, D.A., A.J., Woods, Omernik, A.J., J.M., Kagan, seehttp://www.nature.org/wherewework/ adapted native plant associations to J.,Omernik, Pater, D.E., J.M., and Kagan, Comstock, J., Pater, J.A., D.E., 2003. and informnorthamerica/states/oregon/preserves/art67 your own project site decisions. EcoregionsComstock, ofJ.A., Oregon 2003. (color Ecoregions poster withof map, Use93.html. the preserves inventory list as your descriptiveOregon (color text, poster summary with tables, map, anddescrip- pho- shopping list to match plant species to tographs)tive text, summaryReston, Virginia, tables, and U.S. photo- Geological your planting project. Survey (map scale 1:1,500,000). graphs): Reston, Virginia, U.S. Geological ftp://ftp.epa.gov/wed/ecoregions/or/ To access TNC preserve data as a source Survey (map scale 1:1,500,000). or_eco_lg.pdf\. for Google Maps , or as a layer for Google ftp://ftp.epa.gov/wed/ecoregions/or/or_eco_ Earth, you can use their feed url -- CONTACT:lg.pdf\. http://www.nature.org/placesweprotect/ Oregon Natural Heritage Info. Center preserve-map.xml. 1322 SE Morrison St. Portland, OR 97214-2423 Phone: 503-725-9950

GRASSLAND EXAMPLE: BOARDMAN GRASSLANDS PRESERVE Boardman Research Natural Area. DOD owned, located south of the Columbia River, in north central Oregon, 22,642 acres. Directions and additional information can be found at http://www.nature. org/ourinitiatives/regions/northamerica/ unitedstates/oregon/placesweprotect/ boardman-grasslands.xml.

10113 CHAPTER 5 Why An Ecological Approach

PENNSYLVANIA ECOREGIONS

12102 CHAPTER 5 Why An Ecological Approach

ECOREGIONS:ECOREGIONS: Pennsylvania has eleven sylvania”John Kunsman, by Jean BotanistFike. This 717-948-3841 habitat can be Pennsylvaniaecoregions, following has eleven the ecoregions, designations by foundWestern over PA the Conservancy-Pittsburgh entire Commonwealth Officeand followingthe US Forest the designations Service and Bailey.by the USThese Forest occurs800 Waterfront on dry, acidic Drive sites and include spe- Service and Bailey. These ecoregions cies such as Schizachyrium scoparium (little ecoregions (shown in the attached map) Pittsburgh, PA 15222-4718 (shown in the attached map) include: bluestem), Carex pensylvanica (Pennsyl- include: Coastal Plain; Glaciated Coastal Plain; Glaciated Northeast; vania sedge), Danthonia spicata (poverty GlaciatedNortheast; Northwest; Glaciated Northwest;Great Lakes Great Region; grass),Steve Grund,Deschampsia Botanist flexuosa 412-586-2350 (common Piedmont;Lakes Region; Pittsburgh Piedmont; Plateau; Pittsburgh Pocono hairgrass), C. communis (a sedge), Rubus GRASSLAND EXAMPLES: Remnant native Plateau;Plateau; RidgePocono and Plateau; Valley; Ridge South and Mountain; Valley; flagellaris (prickly dewberry), Lespedeza UnglaciatedSouth Mountain; Allegheny Unglaciated Plateau; Allegheny and Western spp.grasslands (bushclovers), in Pennsylvania and less commonly, that can be AlleghenyPlateau; and Mountains. Western Allegheny Mountains. Oryzopsisexamples pungens for roadside (slender vegetation mountain managers ricegrass).are hard to find. Historically Pennsylvania SOURCE:SOURCE: The map shown here is included was forested following retreat of the gla- Thein "Terrestrial map shown & Palustrinehere is included Plant in VISITciers. ForestA PRESERVE openings of grassland were In addition to Department of Natural “TerrestrialCommunities & of Palustrine Pennsylvania Plant" by Communi- Jean Fike, maintained by grazing herbivores and later Resource preserves called Scientific and ties1999, of Pennsylvania”PA Natural Diversity by Jean Inventory Fike, 1999, PA by Native Peoples who used fire to main- Natural Areas (SNAs), the Nature Con- Naturalhttp://www.naturalheritage.state.pa.us/fike- Diversity Inventory URL Both the tain the grasslands for hunting. A native book and map are available at: servancy (TNC) manages preserves in all book.aspx. The map is available at 50grassland States and habitat in more appropriate than 30 forcountries. roadside http://www.naturalheritage.state.pa.us/www.naturalheritage.state.pa.us/fikebook/E revegetation projects may be the little fikebook.aspx. These protected lands include some of the coRegions.pdf. bluestem - Pennsylvania sedge opening best remnants of plant communities of habitat described on page 46 of "Terrestrial CONTACT: grasslands, wetlands and woodlands for CONTACT: From http://www.naturalher- Dept. of Conservation & Natural your& Palustrine information. Plant TNCCommunities is the leading of con- itage.state.pa.us/staff.aspx Resources servationPennsylvania organization" by Jean Fike.working This to habitatprotect Department of Conservation and Natural Rachel Carson State Office Building ecologicallycan be found important over the entirelands and waters POResources Box 8552 forCommonwealth nature and people. and occurs on dry, acidic Harrisburg,Rachel Carson PA State17105-8552 Office Building sites and include Species such as Locate and visit a preserve near you to http://www.naturalheritage.state.pa.usPO Box 8552 Schizachyrium scoparium (little bluestem), see adapted native plant associations to Harrisburg, PA 17105-8552 Carex pensylvanica (Pennsylvania sedge), inform your own project site decisions. GRASSLAND EXAMPLES: Danthonia spicata (poverty grass), RemnantChris Firestone, native grasslandsBotanist 570-724-8149 in Pennsylvania Use the preserves inventory list as your shoppingDeschampsia list toflexuosa match(common plant species hairgrass), to that can be examples for roadside vegeta- C. communis (a sedge), Rubus flagellaris tionCarrie managers Gilbert, areBotanist hard to717-783-0383 find. Historically your planting project. (prickly dewberry), Lespedeza spp. (bush- PennsylvaniaWestern PA Conservancy-Middletown was forested following retreat clovers), and less commonly, Oryzopsis ofOffice the glaciers. Forest openings of grassland To access TNC preserve data as a source were208 Airport maintained Drive by grazing herbivores forpungens Google (slender Maps ,mountain or as a layer ricegrass). for Google Earth, you can use their feed url -- andMiddletown, later by Native PA 17057 Peoples who used fire to maintain the grasslands for hunting. A http://www.nature.org/placesweprotect/ native grassland habitat appropriate for preserve-map.xml. roadside revegetation projects may be the little bluestem - Pennsylvania sedge opening habitat described on page 46 of “Terrestrial & Palustrine Plant Communities of Penn-

10313 CHAPTER 5 Why An Ecological Approach

RHODE ISLAND ECOREGIONS

12104 CHAPTER 5 Why An Ecological Approach

EECOREGIONS:COREGIONS: Rhode Island has two Level VISITMaritime A PRESERVEGrasslands are dominated by IVRhode ecoregions, Island has including: two Level 59c IV Southern ecore- Inbunch-forming addition to Department grasses such of as Natural little Newgions, England including: Coastal 59c Southern Plains and New Hills; and Resourcebluestem (preservesSchizachyrium called scoparium Scientific), andcom- 59eEngland Narragansett Coastal Plains/ Bristol and Lowland Hills; and which 59e Naturalmon hairgrass Areas (SNAs),(Deschampsia the Nature flexuosa Con-), and Narragansett / Bristol Lowland which are servancy (TNC) manages preserves in all are both within the Level III Northeastern poverty-grass (Danthonia spicata). both within the Level III Northeastern 50 States and in more than 30 countries. Coastal Zone (described at Sandplain Grasslands, similar to maritime Coastal Zone (described at These protected lands include some of the grasslands but not affected by salt spray, ftp://ftp.epa.gov/wed/ecoregions/us/useco_ftp://ftp.epa.gov/wed/ecoregions/us/ best remnants of plant communities of desc.doc).useco_desc.doc). grasslands,are dominated wetlands by prairie-type and woodlands grasses, for yourincluding information. big bluestem TNC (isAndropogon the leading ger- con- SOURCE: SOURCE:The Rhode Island ecoregions servationardii), little organization bluestem (Schizachyrium working to protect sco- mapThe isRhode taken Island from Levelecoregions III and mapIV is taken ecologicallyparium), broom-sedge important (landsAndropogon and waters virgini- Ecoregionsfrom the Level of Massachusetts, III and IV Ecoregions Rhode of forcus ),nature Indian and grass people. (Sorghastrum nutans), Island,New England and Connecticut, map at ftp://ftp.epa.gov/ Glenn E. Griffith and switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) (2) (USwed/ecoregions/ri/new_eng_map_hill.pdf EPA), James M. Omernik (US EPA), Locateand the and sedge visit (Carex a preserve pennsylvanica near you). to and Suzanne M. Pierson (ManTech seeHowever, adapted it shouldnative plant be noted associations that the tograss- EnvironmentalCONTACTS: Technology, Inc.), informlands mentioned your own hereproject are siteclimax decisions. commu- Corvallis,Rhode Island OR. Natural 1999. History Survey Usenities the and preserves would not inventory ordinarily list asbe yourfound P.O. Box 1858, shopping list to match plant species to ftp://ftp.epa.gov/wed/ecoregions/ma_ct_ri/ on regularly-mowed roadsides. Earlier suc- Kingston, RI 02881 your planting project. ma_ct_ri_eco_pg.pdf. cession grasslands such as mowed road- Phone: 401-874-5800 sides are dominated by native cool-season CFax:ONTACTS 401-874-5868: David Gregg, To access TNC preserve data as a source grasses, including red fescue (Festuca Executivewww.rinhs.org Director, [email protected] for Google Maps , or as a layer for Google Earth,rubra), you bentgrass can use ( Agrostistheir feed spp. url), --white- KiraGRASSLAND Stillwell, Program EXAMPLES: Administrator http://www.nature.org/placesweprotect/haired panic grass (Dichanthelium acumi- RhodeDescriptions Island ofNatural various History grassland Survey plant preserve-map.xml.natum), roundseed panic grass communities in Rhode Island have been www.rinhs.org (Dichanthelium sphaerocarpon) and prairie compiled by the Rhode Island Conserva- P.O. Box 1858, Kingston, RI 02881 three-awn (Aristida oligantha) and the low- tion Stewardship Collaborative and can be growing warm-season grasses purple love- Phone:found in 401-874-5800 http://www.rinhs.org/ Fax: 401-874-5868 [email protected] grass (Eragrostis spectabilis) and hairy pas- wp-content/uploads/ricommclass.pdf palum (Paspalum setaceum). The prairie- GRASSLAND EXAMPLES: The US Fish and type grasses are also found, and may come Wildlife Service describes the coastal to dominate in areas which are unmowed grassland habitats found in Rhode Island such as along fences and guardrails. as being Sandplain and Maritime Wetter areas such as swales are dominated Grasslands by pathrush (Juncus tenuis) and sedges (http://www.fws.gov/r5Snep/gras_hab.htm). (Carex festucacae and other Carex spp.).

10513 CHAPTER 5 Why An Ecological Approach

SOUTH CAROLINA ECOREGIONS

12106 CHAPTER 5 Why An Ecological Approach

ECOREGIONS:ECOREGIONS: As shown in the attached polygonella.CONTACTS: SouthInformation Carolina is Department Asmap, shown South in Carolina the attached has 13map, Level South IV availableof Natural at Resourceshttps://www.dnr.sc.gov/ Carolinaecoregions has following 13 Level theIV ecoregionsdesignations by mlands/managedland?p_id=100.Heritage Trust Section followingOmernik. the These designations ecoregions by include: Omernik. 1000 Assembly Street VISIT A PRESERVE TheseSouthern ecoregions Inner Piedmont; include: SouthernSouthern OuterInner Columbia, SC 29201 In addition to Department of Natural Piedmont;Piedmont; SouthernCarolina SlateOuter Belt; Piedmont; Triassic Phone: 803-734-3912 Fax: 803-734-3931 Carolina Slate Belt; Triassic Basins; Kings Resource preserves called Scientific and Basins; Kings Mountain; Carolina Natural Areas (SNAs), the Nature Con- Mountain; Carolina Flatwoods; Mid- Katherine Boyle, Community Ecologist, Flatwoods; Mid-Atlantic Floodplains and servancy (TNC) manages preserves in all Atlantic Floodplains and Low Terraces; [email protected] SandLow Terraces;Hills; Atlantic Sand SouthernHills; Atlantic Loam Plains; 50 States and in more than 30 countries. Southern Loam Plains; Southeastern These protected lands include some of the Southeastern Floodplains and Low Ter- Bert Pittman, Botanist, Floodplains and Low Terraces; Southern best remnants of plant communities of races; Southern Crystalline Ridges and [email protected] Mountains;Crystalline RidgesFloodplains and Mountains; and Low Terraces; grasslands, wetlands and woodlands for Floodplains and Low Terraces; and Sea your information. TNC is the leading con- and Sea Islands and Coastal Marsh. GRASSLAND EXAMPLE: AIKEN GOPHER Islands and Coastal Marsh. Descriptions servation organization working to protect TORTOISE HERITAGE PRESERVE is a grassy SOURCE: ecologically important lands and waters are available at ftp://ftp.epa.gov/wed/ecore- woodland in eastern Aiken County, just Griffith, G.E., Omernik, J.M., for nature and people. gions/nc_sc/sc_eco_desc.doc. south of the junction of Windsor Road Comstock, J.A., Schafale, M.P., McNab, Locateand Oak and Ridge visit Cluba preserve Road. near The yousandy to soils W.H.,SOURCE Lenat,: Griffith, D.R., MacPherson,G.E., Omernik, T.F., J.M., seeof this adapted preserve native support plant associationslongleaf pine, to Glover,Comstock, J.B., J.A.,and Shelburne,Schafale, M.P., V.B., McNab, 2002, informturkey andyour blackjack own project oaks, site as decisions. well as wire- EcoregionsW.H., Lenat, of D.R.,North MacPherson, Carolina and T.F., South Usegrass the and preserves wildflowers. inventory This listcommunity as your is Carolina,Glover, J.B., (color and poster Shelburne, with map, V.B., descrip-2002, tive text, summary tables, and photo- shoppingmaintained list by to prescribed match plant burning. species More to Ecoregions of North Carolina and South graphs). Reston, Virginia, U.S. Geological yourinformation planting at project. http://www.dnr.sc.gov/ Carolina, (color poster with map, descrip- Survey (map scale 1:1,500,000). managed/heritage/aikengopher/ tive text, summary tables, and photo- To access TNC preserve data as a source ftp://ftp.epa.gov/wed/ecoregions/sc/ description.html. sc_eco_pg.pdfgraphs): Reston, Virginia, U.S. Geological for Google Maps , or as a layer for Google Survey (map scale 1:1,500,000). Earth, you can use their feed url -- CONTACTS:ftp://ftp.epa.gov/wed/ecoregions/nc_sc/sc_e http://www.nature.org/placesweprotect/ SCco_pg.pdf. Dept. of Natural Resources preserve-map.xml. Heritage Trust Section 1000 Assembly Street Columbia, SC 29201 Phone: 803-734-3893

GRASSLAND EXAMPLE: AIKEN GOPHER TORTOISE HERITAGE PRESERVE in Aiken County supports a longleaf pine/wiregrass community. Prescribed burning creates favorable conditions for wiregrass and many wildflowers, including passion flower, prickly pear, gopherweed, butterfly pea and

10713 CHAPTER 5 Why An Ecological Approach

SOUTH DAKOTA ECOREGIONS

12108 CHAPTER 5 Why An Ecological Approach

ECOREGIONS:ECOREGIONS: South Dakota has eight PersonalGRASSLAND Communication,SUGGESTIONS Oct,: There 14, are2008. many SouthLevel IIIDakota ecoregions has eight following Level III the ecore- designa- Relevanttypes of web native sites: grassland Natural in Resources South Dakota. Con- servation Service (http://soils.usda.gov/), gionstions byfollowing Omernik. the designationsThese ecoregions by Roadside vegetation managers should Omernik. These ecoregions include: Mid- State Soil Surveys (http://soils.usda.gov/ include: Middle Rockies; Western High determine which soil series are present in dle Rockies; Western High Plains; North- survey/printed_surveys/), NRCS Ecological Plains; Northwestern Glaciated Plains; their project area and consult the Natural western Glaciated Plains; Northwestern Site Information System (http://esis.sc.egov. GreatNorthwestern Plains; Nebraska Great Plains; Sandhills; Nebraska Northern usda.gov/)Resources Conservation Service Ecological GlaciatedSandhills; Plains;Northern Western Glaciated Corn Plains; Belt Plains; Site Description for those soil series. andWestern Lake Corn Agassiz Belt Plain. Plains; These and LakeLevel III VISITThese EcologicalA PRESERVE Site Descriptions (for- ecoregionsAgassiz Plain. and Thesethe further-subdivided Level III ecoregions Inmerly addition called to Range Department Site Descriptions) of Natural list Leveland the IV further-subdivided ecoregions within eachLevel Level IV ecore- III Resourcethe dominant preserves native called grasses Scientific and their and pro- ecoregiongions within are each described Level atIII the ecoregion URL listed are Naturalportions Areas typically (SNAs), found the in Nature the different Con- underdescribed Source. at the URL listed under servancyseral stages (TNC) for each manages soil/ecological preserves site.in all "Source". 50Detailed States andCounty in more soil surveysthan 30 arecountries. available These protected lands include some of the SOURCE: for virtually all of South Dakota's counties. best remnants of plant communities of U.S.SOURCE Environmental: U.S. Environmental Protection Protection Agency, Per David Ode, Personal Communication, WesternAgency, WesternEcology EcologyDivision Division (WED), (WED), grasslands, wetlands and woodlands for yourOct, information.14, 2008. TNC is the leading con- ftp://ftp.epa.gov/wed/ecoregions/sd/ftp://ftp.epa.gov/wed/ecoregions/nd_sd/sd_ servation organization working to protect sd_eco.pdfeco.pdf. Relevant web sites: Natural Resources ecologically important lands and waters forConservation nature and Servicepeople. CONTACT:CONTACT: David J. Ode, Botanist (http://soils.usda.gov/), State Soil Surveys SDSouth Dept. Dakota of Game, Game, Fish Fish & & Parks Parks 523 East Capitol Avenue Locate(http://soils.usda.gov/survey/printed_sur- and visit a preserve near you to Department Pierre, SD 57501 seeveys/), adapted NRCS native Ecological plant associationsSite Information to 523 East Capitol Avenue Phone: 605-223-7660 informSystem your(http://esis.sc.egov.usda.gov/) own project site decisions. Fax:Pierre, 605-773-6245 SD 57501 Use the preserves inventory list as your WebPhone: site: 605-773-4227 http://gfp.sd.gov/ Fax: 605-773-6245 shopping list to match plant species to [email protected] your planting project. GRASSLAND SUGGESTIONS: There are many types of native grassland To access TNC preserve data as a source in South Dakota. Roadside vegetation for Google Maps , or as a layer for Google managers should determine which soil Earth, you can use their feed url -- series are present in their project area and http://www.nature.org/placesweprotect/ consult the Natural Resources Conserva- preserve-map.xml. tion Service Ecological Site Description for those soil series. These Ecological Site Descriptions (formerly called Range Site Descriptions) list the dominant native grasses and their proportions typically found in the different seral stages for each soil/ecological site. Detailed County soil surveys are available for virtually all of South Dakota’s counties. Per David Ode,

10913 CHAPTER 5 Why An Ecological Approach

TENNESSEE ECOREGIONS

12110 CHAPTER 5 Why An Ecological Approach

(NRCS),Corporation), James Keys Joy Broach (USFS); Phil Stewart (TDEC), Greg Rus- (TDEC), Linda Cartwright sell (TDEC), Alan Woods (Dy- (TDEC), Debbie Arnwine namac Corporation), Joy Broach (TDEC),(Tennessee Linda Department Cartwright of (TDEC),Health), Debbie and Thomas Arnwine Loveland (Ten- nessee(USGS). Department of Health),ftp://ftp.epa.gov/wed/ecore- and Thomas Loveland (USGS).gions/tn/tn_eco_lg.pdf. ftp://ftp.epa.gov/wed/ ecoregions/ tn/tn_eco_lg.pdf.CONTACT: Roger McCoy Natural Heritage Inventory CONTACT:Coordinator NaturalTN Division Heritage of InventoryNatural Areas Coordinator401 Church St., Floor 7 ECOREGIONS: TNNashville, Division TNof Natural 37243-0447 Areas ECOREGIONS: Tennessee has eight Level III Tennessee has eight Level III ecoregions 401Phone: Church 615-532-0437 St., Floor 7Fax: 615-532-3019 ecoregions which follow the designations Nashville, TN 37243-0447 which follow the designations by Omernik. [email protected] Theseby Omernik. ecoregions These include: ecoregions Southeastern include: Phone: 615-532-0431 Plains;Southeastern Blue Ridge Plains; Mountains; Blue Ridge Ridge Mountains; and WebGRASSLAND Site: http://www.tn.gov/environment/EXAMPLES: Several Natural Valley;Ridge and Southwestern Valley; Southwestern Appalachians; Central na/nhp.shtmlAreas in Tennessee have remnant grassland Appalachians; InteriorCentral Appalachians;Plateau; Mississippi sites. Detailed descriptions of and direc- GRASSLAND EXAMPLES: AlluvialInterior Plateau;Plain; and Mississippi Mississippi Alluvial Valley Plain;Loess tions to these sites are available at the Natural Areas in Tennessee with remnant Plains.and Mississippi Each ecoregion Valley Loesshas Level Plains. IV ecore- Each links below: gions within it. Principal Authors: Glenn grasslands include: ecoregion has Level IV ecoregions within t$ARROLL CABIN BARRENS, DECATUR CO., Griffith (USEPA), James Omernik (USEPA) it. Both Level III and IV ecoregions are http://state.tn.us/environment/na/natar- and Sandra Azevedo (OAO Corporation). t$"330--$"#*/#"33&/4 %&$"- eas/carrollcabin/ Collaboratorsshown in the attached/ Contributors: map and John described Jen- TUR CO., t'LAT ROCK CEDAR GLADE AND BARRENS, kinsat http://www.epa.gov/wed/pages/ecore- (NRCS), Richard Livingston (NRCS), http://state.tn.us/environment/na/natar- Jamesgions/level_iii.htm. Keys (USFS); Phil Stewart (TDEC), eas/carrollcabin/RUTHERFORD CO., http://state.tn.us/envi- Greg Russell (TDEC), Alan Woods (Dy- t'-"530$,$&%"3(-"%&"/%ronment/na/natareas/flatrock/ namacSOURCE Corp.),: PRINCIPAL Joy Broach AUTHORS: (TDEC), Glenn Linda BARRENS,t.ORRISON RUTHERFORDMEADOWS, WARREN CO.,CO ., CartwrightGriffith (USEPA), (TDEC), James Debbie Omernik Arnwine (USEPA) (TN http://state.tn.us/environment/na/natar-http://state.tn.us/environment/na/natar- Dept.and Sandra of Health), Azevedo and (OAO Thomas Corporation). Loveland eas/flatrock/eas/morrison/ (USGS).COLLABORATORS ftp://ftp.epa.gov/wed/ecoregions/ AND CONTRIBU- t.033*40/.&"%084 8"33&/t.AY PRAIRIE, COFFEE CO., tn/tn_eco_lg.pdfTORS: John Jenkins (NRCS), Richard CO.,http://state.tn.us/environment/na/natar- Livingston (NRCS), James Keys (USFS); http://state.tn.us/environment/na/natar-eas/may/ SOURCES:Phil Stewart (TDEC), Greg Russell eas/morrison/ PRINCIPAL(TDEC), Alan AUTHORS: Woods (Dynamac Glenn Griffith t.":13"*3*& $0''&&$0 (USEPA), James Omernik (USEPA) and http://state.tn.us/environment/na/natar- Sandra Azevedo (OAO Corporation). COL- eas/may/ LABORATORS AND CONTRIBUTORS: John Jenkins (NRCS), Richard Livingston

11113 CHAPTER 5 Why An Ecological Approach

TEXAS NATURAL REGIONS

12112 CHAPTER 5 Why An Ecological Approach

ECOREGIONS: VISIT A PRESERVE ECOREGIONS: The twelve Natural Regions GRASSLAND EXAMPLES: TRIDENS PRAIRIE, a The twelve Natural Regions of Texas, In addition to Department of Natural of Texas, shown in the accompanying 97 acre prairie remnant in the Blackland shown in the accompanying map, include: Resource preserves called Scientific and map, include: Pineywoods; Oak Woods & Prairie Ecoregion, is protected by The Pineywoods; Oak Woods & Prairies; Black- Natural Areas (SNAs), the Nature Con- landPrairies; Prairie; Blackland Gulf Coastal Prairie; Prairies Gulf Coastal and servancyNature Conservancy. (TNC) manages Tridens preserves Prairie inis allin Marshes;Prairies and Coastal Marshes; Sand Coastal Plain; SouthSand Plain;Texas 50Lamar States County and in west more of than Paris, 30 just countries. south of BrushSouth TexasCountry; Brush Edward’s Country; Plateau; Edward's Llano TheseU.S. Highway protected 82 landson the include west side some of 38.of the A Uplift;Plateau; RollingLlano Uplift;Plains; Rolling High Plains;Plains; Trans High bestmarker remnants at the northernof plant communities end of the property of Pecos;Plains; andTrans Marine Pecos; Environment. and Marine grasslands,describes the wetlands history andand woodlandsstatus of the for Environment. yourprairie, information. which is managed TNC is theby prescribedleading con- SOURCE: servationburning. organization working to protect PreservingSOURCE: Preserving Texas Natural Texas Heritage. Natural LBJ ecologicallyhttp://www.texasprairie.org/Resources/ important lands and waters SchoolHeritage. of LBJPublic School Affairs of Public Policy Affairs Research forSilveusDropseedPrairies/Silveus'%20Drops nature and people. ProjectPolicy Research Report 31, Project 1978. Report Map compiled 31, 1978. by eed%20Prairies%20of%20Northeast%20Te Texas Parks and Wildlife Department GIS Locate and visit a preserve near you to Map compiled by Texas Parks and Wildlife xas.shtml. Lab.Department GIS Lab. see adapted native plant associations to inform your own project site decisions. CONTACT:CONTACT: Jason Singhurst Use the preserves inventory list as your Texas Parks and Wildlife Department shopping list to match plant species to 4200 SmithSmith School Rd.Rd., Austin, TX 78744 your planting project. Austin, TX 78744 Phone: 512-389-8726 Phone: 800-792-1112 To access TNC preserve data as a source [email protected] for Google Maps , or as a layer for Google Earth, you can use their feed url -- GRASSLAND EXAMPLES: http://www.nature.org/placesweprotect/ The Native Prairies Association of Texas preserve-map.xml. (NPAT), a non-profit land trust dedicated to the conservation, restoration, and appreciation of native prairies, savannas, and other grasslands in Texas, protects over 1200 acres of native Texas prairie. Infor- mation on the prairies is at http://texasprairie.org/.

11313 CHAPTER 5 Why An Ecological Approach

UTAH ECOREGIONS

12114 CHAPTER 5 Why An Ecological Approach

ECOREGIONS:ECOREGIONS: Six ecoregions come into VISITGRASSLAND A PRESERVEEXAMPLES: COLORADO PLATEAU Six ecoregions come into Utah: The Great Utah: The Great Basin, Colorado Plateau, InECOREGION addition: to Highway Department 128, orof theNatural River Basin, Colorado Plateau, High Plateaus Resource preserves called Scientific and High Plateaus and the Wasatch and Uinta Road, located just north of Moab along the and the Wasatch and Uinta Mountains Natural Areas (SNAs), the Nature Con- Mountains cover most of the state, with Colorado River. This is a good example of cover most of the state, with smaller areas servancy (TNC) manages preserves in all ofsmaller the Mojave areas ofDesert, the Mojave Bonneville Desert, Basin 50Native States grasses and in along more a than highway, 30 countries. especially andBonneville Colombia Basin Basin and ecoregions. Colombia Basin The Uinta TheseSporobolus protected cyptandrus lands, includeor sand dropseed.some of the Basinecoregions. is a part The of theUinta Colorado Basin is Plateaua part of bestGREAT remnantsBASIN E COREGIONof plant communities: Golden Spike of ecoregion,the Colorado but Plateau usually ecoregion, referred to but as ausual- sepa- grasslands,National Historic wetlands site, and located woodlands west of for rately referred geographic to as entity.a separate geographic yourCorinne. information. Good examples TNC is theof Bluebunch leading con- entity. servationwheat grass organization (Pseudoreogneria working spicata to protect), and SOURCE: ecologicallybasin wild rye important (Leymus lands cinereus and) canwaters be EcoregionsSOURCE: Ecoregions of Utah, USGS of Utah, map USGS available map forseen nature here. and people. at:available DNR Map at: DNR Store, Map 1594 Store, W North 1594 WTemple Street,North TempleSalt Lake Street, City, SaltUtah Lake 84116 City, or Utahvisit Locate and visit a preserve near you to the84116 USGS or visitweb thesite USGSat web site at see adapted native plant associations to http://rockyweb.cr.usgs.gov/outreach/map-http://rockyweb.cr.usgs.gov/outreach/ inform your own project site decisions. catalog/environmental.html.mapcatalog/environmental.html. Use the preserves inventory list as your shopping list to match plant species to CONTACT:CONTACT: Utah Division of Wildlife your planting project. UtahResources Division of Wildlife Resources Great Basin Research Center To access TNC preserve data as a source Great Basin Research Center 494 West 100 South for Google Maps , or as a layer for Google 494 West 100 South Ephraim, Utah 84627 Earth, you can use their feed url -- Phone:Ephraim, 435-283-4441 Utah 84627 http://www.nature.org/placesweprotect/ Phone: 435-283-4441 Fax: 435-283-3024 preserve-map.xml. GRASSLANDWeb site: http://wildlife.utah.gov/gbrc EXAMPLES: COLORADO PLATEAU ECOREGION: Highway 128, or the River Road, located just north of Moab along the Colorado River. This is a good example of Na- tive grasses along a highway, especially Sporobolus cyptandrus, or sand dropseed. GREAT BASIN ECOREGION: Golden Spike National Historic site, located west of Corinne. Good examples of Bluebunch wheat grass (Pseudoreogneria spicata), and basin wild rye (Leymus cinereus) can be seen here www.nps.gov/gosp/ .

11513 CHAPTER 5 Why An Ecological Approach

VERMONT ECOREGIONS

12116 CHAPTER 5 Why An Ecological Approach

ECOREGIONS:ECOREGIONS: Vermont has eight MeadowGRASSLAND and ShallowSUGGESTIONS Emergent: Vermont Marsh, has VermontBiophysical has Regions eight Biophysical which follow Regions the des- whichvery littleare commonly natural grasslands associated and with no beavernatu- which follow the designations by Bai- meadows. Descriptions of all Vermont’s ignations by Bailey and The Nature ral prairies. Many grasslands are associated ley and The Nature Conservancy. These natural community types and examples Conservancy. These Biophysical Regions with agricultural lands which occur prima- Biophysical Regions include: Champlain to visit are provided in the book Wetland, Valley;include: Taconic Champlain Mountains; Valley; VermontTaconic Val- Woodland,rily in the WildlandChamplain (see Valley. reference Natural listed ley;Mountains; Northern Vermont Green Mountains;Valley; Northern Southern undergrasslands Source). are limited to very small areas GreenGreen Mountains; NorthernSouthern GreenVermont along the shores of rivers (such as Piedmont;Mountains; Southern Northern Vermont Vermont Piedmont; Piedmont; VISITRIVERSHORE A PRESERVEGRASSLAND) and Lake andSouthern Northeastern Vermont Highlands. Piedmont; and InChamplain addition to(L AKESHOREDepartmentGRASSLAND of Natural) and to Northeastern Highlands. Resourceemergent preserveswetland natural called Scientificcommunity and SOURCE: Naturaltypes, such Areas as (SNAs),Sedge Meadow the Nature and Con-Shallow E.H.SOURCE Thompson: Wetland, and Woodland, E.R. Sorenson. Wildland: 2000 A servancyEmergent (TNC) Marsh, manages which are preserves commonly in all andGuide 2005. to the Wetland, Natural Woodland, Communities Wild- of 50associated States and with in beavermore than meadows. 30 countries. These protected lands include some of the land:Vermont A Guide. E.H. toThompson the Natural and Communi- E.R. Descriptions of all Vermont's natural com- ties of Vermont. Published by The Nature best remnants of plant communities of Sorenson. 2000 and 2005. Published by munity types and examples to visit are ConservancyThe Nature Conservancy and Vermont and Department Vermont of grasslands, wetlands and woodlands for yourprovided information. in the book TNC Wetland, is the leading Woodland, con- FishDepartment and Wildlife, of Fish distributed and Wildlife, by Uni- distrib- versity Press of New England. Available servationWildland organization(see reference working listed under to protect uted by University Press of New England. online at http://www.vtfishandwildlife. ecologically“Source”). important lands and waters Available online at http://www.vtfishand- com/books.cfm?libbase_=Wetland, for nature and people. Woodland,Wildland.wildlife.com/books.cfm?libbase_=Wetland, Woodland,Wildland. Locate and visit a preserve near you to CONTACT: see adapted native plant associations to CONTACT Nongame: andBob NaturalPopp Heritage Program inform your own project site decisions. VermontNongame Fish and andNatural Wildlife Heritage Department Program Use the preserves inventory list as your 5Vermont Perry Street, Fish andSuite Wildlife 40 Department shopping list to match plant species to Barre,5 Perry Vermont Street, Suite 05641 40 your planting project. Phone:Barre, Vermont 802-476-0199 05641 WebPhone: site: 802-476-0127 http://www.vtfishandwildlife. To access TNC preserve data as a source com/[email protected] for Google Maps , or as a layer for Google Web site: Earth, you can use their feed url -- GRASSLANDhttp://www.vtfishandwildlife.com/wildlife_ SUGGESTIONS: http://www.nature.org/placesweprotect/ preserve-map.xml. Vermontnongame.cfm has very little natural grasslands and no natural prairies. Many grasslands are associated with agricultural lands which occur primarily in the Champlain Valley. Natural grasslands are limited to very small areas along the shores of rivers (such as RIVERSHORE GRASSLAND) and Lake Champlain (LAKESHORE GRASSLAND) and to emergent wetland natural community types, such as Sedge

11713 CHAPTER 5 Why An Ecological Approach

VIRGINIA ECOREGIONS

12118 CHAPTER 5 Why An Ecological Approach

EECOREGIONS:COREGIONS: Virginia is divided into sev- speciesGRASSLAND foundS inUGGESTIONS wetter areas,: ADAPTED such as seep- eralVirginia physiographic is divided provincesinto several based physi- on ages,FROM pond “Native edges Plants and stream for Conservation, banks, see the ographic provinces based on their geo- DCR brochure “Native Plants for their geologic history. Each province is Restoration, and Landscaping” logic history. Each province is unique in Conservation, Restoration and unique in topography, soil pH, soil depth, topography, soil pH, soil depth, elevation, Landscapinghttp://www.dcr.virginia.gov/natural_her- - Riparian Forest Buffers.” elevation,availability availability of light, and of hydrology.light, and hydrol- These itage/documents/grass_nat_plants.pdf ogy.characteristics These characteristics all combine all to combine influence to the VISIT A PRESERVE GRASSLAND PLANT SPECIES (pg. 4): influencespecies of theplants species and animalsof plants found and animals there. In addition to Department of Natural foundVirginia there. is unique, Virginia encompassing is unique, encom- parts of ResourceThe six plant preserves species called that dominateScientific mostand passingfive of theseparts ofprovinces, five of these and thusprovinces, a greater Naturalof Virginia's Areas upland (SNAs), successional the Nature grass- Con- andvariety thus of a natural greater landscapes variety of naturalthan any land- servancylands are (TNC)bunchgrass manages species preserves including in allbig 50 States and in more than 30 countries. scapesother eastern than any state. other eastern state. bluestem, little bluestem, bushy bluestem, Thesebroomsedge, protected Indian lands grass include and switchgrasssome of the SSOURCE:OURCE: http://www.dcr.virginia.gov/ bestwhich remnants have their of plantgrowing communities season in theof grasslands, wetlands and woodlands for natural_heritage/nativeplants.shtml#http://www.dcr.virginia.gov/natural_herit- summer months. Wildflower species your information. TNC is the leading con- physprov.age/index.shtml found in these grasslands include black- servation organization working to protect ecologicallyeyed Susan, importantevening primrose lands and and waters butter- CCONTACT:ONTACT: Department of Conservation fly weed. For more information on species Department of Conservation and for nature and people. and Recreation found in wetter areas, such as seepages, Recreation Natural Heritage Program Locatepond edges and visitand astream preserve banks, near see you the to 217Natural Governor Heritage Street, Program Suite 312 217 Governor Street, Suite 312 seeDCR adapted brochure native “Native plant Plants associations for to Richmond, VA 23219-2094 Richmond, VA 23219-2094 informConservation, your own Restoration project site and decisions. Phone: 804-786-7951 Fax: 804-371-2674 Phone: 804-786-7951 UseLandscaping the preserves - Riparian inventory Forest list Buffers.” as your PrimaryFax: 804-371-2674 Contact: Tom Smith shopping list to match plant species to Website: http://www.dcr.virginia.gov your planting project.

GRASSLAND SUGGESTIONS: To access TNC preserve data as a source ADAPTED FROM “Native Plants for Con- for Google Maps , or as a layer for Google servation, Restoration, and Landscaping” Earth, you can use their feed url -- http://www.dcr.virginia.gov/natural_herit- http://www.nature.org/placesweprotect/ age/documents/grass_nat_plants.pdf preserve-map.xml. GRASSLAND PLANT SPECIES (pg. 4): The six plant species that dominate most of Virginia's upland successional grasslands are bunchgrass species including big bluestem, little bluestem, bushy bluestem, broomsedge, Indian grass and switchgrass which have their growing season in the summer months. Wildflower species found in these grasslands include blackeyed Susan, evening primrose and butterfly weed. For more information on

11913 CHAPTER 5 Why An Ecological Approach

WASHINGTON ECOREGIONS

12120 CHAPTER 5 Why An Ecological Approach

ECOREGIONS:ECOREGIONS: Washington State has por- VISITGRASSLAND A PRESERVEEXAMPLE: About two-thirds of Washingtontions of nine Stateecoregions has portions within ofits nine borders. Ineastern addition Washington to Department was once of Naturalcovered with ecoregions within its borders. The ecore- Resource preserves called Scientific and The ecoregions, which are adapted from shrub-steppe or grassland prairie, howev- gions, which are adapted from Omernik Natural Areas (SNAs), the Nature Con- Omernik and USEPA, are Northwest er, most has been converted to agricultural and USEPA, are Northwest Coast; Puget servancy (TNC) manages preserves in all Trough;Coast; Puget North Trough; Cascades; North West Cascades; Cascades; 50and States grazing and uses. in more Examples than 30 of countries. grasslands EastWest Cascades; Cascades; Okanogan; East Cascades; Canadian Okanogan; Thesein Natural protected Area Preserves lands include located some in eachof the Rockies;Canadian Blue Rockies; Mountains; Blue Mountains; and Colum- and bestecoregion remnants of Washington of plant communities are available of at biaColumbia Plateau. Plateau. The mapDescriptions is located ofat eachhttp:// grasslands,http://www.dnr.wa.gov/AboutDNR/Manage wetlands and woodlands for www.ecy.wa.gov/services/gis/maps/state/region can be found at yourdLands/Pages/Home.aspx. information. TNC is the leading con- ecoregns.pdf.www1.dnr.wa.gov/nhp/refdesk/plan/plan07 servation organization working to protect _5b.pdf. ecologically important lands and waters SOURCE: for nature and people. RaymondSOURCE: Raymond Willard, LandscapeWillard, Landscape Architect, RoadsideArchitect, MaintenanceRoadside Maintenance Program Program Locate and visit a preserve near you to Manager, Maintenance andand OperationsOperations see adapted native plant associations to Division, Washington State Department ofof inform your own project site decisions. Transportation www.wsdot.wa.gov/mainte- Use the preserves inventory list as your www.wsdot.wa.gov/maintenance/vegeta- shopping list to match plant species to nance/vegetation/. tion/ your planting project. CONTACT: Joe Arnett, Botanist CONTACT: To access TNC preserve data as a source Washington Natural Heritage Program Washington State Dept. of Natural for Google Maps , or as a layer for Google Department of Natural Resources Resources Earth, you can use their feed url -- NaturalP.O. Box Heritage 47014 Program http://www.nature.org/placesweprotect/ P.O.Olympia, Box 47014 WA 98504-7014 preserve-map.xml. Olympia,Phone: 360-902-1710 WA 98504-7014 [email protected] Phone:Web site: 360-902-1000 www.dnr.wa.gov/nhp/index.html Web site: http://www.dnr.wa.gov/ ResearchScience/Topics/NaturalHeritage/ Pages/amp_nh.aspx

GRASSLAND EXAMPLE: About two-thirds of eastern Washington was once covered with shrub-steppe or grassland prairie. However, most has been converted to agricultural and grazing uses. Examples of grasslands in Natural Area Preserves located in each ecoregion of Washington are available at http://www.dnr.wa.gov/AboutDNR/Man- agedLands/Pages/Home.aspx.

12113 CHAPTER 5 Why An Ecological Approach

WEST VIRGINIA ECOREGIONS

12122 CHAPTER 5 Why An Ecological Approach

ECOREGIONS:ECOREGIONS: West Virginia has five major CountyGRASSLAND and aS riverUGGESTIONS scour prairie: West along Virginia the is Westecoregions Virginia which has followfive majordesignations ecoregions by Gauleya mostly River forested at Swiss state (rafting and natural take-out) open which follow designations by Bailey and in Nicholas County. Open wetlands and Bailey and the USDA Forest Service. habitats are rare, occurring mainly in areas the USDA Forest Service. heath/grassland communities at high These ecoregions include: Southern with specialized disturbance regimes (e.g., These ecoregions include: Southern elevations can be visited at Dolly Sods in Unglaciated Appalachian Plateau; Tuckerflooding) County. or harsh edaphic conditions Northern Cumberland Mountains; (hot, dry aspects in the Ridge and Valley). Allegheny Mountains; Northern Ridge andand VISITExamples A PRESERVE of these specialized plant com- Valley; and Blue Ridge Mountains. Inmunities addition at tolower Department elevations of include Natural shale Resourcebarrens along preserves Highway called 55 Scientific east of and SOURCE:SOURCE: Ecoregion section boundaries are NaturalWardensville Areas in (SNAs), Hampshire the Nature County Con- and a Ecoregionmodified from: section Bailey, boundaries R.G., P.E. are Avers, modified T. servancyriver scour (TNC) prairie manages along the preserves Gauley inRiver all 50 States and in more than 30 countries. from:King, Bailey,and W.H. R.G., McNab, P.E. Avers, editors, T. King,1994. and at Swiss (rafting take-out) in Nicholas These protected lands include some of the W.H.Ecoregions McNab, and editors, subregions 1994. of Ecoregions the United County. Open wetlands and heath/grass- andStates subregions (map). U.S. of theGeological United StatesSurvey, (map). best remnants of plant communities of grasslands,land communities wetlands at andhigh woodlands elevations forcan U.S.Washington, Geological DC. Survey, Scale 1:7,500,000Washington, col- DC. yourbe visited information. at Dolly TNCSods isin theTucker leading County. con- Scaleored. 1:7,500,000 Accompanied colored. by a supplementary Accompanied by servation organization working to protect atable supplementary of map unit table descriptions of map unitcompiled descriptions compiled and edited by W.H. McNab ecologically important lands and waters and edited by W.H. McNab and R.G. and R.G. Bailey. Prepared for the USDA for nature and people. Bailey. Prepared for the USDA Forest Forest Service. Service. Locate and visit a preserve near you to CONTACT: see adapted native plant associations to CONTACT: Jim Vanderhorst, Ecologist WV Div. of Natural Resources inform your own project site decisions. Natural Heritage Program Use the preserves inventory list as your ElkinsWV Division Operations of Natural Center Resources shopping list to match plant species to PO Box 67, Elkins, WV 26241 your planting project. Ellins,Phone: WV 304-637-0245 26241 Phone:[email protected] 304-637-0245 To access TNC preserve data as a source http://www.wvdnr.gov/wildlife/wdpintro. for Google Maps , or as a layer for Google shtm Earth, you can use their feed url -- http://www.nature.org/placesweprotect/ preserve-map.xml. GRASSLAND SUGGESTIONS: West Virginia is a mostly forested state and natural open habitats are rare, occurring mainly in areas with specialized disturbance regimes (e.g., flooding) or harsh edaphic conditions (hot, dry aspects in the Ridge and Valley). Examples of these specialized plant communities at lower elevations include shale barrens along Highway 55 east of Wardensville in Hampshire

12313 CHAPTER 5 Why An Ecological Approach

WISCONSIN ECOREGIONS

12124 CHAPTER 5 Why An Ecological Approach

ECOREGIONS:ECOREGIONS: Wisconsin has 16 ecological GRASSLANDCONTACT: Natural EXAMPLE: Heritage Wisconsinlandscapes haswhich 16 ecologicalfollow designations landscapes by DescriptionsInventory Program and locations of grass- which follow designations by Bailey and land communities within Wisconsin Bailey and the USDA Forest Service. Bureau of Endangered Resources the USDA Forest Service. These ecological are available at http://dnr.wi.gov/topic/ These ecological landscapes include: Wisconsin Department of Natural landscapes include: Southwest Savanna; EndangeredResources/Communities. SoutheastSouthwest Glacial Savanna; Plains; Southeast Southern Glacial Lake asp?mode=group&Type=Grassland.Resources MIPlains; Coastal; Southern Western Lake Coulee MI Coastal; and Ridges; Western 101 S. Webster St. CentralCoulee andSand Ridges; Plains; Central Central Sand Sand Plains; Hills; VISITMadison, A PRESERVE WI 53707-7921 NorthernCentral Sand Lake Hills; MI Coastal;Northern Northeast Lake MI InPhone: addition 608-266-7012 to Department Fax: of608-261-4380 Natural Sands;Coastal; Forest Northeast Transition; Sands; North Forest Central ResourceEmail: Bureau.EndangeredResources@ preserves called Scientific and Forest;Transition; Northern North Highland; Central Forest; Northwest Northern NaturalWisconsin.gov Areas (SNAs), the Nature Con- Sand;Highland; Northwest Northwest Lowlands; Sand; NorthwestSuperior servancyWeb site: (TNC) manages preserves in all 50 States and in more than 30 countries. CoastalLowlands; Plain; Superior Western Coastal Prairie; Plain; and Western Cen- http://www.dnr.state.wi.us/org/land/er/ These protected lands include some of the tralPrairie; Lake and Michigan Central Coastal. Lake Michigan best remnants of plant communities of GRASSLAND EXAMPLE: The AVOCA PRAIRIE Coastal. grasslands, wetlands and woodlands for SOURCE: is located east of Avoca off Highway 133 your information. TNC is the leading con- NationalSOURCE: HierarchicalNational Hierarchical Framework Framework of Eco- East, at the end of Hay Lane Road, and servation organization working to protect logicalof Ecological Units. Units.Compiled Compiled at 1:1,000,000. at For contains dry to wet grasslands common to more information on Subsections within ecologically important lands and waters 1:1,000,000. For more information on the Southwest Savanna region. The Prairie the National Hierarchical Framework of for nature and people. Subsections within the National is interspersed among shrub-carr and Ecological Units see: Keys, James E. and ConstanceHierarchical Carpenter, Framework 1995. of Ecological Ecological Locatefloodplain and savannas.visit a preserve Before near this you 900 to acre Units ofsee the Keys, Eastern James United E. and States: Constance First seegrassland adapted was native protected, plant associations it was used forto Approximation.Carpenter, 1995. USDA Ecological Forest Units Service. of the informcattle grazing your own and project hay mowing. site decisions. Prescribed EcoregionEastern United and subregionStates: First theme Approximation. designs Useburns the are preserves employed inventory here. Note list thatas your access byUSDA R.G. Forest Bailey, Service. et. al. Map Ecoregion creator: and Andrew sub- shoppingcan be difficult list to ifmatch water plant levels species are high. to Stoltman.region theme designs by R.G. Bailey, et. al. your planting project.

CONTACT:Map creator: Andrew Stoltman. To access TNC preserve data as a source Natural Heritage Inventory Program Bu- for Google Maps , or as a layer for Google reau of Endangered Resources Wisconsin Earth, you can use their feed url -- Department of Natural Resources http://www.nature.org/placesweprotect/ 101 S. Webster St. preserve-map.xml. Madison, WI 53707-7921 Phone: 888-936-7463 Fax: 608-261-4380 Web site: http://dnr.wi.gov/topic/NHI/

12513 CHAPTER 5 Why An Ecological Approach

WYOMING ECOREGIONS

12126 CHAPTER 5 Why An Ecological Approach

(blue grama), Aristida purpurea ECOREGIONS:ECOREGIONS: Wyoming has seven Level III east of Upton on Hwy 16. The rest var. longiseta (red three awn), Koeleria Wyomingecoregions, has which seven follow Level the III Omernikecoregions, stop/roadside park on Sage Drive has which follow the Omernik designations. macrantha (prairie Junegrass), Elymus tra- designations. These ecoregions include: native (not reclaimed) Calamovilfa longifo- These ecoregions include: Snake River chycaulus (slender wheatgrass), Pascopyrum Snake River Plain; Middle Rockies; lia (prairie sandreed), Bouteloua gracilis Plain; Middle Rockies; Wyoming Basin; smithii (western wheatgrass), Thermopsis WasatchWyoming and Basin; Uinta Wasatch Mountains; and Uinta Southern rhombifolia(blue grama), (prairie Aristida thermopsis), purpurea var Solidago. Rockies;Mountains; High Southern Plains; Rockies;and Northwestern High Plains; spp.longiseta (goldenrod),(red three and awn), Liatris Koeleria punctata macran- (dot- Greatand Northwestern Plains. Each Greatecoregion Plains. has EachLevel IV tedtha gayfeather).(prairie Junegrass), Elymus trachy- ecoregionsecoregion has within Level it. IV Both ecoregions Level III within and IV caulus (slender wheatgrass), Pascopyrum ecoregionsit. Both Level are IIIshown and IVin theecoregions attached are map Reclaimedsmithii (western grasslands wheatgrass), in Southwestern Thermopsis andshown described in the attached at http://www.epa.gov/wed/ map and described Wyomingrhombifolia include(prairie I-80 thermopsis), road ROWSolidago be- pages/ecoregions/level_iii.htm.at http://www.epa.gov/wed/pages/ecore- tweenspp. (goldenrod), Bridger Valley and and Liatris Evanston punctata (Little (dot- gions/level_iii.htm. Americated gayfeather). vicinity) has some fine examples SOURCE: of Leymus cinereus (basin wild rye). South Chapman,SOURCE: Chapman, S.S., Bryce, S.S., S.A., Bryce, Omernik, S.A., J.M., ParkKaren Loop Clause road ([email protected]) ROW as it junctions with Despain,Omernik, D.G., J.M., ZumBerge,Despain, D.G., J., and Conrad, HwyRangeland 189 through Management the town Specialist of Jackson provid- has M.,ZumBerge, 2004, Ecoregions J., and Conrad, of Wyoming M., 2004, (color fineed several specimens good ofexamples Pseudoroegneria of reclaimed spicata (bluebunch wheatgrass) and basin wildrye. posterEcoregions with map,of Wyoming descriptive (color text, poster summary with grasslands in Southwestern Wyoming. tables, and photographs). Reston, Vir- map, descriptive text, summary tables, and ginia, U.S. Geological Survey (map scale HwyI-80 89road from ROW Hoback between Junction Bridger to ValleyAlpine photographs): Reston, Virginia, U.S. Junction has recently had a lot of upgrades 1:1,400,000). and Evanston (Little America vicinity) has ftp://ftp.epa.gov/wed/ecoregions/wy/Geological Survey (map scale and WYDOT made a great effort to reclaim some fine examples of Leymus cinereus wy_eco_pg.pdf.1:1,400,000). ftp://ftp.epa.gov/wed/ecore- with all natives (a few smooth brome might (basin wild rye). gions/wy/wy_eco_pg.pdf. be seen here and there, however). Species CONTACT: that can be seen include Elymus lanceolatus South Park Loop road ROW as it junctions UniversityCONTACT: Dr. of WyomingGeorge P. Jones, (thickspike wheatgrass), slender wheat- with Hwy 189 through the town of WyomingVegetation NaturalEcologist Diversity Database grass, Bromus marginatus (mountain Dept.University 3381 of Wyoming brome),Jackson bluebunch has fine specimens wheatgrass, of and basin 1000Wyoming E. University Natural DiversityAve. Database wildrye.Pseudoroegneria In particular, spicata fine(bluebunch specimens wheat- can Laramie,Dept. 3381, WY 1000 82071 E. University Ave. begrass) found and of basinmountain wildrye. brome at the Big Phone:Laramie, 307-766-3026 WY 82071 Kahuna overlook and parking area. Hwy 89 from Hoback Junction to Alpine WebPhone: site: 307-766-3009 [email protected] Junction has recently had a lot of upgrades http://uwadmnweb.uwyo.edu/wyndd/Web site: and WYDOT made a great effort to reclaim http://uwadmnweb.uwyo.edu/wyndd/ GRASSLAND EXAMPLE: with all natives (a few smooth brome NaturalGRASSLAND ResourcesEXAMPLE Conservation: Natural Resources Service might be seen here and there, however). specialistsConservation provided Service examples specialists located provided near Species that can be seen include Elymus highways and rights- of-way (ROW). examples located near highways and lanceolatus (thickspike wheatgrass), slen- One example of a native prairie is located rights- of-way (ROW). Everet Bainter der wheatgrass, Bromus marginatus (moun- just east of Upton on Hwy 16. The rest stop/ tain brome), bluebunch wheatgrass, and roadside([email protected]) park on Sage Drive has State basin wildrye. In particular, fine speci- nativeRangeland (not Managementreclaimed) Calamovilfa Specialist suggests longifo- mens can be found of mountain brome at liaan (prairieexample sandreed), of a native Bouteloua prairie located gracilis just the Big Kahuna overlook and parking area.

12713 CHAPTER 1 Why An Ecological Approach

12128 CHAPTER 1 Why An Ecological Approach

12913 12130 PART 32 APPLIED ECOLOGY:Applied Ecology The Nebraska Model

Introduction

WhyTo the Match question, Ecological “why an ecologicaland Project ap- thatrificed not to only the provide other. Imobility, suggest but also Needs?proach”, John L. Craig, Director of the contributeTransportation to one’s will overall be viewed quality more of life.”favor- The Nebraska model is a well-reasoned Nebraska Department of Roads (NDOR) ably by its private and public neighbors as John L. Craig, Director of the Nebraska place to begin. Departmentwould likely of answer: Roads (NDOR)“The result answer will be well. When ecological needs, project a transportation system that makes the would likely be “ the result will be a trans- Referencesneeds, and Cited: social needs can all be met by manmade and natural environments portation system that makes the manmade AASHTO,thoughtful 2008. planning, Taking who the loses? High Road, In 2008, The compatible and sustainable.” And that is John Horsley, Executive Director of AASH- andwhy natural we include environments the following compatible description and Environmental and Social Contributions of TO noted, “the American public demands sustainable.of the NDORs And use that of ecoregions is why we ininclude design, America’s Highway Programs. American As- projects that not only provide mobility, but theplanning following and description maintenance. of theThis NDOR is a gen- use sociation of State Highway and Transporta- oferal ecoregions model that in design,is applicable planning in different and tionalso Officials, contribute toWashington one’s overall DC. quality of maintenance.regions in different This is aways. general “It is model doubtful that life.” The Nebraska model is a well-rea- iswhether applicable detailed in different standardization regions in will differ- ever Nebraskasoned place Department to begin. of Roads, 2009. http://www.dor.state.ne.us/environment/ entbe desirable,ways. “It sinceis doubtful variety whether and change detailed are standardizationthe essence of roadside will ever charm.” be desirable, (Simon- References Cited: son, 1934). Thompson,AASHTO, 2008. Art, Taking 2009. the PersonalHigh Road, The since variety and change are the essence of Environmental and Social Contributions of America’s communication, Nebraska Department of roadside charm.” (Simonson, 1934). Roads.Highway Programs. American Association of State Matching natural needs of the site with Highway and Transportation Officials, human needs of the project will result in Washington DC. Matching natural needs of the site with a win-win product. In 2008, John Horsley, Nebraska Department of Roads, 2009. humanExecutive needs Director of the ofproject AASHTO will result noted, in a http://www.dor.state.ne.us/environment/ win-win“the American product. public Neither demands needs projectsto be sac-

13113 PART 2 An Applied Ecology

CHAPTER 21 t*ODPSQPSBUFUIF/FCSBTLB/BUVSBM-FHBDZ LANDSCAPENEBRASKA DEPARTMENT AND CORRIDOR OF ROADS OBJECTIVES (NDOR) t*ODPSQPSBUFUIF/FCSBTLB/BUVSBM-FHBDZ Project. 1SPKFDU Use of Ecoregions t6TFGPSMBOETDBQFBOENJUJHBUJPOEFTJHOT The highway corridors across Nebraska t&ODPVSBHFPUIFSBHFODJFTDPPQFSBUJPOt6TFGPSMBOETDBQFBOENJUJHBUJPOEFTJHOT The highway corridors across Nebraska t&ODPVSBHFPUIFSBHFODJFTDPPQFSBUJPO and partnerships. impact thethe lives lives of of all all our our citizens citizens and and visi- visi- t3FRVJSFFOWJSPONFOUBMDPOTVMUBUJPOBUBOEQBSUOFSTIJQT tors on aa dailydaily basis.basis. TheThe Department’sDepartment’s mis- mis- t3FRVJSFFOWJSPONFOUBMDPOTVMUBUJPOBU earliest stages of project. sion isis toto provideprovide a a safe, safe, reliable, reliable, affordable, affordable, t1SPWJEFBCBTJTGPS/&1"BOBMZTJTBOE and environmentally compatible compatible transporta- transpor- FBSMJFTUTUBHFTPGQSPKFDU guide design. tationtion system. system. This This Plan Plan will willhelp help guide guide the the t1SPWJEFBCBTJTGPS/&1"BOBMZTJTBOE development of of our our highway highway roadsides. roadsides. The The t0ČFSBDPNNPOCBTFPGJOGPSNBUJPOGPSHVJEFEFTJHO training supervisors. result willwill bebe aa transportationtransportation system system that that t0GGFSDPNNPOCBTFPGJOGPSNBUJPOGPS t1SPNPUFJODSFBTFEVTFPGOBUJWF makes thethe manmademanmade and and natural natural environ- environ- USBJOJOHTVQFSWJTPST ments compatible and sustainable. plantings. ments compatible and sustainable. In June t1SPNPUFJODSFBTFVTFPGOBUJWFQMBOUJOHT of+PIO-$SBJH %JSFDUPS /%03 2008, the NDOR Landscape Plan Com- t1SPWJEFTVTUBJOBCMF OPYJPVTXFFEDPO t1SPWJEFTVTUBJOBCMF OPYJPVTXFFEDPO mittee led by Art Thompson, submitted trolled roadsides. USPMMFESPBETJEFT its*O+VOFPG UIF/%03-BOETDBQF thoughtful plan (Plan for the Roadside t%FTJHOUIFMBOETDBQFBTBOJOUFHSBMQBSU Environment)1MBO$PNNJUUFFMFECZ"SU5IPNQTPO that connects the needs of t%FTJHOUIFMBOETDBQFBTBOJOUFHSBMQBSU of good roadway design. transportationTVCNJUUFEJUTUIPVHIUGVMQMBO with the needs ofPlan the for envi- the AllPGHPPESPBEXBZEFTJHO of these objectives are to be accom- ronmentRoadside Environmentof Nebraska. UIBUDPOOFDUTUIF The State is divided plished"MMPGUIFTFPCKFDUJWFTBSFUPCFBDDPN in six landscape regions for six intoOFFETPGUSBOTQPSUBUJPOXJUIUIFOFFETPG six ecoregions with unique landscapes. functionalQMJTIFEJOTJYMBOETDBQFSFHJPOTGPSTJY corridor types: UIFFOWJSPONFOUPG/FCSBTLB5IF4UBUFJT Five highway corridors types cross them t.FUSPQPMJUBOGVODUJPOBMDPSSJEPSUZQFT EJWJEFEJOUPTJYFDPSFHJPOTXJUIVOJRVF all, each requiring different landscape, con- t$PNNVOJUZ$FOUFS MBOETDBQFT'JWFIJHIXBZDPSSJEPSTUZQFT t.FUSPQPMJUBO struction and maintenance solutions. Here t$PNNVOJUZ&EHFt$PNNVOJUZ$FOUFS DSPTTUIFNBMM SFRVJSJOHEJGGFSFOUMBOE t3VSBM*OUFSTUBUF&YQSFTTXBZ areTDBQF DPOTUSVDUJPOBOENBJOUFOBODFTPMV some of the plan’s objectives: t$PNNVOJUZ&EHF t3VSBM)JHIXBZ UJPOTJOFBDI)FSFBSFTPNFPGUIFQMBOT t3VSBM*OUFSTUBUF&YQSFTTXBZ t4DFOJD$PSSJEPS PCKFDUJWFT t3VSBM)JHIXBZ t4DFOJD$PSSJEPS

12132 PART 2 An Applied Ecology

LANSCAPE OBJECTIVES community entry/improve way-finding. LANDSCAPE OBJECTIVES t4DSFFOEJTUSBDUJPOTGSPNPGGDPSSJEPSt1SPWJEFBOFNFSHFODZIBZCBOLGPS t4UBCJMJ[FUIFTPJM QSFWFOUFSPTJPO BOE t'SBNFWJFXTBOEIFMQSFEVDFIJHIXBZ livestock. protect roadwayFor All structures. Corridors t(VJEFUSBďDoJOEJDBUFDIBOHFJOIZQOPTJT t.BOBHFXJMEMJGFIBCJUBUBOEDPOOFDU t4UBCJMJ[FUIFTPJM QSFWFOUFSPTJPO BOE t1SPWJEFQPJOUPGJOUFSFTUJEFOUJGZDPNNV direction. wildlife corridors. QSPUFDUSPBEXBZTUSVDUVSFT t#VČFSWFIJDMFOPJTFGSPNBEKBDFOUOJUZFOUSZJNQSPWFXBZGJOEJOH t.JOJNJ[FNBJOUFOBODFBOEJODSFBTF t.BOBHFXJMEMJGFIBCJUBUBOEDPOOFDU t1SPWJEFBOFNFSHFODZIBZCBOLGPSMJWF properties. efficiencies. XJMEMJGFDPSSJEPST t4DSFFOVOEFTJSBCMFWJFXTUPBOEGSPNTUPDL t*OUFHSBUFUIFSPBEXBZDPSSJEPSJOUPUIF t.JOJNJ[FNBJOUFOBODFBOEJODSFBTF t(VJEFUSBGGJDoJOEJDBUFDIBOHFJOEJSFDUJPO roadway. surrounding regional landscape. FGGJDJFODJFT t#VGGFSWFIJDMFOPJTFGSPNBEKBDFOUt4FQBSBUFQFEFTUSJBOBOEPSCJDZDMFUSBďD t%JTQMBZOBUJWFWFHFUBUJPOBOEDPOOFDU t*OUFHSBUFUIFSPBEXBZDPSSJEPSJOUPUIF fromQSPQFSUJFT vehicular traffic. motorist to the regional landscape. TVSSPVOEJOHSFHJPOBMMBOETDBQF t4DSFFOVOEFTJSBCMFWJFXTUPBOEGSPNt1SFTFSWFFYJTUJOHWJFXT t.JOJNJ[FDPOTUSVDUJPOBOENBJOUFOBODF t%JTQMBZOBUJWFWFHFUBUJPOBOEDPOOFDU t*NQSPWFQFSDFQUJPOPGSPBEXBZBOESPBEXBZ effects on biotic communities. NPUPSJTUUPUIFSFHJPOBMMBOETDBQF t4FQBSBUFQFEFTUSJBOBOEPSCJDZDMFUSBGGJD traffic (estimating speed/distance, traffic t'JMUFSSVOPČQPMMVUBOUTUPQSPUFDUTVSGBDF t.JOJNJ[FDPOTUSVDUJPOBOENBJOUFOBODF calmingGSPNWFIJDVMBSUSBGGJD and reduce traffic speed). and ground waters. FGGFDUTPOCJPUJDDPNNVOJUJFT t1SFTFSWFFYJTUJOHWJFXTt"FTUIFUJDFOIBODFNFOU t'JMUFSSVOPGGQPMMVUBOUTUPQSPUFDUTVSGBDF t*NQSPWFQFSDFQUJPOPGSPBEXBZBOE Additional Corridor-Specific Objectives BOEHSPVOEXBUFST USBGGJD FTUJNBUJOHTQFFEEJTUBODF USBGGJD DBMNJOHBOESFEVDFUSBGGJDTQFFE t4UPSNXBUFSEFUFOUJPOHSPVOEXBUFSAdditional Corridor-Specific t"FTUIFUJDFOIBODFNFOU Objectives infiltration. t4DSFFOIFBEMJHIUHMBSF Region “D” Description t$POUSPMCMPXJOHTOPXBOEESJęTt4UPSNXBUFSEFUFOUJPOHSPVOEXBUFS t"DDFOUJOGPSNBUJPOBMTJHOBHFJOGJMUSBUJPO C LIMATE: 5IJTSFHJPOJTQSJNBSJMZ t4DSFFOEJTUSBDUJPOTGSPNPČDPSSJEPSt4DSFFOIFBEMJHIUHMBSF XJUIJO;POFCPGUIF64%"1-BOU t'SBNFWJFXTBOEIFMQSFEVDFIJHIXBZt$POUSPMCMPXJOHTOPXBOEESJGUT .BUFSJBMT)BSEJOFTT;POF.BQXJUIBSBOHF t"DDFOUJOGPSNBUJPOBMTJHOBHF hypnosis. PGBOOVBMNJOJNVNUFSNQFSBUVSFTPG t1SPWJEFQPJOUPGJOUFSFTUJEFOUJGZ

Nebraska Department of Roads Landscape Regions

13313 PART 2 An Applied Ecology

toCHAPTER -25 degrees Fahrenheit. This semi-arid 2 snowmeltSandhills hasto percolate a second rapidlyarea of downward.small lakes State ranges from 23 inches of rain in the Extensivethat are moderate aquifers, to up highly to 900 alkaline. feet thick, east toNEBRASKA less than REGION17 inches “D” of EXAMPLE rain in the have formed below the Sandhills in gravel west, annually. deposits.GENERAL The SOIL underground TYPES : Region reservoir “D” is partconsists of the of sandOgallala with aquifer. little organic matter. These soils are highly susceptible to wind L ANDFORMREGION: “D”A fragile DESCRIPTION sandy rangeland - Rivers include the Niobrara, North erosion. Clay lenses define the western of undulating fields of grass-stabilized Platte, South Platte and the Snake. A wetlands. sandCLIMATE dunes, : alignedThis region in a northwesterlyis primarily to series of smaller rivers rarely flood or within Zone 4b of the USDA PLant southeasterly direction. In the eastern HYDROLOGYdry out during : High drought. infiltration rates, Materials Hardiness Zone Map with a edge, the dunes transition to flat sandy up- to Wetland 10 feet lakesper day, and allow marshes rainwater are small, and range of annual minimum termperatures plains with meadows and marshes. A lake snowmeltshallow to and percolate less than rapidly 14 feet downward. deep. of -20 to -25 degrees Fahrenheit. This region of 2,000 small shallow lakes exist ExtensiveMost lakes,aquifers, marshes, up to 900and feetwet thick,mead- semi-arid State ranges from 23 inches of in the north central portion. The west end haveows formed are near below neutral the Sandhills pH. Alkaline in gravel wet- rain in the east to less than 17 inches of deposits. The underground reservoir is ofrain the in Sandhills the west, hasannually. a second area of small lands and lakes are common in the part of the Ogallala aquifer. lakes that are moderate to highly alkaline. west where salts and carbonates accu-

LANDFORM : This region consists of mulate in soils. Rivers include the Niobrara, North Ga fragileENERAL sandyS rangelandOIL T YPES of undulat-: Region - Some of the Great Plains’ largest fens Platte, South Platte and the Snake. A “D”ing fieldsconsists of ofgrass-stabilized sand with little sand organic dunes, are present in the Sandhills. series of smaller rivers rarely flood or matter.aligned inThese a northwesterly soils are highly to southeast- susceptible dry out during drought. Wetland lakes and toerly wind direction. erosion. In theClay eastern lenses edge,define the the P LANT C OMMUNITIES: The marshes are small, shallow and less than dunes transition to flat sandy plains with Sandhills contain plant communities rang- western wetlands. 14 feet deep. Most lakes, marshes, and wet meadows and marshes. A lake region of ing from wetlands to dry upland prairie. meadows are near neutral pH. Alkaline 2,000 small shallow lakes exists in the Many blowouts exist. The Sandhill prairie H YDROLOGY: High infiltration rates, wetlands and lakes are common in the north central portion. The west end of the up to 10 feet per day, allow rainwater and dune community includes shortgrass

12134 PART 2 An Applied Ecology

west where salts and carbonates accumulate in soils. Some of the Great sist over the longterm. These areas were prairiePlains’ grasseslargest fensand areforbs. present The inSandshills the San- selectedof biological based diversity on known in Nebraska.occurrences of drydhills. valley prairie community between the ecologicalDisturbance communities to these areas and should at-risk be species mini- dunes has a taller prairie community. Wet andmized. offer Habitat the best preservation opportunity ain for the conserv- land- ing the full array of biological diversity sedgePLANT meadows COMMUNITIES and alkaline : Thewet meadowsSandhills scape design is highly desirable. in Nebraska. Disturbance to these areas exist.contain plant communities ranging from Opportunities to enhance and restore criti- should be minimized. Habitat preservation wetlands to dry upland prairie. Many cal habitat should be considered. A list of blowouts exist. The Sandhill prairie dune in the landscape design is highly desirable. Native woodlands are uncommon and Opportunitiesunique landscapes to enhance follows. and restore criti- foundcommunity only in includes fire-protected shortgrass, rier valleysprairie grasses, and forbs. The Sandshills dry val- cal habitat should be considered. and bluffs. Eastern cottonwood and wil- S OCIOLOGICAL C OMPONENTS: ley prairie between the dunes has a taller low dominate riparian woodlands. Small This region of grass stabilized sand dunes prairie community. Wet sedge meadows SOCIOLOGICAL COMPONENTS : shrubs and thickets of chokecherry, plum, remains sparsely populated and in a rela- and alkaline wet meadows exist in this This region of grass stabilized sand dunes sandregion. cherry and snowberry are scattered remainstively unspoiled sparsely naturalpopulated condition. and in a rela- It was over the dune prairies. In the northeast tivelyconsidered unspoiled a desert natural through condition. the 1850’s It was andNative central woodlands areas, many are uncommon deciduous andwind- consideredwhen early aranchers desert through discovered the its1850’s range- breaksfound onlyincluding in fire-protected cottonworrd rierand valleyseastern whenland potential. early ranchers Center discovered pivot irrigation its range- in land potential. Center pivot irrigation in redand cedar bluffs. are Eastern common. cottonwood The Niobrara and Riverwillow the 1970’s was unsuccessful for large-scale the 1970’s was unsuccessful for large-scale Valleydominate contains riparian eastern woodlands. deciduous Small wood- crop production. Some 95% of the crop production. Some 95% of the landsshrubs on and south-facing thickets of bluffs. chokecherry, Other dis-plum, Sandhills is maintained as grasslands for sand cherry and snowberry are scattered Sandhills is maintained as grasslands for junct communities exist here making this livestock.livestock. aover “biological the dune crossroads”. prairies. In the northeast and central areas, many deciduous ECONOMIC FEATURES – Ranching is the pri- windbreaks including cottonworrd and ECONOMIC FEATURES – Ranching is Invasive plants include bromegrass, mary economic activity. Nature-based eastern red cedar are common. The Niob- the primary economic activity. Nature- Canada thistle, leafy spurge and red cedar tourism recreation is expanding along rara River Valley contains eastern decidu- based tourism and recreation is expanding thatous woodlandsthreaten prairie on south-facing remnants, pastures bluffs. alongrivers. rivers. and roadsides. Phragmites, salt cedar and Other disjunct communities exist here LAND USE – The area is dominated by Reed canarygrass threaten streams, rivers LAND USE – The area is dominated by making this a “biological crossroads”. grasslands for cattle production. Large and wetlands. Protected plants include grasslands for cattle production. Large amounts of public land exist in 3 wildlife blowoutInvasive penstemon,plants include western bromegrass, prairie amounts of public land exist in 3 wildlife refuges,refuges, 22 nationalnational forests,forests, StateState wildlifewildlife fringedCanada orchid thistle, and leafy small spurge white and lady red slippercedar managementmanagement areas and State parks. orchid.that threaten Some prairie ten beetles, remnants, reptiles, pastures birds and roadsides. Phragmites, salt cedar and MAJOR COMMUNITIES – include North Platte, and otters are protected here. MAJOR COMMUNITIES – include Reed canarygrass threaten streams, rivers Valentine, Bassett, Mullen, and Ainsworth. and wetlands. Protected plants include North Platte,Valentine, Bassett, Mullen, B IOLOGICALLY U NIQUE blowout penstemon, western prairie andTRANSPORTATION Ainsworth. – In addition to major L ANDSCAPES AND H ABITATS: are fringed orchid and small white lady slipper highways, the Burlington Northern Santa areas of the state that have been identified TRANSPORTATION – In addition to orchid. Some ten beetles, reptiles, birds Fe and Nebkota Railways run through it. as key habitats that offer the highest likeli- major highways, the Burlington North- and otters are protected here. Scenic highways include: the Outlaw Trail, hood that they will persist over the long ern Santa Fe and Nebkota Railways run Sandhills Journey, Loup Rivers, and 385 term. These areas were selected based on through this region. Scenic highways BIOLOGICALLY UNIQUE Gold Rush Byways. The Cowboy Trail knownLANDSCAPES occurrences AND of ecologicalHABITATS commu- : include: the Outlaw Tail,Sandhills Journey, Loupbike route Rivers, runs and from 385 GordonGold Rush through Byways. nitiesThese and are at-riskareas ofspecies the state and that offer have the beenbest TheValentine Cowboy exiting Trail the bike Sandhills route runs at Bassett. from opportunityidentified as for “key conserving habitats” thethat full offer array the highest likelihood that they will per- Gordon through Valentine, exiting the Sandhills at Bassett.

13513 PART 2 An Applied Ecology

CORRIDORCORRIDOR OBJECTIVES OBJECTIVES FOR LANDSCAPE throughevery highway a biologically in this unique corridor landscape type goes REGION “D” asthrough shown ona biologically the map. This unique corridor landscape is also as for Landscape Region “D” important for wildlife as a passage between shown on the map. This corridor is also Landscape Region “D” contains a large biologically unique habitats and secondar- Landscape Region “D” contains a large important for wildlife as a passage between number of Biologically Unique Landscapes ily as habitat itself. However, in this region numberthat will ofinfluence Biologically construction Unique Landscapes and therebiologically is much unique less need habitats of habitat and sincesecondari- the thatlandscape will influence treatments construction in this corridor. and land- adjacently as habitat land hasitself. often However, not been in thissignificant- region scape treatments in this corridor. lythere altered. is much Techniques less need to preventof habitat monotony since METROPOLITAN – This corridor type is andthe control adjacent blowing land has snow often are not both been very sig- M ETROPOLITAN – this corridor type is not used in this region at this time. importantnificantly in altered. this region Techniques for this tocorridor prevent not used in this region at this time. type.monotony and control blowing snow are CCOMMUNITYOMMUNITY EDGEE DGE AND AND CENTERC ENTER– both very important in this region for this –Communities Communities in in this this region region are are primarily primarily SCENICcorridor CORRIDOR type. – Within Landscape smaller andand havehave less defined edgeedge andand Region “D” there are portions of 5 desig- S CENIC C ORRIDOR – Within center areas. TrafficTraffic calming calming along and withmain- nated scenic highways. Each has a unique taining and enhancing the community’s Landscape Region “D” there are portions maintaining and enhancing the communi- character to maintain. The overriding identity are key. objectiveof 5 designated is to preserve scenic existinghighways. views Each and has ty’s identity is key. scenicunique qualities. character All to work be maintained. should be in RRURALURAL IINTERSTATE/EXPRESSWAYNTERSTATE/EXPRESSWAY – – contextThe overriding with adjacent objective surroundings. is to preserve Screen- Within Region “D”“D” this corridor typetype runsruns ingexisting of objectionable views and viewsscenic and qualities. framing All of parallel to the Platte RiverRive through through the the specialwork shouldviews is be very in contextimportant. with adjacent southern-most portion of the region. southern most portion of the region. surroundings. Screening of objectionable

views and framing of special views is very RRURALURAL HIGHWAYH IGHWAY – –Much Much of of the the adja- adja- important. cent land is rangeland or pasture. Almost Almost every highway in this corridor type goes

12136 PART 2 An Applied Ecology

CHAPTER 3 native species increases in the future. TYPICAL PLANT SPECIES FOR USE ed to broaden as the demand for additional PLANT SPECIES MATCH OBJECTIVES Micro-climates within Region “D” strongly native species increases in the future. in Landscape Region “D” influence appropriate locations for shrubs The listings to follow are recommendations andMicro-climates trees. within Region “D” strongly Theof native listings species to follow of plant are recommendationsmaterial for use influence appropriate locations for shrubs ofin nativethe landscape species ofregion. plant Thismaterial list isfor expect- use and trees. ined theto broaden landscape as region.the demand This forlist additionalis expect-

13713 PART 2 An Applied Ecology

12138 PART 2 An Applied Ecology

13913 CHAPTER 1 Why An Ecological Approach

12140 CHAPTER 1 Why An Ecological Approach

14113 CHAPTER 1 Why An Ecological Approach

12142 CHAPTER 1 Why An Ecological Approach

PART 34 NativeNative PlantPlant Establishment Using an ecological approach to land man- will only list here) please refer to the origi- agement is valuable because, plain and nal source at simple, it works and saves resources in the http://www.esa.org/science_resources/pub- long run. Ecology focusesIntroduction on the interrela- lications/landUse.php. The White Paper is tionships of organisms and their environ- available to ESA members on the ESA web Texas coastal prairies. The Ozark prairie ments.Highway It’s safety not enoughfavors the to knowuse of whatgrasses over site. treesCHAPTER in the right-of-way. Because native 1 appearedSITE PREPARATION in Arkansas,o.JOJNJ[FTPJMEJTUVS habitatsgrasses require and species minimal exist maintenance in the area you com- Kansas, Missouri and Oklahoma. Other HOW TO ESTABLISH CBODF MFBWFEFBETUVCCMFBTNVMDI manage,pared to traditionalbut you must sods, know native how grassland they easternT IME grassland- Ecosystems remnants function exist at asmany coastal plains, barrens, karst plains, serpentine relatespecies to occurring one another naturally in order throughout to success- the time scales, from the very long (such as United StatesNative become Vegetation a logical and grasslands, INSTALLATION and other METHOD smallo6TFBTQFDJBM isolated spots. fullyaffordable manage roadside a roadside cover. habitat. In order geologicJ[FEESJMM CSPBEDBTU IZESPNVMDI PSDPN weathering of rock to form soil) toBENEFITS properly– manage a roadside habitat and Whyto the use very grasslands short (metabolic as models processes for roadside revegetation?CJOBUJPO minimizeWhyt)JHIXBZTBGFUZ are historic damage grasslands so that the important? ecosystem within a plant or animal). Ecosystems can In short, they are problem solvers for These grasslands inform our matching willt1MBOUPOMZPODF continue to function properly, it is change over time, and left alone the natu- landscape and maintenance goals or of nativeDETAILED grasses CONTRACT and forbs SPECIFICATION to soil and – t-FTTNBJOUFOBODF criticalvegetationmanagement to understand what by many makes land up the moistureral4UBUFTFFEJOHSBUF TFDVSFTFFETPVSDF pattern conditions of plant succession of rights-of-way. will take This a agencies.t/PUJOWBTJWF Native grasslands historically manual does not suggest we can restore the ecosystem (plant and animal species, soils, disturbedRVJDLMZBOEVTFTPVSDFJEFOUJGJFEBOEPS roadside ROW to a relatively occurredt4VSWJWFTQPPSTPJM from coast to coast. Before land to its original cover of pre-settlement water, weather, etc.), how the ecosystem vegetation.stableMPDBMFDPUZQFTBTNVDIBTQPTTJCMF plant It community suggests we which pragmatically will vary use Europeant3FRVJSFOPGFSUJMJ[FS settlement, grasslands covered works,over 250,000,000 what the limiting acres of factorsNorth America,are, and hardy,depending grassland on regional species conditions. to suit our cor-William includingt/PJSSJHBUJPO tall grass, mixed and short grass ridor goals of safety, erosion control, water how much impact it will withstand while NieringFOLLOW wrote-UP an MANAGEMENT essay for RoadsideoGJSTUTFBTPO Use of prairies.t"EEUPCJPEJWFSTJUZ Most of this land was converted to quality, beautification, wildlife habitat, etc. still retaining its integrity as a functioning Additionally,NativeXFFETBSFEFUFSSFECZBNPXJOHPSUISFF Plants nativeentitled grasslands “Working are With proven agriculturalt4NBMMXJMEMJGFIBCJUBU use through grazing, cultivation, ecosystem.and draining. Necessary fire suppression by toSuccession-An4FMFDUJWFMZTQPUTQSBZQSPCMFNQMBOUT provide ecosystem Ecological services Approach like flood in t4OPXESJGUDPOUSPM control, wildlife/pollinator habitat and settlers favored the replacement of grassland Preserving-FBSOGSPNHPPESFDPSELFFQJOH Biodiversity” (Niering, 1999). withUnderstandingt$POTFSWBUJPO forest species. Critical Less than Ecological 1% of original carbonIn his essay sequestration. Niering discusses Well established how road- grasslandPrinciples cover remains. grasslands slow the spread of invasive weeds.side O vegetationNCE We ESTABLISHED suspect managers, thatoOBUJWFQMBOUJOHT re-vegetated using an ecolog-high- In3JHIUTPGXBZQSFTFOUDIBMMFOHFTGPSBOZ 2000 the Land Use Initiative of the What grasslands existed in my region? wayicalTIPVMECFCVSOFEFWFSZZFBSTUPSFEVDF corridorsapproach, could can work serve with as migration natural suc- PrecipitationEcologicalLJOEPGQMBOUJOH0GUFOUIFTMPQFTBSFUPP Society is the of limiting America factor put togetherof these routes for animal and plant life during a cessionUIBUDICVJMEVQ XFFEJOWBTJPOTBOE to help preserve our dwindling grasslands.aTUFFQGPSQMBOUJOHFRVJQNFOU UIFTPJMTBSF White Paper The entitled mixed “Ecologicalgrass and short grass changing climate. Combine these benefits withbiodiversity.XPPEZFODSPBDINFOU reduced mowing,Niering gives native examples roadsides of PrinciplesprairiesTDSBNCMFEBOEDPNQBDUFE UIFGVMMTVO of andthe DakotasGuidelines and for Colorado Managing are dominated by warm season grasses. The becomehow/BUJWFQMBOUFTUBCMJTINFOUUBLFTFYQFSJ roadside not only vegetation environmentally managers friendly, in all theFYQPTVSFBOEQPPSTPJMTNBLFGPSBIBSTI Use of Land” (ESA 2000). The docu- but economically wise. desert grassland is found on plateaus in west- regionsFODFEQMBOOJOH DPOUSBDUPSTBOEGPMMPXVQ of the country can benefit from ernmentQMBOUJOHFOWJSPONFOUGPSBOZTFFE Texas, identifies southern five ecologicalNew Mexico principles and5IF or Althoughintegrating undisturbed natural plant grasslands communities are rare into conceptssoutheasternOFFEGPSFSPTJPOBOETUPSNXBUFSDPOUSPM that Arizona.are important The intermountainfor land man- grassland or steppe covers western acrossthe5IFTFQMBOUJOHTIBWFBTJYUZZFBSIJTUPSZJO ROW. the country, vestiges remain as agersSFRVJSFRVJDLDPWFSBOEBEFUBJMFETQFDJGJ to understand so that they can man- remnants managed by State “Scientific and Wyoming through northwestern Utah, UIF6OJUFE4UBUFT5XPPGUIFSFGFSFODFT southernageDBUJPO8IBUEPXFOFFEUPDPOTJEFS an ecosystem Idaho, northern for human Nevada uses andand stillnorth- NaturalS PECIES Areas”- It oris Natureimportant Conservancy to understand PreservesUIBUDBOTIBSFXIBUUIFZIBWFMFBSOFE across the country. It is the intent easternretain the California integrity into of the the ecosystem. Columbia Basin the species of plants and animals present of Oregon. In Washington and Idaho the ofJODMVEF PART 4 to show you how these histori- FollowingSITE ANALYSIS the fiveo/PUFTPJMUZQF TPJMNPJT principles the ESA in the ecosystem because these species grasslands are known as Palouse prairie. The calIUUQXXX remnantsVOJFEVJS serve as modelsWN BOE or references centraldevelopedUVSF TMPQFBTQFDUBOEDPOUFYU valley guidelines of California for making has few wise remain- tohave solve sometimes vegetation complex management relationships problems. and IUUQXXXUBMMHSBTTQSBJSJFDFOUFSPSH ingland-use remnants, decisions. although In this its chaptergrassland we cover Theoften following are interdependent. chapters suggest A butterfly matching describestretched the from five Sacramento principles andto San present Diego. the native*PXBFYQFSJFODF grasses and forbs with disturbed PROJECT NEEDS o*ODMVEFTBGFUZ FSPTJPO soils,relies based on a planton regional species remnants to survive with – guidelinesDPOUSPM FTUIFUJDT TUPSNXBUFSBOEXFUMBOE that are based on the principles. similarremove soils, the plant moisture and theand butterfly aspect. will be Eastern grasslands included: the tallgrass IUUQXXX68BSCPSFUVNPSHSFTFBSDI prairieTheOFFET five from principles Minnesota are time, to Ohio, species, the East-place, gone too. What species are native to the disturbance,ern Maine and and New the Jerseylandscape. pine barrens,For Where8JTDPOTPOT$VSUJT1SBJSJF QMBOUFEJO have native plant establishment been donearea andsuccessfully? what introduced alien species are greaterLong Island detail sand on the plains, five Piedmontprinciples prairies,and T Carolinas’DESIGN balds SEED MIXando.BUDITJUFBOEQSPK meadows, Florida’s dry Beginningthreatening in the the area? 1930’s Retain with theand/or establish- restore prairies,especiallyFDUOFFETXJUIBWBJMBCMF BGGPSEBCMFOBUJWF Alabama on the guidelines glades and (which Louisiana/ we the native species if at all possible. Refer TFFE 14313 Part 3 - $)"15&3NATIVE Plant Establishment

ment of the Curtis Prairie at the University Since the 1970’s, the Iowa Integrated of Wisconsin, prairie/grassland plant- Roadside Vegetation Management pro- ingsPLANT wereCHARACTERISTICS considered the: easiest of native gramVTJOHTFFETQFSTRVBSFGPPUIBTOP has promoted and planted native plantings.t%JWJEFTQFDJFTMJTUJOUPUIPTFUIBUUPMFSBUF By using agricultural methods of grasslandCFUUFSSFTVMUUIBOBQQMZJOHQPVOET along County and State road- siteESZ NFTJD BOEXFUBSFBT preparation and seeding, this form of sidesQFSBDSF$POTVMUXJUIMPDBMOBUJWFTFFE over some 50,000 acres. In 1988, the revegetation seemed as simple as planting Iowa legislature set aside a Living Roadside at$IPTFQMBOUIFJHIUTDBSFGVMMZUPBWPJE farm field. Due to continuing research for TrustHSPXFSTBOEPUIFSTXJUIFYQFSJFODFUP Fund to help fund and manage this nearlyWJTJCJMJUZDPOGMJDUTMBUFS 90 years, we have learned the pro- achievement.EFUFSNJOFUIFCFTUTFFEJOHSBUFTJOZPVS The University of Northern cesst$IPTFTQSJOH TVNNFS BOEGBMMJOUFSFTU is more complex. From the Wisconsin Iowa’sBSFB"WPJEXBTUJOHTFFEBOEEPMMBST Daryl Smith and Kirk Henderson research project, we learned that seeding QMBOUTJGQPTTJCMF with6MUJNBUFMZTVDDFTTXJMMEFQFOEPOZPVS IDOT’s Steve Holland have supported was more cost-efficient and successful than this important work from inception. usingtIn nature, seedlings, grasses plugs, dominate, or transplanted but always NBUDIJOHPGTQFDJFT UJNJOH TJUFQSFQ nativeexist sodswith from forb nearbyspecies areas. The trans- AndQMBOUJOHNFUIPE NVMDIJOH QSFDJQJUBUJPO so, we asked for their establishment plantingt"EEOBUJWFMFHVNFTUIBUQSPWJEFOVUSJ of native sods should only be used experienceUFNQFSBUVSF GPMMPXVQBOEZFT TFFEJOH in explaining what you need to as salvage attempts. Degrading a natural know to achieve success in your State. areaFOUTUPUIFTJUF for the sake of a restoration elsewhere HopefullySBUF:PVIBWFOPDPOUSPMPWFSTPNFPG their success will spur other nevert*GLOPXO BEEIPTUQMBOUTGPSTQFDJGJD makes stewardship sense. StatesUIFTFWBSJBCMFT to follow :PVsuit withXJMMJODSFBTFZPVS practical roadside XJMEMJGF MJLFMVQJOFTGPS,BSOFS#MVFT plantings.LOPXMFEHFPGXIBUZPVDBODPOUSPMXJUI By some estimation, 17,000,000 While many federal, State and local agen- acres of roadside rights-of-way and me- ciest$IPTFTQFDJFTUIBUBSFDPNNFSDJBMMZ have both established and protected diansFBDIQSPKFDU3FNFNCFSFWFSZTJUFJTEJG exist. Much of that acreage could be nativeBWBJMBCMFJOSFHJPO grasslands, many State DOTs have easilyGFSFOUBOESFRVJSFTBEJGGFSFOUTPMVUJPO converted to native grasslands. These successfullyt4QFDJGZOBUVSBMIBSWFTU JGTFFEHSPXFS done the same on their rights- will never replace the millions of acres lost, of-way, including Arizona, California, EPFTOPUFYJTU butReferences they can Cited: have unprecedented)FOEFSTPO ,JSL positive Colorado, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, impact1FSTPOBMDPNNVOJDBUJPOXJUI6OJWFSTJUZPG for the natural environment and its Idaho,t4FMFDUTQFDJFTUIBUBSFBGGPSEBCMF(SBTTFT Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Louisiana, constituents,/PSUIFSO*PXB including human neighbors, Massachusetts,BSFNPSFBGGPSEBCMFUIBOGPSCT CVUBGFX Michigan, Minnesota, Mis- highway.JOOFTPUB%05 users and anHow unpredictable to Design Site-Specific future. souri,GPSCTDBONBLFCJHTQMBTIFT Montana, Nebraska, New Mexico, Native Seed Mixes. 4U1BVM New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, t&OIBODFXJUIGPSCTFFEMJOHTJOIJHIWJTJ /FCSBTLB1MBO &DPSFHJPOT MBOETDBQFBOE Texas, Utah, Virginia, Washington, QSPKFDUPCKFDUJWFT-JODPMO WisconsinCJMJUZBSFBT JGCVEHFUBMMPXT and Wyoming. 1BDLBSE 4UFQIFOBOE$PSOFMJB'.VUFM &ET t*ODMVEFBEJWFSTJUZPGTQFDJFT BTB The Tallgrass Restoration Handbook For NJOJNVN Prairies 4BWBOOBT BOE8PPEMBOET*TMBOE1SFTT $PWFMP $"

5IJTJTOPUBQFSGFDUTDJFODFBOEXJMM EFQFOEPOZPVSQMBOULOPXMFEHFUPEFGJOF UIFNJYFTGPSTQFDJGJDBUJPORefer to Kirk Henderson’s explanation of plant characteristics, and functional components to make your mixes multitask on your site. 5IFSFJTOPPOFSJHIUNJYGPSBHJWFOTJUF

SEEDING RATE: "GUFSSFWJFXJOHNBOZOBUJWFTFFETQFDJGJDB UJPOT *MFBSOFEUIBUBDPNNPONJTUBLFJT UPTFFEBDDPSEJOHUPBHSJDVMUVSBMQSBDUJDFT 4FFEJOHPGOBUJWFTQFDJFTJTTVDDFTTGVMBUB GBSMPXFSSBUF5IJTTBWFTBHSFBUEFBMPG DPTU BTXFMMBTWBMVBCMFTFFEUIBUJTMPTUJO

TFFEJOHIFBWJMZ5IFSFJTOPBCTPMVUFA grassland community’s soil-holding and drought-resistent attributes above and SFDJQFGPSUIJTSBUF&YQFSJFODFTIPXTUIBUbelow ground illustrated by Bobby Lively.

12144 Part 3 - CHAPTER 2 NATIVE Plant Establishment

CHAPTER 1 Maine, sand plain grasslands on Long CHAPTERTHE MIDWEST MODEL 2 Island,IPMEJOHUIFTPJM DPWFSDSPQTDBOSFEVDF Piedmont prairies, balds and mead- owsESZJOHCZTVOBOEXJOE of the Carolinas, Florida’s"HSJDVMUVSBM dry prairies, Alabama glades and coastal prairies into Part 4 of thisNATIVE book COVER is devoted CROPS to the Mid- TFFEJOHTPGBOOVBMSZF XJOUFSXIFBUBOE west experience in establishing native Louisiana. These grasslands evolved with fire,PBUTIBWFCFFOVTFEGPSUIJTGVODUJPOPWFS just as the tall grass did. The Ozark species. ThanksConsiderations to champions like Kirk Henderson and Daryl Smith of the Univer- prairieUJNF1FSFOOJBMOPOOBUJWFHSBTTFTBOE of Arkansas, Kansas, Missouri and OklahomaMFHVNFTBSFOPUSFDPNNFOEFEGPSVTFBT did also. Other grassland com- BsityENEFITS of Northern: Iowa, most of the how-tos are from the Iowa experience. However, munities exist as coastal plains, barrens, t1SPUFDUQSPKFDUPGPSHSFBUFSTMPQFT karstDPWFSDSPQT5IFZUFOEUPPVUDPNQFUFUIF plains, serpentine grasslands, and when working with native plants, the OBUJWFQMBOUJOHFTUBCMJTINFOU.PSFBOE t'BTUHSPXJOHBOETIPSUMJWFEscientific principles remain the same across more. the country. The planting conditions and NPSFOBUJWFQMBOUJOHTBSFBDDPNQBOJFE t1SPWJEFJOFYQFOTJWFiDSPQwJOTVSBODF References Cited: t4FSWFBTOVSTFDSPQTGPSOBUJWFTFFEJOHTthe native species that match them will XJUIOBUJWF$BOBEB8JME3ZFBTBTVDDFTT change. Curtis, John T., 1959. The Vegetation of t"DUBTFSPTJPODPOUSPMVOUJMGVSUIFSFTUBC Wisconsin.GVMDPWFSDSPQ$PTUXJMMEFQFOEPOTVQ University of Wisconsin Press, Madison. WeMJTINFOU no longer can reach for a “one-size- QMZ PGDPVSTF fits-all” recipe for planting success. Many Odum, Eugener P., 1997. Ecology, a Bridge previous successful mixes contained plant NOTE: 3FTJTUUIFUFNQUBUJPOUPQMBOUGBTUFSHSPX Between Science and Society. Sinauer As- 8IFODPWFSDSPQTBSFQMBOUFEXJUIOBUJWFspecies that have invasive characteristics. JOHOPOOBUJWFQFSFOOJBMHSBTTFTPSMFHVNFTBMPOH sociates, Inc. Sunderland, MA. TQFDJFT UIFZBSFDBMMFEOVSTFDSPQTPSDPNThey served their purpose but continue to XJUIOBUJWFTQFDJFT5IFZNJHIUIFMQTUBCJMJ[FUIF spread. Meanwhile, we continue to learn TJUFFBSMZPO CVUUIFZXJMMQSPWJEFUPPNVDIDPN QBOJPODSPQT8IFODPWFSDSPQTBSFQMBOU The Flora of North America Editorial Com- and adapt. Environmental changes and QFUJUJPOBOEQFSTJTUBOEDPNQSPNJTFUIFJOUFHSJUZ FEBMPOFQFOEJOHBNPSFGBWPSBCMFUJNFUP mittee, 1993. The Flora of North America. goals have also changed greatly and con- PGUIFQMBOUJOH*OQBSUJDVMBS EPOPUQMBOUUIFTF Oxford University Press, Inc., New York. QMBOUOBUJWFT UIFZBSFDBMMFEUFNQPSBSZtinue to change. As long as environmental QFSFOOJBMTXJUIBOBUJWFQMBOUJOHUBMMGFTDVF stewardship continues to be one of those QFSFOOJBMSZF DSPXOWFUDI SFEDMPWFS CJSETGPPU TFFEJOHTPSTUBCJMJ[FSDSPQT1SFGFSSFE The Nature Conservancy, 2009.Nature- DPWFSDSPQTBSFJOFYQFOTJWF GBTUHSPXJOH goals, it will serve us well to understand USFGPJM TXFFUDMPWFS PSBMGBMGB the art and science of establishing native Serve. Washington D.C. TIPSUMJWFE IBWFBOVQSJHIUHSPXUIIBCJU species. As we learn more, we can become Reference Cited: )FOEFSTPO ,JSL Vickery, Peter D. and Peter W. Dunwiddie, BOEEPOPUGPSNBEFOTFDBOPQZ#FTJEFTmore site-specific in our projects. 1FSTPOBM$PNNVOJDBUJPO6OJWFSTJUZPG/PSUIFSO Eds.1997.*PXB Grasslands of Northeastern North The diagram on the previous page sums up America. Massachusetts Aududon Society, the key reasons to establish native grasses Lincoln. and forbs. It displays how plants perform both below-and above ground. The deep, fibrous root systems are what hold soil in place during heavy precipitation. It is these same root systems that hold on to mois- tureIllustration during drought or periods. photo Therefore, can go here:-)it is these root systems that provide erosion control under environmental fluctuations and safeguard the highway infrastructure. These plants are not invasive. They do not require additional management or added cost. In addition, these native plants provide habitat niches for pollinators and songbirds, increase biodiversity, improve water quality, and enhance rural or regional beauty. What’s not to like? East of the tall grass prairie which reached Ohio, lie remnants of grasslands described as meadows, pine grassland barrens in Eastern

14513 Part 3 - CHAPTER 1 NATIVE Plant Establishment

CHAPTER 2 takes experienced planning, contractors NATIVEDESIGN PLANT CONSIDERATIONS REQUIREMENTS andEO follow-up. 13112 - I NVASIVEThese plantingsSPECIES have a sixty year history in the United States. Two of the BelowNative are thePlant reasons Design and Considerations references to referenceshttp://www that.invasivespeciesinfo.gov can share what others have support the use of native plants in an eco- learned are: Rights-of-waylogical approach. present challenges for any Establishes a federal cooperative approach kind of planting. Often the slopes are too http://www.uni.edu/irvmand national strategy to preventand and con- http://www.tallgrassprairiecenter.org - steep23 CFR for 752planting - LANDSCAPE equipment, AND theROADSIDE soils are trol the spread of invasive species, particu- DEVELOPMENT Iowa experience scrambled and compacted, and the full-sun larly invasive plants or weeds. The EO exposure and poor soils make for a harsh applies to all federally funded projects. 752.4 LANDSCAPE DEVELOPMENT – http://www.UWarboretum.org/research - planting environment. At the same time, The 1999 guidance included: thea. conformity need for erosion with accepted and stormwater concepts control and Wisconson’s Curtis Prairie, planted in requireprinciples quick ofcover highway and a landscaping detailed specifica- and 1930’s. t$BOOPUGVOEBDUJPOTUIBUJODSFBTFUIF tion.environmental What do we needdesign. to consider? b. plant establishment of periods sufficient spreadREGULATORY of known invasive SUPPORT plants/nonna- 1. SITEfor expected ANALYSIS survival – Note from soil 1-3 type, years. soil tives. moisture,c. urban sections slope aspect to be and landscaped context. as t&ODPVSBHFTJNQMFNFOUBUJPOPG&.PO BelowBeneficial are the Landscapingrequirements or for use the of use natives. of 2. PROJECTappropriate NEEDS for adjacent – Include: landscape. safety, native plants in an ecological approach. d. rural areas should include opportunity erosion control, esthetics, stormwater and SAFETEA-LU - SECTION 6006-329 wetlandfor natural needs. regeneration and manage- 23 CFR 752 - LANDSCAPE AND ROAD-

ment of native growth. SIDE DEVELOPMENT 3. DESIGN SEED MIX – Match site and http://www.nepa.fhwa.dot.gov/ReNEPA projecte. landscaping needs with shall available, include plantingaffordable of na- 752.4 LANDSCAPE DEVELOPMENT – tivenative seed. wildflower seeds or seedlings. Creates a new eligibility for uses of federal- a. conformity with accepted concepts and (Policy of no waivers since 1998) aid funds by Maintenance units, etc. It 4. SITE PREPARATION – Minimize soil principles of highway landscaping and specifically names as eligible: establishment disturbance. Leave dead stubble as mulch. environmental design. 752.11 FEDERAL PARTICIPATION – b. ofplant plants establishment after control of with periods a preference sufficient for 5.b. INSTALLATION at least one quarter METHOD of one percent – Use ofa nativefor expected species. survival from 1-3 years. specialized drill, broadcast, hydromulch, or funds expended for such landscaping c. urban sections should be landscaped as combination. project is used to plant native wildflower appropriate for adjacent landscape. 6. DETAILEDseeds or seedlings CONTRACT or both. SPECIFICA- d. rural areas should include opportunity TION(No – waivers State seeding since 1998) rate, secure seed for natural regeneration and source quickly and use source-identified management of native growth. and/orReferences local Cited: ecotypes as much as possible. e. landscaping shall include planting of

Harper-Lore, Bonnie and Maggie Johnson, 1999. native wildflower seeds or seedlings. 7.Roadside FOLLOW-UP Use of Native MANAGEMENT Plants. AIsland Press, – First (FHWA Policy of no waivers since 1998) seasonWashington weeds D.C. are (In deterred print), by a mowing or three.Publication Selectively No. FHWA-EP-04-005. spot spray problem Native plants. Wildflowers, Wildflowers and the Federal-Aid 752.11 FEDERAL PARTICIPATION – Learn from experience with good record- Highway Program. AIsland Press, U.S. Department b. at least one quarter of one percent of keeping. of Transportation, Washington D.C. funds expended for such landscaping Publication No. FHWA-EP-03-005. The Nature of project is used to plant native wildflower 8.Roadsides ONCE and ESTABLISHED the Tools to Work – With Native It. U.S. plantings seeds or seedlings or both. shouldDepartment be burned of Transportation, every 5-6 Washington years to reduce DC. (No waivers since 1998) thatch build-up, weed invasions and woody encroachment. Native plant establishment

12146 Part 3 - CHAPTER 1 NATIVE Plant Establishment

EO 13112 - INVASIVE SPECIES HOW TO PROTECT NATIVE REMNANTS HOW TO PROTECT 4. Other public land agencies, municipal http://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov and county parklands might know of Native Remnants Establishes a federal cooperative approach more existing remnants on rights-of- and national strategy to prevent and con- BENEFITS: way. trol the spread of invasive species, particu- (14UIFTFSFNOBOUTBOETJHOJGQPTTJ t$PTUTMFTTUPQSPUFDUXIBUFYJTUTlarly invasive plants or weeds. The EO ble. t-JLFMZUPJODMVEFNPSFEJWFSTJUZUIBOapplies to all federally funded projects. Thenew plantings.1999 guidance included: 6. Design management plans for these pro- t1SPWJEFTBDIFBQTPVSDFPGMPDBMMZBEBQU tected sites, like you would for t&MJNJOBUFTGVOEJOHGPSBDUJPOTUIBUed seeds. Since endangered1994, Caltrans speciesprotects remnant sites. plant communi- t%FNPOTUSBUFTZPVSJOUFSFTUJODPOTFSWB increase the spread of known invasive ties7. as Native Biological grassland Management remnants Areas. George will doHartwell best described this rare vernal pool near Chico. tion. plants/nonnatives. with random prescribed burns. t1SPWJEFTIBCJUBUUPNBOZDSJUUFSTt&ODPVSBHFTJNQMFNFOUBUJPOPG&.PO 8. Consider showcasing these treasures in BENEFITS: t1SFTFSWFTBCFODINBSLGPSQMBOUJOHTJO Beneficial Landscaping or use of natives. a brochure for the traveling public. t$PTUTMFTTUPQSPUFDUXIBUFYJTUT the area. 9. Encourage management partnerships SAFETEA-LU - SECTION 6006-329 t-JLFMZUPJODMVEFNPSFEJWFSTJUZUIBO t(VBSETEXJOEMJOHOBUVSBMIFSJUBHFBSFBT from both sides of the ROW fence. new plantings. Referencesin State. Cited: t1SPWJEFTBDIFBQTPVSDFPGMPDBMMZBEBQUFE Highway rights-of-way precedents have t3FEVDFTOFFEGPSNPXJOHUIJT308Harper-Lore, B.; M. Wilson, Eds. 2000. seeds. been set in Minnesota and in California, Roadsidesegment. Use of Native Plants, U.S. DOT, t%FNPOTUSBUFTZPVSJOUFSFTUJO t8JMMOPUSFRVJSFSFQMBOUJOHFHWA. ISBN: 1-55963-837-0. Electronic among conservation. others. In the ‘80s, the Minnesota copy is on-line at www.fhwa.dot.gov/ t1SPWJEFTXJMEMJGFIBCJUBUDOT and DNR inventoried many grassland Manyenvironment/handbook.htm roadsides contain grassland rem- t1SFTFSWFTBCFODINBSLGPSQMBOUJOHTJOand woodland remnants. “Wildflower nants. These pieces of the original land- Route” the area. signage was installed statewide to Native Wildflowers, Wildflowers and the t(VBSETEXJOEMJOHOBUVSBMIFSJUBHFBSFBTindicate the remnants to the public, and to scapeFederal-Aid have many Highway values. Program Look for. U.S. prairie remnants where an old railroad right-of- maintenance in State. crews for management Department of Transportation, t3FEVDFTOFFEGPSNPXJOH way parallels the highway or where land changes. Washington D.C. Publication No. FHWA- t8JMMOPUSFRVJSFSFQMBOUJOH mightEP-03-005. have been too rocky or too wet to farm. A thorough inventory of roadsides in Caltrans located 19 remnants including The Nature of Roadsides and the Tools to Many roadsides contain grassland rem- your jurisdiction is the best way to docu- rare vernal pools in 1995 and opted to pro- Work With It. U.S. Department of nants. These pieces of the original landscape tect these unique pieces of California’s mentTransportation, the location Washingtonof remnants DC.and prevent have many values. Look for prairie their destruction in the future. It might be remnantslandscape. where They an also old marked railroad the right-of- locations necessaryhttp://www.nepa.fhwa.dot.gov/ReNEPA to cease mowing for a year to wayof their parallels “Biological the highway Management or where Areas” land determineCreates a whichnew eligibility species exist for uses and ofthe federal mightand wrote have managementbeen too rocky plans. or too Some wet toof qualityaid funds of the by remnant.Maintenance units, etc. It farm.these A areas thorough are managed inventory with of prescribedroadsides in specifically names as eligible: establish- yourburns. jurisdiction All are considered is the best good way topublic docu- rela- 1.ment Stop of mowing plants afterin suspected control roadsidewith a prefer- menttions. the location of remnants and prevent encesegments. for native species. their destruction in the future. It might be necessary to cease mowing for a year to de- 2. Consult your DNR and/or TNC NOTE: When protection was not possible, States terminelike Arizona, which Virginia, species and exist Louisiana and havethe qualitysalvaged botanists to aid in the search. ofand the successfully remnant. moved plants and plant communi- 3. Existing databases can spot existing ties remnants adjacent to DOT ROW.

14713 Part 3 - CHAPTER 1 NATIVE Plant Establishment

1. Stop mowing in suspected roadside WHY ECOTYPES ARE IMPORTANT WHY ECOREGION segments. BENEFITS:TUBLFIPMEFST BTPMVUJPODBOCFGPVOE t.BUDIOBUJWFTQFDJFTUPMPDBMDPOEJUJPOT 2. ConsultEcotypes your DNR Are and/or Important TNC 8IZJTUIFDPOWFSTBUJPOJNQPSUBOU botanists to aid in the search. t&TUBCMJTIOBUJWFTNPSFTVDDFTTGVMMZ t(VBSBOUFFTFFETPVSDFT&DPUZQFTEPNBUUFS0OBCBTJDMFWFMZPV B3.ENEFITS Existing: databases can spot existing TIPVMEHFUXIBUZPVQBZGPS+VTUCFDBVTF t.BUDIOBUJWFTQFDJFTUPMPDBMDPOEJUJPOT remnants adjacent to DOT ROW. t4BWFNPOFZPWFSUJNF t(FUXIBUZPVQBZGPSUIFOBNFJTUIFTBNF UIFFDPUZQFZPVS t&TUBCMJTIOBUJWFTNPSFTVDDFTTGVMMZ4. Other public land agencies, municipal t&ODPVSBHFBOFNFSHJOHJOEVTUSZ PSEFSFENJHIUOPUCFBEBQUFEUPZPVSTJUF t(VBSBOUFFTFFETPVSDFT and county parklands might know of more existing remnants on rights-of-way. BOEXJMMGBJM%S+FGG/PSDJOJGPVOEJOUIFalternative crop. t4BWFNPOFZPWFSUJNF (FUXIBUZPVQBZ TUIBUUXPWFSZEJGGFSFOUFDPUZQFTPG 5.GPS GPS these remnants and sign if possible. 6. Design management plans for these The#MBDL&ZFE4VTBOTOBUVSBMMZFYJTUJOUIF Iowa Ecotype Project based at the t&ODPVSBHFBOFNFSHJOHJOEVTUSZ BMUFSOB protected sites, like you would for University4UBUFPG'MPSJEB of Northern"OEUIBUUIFTPVUIFSO Iowa’s Tallgrass UJWFDSPQ endangered species sites. PrairieFDPUZQFXBTVOMJLFMZUPFTUBCMJTIJOUIF Center has led this effort. With the help of the Elsberry Plant Materials Center 5IF*PXB&DPUZQF1SPKFDUCBTFEBUUIF7. Native grassland remnants will do best OPSUI BOEWJDFWFSTB5IJTMPOHBXBJUFE Can youin Missouri,trim native seed collections were 6OJWFSTJUZPG/PSUIFSO*PXBT5BMMHSBTT with random prescribed burns. JOTJHIUTIPXFEXIZTPNF'MPSJEBQMBOU created, foundation plots established, and 8. Consider showcasing these treasuresthis in downJOHTXFSFGBJMJOH a 4PVSDFJEFOUJGJFETFFEJT 1SBJSJF$FOUFSIBTMFEUIJTFGGPSU8JUIUIF native increases made available to Iowa’s IFMQPGUIF&MTCFSSZ1MBOU.BUFSJBMT$FOUFS a brochure for the traveling public.couple sen-JNQPSUBOU 9. Encourage management partnershipstences commercialso all seed growers. This lead to the JO.JTTPVSJ OBUJWFTFFEDPMMFDUJPOTXFSF expansion of the industry as well as from both sides of the ROW fence.text will 5IFMJUFSBUVSFBCPVUFDPUZQFJNQPSUBODFJTfit? NBEF GPVOEBUJPOQMPUTFTUBCMJTIFE BOE availabilityXFMMLOPXOBOEMFOHUIZ*OBTUVEZ of the native seed which was in OBUJWFJODSFBTFTNBEFBWBJMBCMFUP*PXBTHighway rights-of-way precedents have demandTIPXFEUIBUBXBSNTFBTPOHSBTTTFFE by County and State highway agencies, conservation groups, and State DPNNFSDJBMTFFEHSPXFST5IJTMFBEUPUIFbeen set in Minnesota and in California, NPWFENJMFTOPSUIPGJUTPSJHJO and Federal land managers in Iowa. Some FYQBOTJPOPGUIFJOEVTUSZBTXFMMBTBWBJMamong others. In the ‘80s, the Minnesota CMPPNFEBNPOUIMBUFSUIBOUIFOBUVSBM BCJMJUZPGUIFOBUJWFTFFEXIJDIXBTJODOT and DNR inventoried many grassland 50 species from the three ecoregions of IowaQPQVMBUJPOT5IJTTUVEZTVHHFTUFEUIBUBT have been released. Licensees produce EFNBOECZ$PVOUZBOE4UBUFIJHIXBZand woodland remnants. “Wildflower NVDIDPOTJEFSBUJPOTIPVMECFHJWFOUPUIF Route” signage was installed statewide to over 60,000 lbs. of Source-Identified BHFODJFT DPOTFSWBUJPOHSPVQT BOE4UBUF PSJHJOPGTFFEBTUPUIFTQFDJFTXIFOQMBOU indicate the remnants to the public, and to Iowa Ecotype Project seed/yr. BOE'FEFSBMMBOENBOBHFSTJO*PXB4PNF JOHHSBTTMBOET TQFDJFTGSPNUIFUISFFFDPSFHJPOTPGmaintenance crews for the use of altered Most States have more than three ecore- management practices. 5IFEFCBUFXJMMDPOUJOVF CVUUIFGJOBM *PXBIBWFCFFOSFMFBTFE-JDFOTFFTQSP gions within their boundaries. The Iowa EVDFPWFS MCTPG4PVSDF*EFOUJGJFE QSPPGXJMMCFJOTVDDFTTGVMFTUBCMJTINFOUT Caltrans located 19 remnants including rare model can be a beginning point of discus- *PXB&DPUZQF1SPKFDUTFFEZS sionPOUIFHSPVOE8IFUIFSUIFTFFETPVSDF for each State. The model is profitable vernal pools in 1995 and opted to protect TIPVMECFMJNJUFEUPXJUIJONJMFTPS .PTU4UBUFTIBWFNPSFUIBOUISFFFDPSFthese unique pieces of California’s land- to the seed growers. However, small ecore- gionPOFIBMGNJMFPGUIFQMBOUJOHQSPKFDUBMTP delineations might not be lucrative. It HJPOTXJUIJOUIFJSCPVOEBSJFT5IF*PXBscape. They also marked the locations of isDPOUJOVFTUPXBSSBOUEJTDVTTJPO important to do a Statewide market re- NPEFMDBOCFBCFHJOOJOHQPJOUPGEJTDVTtheir “Biological Management Areas” and wrote management plans. Some of these search%JTDVTTJPOTTIPVMECFIFMETPPOFSSBUIFS study, before deciding if the demand TJPOGPSFBDI4UBUF5IFNPEFMJTQSPGJUBCMF willUIBOMBUFSUPBTTVSFTVDDFTTGVMQMBOUJOHTGPS merit this approach or a compromise. UPUIFTFFEHSPXFST)PXFWFS TNBMMFDPSFareas are managed with prescribed burns. All are considered good public relations. InFSPTJPODPOUSPM NJUJHBUJPOBOESFWFHFUB most States it likely will. What the HJPOEFMJOFBUJPOTNJHIUOPUCFMVDSBUJWF*U IowaUJPOXPSLPOSPBETJEFT Ecotype project proves that through JTJNQPSUBOUUPEPB4UBUFXJEFNBSLFUNOTE: When protection was not possible, States like thoughtful conversations with stakeholders, SFTFBSDITUVEZ CFGPSFEFDJEJOHJGUIFArizona, Virginia, and Louisiana have salvaged and a Referencessolution can Cited: be found.)PVTFBM (SFH EFNBOEXJMMNFSJUUIJTBQQSPBDIPSBDPNsuccessfully moved plants and plant communities. Roadside Weed Management i*TTVFTPG&DPUZQFTJO QSPNJTF*ONPTU4UBUFTJUMJLFMZXJMM8IBU Why/BUJWF1MBOUJOHTw 'FEFSBM)JHIXBZ is the conversation important? Ecotypes"ENJOJTUSBUJPO8BTIJOHUPO%$ do matter. On a basic level you UIF*PXB&DPUZQFQSPKFDUQSPWFTUIBU IUUQXXXVOJFEVFDPUZQF *PXB&DPUZQF UISPVHIUIPVHIUGVMDPOWFSTBUJPOTXJUI should1SPKFDUo4PVSDF*EFOUJGJFE4FFE6OJWFSTJUZPG get what you pay for. Just because /PSUIFSO*PXB $FEBS'BMMT

12148 Part 3 - CHAPTER 1 NATIVE Plant Establishment

the name is the same, the ecotype you Harper-Lore, B.; M. Johnson; M. Skinner, ordered mightHOW not beTO adaptedMATCH to your site Eds.PROJECT 2007.O BJECTIVESRoadsideo Weed Management, U.S.1SPKFDUPCKFDUJWFTDBOGVSUIFSEFGJOFZPVS DOT, FHWA. FHWA-HEP-07-017. andNative will fail. Species Dr. Jeff to Norcini Site Conditions found in the 1990’s that two very different ecotypes of http://www.weedcenter.orgTFFENJY"CBTJDTFFEJOHEFGJOFECZUIF WhenBlack-Eyed designing Susans a seed naturally mix the existgoal inis tothe cre- BCPWFBOBMZTJTDBOCFDPNFFSPTJPODPWFS State of Florida. And that the southern ate a strong plant community by combining UFNQPSBSZ BOETFEJNFOUDPOUSPM5IF ecotype was unlikely to establish in the sufficient diversity of native species, both PUIFSPCKFDUJWFTTIPXOCFMPXXJMMMJLFMZ north, and vice versa. This long-awaited SFRVJSFFOIBODFENJYFT grassesinsight andshowed forbs. why Select some species Florida that play different roles or occupy different ecological terosion cover (basic seeding) plantings were failing. Source-identified &YBNQMFTTUFFQSPBEDVU UFNQPSBSZTFFE nichesseed is within important. the planting. Then combine them in such proportion that they remain in JOH TFEJNFOUDBSF FUD thigh visibility or enhancement balance.The literature,JSL)FOEFSTPO (JWFOUIF about ecotype importance is PCKFDUJWFTPGIJHIXBZDPSSJEPSTPONPTUwell known and lengthy. In 1986, a study &YBNQMFT$JUZFOUSBODF CJLFXBZUSBJM QSPKFDUT MFUTBHSFFUPQMBOUOBUJWFHSBTTshowed that a warm season grass seed JOUFSDIBOHF PWFSMPPL FUD MBOETBTUIFGJSTUDPWFSPOBOZEJTUVSCFEmoved 300 miles north of its origin, tspecial gardens TPJM-BUFSXPPEMBOEPSTBWBOOBTQFDJFTbloomed a month later than the natural &YBNQMFTJOUFSQSFUBUJWFBUXFMDPNFDFO DBOCFBEEFEPSBMMPXFEUPFODSPBDIpopulations. This study suggested that as UFST IJTUPSJDTJUFT FUD much consideration should be given to the tconservation/wildlife habitat KoriginEY: of seed as to the species when plant- &YBNQMFTQPMMJOBUPSBOESBSFTQFDJFT "GUFSBOBMZ[JOHUIFNPJTUVSFBOETPJMDPOing grasslands. QSPUFDUJPO CJPGVFMT FUD EJUJPOTPGUIFQSPKFDUTJUF EFUFSNJOFUIF twetland mitigations FDPSFHJPOJOXIJDIUIFQSPKFDUFYJTUTThe debate will continue, but the final &YBNQMFTSFUFOUJPOQPOET SFTUPSBUJPOT proof will be in successful establishments $POUBDUZPVS/BUVSBM)FSJUBHF1SPHSBNUP DSFBUJPOT FUD on the ground. Whether the seed source MPDBUFBOFBSCZSFNOBOUQSFTFSWFUIBUJT tbeautification landscaping should be limited to within 200 miles or TJNJMBSUPZPVSTJUF7JTJUJUBOEBTLGPSBO one-half mile of the planting project also &YBNQMFTTDFOJDCZXBZT QBSLXBZT JOWFOUPSZMJTUPGTQFDJFTUIBUHSPXUIFSF continues to warrant discussion. Success- VSCBOEFWFMPQNFOU FUD FTQFDJBMMZUIFHSBTTFTBOEGPSCTful plantings are key to erosion control, mitigation and revegetation. MATCHING: ANALYSIS STEPS: 6TFOBUVSBMBSFBMJTUUPQVMMQMBOUOBNFT ReferencesVisit project Cited: site and note soils and DPNNPOBOETDJFOUJGJDGPSQVSDIBTJOH Houseal,available Greg, moisture 2007. Roadsideon inslope, Weed ditch, QVSQPTFTPSNPEFMMJTUUIBUNBUDIESZ Managementand backslopes, “Issues4PJMTBSFMJLFMZNJOJNBM of Ecotypes in Native NFTJD PSXFUTPJMT 0WFSMBZQSPKFDUQMBOUPNBSLESZ NFEJPlantings”, 54-56. Federal Highway Admin- 8JUIUIFIFMQPGBTDJFOUJTUPSIPSUJDVM istration.VN BOEXFUQBSUTPGTJUFT'PSCBTJD Washington D C UVSJTUXIPLOPXTUIFMJGFIJTUPSJFTPG DPWFSTFFEJOH UISFFNJYFT ESZ NFTJD UIFTFOBUJWFTQFDJFT BOEPSMPDBMOBUJWF http://www.uni.edu/ecotype/,XFU TIPVMEEP 2009. Iowa TFFEHSPXFST MFBSOBTNVDIBTZPVDBO /PUFQMBOUDPNNVOJUJFTPGQSPKFDUEcotype Project – Source Identified Seed. BCPVUQMBOUMJGFIJTUPSJFTBOEXIBUUP University of Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls. FDPSFHJPO FYQFDU5IFTFTQFDJBMJTUTLOPXXIJDI Visit a preserve or natural area that is TPJMTTQFDJFTXJMMUPMFSBUF similar in the region. Obtain a species 6TFUIFGPMMPXJOHDPOTJEFSBUJPOTUPGJOF presence list of plants found on that UVOFUIFMJTUGVSUIFS site.

14913 Part 3 - CHAPTER 1 NATIVE Plant Establishment

CHAPTER 3 PROJECT OBJECTIVES: WHY ECOREGION TUBLFIPMEFST BTPMVUJPODBOCFGPVOE PLANNING A SEED MIX Project objectives can further define your seed mix. A basic seeding defined by the Ecotypes Are Important 8IZJTUIFDPOWFSTBUJPOJNQPSUBOU When designing a seed mix, the goal is to above analysis can become temporary &DPUZQFTEPNBUUFS0OBCBTJDMFWFMZPV create a strong plant community by erosion cover, and sediment control. The BENEFITS: TIPVMEHFUXIBUZPVQBZGPS+VTUCFDBVTF t.BUDIOBUJWFTQFDJFTUPMPDBMDPOEJUJPOTcombining sufficient diversity of native other objectives shown below will likely species, both grasses and forbs. Select requireUIFOBNFJTUIFTBNF UIFFDPUZQFZPVS enhanced mixes. t&TUBCMJTIOBUJWFTNPSFTVDDFTTGVMMZ species that play different roles or occupy PSEFSFENJHIUOPUCFBEBQUFEUPZPVSTJUF t(VBSBOUFFTFFETPVSDFT terosion cover (basic seeding) different ecological niches within the BOEXJMMGBJM%S+FGG/PSDJOJGPVOEJOUIF t4BWFNPOFZPWFSUJNF (FUXIBUZPVQBZ Examples: steep roadcut, temporary planting. Then combine them in such TUIBUUXPWFSZEJGGFSFOUFDPUZQFTPG seeding, sediment care, etc. GPS proportion that they remain in balance. t#MBDL&ZFE4VTBOTOBUVSBMMZFYJTUJOUIFhigh visibility or enhancement t&ODPVSBHFBOFNFSHJOHJOEVTUSZ BMUFSOB (Kirk Henderson, 2009.) 4UBUFPG'MPSJEB Examples: city "OEUIBUUIFTPVUIFSOentrance, bikeway trail, UJWFDSPQ FDPUZQFXBTVOMJLFMZUPFTUBCMJTIJOUIF interchange, overlook, etc. Given the objectives of highway corridors 5IF*PXB&DPUZQF1SPKFDUCBTFEBUUIF tOPSUI BOEWJDFWFSTB5IJTMPOHBXBJUFEspecial gardens on most projects, plant native grasslandsCan as you trim 6OJWFSTJUZPG/PSUIFSO*PXBT5BMMHSBTT JOTJHIUTIPXFEXIZTPNF'MPSJEBQMBOU Examples: interpretative at welcome the first cover on any disturbed soil. thisLater, down a 1SBJSJF$FOUFSIBTMFEUIJTFGGPSU8JUIUIF JOHTXFSFGBJMJOH centers, historic 4PVSDFJEFOUJGJFETFFEJTsites, etc. woodland or savanna species can be added tconservation/wildlife habitat IFMQPGUIF&MTCFSSZ1MBOU.BUFSJBMT$FOUFScouple sen-JNQPSUBOU or allowed to encroach. tences so Examples: all pollinator and rare species JO.JTTPVSJ OBUJWFTFFEDPMMFDUJPOTXFSF text will 5IFMJUFSBUVSFBCPVUFDPUZQFJNQPSUBODFJTfit? protection, biofuels, etc. NBEF GPVOEBUJPOQMPUTFTUBCMJTIFE BOEKEY: tXFMMLOPXOBOEMFOHUIZ*OBTUVEZwetland mitigations OBUJWFJODSFBTFTNBEFBWBJMBCMFUP*PXBTAfter analyzing the moisture and soil TIPXFEUIBUBXBSNTFBTPOHSBTTTFFE Examples: retention ponds, restorations, DPNNFSDJBMTFFEHSPXFST5IJTMFBEUPUIFconditions of the project site, determine NPWFENJMFTOPSUIPGJUTPSJHJO creations, etc. the ecoregion in which the project exists. FYQBOTJPOPGUIFJOEVTUSZBTXFMMBTBWBJM tCMPPNFEBNPOUIMBUFSUIBOUIFOBUVSBMbeautification landscaping Contact your Natural Heritage Program to BCJMJUZPGUIFOBUJWFTFFEXIJDIXBTJO QPQVMBUJPOT5IJTTUVEZTVHHFTUFEUIBUBT Examples: scenic byways, parkways, locate a nearby remnant preserve that is EFNBOECZ$PVOUZBOE4UBUFIJHIXBZ NVDIDPOTJEFSBUJPOTIPVMECFHJWFOUPUIF urban development, etc. BHFODJFT DPOTFSWBUJPOHSPVQT BOE4UBUFsimilar to your site. Visit it and ask for an inventory list of species that grow there, PSJHJOPGTFFEBTUPUIFTQFDJFTXIFOQMBOU BOE'FEFSBMMBOENBOBHFSTJO*PXB4PNF MATCHING: especially the grasses and forbs. JOHHSBTTMBOET TQFDJFTGSPNUIFUISFFFDPSFHJPOTPG 1. Use natural area list to pull plant names 5IFEFCBUFXJMMDPOUJOVF CVUUIFGJOBM (common and scientific) for purchasing *PXBIBWFCFFOSFMFBTFE-JDFOTFFTQSPANALYSIS STEPS: QSPPGXJMMCFJOTVDDFTTGVMFTUBCMJTINFOUT purposes or model list that match dry, EVDFPWFS MCTPG4PVSDF*EFOUJGJFE1. Visit project site and note soils and POUIFHSPVOE8IFUIFSUIFTFFETPVSDF mesic, or wet soils. *PXB&DPUZQF1SPKFDUTFFEZSavailable moisture on inslope, ditch, and 2.TIPVMECFMJNJUFEUPXJUIJONJMFTPS With the help of a scientist or horticul- .PTU4UBUFTIBWFNPSFUIBOUISFFFDPSFbackslopes. Soils are likely minimal. turist who knows the life histories of 2. Overlay project plan to mark dry, POFIBMGNJMFPGUIFQMBOUJOHQSPKFDUBMTP HJPOTXJUIJOUIFJSCPVOEBSJFT5IF*PXB these native species, and/or local native medium, and wet parts of sites. For basic DPOUJOVFTUPXBSSBOUEJTDVTTJPO NPEFMDBOCFBCFHJOOJOHQPJOUPGEJTDVT seed growers, learn as much as you can cover seeding, three mixes (dry, mesic, %JTDVTTJPOTTIPVMECFIFMETPPOFSSBUIFS TJPOGPSFBDI4UBUF5IFNPEFMJTQSPGJUBCMF about plant life histories and what to wet) should do. UIBOMBUFSUPBTTVSFTVDDFTTGVMQMBOUJOHTGPS expect. These specialists know which UPUIFTFFEHSPXFST)PXFWFS TNBMMFDPSF 3. Note plant communities of FSPTJPODPOUSPM NJUJHBUJPOBOESFWFHFUB soils species will tolerate. HJPOEFMJOFBUJPOTNJHIUOPUCFMVDSBUJWF*U project ecoregion. 3.UJPOXPSLPOSPBETJEFT Use the following considerations to JTJNQPSUBOUUPEPB4UBUFXJEFNBSLFU4. Visit a preserve or natural area that is finetune the list further. SFTFBSDITUVEZ CFGPSFEFDJEJOHJGUIFsimilar in the region. Obtain a species References Cited: )PVTFBM (SFH EFNBOEXJMMNFSJUUIJTBQQSPBDIPSBDPNpresence list of plants found on that site. Roadside Weed Management i*TTVFTPG&DPUZQFTJO PLANT CHARACTERISTICS: /BUJWF1MBOUJOHTw 'FEFSBM)JHIXBZ QSPNJTF*ONPTU4UBUFTJUMJLFMZXJMM8IBU t%JWJEFTQFDJFTMJTUJOUPUIPTFUIBUUPMFSBUF "ENJOJTUSBUJPO8BTIJOHUPO%$ UIF*PXB&DPUZQFQSPKFDUQSPWFTUIBU IUUQXXX dry, mesic,VOJFEVFDPUZQF and wet areas. *PXB&DPUZQF UISPVHIUIPVHIUGVMDPOWFSTBUJPOTXJUI t$IPTFQMBOUIFJHIUTDBSFGVMMZUPBWPJE1SPKFDUo4PVSDF*EFOUJGJFE4FFE6OJWFSTJUZPG /PSUIFSO*PXB $FEBS'BMMT

12150 Part 3 - CHAPTER 1 NATIVE Plant Establishment

visibility conflicts later. t$IPTFTQSJOH TVNNFS BOEGBMMJOUFSFTUHOW TO MATCH PROJECT OBJECTIVES o plants if possible. 1SPKFDUPCKFDUJWFTDBOGVSUIFSEFGJOFZPVS Native Species to Site Conditions t*OOBUVSF HSBTTFTEPNJOBUF CVUBMXBZT TFFENJY"CBTJDTFFEJOHEFGJOFECZUIF exist with forb species. When designing a seed mix the goal is to cre- BCPWFBOBMZTJTDBOCFDPNFFSPTJPODPWFS t"EEOBUJWFMFHVNFTUIBUQSPWJEFOVUSJFOUT ate a strong plant community by combining UFNQPSBSZ BOETFEJNFOUDPOUSPM5IF to the site. sufficient diversity of native species, both PUIFSPCKFDUJWFTTIPXOCFMPXXJMMMJLFMZ t"EEIPTUQMBOUTGPSTQFDJĕD SFRVJSFFOIBODFENJYFT grasses wildlife, and like forbs. lupines Select for species Karner that Bl playues. Native grasses are the key ingredient to any native seed terosion cover (basic seeding) differentt$IPTFTQFDJFTUIBUBSFDPNNFSDJBMMZ roles or occupy different ecological mix. This Minnesota grassland remnant shows the &YBNQMFTTUFFQSPBEDVU UFNQPSBSZTFFE niches available within in the region. planting. Then combine dominance of grasses in nature. JOH TFEJNFOUDBSF FUD themt4QFDJGZOBUVSBMIBSWFTU JGTFFEHSPXFS in such proportion that they remain in Avoid wasting seed and money. Ultimately, balance. does not,JSL)FOEFSTPO (JWFOUIF exist. successthigh visibilitywill depend or enhancementon your matching of PCKFDUJWFTPGIJHIXBZDPSSJEPSTPONPTUt4FMFDUTQFDJFTUIBUBSFBČPSEBCMF(SBTTFT species,&YBNQMFT$JUZFOUSBODF CJLFXBZUSBJM timing, site preparation, planting QSPKFDUT MFUTBHSFFUPQMBOUOBUJWFHSBTT are more affordable than forbs. method,JOUFSDIBOHF PWFSMPPL FUD mulching, precipitation, tempera- MBOETBTUIFGJSTUDPWFSPOBOZEJTUVSCFEt&OIBODFXJUIGPSCTFFEMJOHTJOIJHI ture,tspecial follow-up gardens and yes, seeding rate. You TPJM-BUFSXPPEMBOEPSTBWBOOBTQFDJFT visibility areas, if budget allows. have&YBNQMFTJOUFSQSFUBUJWFBUXFMDPNFDFO no control over some of these vari- t*ODMVEFBEJWFSTJUZPGTQFDJFT BTB ables. You will increase your knowledge of DBOCFBEEFEPSBMMPXFEUPFODSPBDI UFST IJTUPSJDTJUFT FUD minimum). whattconservation/wildlife you can control with habitat each project. Re- KEY: member&YBNQMFTQPMMJOBUPSBOESBSFTQFDJFT every site is different and requires "GUFSBOBMZ[JOHUIFNPJTUVSFBOETPJMDPOThis is not a perfect science and will a differentQSPUFDUJPO CJPGVFMT FUD solution. depend on your plant knowledge to define EJUJPOTPGUIFQSPKFDUTJUF EFUFSNJOFUIF Referencestwetland Cited:mitigations the mixes for specification. Refer to Kirk FDPSFHJPOJOXIJDIUIFQSPKFDUFYJTUT Henderson,&YBNQMFTSFUFOUJPOQPOET SFTUPSBUJPOT Kirk, 2009. Personal communi- Henderson’s explanation of plant $POUBDUZPVS/BUVSBM)FSJUBHF1SPHSBNUP cationDSFBUJPOT FUD with University of Northern Iowa. characteristics, and functional components MPDBUFBOFBSCZSFNOBOUQSFTFSWFUIBUJT to make your mixes multitask on your site. Minnesotatbeautification DOT, landscaping2009. How to Design TJNJMBSUPZPVSTJUF7JTJUJUBOEBTLGPSBOThere is no one right mix for a given site. Site-Specific&YBNQMFTTDFOJDCZXBZT QBSLXBZT Native Seed Mixes. St. Paul. JOWFOUPSZMJTUPGTQFDJFTUIBUHSPXUIFSF NebraskaVSCBOEFWFMPQNFOU FUD Plan, 2009. Ecoregions, landscape FTQFDJBMMZUIFHSBTTFTBOEGPSCTSEEDING RATE: and project objectives. Lincoln.

Based on review of many native seed MATCHING: Packard, Stephen and Cornelia F. Mutel, Aspecifications,NALYSIS STEPS: a common mistake is to seed 6TFOBUVSBMBSFBMJTUUPQVMMQMBOUOBNFT Eds., 1997. The Tallgrass Restoration Hand- accordingVisit project to agricultural site and note practices. soils and Seeding DPNNPOBOETDJFOUJGJDGPSQVSDIBTJOH book For Prairies, Savannas, and Wood- of availablenative species moisture is successful on inslope, at a ditch,far lower QVSQPTFTPSNPEFMMJTUUIBUNBUDIESZ lands. Island Press, Covelo, CA. rate.and This backslopes saves a 4PJMTBSFMJLFMZNJOJNBMgreat deal of cost, as well NFTJD PSXFUTPJMT 0WFSMBZQSPKFDUQMBOUPNBSLESZ NFEJas seed that is otherwise wasted by seed- 8JUIUIFIFMQPGBTDJFOUJTUPSIPSUJDVM ingVN BOEXFUQBSUTPGTJUFT'PSCBTJD too heavily. There is no absolute recipe UVSJTUXIPLOPXTUIFMJGFIJTUPSJFTPG for DPWFSTFFEJOH UISFFNJYFT ESZ NFTJD this rate. Experience shows that using UIFTFOBUJWFTQFDJFT BOEPSMPDBMOBUJWF 1-50 seeds per square foot has no better XFU TIPVMEEP TFFEHSPXFST MFBSOBTNVDIBTZPVDBO result than applying 10-15 pounds per acre. /PUFQMBOUDPNNVOJUJFTPGQSPKFDU BCPVUQMBOUMJGFIJTUPSJFTBOEXIBUUP Consult with local native seed growers and FDPSFHJPO others with experience to determine the FYQFDU5IFTFTQFDJBMJTUTLOPXXIJDI Visit a preserve or natural area that is best seeding rates in your area. TPJMTTQFDJFTXJMMUPMFSBUF similar in the region. Obtain a species 6TFUIFGPMMPXJOHDPOTJEFSBUJPOTUPGJOF presence list of plants found on that UVOFUIFMJTUGVSUIFS site.

15113 Part 3 - $)"15&3NATIVE Plant Establishment

CHAPTER 4 Resist the temptation to plant faster- PLANT CPLANTHARACTERISTICS SPECIES :SELECTION VTJOHTFFETQFSTRVBSFGPPUIBTOP growing non-native perennial grasses or t%JWJEFTQFDJFTMJTUJOUPUIPTFUIBUUPMFSBUF CFUUFSSFTVMUUIBOBQQMZJOHQPVOET legumes along with native species. They NATIVEESZ NFTJD BOEXFUBSFBT COVER CROPS CONSIDERATIONS QFSBDSF$POTVMUXJUIMPDBMOBUJWFTFFE might help stabilize the site early on, but t$IPTFQMBOUIFJHIUTDBSFGVMMZUPBWPJE theyHSPXFSTBOEPUIFSTXJUIFYQFSJFODFUP will provide too much competition BENEFITS:WJTJCJMJUZDPOGMJDUTMBUFS andEFUFSNJOFUIFCFTUTFFEJOHSBUFTJOZPVS persist and compromise the integrity t1SPUFDUPSHSFBUFSTMPQFTt$IPTFTQSJOH TVNNFS BOEGBMMJOUFSFTU ofBSFB"WPJEXBTUJOHTFFEBOEEPMMBST the planting. In particular, do not plant t'BTUHSPXJOHBOETIPSUMJWFEQMBOUTJGQPTTJCMF these6MUJNBUFMZTVDDFTTXJMMEFQFOEPOZPVS perennials with a native planting: t1SPWJEFJOFYQFOTJWFiDSPQwJOTVSBODFtIn nature, grasses dominate, but always tallNBUDIJOHPGTQFDJFT UJNJOH TJUFQSFQ fescue, perennial rye, crown vetch, red t4FSWFBTOVSTFDSPQTGPSOBUJWFTFFEJOHTexist with forb species clover,QMBOUJOHNFUIPE NVMDIJOH QSFDJQJUBUJPO bird’s-foot trefoil, sweet clover, or t"DUBTFSPTJPODPOUSPMVOUJMGVSUIFSt"EEOBUJWFMFHVNFTUIBUQSPWJEFOVUSJ alfalfa.UFNQFSBUVSF GPMMPXVQBOEZFT TFFEJOH establishment. FOUTUPUIFTJUF SBUF:PVIBWFOPDPOUSPMPWFSTPNFPGLESSONS OF NON-NATIVE LEGUMES t*GLOPXO BEEIPTUQMBOUTGPSTQFDJGJD UIFTFWBSJBCMFT:PVXJMMJODSFBTFZPVS When cover crops are planted with native XJMEMJGF MJLFMVQJOFTGPS,BSOFS#MVFT LOPXMFEHFPGXIBUZPVDBODPOUSPMXJUI species, they are called nurse crops or com- When did we begin to suspect that t$IPTFTQFDJFTUIBUBSFDPNNFSDJBMMZ FBDIQSPKFDU3FNFNCFSFWFSZTJUFJTEJG panion crops. When cover crops are plant- legumes used in traditional agriculture edBWBJMBCMFJOSFHJPO alone pending a more favorable time wereGFSFOUBOESFRVJSFTBEJGGFSFOUTPMVUJPO not appropriate for roadside tot4QFDJGZOBUVSBMIBSWFTU JGTFFEHSPXFS plant natives, they are called temporary plantings? seedingsEPFTOPUFYJTU or stabilizer crops. Preferred References Cited: )FOEFSTPO ,JSL 1FSTPOBMDPNNVOJDBUJPOXJUI6OJWFSTJUZPG covert4FMFDUTQFDJFTUIBUBSFBGGPSEBCMF(SBTTFT crops are inexpensive, fast growing, 1./PSUIFSO*PXB When we learned that birdsfoot-trefoil short-lived,BSFNPSFBGGPSEBCMFUIBOGPSCT CVUBGFX have an upright growth habit, .JOOFTPUB%05 is glyphosate resistant.How to Design Site-Specific andGPSCTDBONBLFCJHTQMBTIFT do not form a dense canopy. Besides 2.Native When Seed we Mixes. learned4U1BVM crownvetch was being holdingt&OIBODFXJUIGPSCTFFEMJOHTJOIJHIWJTJ the soil, cover crops can reduce /FCSBTLB1MBO &DPSFHJPOT MBOETDBQFBOE planted to prevent forest encroachment. drying by sun and wind. Agricultural 3.QSPKFDUPCKFDUJWFT-JODPMO When we learned how many CJMJUZBSFBT JGCVEHFUBMMPXT 1BDLBSE 4UFQIFOBOE$PSOFMJB'.VUFM &ET seedingst*ODMVEFBEJWFSTJUZPGTQFDJFT BTB of annual rye, winter wheat and agriculturalThe Tallgrass legumes Restoration have Handbook become For invasive. oatsNJOJNVN have been used for this function. Prairies 4BWBOOBT BOE8PPEMBOET*TMBOE1SFTT Perennial non-native grasses and 4.$PWFMP $" When the legume kudzu was found legumes are not recommended for use as near Portland, Oregon. 5IJTJTOPUBQFSGFDUTDJFODFBOEXJMM cover crops. They tend to out-compete 5. When black locust began to displace nativeEFQFOEPOZPVSQMBOULOPXMFEHFUPEFGJOF plants. More and more native plant- oak forests along the Mississippi River. ingsUIFNJYFTGPSTQFDJGJDBUJPO are accompanied with nativeRefer Canadato Kirk WildHenderson’s Rye as aexplanation successful cover of plant crop. charac- Cost We began using nonnative legumes as willteristics, depend and on functional supply. components to problem solvers to provide quick cover for make your mixes multitask on your site. erosion control, and to build soils for 5IFSFJTOPPOFSJHIUNJYGPSBHJWFOTJUF future plantings. They are too good to be Canada wild rye is a quick-grow- true! Evidence shows that crownvetch SEEDING RATE: ing, native cover crop that recedes and birds foot-trefoil have outcompeted "GUFSSFWJFXJOHNBOZOBUJWFTFFETQFDJGJDBas slower-growing native species many new seedings. Agency-planted sweet establish. It is native across the U.S. UJPOT *MFBSOFEUIBUBDPNNPONJTUBLFJTexcept in the southeast. clovers continue to spread across the land- UPTFFEBDDPSEJOHUPBHSJDVMUVSBMQSBDUJDFT scape after wildfires. Kudzu continues to 4FFEJOHPGOBUJWFTQFDJFTJTTVDDFTTGVMBUB adapt and spread to northern and western States. Consider alternatives appropriate to GBSMPXFSSBUF5IJTTBWFTBHSFBUEFBMPG your region: DPTU BTXFMMBTWBMVBCMFTFFEUIBUJTMPTUJO TFFEJOHIFBWJMZ5IFSFJTOPBCTPMVUF SFDJQFGPSUIJTSBUF&YQFSJFODFTIPXTUIBU

12152 Part 3 - CHAPTER 2 NATIVE Plant Establishment

t3PVOEIFBEFECVTIDMPWFS Lespedexa References Cited: CHAPTER 2 cuneata instead of Sericea lezpedeza. Burrell,IPMEJOHUIFTPJM DPWFSDSPQTDBOSFEVDF C. Colston, 2006. Native tWisteria frutescens instead of Wisteria AlternativesESZJOHCZTVOBOEXJOE to Invasive Plants"HSJDVMUVSBM. Brooklyn floribunda/sinensisNATIVE COVER CROPS BotanicTFFEJOHTPGBOOVBMSZF XJOUFSXIFBUBOE Garden, Inc. New York. t1BSUSJEHFQFB Chamaecrista fasiculata PBUTIBWFCFFOVTFEGPSUIJTGVODUJPOPWFS Henderson, Kirk, 2009. Personal for Bird’sfoot-trefoilConsiderations UJNF1FSFOOJBMOPOOBUJWFHSBTTFTBOE communication. University of Northern t,FOUVDLZDPČFFUSFF Gymnoclaudus MFHVNFTBSFOPUSFDPNNFOEFEGPSVTFBT BENEFITS: Iowa. dioica instead of black locust. t1SPUFDUQSPKFDUPGPSHSFBUFSTMPQFT DPWFSDSPQT5IFZUFOEUPPVUDPNQFUFUIF t8JMEJOEJHP Baptisia bracteata instead of Marinelli, Janet, and John Randall 1996. t'BTUHSPXJOHBOETIPSUMJWFE OBUJWFQMBOUJOHFTUBCMJTINFOU.PSFBOE crownvetch. Invasive Plants, Weeds of the Global t1SPWJEFJOFYQFOTJWFiDSPQwJOTVSBODF NPSFOBUJWFQMBOUJOHTBSFBDDPNQBOJFE t1VSQMFQSBJSJFDMPWFS Dalea purpurea GardenXJUIOBUJWF$BOBEB8JME3ZFBTBTVDDFTT. Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Inc. t4FSWFBTOVSTFDSPQTGPSOBUJWFTFFEJOHT instead of nonnative clovers New York. GVMDPWFSDSPQ$PTUXJMMEFQFOEPOTVQ t"DUBTFSPTJPODPOUSPMVOUJMGVSUIFSFTUBC (Trifolium sp.) ConsultQMZ PGDPVSTF also with your State Invasive MJTINFOU Species Council and/or Native Plant Society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eference Cited: )FOEFSTPO ,JSL BOEEPOPUGPSNBEFOTFDBOPQZ#FTJEFT 1FSTPOBM$PNNVOJDBUJPO6OJWFSTJUZPG/PSUIFSO *PXB

Illustration or photo can go here:-)

These fast-growing legumes have become management problems: birdsfoot trefoil, sweet clover, black locust, kudzu, alfalfa, and crownvetch.

15313 Part 3 - $)"15&3NATIVE Plant Establishment

nostachyaPRACTICAL BOE-JUUMFCMVFTUFN PLANT CHARACTERISTICS COLORnative, PLEASERS wild stock, – including People like seed dramatic collect- (Schizachyrium scoparium color.ed inMany the wildnative and species placed are into capable production of creating masses of color visible at 65 mph. QUICK-ESTABLISHING – Some species and/or direct harvest of native stands These establish readily and are some of the areGUILDED quick LILIESto establisho#FXBSFPGJOWFTUJOHIFBWJ and are often early plus avoidance of unintentional selection. least expensive: Gray-headed coneflower successional plants that will recede as oth- ly in forb species that cost too much and/or (Ratibidat7BSJFUJFTPSDVMUJWBSTPGOBUJWFHSBTTFTBOE pinnata), Ox-eye sunflower ers take their place. They provide fast ero- might not succeed under roadside condi- (Heliopsisforbs are helianthoides usually not), allowed. Wild bergamot sion control and people-pleasing results: tions. Try small amounts of forbs with tiny (Monarda fistulosa) and New England aster Canada wild rye (Elymus Canadensis), TFFET PSBSFDPOTJEFSFEMBUFTVDDFTTJPOBM (SymphyotrichumSAMPLE SPECIAL P novae-angliaeROVISIONS THAT). OtherCAN BE Black-eyed Susan (Rudbeckia hirta), Rough Shooting star (Dodecatheon meadia 1SBJSJF astersADDED and: goldenrods will also produce the dropseed (Sporobolus compositus), and violet (Viola pedatifida 5VSLTDBQMJMZ desiredt$POUSBDUPSNVTUQSFTFOUDPOGJSNFE effect. Partridge pea (Chamaechrista fasciculata). (Lilium michiganeense BOE#PUUMFHFOUJBO OBUJWFTFFEPSEFSXJUIJOEBZTPGXJO SPRING BLOOMS – The prairie is showier WARM-SEASON(Gentiana andrewsii GRASSES – Like corn, ning award. (This avoids contractors in summer and fall than in spring. These these grasses continue to grow through- assuming the seed is easy to find and species perform in mid-spring: Ohio spi- out the summer. They provide long-term DPNNPOMZBWBJMBCMF derwort (Tradescantia ohiensis), Golden erosion controlHOW and TO rich WRITE fall color: Big t*GQSPKFDUFOETJOBTFBTPOOPUBQQSPQSJ Alexanders (Zizia aurea), Large flowered bluestem (Andropogon gerardii), Indian ate for native seeding, use a temporary beardtongue (Penstemon grandiflora), and grassA NATIVE(Sorghastrum SEED nutans), SPECIFICATION Switchgrass Creamyseeding. indigo (Baptisia bracteata). (Panicum virgatum), and Side-oats grama t.FUIPEPGTFFEJOHFRVJQNFOUTIPVMECF OBJECTIVES: (Bouteloua urtipendula). LITTLEclearly GUYS stated. – Like kids chosen last on a t"WPJEBODFPGTVCTUJUVUJPOTBOEIBWFB playgroundt5SFBUNFOUGPSOPYJPVTXFFEDPOUSPM team, these are often over- COOL-SEASONback-up plan SPECIES – Plantings are looked,before but seeding they are should good be for included. team chem- t"OOPVODFUIJTJTOPUBUSBEJUJPOBMTFFEfurther strengthened by plants that start istryt4FFEJOHDPOUSBDUTIPVMECFMFUTFQBSBUFMZ and habitat composition: Mountain growingmix earlier in the spring. These spe- mintwhenever (Pycnanthemum possible to virginianum save costs ),over Bastard t4FDVSFOBUJWFTFFEJOBSFBTPGTIPSUTVQQMZcies provide important erosion control for toadflax Comandra( umbellata), Alumroot late winter and early spring plantings and time. t(VBSBOUFFSFHJPOBMTFFETPVSDF (Heuchera richardsoniss), Wild quinine should occupy the niche sought by non- t5IJTJTSBSF:PVSBMUFSOBUJWFJTUPXSJUF t0CUBJOOBUJWFIBSWFTUXIFOOPTFFE (Parthenium integrifolium), Prairie sage native cool season grasses such as Smooth detailed specs that make very clear what source exists (Artemisia ludoviciana), and of course, brome, Fescue and Kentucky bluegrass. a contractor must do and achieve to be sedges. Examples: Canada wild rye and Virginia paid. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS YOU CAN USE: wild rye (Elymus virginicus), Western t$BMMGPSBSFTUPSBUJPONJUJHBUJPOTQFDJBMJTU t/BUJWFHSBTTPSGPSCTTIPVMECFTVQQMJFE NORMS – This catch-all category includes wheatgrass (Agropyron smithii) and most popularto advise species contractor that did and not supervise show up seed-in the sedgesBT1VSFMJWFTFFE 1-4 QFS4UBUF (Carex spp.). othering. categories. They are prairie “Regulars” t4FFETIBMMDPOGPSNUPUIFMBUFTUTFFEMBX that remind us we are looking at prairie: LEGUMESof the State. – These nitrogen-fixing plants ButterflyReferences milkweed Cited: (SBFWF ,FOOFUI (Asclepias tuberosa), establisht4VCTUJUVUJPOTPOMZHSBOUFECZUIF readily and provide food and Personal communication. Prairire blazing star (Liatris pycnostachya) valuableAgricultural wildlife Engineer cover: Leadplantor similar. (Amor- )BSQFS-PSF #POOJFBOE.BHHJF+PIOTPO and Little bluestem (Schizachyrium phat"MMOBUJWFHSBTTTFFETTIPVMECFDMFBOFE canescens), White wild indigo (Baptisia Roadside Use of Native Plants. scoparium*TMBOE1SFTT 8BTIJOHUPO%$). albaand), de-bearded.Round-headed bush clover (Lespe- .JOOFTPUB%05 Standard Specifications for dezat"QQSPWFEWFOEPSTPS4FFETPVSDFMJTUTPO capitata), Partridge pea (Chamaecris- Construction. 4U1BVM ./ taGJMFXJUIUIF%05POMZ fasciculata), Showy tick-trefoil (Desmo- diumt"MMOBUJWFTFFETIBMMCFPGBLOPXOPSJ canadense), Illinois bundleflowergin, yellow-tag, (Desmanthus or source-identified. illinoiensis), and Purple prairie clover (Dalea purpurea). t8JMEUZQFTFFEJTEFSJWFEEJSFDUMZGSPN

12154 Part 3 - $)"15&3NATIVE Plant Establishment

GUILDED LILIESHOW – TO Beware READ of investing SOURCE-IDENTIFIED SEED: heavily in forb species that cost too much *PXBJTEFTDSJCFECVUPUIFS4UBUFTBMTPVTF A NATIVE SEED LABEL and/or might not succeed under roadside Yellow Tag. Yellow Tag seed is native seed conditions. Try small amounts of forbs that has been certified to source by the FEDERAL AND STATE STANDARDS: with tiny seeds that are considered Although native seed is sometimes handled 4UBUF$SPQ*NQSPWFNFOU"TTPDJBUJPOJO late successional: Shooting star (Dode- accordance with standards set by the catheondifferently meadia than ),agricultural Prairie violet seed, (Viola as it "TTPDJBUJPOPG0GGJDJBM4FFE$FSUJGZJOH pedatifidashould be,), all Turk’s-cap seed sold lily in the(Lilium United michi- "HFODJFT "04$" 4PVSDFJEFOUJGJFETFFE ganeenseStates follows), and seed Bottle standards, gentian including(Gentiana andrewsiipurity. The). Federal Seed Act established JTOPUVOJRVFUP*PXB0UIFS4UBUFTVTF interstate commerce is to be based on "04$"TUBOEBSET*O*PXBT&DPUZQF References cited: “truth in labeling”. Each State Department Project the “Yellow Tag” provides a ‘fast- Henderson, Kirk, 2009, Personal Commu- USBDLSFMFBTFQSPDFEVSFXIFOUIFSF nication.of Agriculture University samples of andNorthern tests seed Iowa. sold . Labeling must abide both Federal and State seed laws. Check with your Department of a. are inadequate existing commercial sup- Agriculture for details. For example, in plies for a species Minnesota, native grass seeds are consid- b. propagation material of specific eco- ered agricultural seed. Forbs are also con- types is needed for ecosystem restora- sidered agricultural unless packaged for tion. homeowners. Per law, it must declare: c. is high potential for immediate use d. is low potential for commercial produc- t,JOEBOE7BSJFUZPG4FFEo4XJUDIHSBTT tion beyond plant community sites. Laura t-PUOVNCFSoJEFOUJGJDBUJPOGSPNWFOEPS THINGS TO CONSIDER: records t3FDPNNFOEFEUPVTF:FMMPX5BHPWFS t1VSF4FFEoTFFEPGEFTJSFETQFDJFT non-source identified seed in some that could germinate States. t8FFE4FFEQSFTFOUoBTMJUUMFBT t.PTUVTFHFSNQMBTNUIBUPSJHJOBUFEBT possible close to the project site as possible. t0UIFS$SPQJGBQQMJDBCMF t"MMTFFETIPVMECFQVSDIBTFEBTQVSFMJWF t*OFSUNBUUFSoDIBGG UXJHT TVCTUBODFT seed, unless a natural harvest is needed. that will not grow t"NJOJNVNCVGGFSPGPOFRVBSUFSNJMFJT t(FSNJOBUJPOoNVTUCFUFTUFEXJUIJO recommended for use of non-local seed 15 months of sale sources, cultivars or varieties to protect t/PYJPVT8FFE4FFEToOBNFTNVTUCF native remnants and other seed produc- listed tion areas. For other purposes, source t/VNCFSPG8FFE4FFETQFS1PVOEoB distance varies. clue about competition References Cited: /3$4TUBOEBSETo t0SJHJOo4UBUF 3FHJPO $PVOUZ http://www.nrDTVTEBHPWUFDIOJDBMF'05( t(FSNJOBUJPO5FTU%BUFoNPOUIBOEZFBSA native demo garden as the entry to.JOOFTPUB#PBSEPG8BUFS4PJM3FTPVSDFT a Wisconsin DOT Welcome Center on I 94. t-BCFMFSTOBNFBOENBJMJOHBEESFTT #843Seed Source/Seeding Guidelines. St. Paul, ./1BDLBSE 4UFQIFOBOE$PSOFMJB'.VUFM &ET ______The Tallgrass Restoration Handbook. *TMBOE1SFTT $PWFMP

15513 Part 3 - $)"15&3NATIVE Plant Establishment

CHAPTER 5 nostachya BOE-JUUMFCMVFTUFN commonlynative, wild available. stock, including seed collect- NATIVE SEED SPECIFICATION (Schizachyrium scoparium t*GQSPKFDUFOETJOBTFBTPOOPUBQQSPQSJed in the wild and placed into production ate for native seeding, use a temporary and/or direct harvest of native stands seeding. GUILDED LILIES o#FXBSFPGJOWFTUJOHIFBWJ plus avoidance of unintentional selection. OBJECTIVES: t.FUIPEPGTFFEJOHFRVJQNFOUTIPVMECF lyt"WPJETVCTUJUVUJPOTCVUIBWFBCBDLVQ in forb species that cost too much and/or t7BSJFUJFTPSDVMUJWBSTPGOBUJWFHSBTTFTBOE clearly stated. might plan. not succeed under roadside condi- t5SFBUNFOUGPSOPYJPVTXFFEDPOUSPMforbs are usually not allowed. tions.t"OOPVODFUIJTJTO Try small amountsPUBUSBEJUJPOBMTFFE of forbs with tiny before seeding should be included. TFFET PSBSFDPOTJEFSFEMBUFTVDDFTTJPOBM mix. t4FFEJOHDPOUSBDUTIPVMECFJTTVFESAMPLE SPECIAL PROVISIONS THAT CAN BE Shootingt4FDVSFOBUJWFTFFEJOBSFBTPGTIPSU star (Dodecatheon meadia 1SBJSJF A awardedDDED: separately whenever possible to violet supply. (Viola pedatifida 5VSLTDBQMJMZ t$POUSBDUPSNVTUQSFTFOUDPOGJSNFE save costs over time. (t(VBSBOUFFSFHJPOBMTFFETPVSDFLilium michiganeense BOE#PUUMFHFOUJBO tćFBMUFSOBUJWFJTUPXSJUFEFUBJMFETQFDTOBUJWFTFFEPSEFSXJUIJOEBZTPGXJO (t0CUBJOOBUJWFIBSWFTUXIFOOPTFFEGentiana andrewsii thatning make award. very (This clear avoids what contractors a contractor source exists. mustassuming do and the achieve seed is toeasy be topaid. find and t$BMMGPSBSFTUPSBUJPONJUJHBUJPODPNNPOMZBWBJMBCMF GENERAL REQUIREMENTS YOU specialist to advise contractor and HOW TO WRITE t*GQSPKFDUFOETJOBTFBTPOOPUBQQSPQSJ CAN USE: supervise seeding. ate for native seeding, use a temporary t/BUJWFHSBTTPSGPSCTTIPVMECFTVQQMJFEA NATIVE SEED SPECIFICATION as Pure live seed (PLS) per State. Moreseeding. information on developing native t.FUIPEPGTFFEJOHFRVJQNFOUTIPVMECF Ot4FFETIBMMDPOGPSNUPUIFMBUFTUTFFEMBXBJECTIVES: seed mixes and standards can be found in clearly stated. t"WPJEBODFPGTVCTUJUVUJPOTBOEIBWFB of the State. the Minnesota Department of t5SFBUNFOUGPSOPYJPVTXFFEDPOUSPM t4VCTUJUVUJPOTPOMZHSBOUFECZUIFback-up plan Transportation’s Native Seed Design for Agricultural Engineer (or similar). before seeding should be included. t"OOPVODFUIJTJTOPUBUSBEJUJPOBMTFFE Roadsides, available online at: t"MMOBUJWFHSBTTTFFETTIPVMECFDMFBOFE http://www.dot.state.mn.us/environment/t4FFEJOHDPOUSBDUTIPVMECFMFUTFQBSBUFMZ mix and de-bearded. erosion/native-seed-mix-dm.pdfwhenever possible to save costs over t4FDVSFOBUJWFTFFEJOBSFBTPGTIPSUTVQQMZ t"QQSPWFEWFOEPSTPSTFFETPVSDFMJTUTPO time. t(VBSBOUFFSFHJPOBMTFFETPVSDF file with the DOT only. t5IJTJTSBSF:PVSBMUFSOBUJWFJTUPXSJUF t0CUBJOOBUJWFIBSWFTUXIFOOPTFFEt"MMOBUJWFTFFETIBMMCFPGBLOPXO References Cited: detailed specs that make very clear what sourceorigin, existsand yellow-tag or source Graeve, Kenneth, 2009. Personal a contractor must do and achieve to be identified. communication. paid. Gt8JMEUZQFTFFEJTEFSJWFEEJSFDUMZGSPNENERAL REQUIREMENTS YOU CAN USE: t$BMMGPSBSFTUPSBUJPONJUJHBUJPOTQFDJBMJTU t/BUJWFHSBTTPSGPSCTTIPVMECFTVQQMJFE native, wild stock, including seed Harper-Lore, B.; M. Wilson, Eds. 2000. to advise contractor and supervise seed- BT1VSFMJWFTFFE 1-4 QFS4UBUFcollected in the wild and placed into Roadside Use of Native Plants, U.S. DOT, ing. t4FFETIBMMDPOGPSNUPUIFMBUFTUTFFEMBX production and/or direct harvest of FHWA. ISBN: 1-55963-837-0. Hard copies ofnative the State.stands plus avoidance of available from Island Press, Electronic copy unintentional selection. isReferences on-line at: Cited: (SBFWF ,FOOFUI t4VCTUJUVUJPOTPOMZHSBOUFECZUIF Personal communication. t7BSJFUJFTPSDVMUJWBSTPGOBUJWFHSBTTFT http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/ Agricultural Engineer or similar. )BSQFS-PSF #POOJFBOE.BHHJF+PIOTPO and forbs are usually not allowed. handbook.htm t"MMOBUJWFHSBTTTFFETTIPVMECFDMFBOFE Roadside Use of Native Plants. *TMBOE1SFTT 8BTIJOHUPO%$ SAMPLEand de-bearded. SPECIAL PROVISIONS THAT Minnesota.JOOFTPUB%05 DOT, 1995.Standard Standard Specifications Specifica- for t"QQSPWFEWFOEPSTPS4FFETPVSDFMJTUTPOCAN BE ADDED: tionsConstruction. for Construction4U1BVM ./. St. Paul, MN. t$POUSBDUPSNVTUQSFTFOUDPOĕSNFEGJMFXJUIUIF%05POMZ t"MMOBUJWFTFFETIBMMCFPGBLOPXOPSJ native seed order within 60 days of gin,winning yellow-tag, award. or This source-identified. avoids contractors t8JMEUZQFTFFEJTEFSJWFEEJSFDUMZGSPN assuming the seed is easy to find and

12156 Part 3 - $)"15&3NATIVE Plant Establishment

HOW TO READ A NATIVE SEED seed is native seed that has been certified to HOW TO READ SOURCE-IDENTIFIED SEED: LABEL source by the State Crop Improvement As- *PXBJTEFTDSJCFECVUPUIFS4UBUFTBMTPVTF A NATIVE SEED LABEL sociation in accordance with standards set FEDERAL AND STATE STANDARDS: byYellow the Association Tag. Yellow of Tag Official seed is nativeSeed Certify- seed that has been certified to source by the AlthoughFEDERAL AND nativeSTATE seedSTANDARDS is sometimes: handled ing Agencies (AOSCA). Source-identified differentlyAlthough native than seedagricultural is sometimes seed, handledas it seed4UBUF$SPQ*NQSPWFNFOU"TTPDJBUJPOJO is not unique to Iowa. Other States use shoulddifferently be, thanall seed agricultural sold in the seed, United as it AOSCAaccordance standards. with standards In Iowa’s set Ecotype by the States follows seed standards, including should be, all seed sold in the United Project"TTPDJBUJPOPG0GGJDJBM4FFE$FSUJGZJOH the “Yellow Tag” provides a ‘fast- purity. The Federal Seed Act mandated track’ release procedure when: States follows seed standards, including "HFODJFT "04$" 4PVSDFJEFOUJGJFETFFE that interstate commerce in seed be based purity. The Federal Seed Act established JTOPUVOJRVFUP*PXB0UIFS4UBUFTVTF on “truth in labeling”. Each State Depart- a. existing commercial supplies for a interstate commerce is to be based on "04$"TUBOEBSET*O*PXBT&DPUZQF ment of Agriculture samples and tests seed Project species the are “Yellow inadequate. Tag” provides a ‘fast- sold.“truth Labeling in labeling”. must Eachabide State by both Department Fed- b. propagation material of specific ecotypes USBDLSFMFBTFQSPDFEVSFXIFOUIFSF eralof Agriculture and State seedsamples laws. and Check tests with seed yoursold . is needed for ecosystem restoration. DepartmentLabeling must of abide Agriculture both Federal for details. and State For c. potential for immediate use is high. a. are inadequate existing commercial sup- example,seed laws. in Check Minnesota, with your native Department grass seeds of d. potential for commercial production areAgriculture considered for details.agricultural For example,seed. Forbs in are beyondplies for plant a species community sites is low. alsoMinnesota, considered native agricultural grass seeds unless are consid- pack- b. propagation material of specific eco- agedered agriculturalfor homeowners. seed. PerForbs law, are the also label con- RECOMMENDATIONStypes is needed for ecosystem TO CONSIDER: restora- mustsidered declare: agricultural unless packaged for t6TF:FMMPX5BHPWFSOPOTPVSDFJEFOUJĕFEtion. homeowners. Per law, it must declare: c. seed is high in some potential States. for immediate use t,JOEBOE7BSJFUZPG4FFEoFH t6TFHFSNQMBTNUIBUPSJHJOBUFEBTd. is low potential for commercial produc- Switchgrass, Laura close to the project site as possible. t,JOEBOE7BSJFUZPG4FFEo4XJUDIHSBTT tion beyond plant community sites. t-PUOVNCFSoJEFOUJĕDBUJPOGSPNWFOEPS t"MMTFFETIPVMECFQVSDIBTFEBTQVSFMJWF recordsLaura T seed,HINGS unless TO CONSIDER a natural: harvest is needed. t1VSF4FFEoTFFEPGEFTJSFETQFDJFTt-PUOVNCFSoJEFOUJGJDBUJPOGSPNWFOEPS t"NJOJNVNCVČFSPGPOFRVBSUFSNJMFJTt3FDPNNFOEFEUPVTF:FMMPX5BHPWFS thatrecords could germinate recommended for use of non-local seed non-source identified seed in some t8FFE4FFEQSFTFOUoBTMJUUMFBTt1VSF4FFEoTFFEPGEFTJSFETQFDJFT sources, cultivars or varieties to protect possiblethat could germinate nativeStates. remnants and other seed t0UIFS$SPQJGBQQMJDBCMFt8FFE4FFEQSFTFOUoBTMJUUMFBT t.PTUVTFHFSNQMBTNUIBUPSJHJOBUFEBT production areas. For other purposes, t*OFSUNBUUFSoDIBČ UXJHT TVCTUBODFTpossible sourceclose to distance the project varies. site as possible. t0UIFS$SPQJGBQQMJDBCMF that will not grow t"MMTFFETIPVMECFQVSDIBTFEBTQVSFMJWF References Cited t(FSNJOBUJPOoNVTUCFUFTUFEXJUIJOt*OFSUNBUUFSoDIBGG UXJHT TVCTUBODFT seed, unless a natural: harvest is needed. 15 months of sale that will not grow NRCSt"NJOJNVNCVGGFSPGPOFRVBSUFSNJMFJT standards – http://www.nrcs.usda. t/PYJPVT8FFE4FFEToOBNFTNVTUCF gov/technical/eFOTG/ t(FSNJOBUJPOoNVTUCFUFTUFEXJUIJO recommended for use of non-local seed listed 15 months of sale sources, cultivars or varieties to protect t/VNCFSPG8FFE4FFETQFS1PVOEoB Minnesota Board of Water & Soil Re- t/PYJPVT8FFE4FFEToOBNFTNVTUCF native remnants and other seed produc- clue about composition sources,tion areas. 2009. ForBWSR other Seed purposes, Source/Seeding source t0SJHJOo4UBUF 3FHJPO $PVOUZlisted Guidelines. St. Paul, MN. distance varies. t(FSNJOBUJPO5FTU%BUFoNPOUIBOEZFBSt/VNCFSPG8FFE4FFETQFS1PVOEoB Packard, Stephen and Cornelia F. Mutel, t-BCFMFSTOBNFBOENBJMJOHBEESFTTclue about competition Eds.References 1997. The Cited: Tallgrass/3$4TUBOEBSETo Restoration Hand- t0SJHJOo4UBUF 3FHJPO $PVOUZ bookhttp://www. Island.nr DTVTEBHPWUFDIOJDBMF'05(Press. SOURCE-IDENTIFIEDt(FSNJOBUJPO5FTU%BUFoNPOUIBOEZFBS SEED: .JOOFTPUB#PBSEPG8BUFS4PJM3FTPVSDFT Althought-BCFMFSTOBNFBOENBJMJOHBEESFTT Iowa is described in this section, #843Seed Source/Seeding Guidelines. St. Paul, many states use Yellow Tag. Yellow Tag ./1BDLBSE 4UFQIFOBOE$PSOFMJB'.VUFM &ET ______The Tallgrass Restoration Handbook. *TMBOE1SFTT $PWFMP

15713 Part 3 - CHAPTER 3 Planning Erosion and Sediment Control

HOW TO SEED NATIVE VEGETATION PLANTINGsible. The underground METHODS: roots and rhi- ___ Mulch/Seed within 7 days of distur- zomes also play a role. It was during the Drilling: Chose a drill that can bance great drought of 1933-1940 that studies TIMING: accommodate native grass and forbs. showed their endurance and recovery “The Seeding contracts can not always be This method is preferred on level ___fulfilled Repair at afteroptimum storm times. events It within helps if48 undisturbedrights-of-way. prairie For is uniforma closed coverage,community, constructionhours and seeding contracts are anddrill invaders at a light – with rate rare and exceptions go over the – areaare awarded separately to avoid pressure from excluded.”at least twice. Aggressive native shrubs show ___construction. Record date Here of any is what changes works to inplan the an Broadcasting:inability to advance This intomethod true prairie.prevents Midwest. Adjust for your region. smaller seeds from being buried too References Cited: Cazenas, Patricia. 2009. Followingdeeply. Fertilizerthe great drought,spreaders it with took agita- over PersonalMid-spring communication. provides best soil tem- tors have worked well to distribute forb Environmental Protection Agency – 20 years for “the same kind of prairie vege- perature and moisture conditions for and grass seeds. Very fine seed might be wwwgermination.EPA.gov/npdes/index.cfm and survival of warm- tation that existed before the seven years of (compliance monitoring, BMPs, Stormwater cast by hand. season species. devastating drought had slowly been Pollution Prevention Plan guide, templates, replaced.”Hydroseeding: But it returned! It is safer John to hydroseed E. resources,Summer permits, is the etc.) least optimum time steep slopes. The hydro-mulch reduces Weaver’s fifty-year study of the Midwest Mn/DOTbecasue and Bonestroo,of water stress.2007. Erosion Control erosion and colored mulch makes Handbook. Minnesota Department of included the States of Nebraska, Kansas, a. It is preferable to plant a temporary a positive impression on the public. Transportation,seeding and St. Paul.do a permanent mix later. Colorado, South Dakota and Texas with International Erosion Control Association – However, this method can double the b. When forced to plant, increase rate www.IECA.org (training and technology, stan- addedcost information of seeding. Seedingabout grasslands rates must from be dards,by resources, 25%, drill and seed, certification) and mulch site. Washingtonincreased to to Ohio.allow for seed damage and NationalLate Stormwater fall dormant Center seedings – www.NPDES.com provide loss to mulch shading, etc. A high natural scarification and improved forb Referencespaper/ low-wood Cited: Weaver, mulch J. E. works 1954. Northwell. take. American Prairie, Johnsen Publishing Company, Lincoln,It is aNE. bare ground operation and the Frost seedingNATIVE takes GRASSES place in February seeding rate is hard to control with this and March on seedbeds prepared in Weaver, J. E. 1968. Prairie Plants and their Environmentmethod., University Best in arid of Nebraska regions. Press, Lincoln. fall. MINIMIZE EROSION FOLLOW-UP: Plant cover is the main controllable factor SITE PREPARATION: Herbicide used to kill broadleaf weeds will inSite preventing preparation or controllingmust exterminate soil erosion. existing kill native2 forbs,ink drawings so target carefully. weeds yet minimize soil disturbances that Mowing at 6” at least three times the first “Erosionwould increase is one ofweeds. the interactions Igniting this between way, growing season is advised. climate,jeopardizes vegetation, the project. and soil, in which the Prescribed fire to reduce thatch and weed plant cover is a decisive factor.” Native invasion every 5-6 years works well. Bare soils should be firm but not com grasses and forbs break the force of rain by pacted for drill seedings. Bare soils the foliage, fallen leaves and stems. Their References Cited: should be rough and a little soft (after humus in the topsoil creates a sponge-like Henderson, Kirk, 2009. Personal commu- rain) for hydro-seeding. Ditch nication. University of Northern Iowa. condition. cleanouts During should a rainfallbe roughed of 5 inchesup before over seeding. a period of two days, the runoff from Harper-Lore, B.; M. Wilson, Eds. 2000. a native Existing prairie turf on should a 5 degree be dead slope and was Roadside Use of Native Plants, U.S. DOT, only dried, 3 percent, leaving all mulchclear water. and roots It is inonly FHWA. ISBN: 1-55963-837-0. Hard copies when place. the vegetationDrill seeding is closely into this cut base or available from Island Press, Electronic copy grazed minimizes and the soildisturbanceamount of roots and and rhi- is on-line at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/envi- zomes invasions. reduced that serious erosion is pos- ronment/handbook.htm

12158 Part 3 - CHAPTER 3 Planning Erosion and Sediment Control

CHAPTER 6 solutions... along with maintenance, add HOW TO USE NATIVE SPECIES nativeto the sodcomplexities. with erosion When mesh the embedded project in EROSION CONTROL USE thebegins, sod asprevent it is grown, vegetation is immeasurable. removal and FOR EROSION CONTROL Thisother can disturbances replace traditional as much sods as possible. that are WHY PLAN FOR EROSION CONTROL harderOngoing to maintainmaintenance on steep follow-up slopes. will B ENEFITS: Besidesrepair and the protectbenefits the listed project. above, This Ecosod main- is t.JOJNJ[FTPJMMPTTBENEFITS: tenance underscores the need for Main- grown to specification to match the project t4UBCJMJ[FTMPQFTt.JOJNJ[FFSPTJPOTFEJNFOUBUJPO tenance Division’s involvement during site conditions. Because it is greenhouse- t3FGMFDUTVSSPVOEJOHTt4UBCJMJ[FTMPQFT predesign. t*ODSFBTFEJWFSTJUZt4BGFHVBSEJOGSBTUSVDUVSF grown, Ecosod can be propagated and t4BWFDPTUPWFSUJNFt1SPUFDUTUBUFXBUFST deliveredNOTE: A Stormto meet Water a changing Pollution construction Preven- t3FEVDFQSPKFDUDPTUT scheduletion Plan (SWPPP)during any is necessaryseason. Ecosodto deal with has t$PNQMZXJUI/1%&4 sediments from runoff. SWPPP and Erosion Call the work revegetation, restoration or succeeded at a cost no greater than blue- grassControl sods. Plans should be in concert. reclamation,Protecting the transportation waters of the projects State is can simply plant native species to accomplish required of all projects. This section will not ACHECKLIST: native seeding can also meet NPDES theirattempt erosion to give control you everything objectives. you Native need to requirements of quick establishment, if a speciesknow about suffer erosion a bad rap control, in erosion but rather control will ___ Predesign site analysis. native mix is carefully designed. By using projects.underscore Native some species important are not lessons all slow learned. to ___ Erosion Control Plan. establish.Proper erosion Native control species efforts are not that too save costly time cool___ Trainseason and grasses inform in thecontractors. mix, quick estab- toand use. maintenance And we have are learnedmore costeffective from research lishment___ Secure is possible.& post NPDES Species permit. that can inthan the sediment last couple control decades later. that Pre-design native plant accomplish___ Mulch/Seed the necessary within 7 control days of include: speciesanalysis can and do planning the job. are Examples critical tofollow: success. Canada disturbance. wild rye (Elymus Canadensis), Understanding the permit requirement of Virginia___ Repair wild after rye (stormE. virginicus events), Westernwithin 48 the National Pollutant Discharge Elimina- hours. On the Salmon Pass Project in Idaho, all wheatgrass (Agropyron smithii) and most tion System (NPDES) is required for con- ___ Record date of any changes to plan. native species that grew on the site before sedges (Carex Sp.) Many common forb or struction activities. That permit is posted wildflower species can add diversity and constructionat the construction began wereheadquarters. required byAlthough the References Cited: Forest Service. Seed of native grasses, interest: Black-eyed Susan (Rudbeckia the contractor is responsible for compli- hirtaCazenas,), Gray-headed Patricia. 2009. coneflower Personal (Ratibida forbs,ance, liabilityshrubs andlies withtrees thewere State collected who hired and communication. pinnata ), Wild bergamot (Monarda fistulosa) putthe contractor.into greenhouse Consequently, production. continual As soon in- andEnvironmental more depending Protection on your Agency ecoregion. – asteraction construction and good was record-keepingcomplete, the 2:1 protects slope http://www.EPA.gov/npdes/index.cfm ofthe more environment than 300’ and elevation everyone was involved. hydroseed- These species are seeded at a far lower rate (compliance monitoring, BMPs, Storm- Some States require contractors to be co- than nonnative seed mixes and therefore ed with a native grass and forb seed mix. water Pollution Prevention Plan guide, permittees and share liability. Inspections do not cost more per acre. Factors for suc- The hand grown seedlings were then plant- templates, resources, permits, etc.) edincrease into the with hillside land-disturbing successfully. activities. A year cessful seedings include: appropriate seed later,The thisNPDES seemingly permit impossibleis just one slopeof the per- depth,Mn/DOT level and of compaction,Bonestroo, 2007. seed-to-soil Erosion Control Handbook. Minnesota Depart- planting,mits (State, was Wetland, successful and without Watershed) any ero- contact, moisture availability, soil texture, needed to allow construction activities. ment of Transportation, St. Paul. sion problems. use of mulch, weed control, planting dates. Field flexibility is essential to following SomeInternational are easier Erosion to control Control than Associationothers. the erosion control plan, and managing the http://www.IECA.org (training and Acontractor. recent Small The Business timing Innovativeof mulching and References Cited: technology, standards, resources, and Researchseeding, siltGrant fence funded installation, the development temporary of http://www.epa.gov/npdes/stormwater - vegetation certification) ansediment affordable basins native and sod sediment ready to removal... do ero- covers discussed. http://www.nrcs.usda.gov – Information on seeding, sionseeding, duty sodding, from the composting, day it is staked into the conservation,National Stormwater and commercial Center seed. – slope.blanketing, Ecosod berming, is patented. and engineered The value of a http://wwwhttp://www.NPDES.com.nps.gov/plants - The Plant Conservation Alliance is source of information.

15913 Part 3 - CHAPTER 3 Planning Erosion and Sediment Control

NATIVE GRASSES MINIMIZE EROSION BLUESTEM - CROWNVETCH, SOIL-ROOT COMPARISON CHAPTER 3 sible. The underground roots and rhi- Plant cover is the main controllable factor Little bluestem, a perennial grass. Is a ___ Mulch/Seed within 7 days of distur- zomes also play a role. It was during the in preventing or controlling soil erosion. dominant upland grass from Nebraska to bance great drought of 1933-1940 that studies WHY PLAN FOR Minnesota and beyond (all States except “Erosion is one of the interactions between Oregon,showed theirNevada, endurance and Alaska). and recovery Although “The ___climate, Repair vegetation,EROSION after storm and CONTROL events soil, inwithin which 48 the oftenundisturbed described prairie as ais bunch a closed grass, community, it can planthours cover is a decisive factor.” native provideand invaders a sod-mat – with on rare steep exceptions slopes. Its– are BgrassesENEFITS and: forbs break the force of rain seedlingsexcluded.” are Aggressivevigorous; tiller native early shrubs and show ___t.JOJNJ[FFSPTJPOTFEJNFOUBUJPOThe Record foliage, date fallen of anyleaves changes and stems. to plan Their abundantly;an inability toand advance develop into deep, true well- prairie. t4UBCJMJ[FTMPQFThumus in the topsoil creates a sponge-like branched root systems. Little bluestem can Referencest4BGFHVBSEJOGSBTUSVDUVSFconsistency. Cited: It is onlyCazenas, when Patricia. the vegetation 2009. beFollowing grown in the native great grass/forb drought, itassociation, took over Personalt1SPUFDUXBUFSTPG4UBUFis closely communication. cut or grazed and the amount of stakable mats. Environmental Protection Agency – 20 years for “the same kind of prairie vege- wwwt3FEVDFQSPKFDUDPTUTroots.EP andA.gov/npdes/index.cfm rhizomes reduced that serious Soil-roottation that comparisons existed before have the been seven years of t$PNQMZXJUI/1%&4erosion(compliance is possible. monitoring, It was BMPs, during Stormwater the great accomplisheddevastating drought for decades, had slowly using been the Pollutiondrought Prevention of 1933-1940 Plan guide,that studies templates, first monolithreplaced.” method But it returned! developed John by John E. resources,showed thepermits, grasslands’ etc.) endurance and E. Weaver, known for his lifelong study Protecting the waters of the State is Weaver’s fifty-year study of the Midwest Mn/DOTrecovery and first. Bonestroo, “The 2007. undisturbed Erosion Control prairie is ofField grassland flexibility dynamics. is essential Scientists on following first Handbookrequired. of Minnesota all projects. Department The benefit of of included the States of Nebraska, Kansas, a closed community, and invaders – with excavatethe erosion the control entire plant,plan, andthen managing wash the the Transportation,environmental St. stewardship Paul. throughout a Colorado, South Dakota and Texas with Internationalrare exceptions Erosion – areControl excluded.” Association Aggressive – soilcontractor. away to sampleThe timing root of systems. mulching In ourand project is far-reaching. This section will not added information about grasslands from wwwnative.IECA.or shrubsg (training show an and inability technology, to advancestan- illustration,seeding, silt thefence little installation, bluestem drawingtemporary is dards,attempt resources, to give and you certification) everything you need to Washington to Ohio. into true prairie. ofsediment an actual basins 52” littleand sedimentbluestem from one of Nationalknow about Stormwater erosion Center control, – www but.NPDES.com rather hisremoval…..seeding, monoliths published sodding, in a 1949composting, Ecologi- underscoreFollowing thesome great important drought, lessons it took over 20 calReferences Monograph. Cited: Weaver, J. E. 1954. North Americanblanketing, Prairie, berming,Johnsen and Publishing engineered Company, solu- learned. Proper erosion control efforts that years for “the same kind of prairie Lincoln,tions……. NE. along with maintenance add to savevegetation time and that NATIVEmaintenance existed GRASSES before are themore seven cost- The crownvetch plant was randomly exca- Weaver,the complexities. J. E. 1968. Prairie When Plants the andproject their begins, effectiveyears of devastatingthan sediment drought control had later. slowly Pre vatedEnvironment from, Universityan interstate of Nebraska corridor Press, plant- Lincoln. MINIMIZE EROSION prevent vegetation removal and other dis- designbeen replaced.” analysis and But planningit returned! are Johncritical E. to ing at maturity in 2009. It was carefully turbances as much as possible. Ongoing success.Weaver’s Understandingfifty-year study the of permit the Midwest washed, mounted, and traced to assure ac- Plant cover is the main controllable factor maintenance follow-up will repair and pro- requirementincluded the of States the National of Nebraska, Pollutant Kansas, curacy in its illustration. Its actual top and in preventing or controlling soil erosion. tect the project. This maintenance under- DischargeColorado, Elimination South Dakota System and Texas(NPDES) with is root length2 ink is 8”. drawings The drawings are scaled to scores the need for Maintenance Division’s requiredadded information for construction about activities. grasslands That from represent a true comparison. “Erosion is one of the interactions between involvement during predesign. permitWashington is posted to Ohio. for all to see at the con- climate, vegetation, and soil, in which the * The two plants are compared here to sug- struction headquarters. Although the con- plantReferences cover isCited: a decisive factor.” Native gestNOTE: the Afibrous-rooted Storm Water Pollution native Prevention grass is Planmore tractor is responsible for compliance, liabil- grassesWeaver, and J. E. forbs 1954. break North the American force of rain Prairie by , likely(SWPPP) to holdis necessary soil in to place deal with than sediments crownvetch. from ity lies with the State who hired the con- runoff. These plans should be in concert. theJohnsen foliage, Publishing fallen leaves Company, and stems. Lincoln, Their NE. However, crownvetch is often favored as tractor. Consequently continual interac- humus in the topsoil creates a sponge-like an erosion control on 2:1 highway slopes Weaver, J. E. 1968. Prairie Plants and their CHECK LIST: tion and good record-keeping protects the because it is easier and quicker to establish. condition.Environment, During University a rainfall of Nebraskaof 5 inches Press, environment and everyone involved. Some Although___ Predesign the establishment site analysis of a native overLincoln. a period of two days, the runoff from States require contractors to be co-permit- grass like little bluestem can take time, a native prairie on a 5 degree slope was tees and share liability. Inspections technological___ Erosion Controladvances Plan through research only 3 percent, all clear water. It is only increase with land-disturbing activities. now give highway decision-makers the when the vegetation is closely cut or The NPDES permit is just one of the per- opportunity___ Train and to contract-growinform contractors native grazed and the amount of roots and rhi- mits (State, Wetland, and Watershed) grass-sods that can match the edaphic zomes reduced that serious erosion is pos- conditions of a site and be staked into a needed to allow construction activities. ___ Secure & post NPDES permit slope like a blue grass sod following

12160 Part 3 - CHAPTER 3 Planning Erosion and Sediment Control

HOW TO USE NATIVE SPECIES native sod with erosion mesh embedded in the sod as it is grown, is immeasurable. FOR EROSION CONTROL This can replace traditional sods that are harder to maintain on steep slopes. BENEFITS: t.JOJNJ[FTPJMMPTT Besides the benefits listed above, Ecosod is t4UBCJMJ[FTMPQFT grown to specification to match the project t3FGMFDUTVSSPVOEJOHT site conditions. Because it is greenhouse- t*ODSFBTFEJWFSTJUZ grown, Ecosod can be propagated and t4BWFDPTUPWFSUJNF delivered to meet a changing construction schedule during any season. Ecosod has Call the work revegetation, restoration or succeeded at a cost no greater than blue- reclamation, transportation projects can grass sods. simply plant native species to accomplish their erosion control objectives. Native A native seeding can also meet NPDES species suffer a bad rap in erosion control requirements of quick establishment, if a projects. Native species are not all slow to native mix is carefully designed. By using establish. Native species are not too costly cool season grasses in the mix, quick estab- to use. And we have learned from research lishment is possible. Species that can in the last couple decades that native plant accomplish the necessary control include: species can do the job. Examples follow: Canada wild rye (Elymus Canadensis), Virginia wild rye (E. virginicus), Western On the Salmon Pass Project in Idaho, all wheatgrass (Agropyron smithii) and most native species that grew on the site before sedges (Carex Sp.) Many common forb or construction began were required by the wildflower species can add diversity and Forest Service. Seed of native grasses, interest: Black-eyed Susan (Rudbeckia forbs, shrubs and trees were collected and hirta), Gray-headed coneflower (Ratibida put into greenhouse production. As soon pinnata), Wild bergamot (Monarda fistulosa) as construction was complete, the 2:1 slope and more depending on your ecoregion. of more than 300’ elevation was hydroseed- These species are seeded at a far lower rate ed with a native grass and forb seed mix. than nonnative seed mixes and therefore The hand grown seedlings were then plant- do not cost more per acre. Factors for suc- ed into the hillside successfully. A year cessful seedings include: appropriate seed later, this seemingly impossible slope depth, level of compaction, seed-to-soil planting, was successful without any ero- contact, moisture availability, soil texture, sion problems. use of mulch, weed control, planting dates. Some are easier to control than others.

SoilA recent root comparison Small Business of two erosion Innovative control plants: little bluestemReferences (Schizachyrium Cited: scoparium) 52” (left) and crowntvetchResearch Grant(Coronilla funded varia) the8” (right). development Image by Bonnie of Harper-Lore.http://www.epa.gov/npdes/stormwater - vegetation an affordable native sod ready to do ero- covers discussed. http://www.nrcs.usda.gov – Information on seeding, sion duty from the day it is staked into the conservation, and commercial seed. slope. Ecosod is patented. The value of a http://www.nps.gov/plants - The Plant Conservation Alliance is source of information.

16113 Part 3 - CHAPTER 3 Planning Erosion and Sediment Control

construction for immediate erosion researchsible. The over underground the last couple roots decades and rhi- that ___control. Mulch/Seed Decision-makers within 7 daysno longer of distur- need nativezomes plant also playspecies a role. can do It wasthe job.during Exam- the to relybance on easy and quick seed mixes that plesgreat follow: drought of 1933-1940 that studies often include invasive plants like crown- showed their endurance and recovery “The vetch, which have long-term economic and On the Salmon Pass Project in Idaho, all ___ Repair after storm events within 48 undisturbed prairie is a closed community, ecological costs. native species that grew on the site before hours and invaders – with rare exceptions – are construction began were inventoried by the References Cited: Forestexcluded.” Service. Aggressive Seed of native native grasses, shrubs show ___Meikle, Record Tim date W. 2007.of any EcoSod: changes A to native plan sod forbs,an inability shrubs to and advance trees wereinto truecollected prairie. and solution for revegetation. Roadside Weed put into greenhouse production. As soon ReferencesManagement, Cited: p. 50.Cazenas, Federal Patricia. Highway 2009. Ad- asFollowing construction the great was complete,drought, it the took 2:1 over slope Personal communication. ministration, Washington, DC. of20 more years than for “the300’ sameelevation kind was of prairie hydroseed- vege- Environmental Protection Agency – edtation with that a native existed grass before and theforb seven seed yearsmix. of wwwWeaver,.EPA.gov/npdes/index.cfm J.E. and Fitzpatrick, T.J. 1935. The (compliance monitoring, BMPs, Stormwater Thedevastating hand grown drought seedlings had slowly were beenthen PollutionPrairie. PreventionEcological Plan Monograph, guide, templates, Vol. 4, No. planted into the hillside. A year later, this 2. University of Nebraska, Lincoln. replaced.” But it returned! John E. resources, permits, etc.) seemingly impossible slope planting was Mn/DOT and Bonestroo, 2007. Erosion Control Weaver’s fifty-year study of the Midwest successful without any erosion problems. HandbookWeaver,. J.E. Minnesota and Darland, Department R.W. of 1949. included the States of Nebraska, Kansas, Soil-root relationships of certain native Transportation, St. Paul. Colorado, South Dakota and Texas with Internationalgrasses in various Erosion soilControl types. Association Ecological – A recent Small Business Innovative added information about grasslands from wwwMonograph..IECA.org (training19:303-338. and technology, stan- Research Grant funded the development of dards, resources, and certification) anWashington affordable to native Ohio. sod ready to do erosion National Stormwater Center – www.NPDES.com Harper-Lore, B.; M. Johnson; M. Skinner, duty from the day it is staked into the slope. EcosodReferences is now Cited: patented.Weaver, The J. E. 1954.value Northof this Eds. 2007. Roadside Weed Management, American Prairie, Johnsen Publishing Company, U.S. DOT, FHWA. FHWA-HEP-07-017. nativeLincoln, sod NE. with erosion mesh embedded in http://www.weedcenter.org/store/docs/NATIVE GRASSES theWeaver, sod J.as E. it 1968. is grown, Prairie is Plants immeasurable. and their ItEnvironment can replace, University traditional of Nebraska sods that Press, are Lincoln. books-brochures/roadside%20weed%20MINIMIZE EROSION management.pdf harder to maintain on steep slopes. Ecosod is grown to specification to match Plant cover is the main controllable factor the project site conditions. Because it is in preventingAFFORDABLE or controlling NATIVE soil SOD erosion. FOR EROSION CONTROL greenhouse2 ink grown, drawings Ecosod can be propagated and delivered to meet a changing “Erosiont.JOJNJ[FTPJMMPTT is one of the interactions between construction schedule during any season. climate,t4UBCJMJ[FTMPQFT vegetation, and soil, in which the Ecosod has succeeded at a cost no greater plantt3FĘFDUTVSSPVOEJOHT cover is a decisive factor.” Native than bluegrass sods. grassest*ODSFBTFEJWFSTJUZ and forbs break the force of rain by t4BWFDPTUPWFSUJNF A native seeding can also meet NPDES the foliage, fallen leaves and stems. Their requirements of quick establishment, if a humus in the topsoil creates a sponge-like Call the work revegetation, restoration, or native mix is carefully designed. By using condition. During a rainfall of 5 inches reclamation, transportation projects can cool season grasses in the mix, quick overoften a periodsimply ofplant two nativedays, thespecies runoff to fromac- establishment is possible. Species that can acomplish native prairie their onerosion a 5 degree control slope objectives. was accomplish the necessary control include: onlyNative 3 percent,species sufferall clear a water.bad rap It in is erosiononly Canada wild rye (Elymus Canadensis), whencontrol the projects. vegetation Native is closely species cut are or not all Virginia wild rye (E. virginicus), Western grazedslow to and establish. the amount Native of species roots and are rhi-not too wheatgrass (Agropyron smithii) and most zomescostly toreduced use. And that we serious have learnederosion isfrom pos- sedges (Carex Sp.) Many common forb or

12162 Part 3 - CHAPTER 3 Planning Erosion and Sediment Control

HOW TO USE NATIVE SPECIES native sod with erosion mesh embedded in the sod as it is grown, is immeasurable. FOR EROSION CONTROL This can replace traditional sods that are harder to maintain on steep slopes. BENEFITS: t.JOJNJ[FTPJMMPTT Besides the benefits listed above, Ecosod is t4UBCJMJ[FTMPQFT grown to specification to match the project t3FGMFDUTVSSPVOEJOHT site conditions. Because it is greenhouse- t*ODSFBTFEJWFSTJUZ grown, Ecosod can be propagated and t4BWFDPTUPWFSUJNF delivered to meet a changing construction schedule during any season. Ecosod has Native “Ecosod” is as affordable as traditional Callsods forthe erosion work control. revegetation, restoration or succeeded at a cost no greater than bluegrass sods. wildflowerreclamation, species transportation can add projectsdiversity can and simply plant native species to accomplish aesthetics: Black-eyed Susan (Rudbeckia A native seeding can also meet NPDES hirtatheir), erosion Gray-headed control coneflower objectives. NativeRatibida( requirements of quick establishment, if a pinnataspecies ),suffer Wild a bergamotbad rap in ( Monardaerosion control fistulo- native mix is carefully designed. By using saprojects.) and more Native depending species areon yournot all ecoregion. slow to Theseestablish. species Native are speciesseeded areat anot far toolower costly rate cool season grasses in the mix, quick estab- thanto use. nonnative And we seedhave mixes learned and from therefore research lishment is possible. Species that can doin thenot lastcost couple more perdecades acre. thatFactors native for plant accomplish the necessary control include: successfulspecies can seedings do the job. include: Examples appropriate follow: Canada wild rye (Elymus Canadensis), seed depth, level of compaction, seed-to- Virginia wild rye (E. virginicus), Western soil contact, moisture availability, soil tex- On the Salmon Pass Project in Idaho, all wheatgrass (Agropyron smithii) and most ture, use of mulch, weed control, planting native species that grew on the site before sedges (Carex Sp.) Many common forb or dates. Some of these factors are easier to wildflower species can add diversity and controlconstruction than others.began were required by the Forest Service. Seed of native grasses, interest: Black-eyed Susan (Rudbeckia hirta), Gray-headed coneflower (Ratibida Referencesforbs, shrubs Cited: and trees were collected and pinnata), Wild bergamot (Monarda fistulosa) http://www.epa.gov/npdes/stormwaterput into greenhouse production. As soon - and more depending on your ecoregion. vegetationas construction covers was discussed. complete, the 2:1 slope of more than 300’ elevation was hydroseed- These species are seeded at a far lower rate http://www.nrcs.usda.gov – Information ed with a native grass and forb seed mix. than nonnative seed mixes and therefore on seeding, conservation, and commercial do not cost more per acre. Factors for suc- seed.The hand grown seedlings were then planted into the hillside successfully. A year cessful seedings include: appropriate seed http://www.nps.gov/plantslater, this seemingly impossible - The slope Plant depth, level of compaction, seed-to-soil Conservation Alliance is source of planting, was successful without any ero- contact, moisture availability, soil texture, information. sion problems. use of mulch, weed control, planting dates. Some are easier to control than others.

A recent Small Business Innovative References Cited: Research Grant funded the development of http://www.epa.gov/npdes/stormwater - vegetation an affordable native sod ready to do ero- covers discussed. http://www.nrcs.usda.gov – Information on seeding, sion duty from the day it is staked into the conservation, and commercial seed. slope. Ecosod is patented. The value of a http://www.nps.gov/plants - The Plant Conservation Alliance is source of information.

16313 12164 16513 CHAPTER 1 Why An Ecological Approach

12166 CHAPTER 1 Why An Ecological Approach

Introduction

Washington DOT’s zone approach to vegetation management begins with this illustration. Integrated RoadsideIMPORTANCE Vegetation OF IRVM sotools common in the toolbox”,among land a phrase managers, so common it Management or IRVM is the currently seemsamong cliché. land managers, Yet this section it seems of cliché.the tool Yet acceptedIntegrated approach Roadside used Vegetation by State descriptionsthis section of will the likely tool provedescriptions, valuable will to DepartmentsManagement orof IRVMTransportation is the currently in many manylikely provewho continue valuable the to manyagricultural who contin- ap- States.accepted There approach really to is Statenothing Departments new about of proachue the agricultural of mowing andapproach spraying of mowing solutions it.Transportation IRVM underscores in many the States. importance There ofreal- only.and spraying Integrating solutions the many only. methods Integrating we usingly is nothing “all the newtools about in the it. toolbox”, IRVM under- a phrase havethe many learned methods over past we havedecades learned builds over on scores the importance of using “all the past decades now builds on information

16913 Part 4 - Importance of IRVM

information about the vegetation in ecore- process for maintaining roadside vegetation about the vegetation in ecoregions. Yes, In 1997, the National Roadside Vegetation gions. IRVM is a logical part of an that integrates the following: IRVM is a logical part of an ecological Management Association (NRVMA) pub- ecological approach to roadsides. Better tUIFOFFETPGMPDBMDPNNVOJUJFTBOE understandingapproach to roadsides. of the regional Better understand-vegetation lished highway How users to Develop and Implement An willing ofallow the usregional to chose vegetation which tool will or allow combi- us tUIFLOPXMFEHFPGQMBOUFDPMPHZBOEIntegrated Roadside Vegetation Management nationto chose of which tools we tool need or combination to get the result of we Program natural .processes They defined Integrated want.tools weIRVM need underscores to get the result how vegetationwe want. is tEFTJHO DPOTUSVDUJPO BOENBJOUFOBODFRoadside Vegetation Management as: “a tiedIRVM to underscores everything else.how vegetation is tied decision-making considerations and quality management to everything else. tNPOJUPSJOHBOEFWBMVBUJPOQSPDFEVSFTprocess for maintaining roadside vegeta- The State of Iowa has been credited with tHPWFSONFOUTUBUVUFTBOESFHVMBUJPOTtion that integrates the following: coiningThe State the of term, Iowa “integratedhas been credited roadside with veg- tUFDIOPMPHZNE96?665D@7=@42=4@>>F?:E:6D2?5 etationgenerating management”. the term, integrated In fact IRVM roadside is part …withhighway cultural, users biological, mechanical, ofvegetation statute Section management. 314:22 ofIn Iowa fact IRVMcode. “Itis is andNE962:?E6?2?46 of Iowa’s roadsides to be preserved, planted, welfare of Iowa and a highway purpose for considerations and maintained to be safe, visually interest- Paging through the many vegetation the vegetation of Iowa’s roadsides to be N>@?:E@C:?82?56G2=F2E:@?AC@465FC6D ing, ecologically integrated, and useful for management conferences in the ‘40s and preserved, planted, and maintained to be N8@G6C?>6?EDE2EFE6D2?5C68F=2E:@?D many purposes.” The Iowa code could be ‘50s, we learned quickly that the problems appliedsafe, visually in any interesting, State for highway ecologically purpose. inte- ofNE649?@=@8J roadsides have not changed much over grated, and useful for many purposes.” time.…with Nor cultural, have the biological solutions. mechanical, Vegetation KirkThe IowaHenderson code could of Iowa’s be applied Native inRoadside any mangersand chemical spent pestso many control years methods searching to eco- for VegetationState for highway Center purpose. will be the first to tell thenomically best tool manage or solution roadsides that theyfor safety missed plus you that in his State, the use of native theenvironment advantages and of usingvisual a quality.”combination. plantKirk Hendersonspecies has of become Iowa’s the Native tool Roadsideof “Using all the tools in the toolbox” is what choice.Vegetation “Located Center in willthe heartbe the of first an agricul-to tell IRVMReferences is about. Cited: A combination of tools tural region, Iowa boasts the most altered NRVMA, 1997. How to Develop and Implement an you that in his State, the use of native selected, based on ecological understand- landscape of any State. Out of desperation Integrated Roadside Vegetation Management plant species has become the tool of ing, can be cost-effective and ecologically we turn to roadsides to reintroduce a little Program. NRVMA, Newark, DE. choice. “Located in the heart of an agri- sound.FHWA, 2007. Roadside Weed Management. wildness.” Many in Iowa claim that well-es- cultural region, Iowa boasts the most “Integrate all the tools” by Kirk Henderson. tablished stands of native grasses and forbs ReferencesFederal Highway Cited: Administration, Washington D.C. altered landscape of any State. Out of des- prevent the spread of invasive plants. That NRVMA, 1997. How to Develop and Imple- claimperation is reason we turn enough to roadsides to consider to reintro- adding ment an Integrated Roadside Vegetation thisduce tool a little to your wildness.” toolbox. Many It is inintuitive Iowa that Management Program. NRVMA, Newark, theseclaim deepthat well-establishedand fibrous-rooted stands plants of native fill soil DE. nichesgrasses toand the forbs extent prevent that invasive the spread seeds of can- Kirk Henderson. 2007. Roadside Weed notinvasive find plants.a home. That claim is reason Management. “Integrate all the tools” Fed- enough to consider adding this tool to eral Highway Administration, Inyour 1997, toolbox. the National It is intuitive Roadside that Vegetation these Management Association (NRVMA) pub- Washington D.C. deep and fibrous-rooted plants fill soil lished How to Develop and Implement An niches to the extent that invasive seeds Willard, Ray, 2009. Personal Communica- Integrated Roadside Vegetation Management cannot find a home. tion with the Washington Department of Program. They defined Integrated Transportation. Roadside Vegetation Management as: “a decision-making and quality management

12170 Part 4 - Importance of IRVM

References Cited: Harper-Lore,INTEGRATED B.; VEGETATION M. Johnson; MANAGEMENT M. Skinner, Eds. 2007. Roadside Weed Management, Highway Research Board, 1932 – Forward. U.S. DOT, FHWA. FHWA-HEP-07-017. Report on Committee on Roadside Devel- The benefits are cost efficiency, environ- http://www.weedcenter.org opment. Washington D.C. mental stewardship, Executive Order Photo of truck missing 13112 compliance and public relations Ohio State University, 1941-1960. Ohio Short Course on Highway Development. improvement. As conditions on the Columbus, OH. ground change, vegetation managers adapt. AsWHY practitioners, AND WHERE who TO knowsAPPLY this Washington DOT, 2009. better? HereECOLOGICAL are some PRINCIPLESof the best common http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/Maintenance/ sense practices we have collected from vegetation/default.htm APPLICATIONDOTs so far: TO ROADSIDES: Land managers share the same objectives 1. Develop an integrated roadside vegeta- and within the highway corridor, there are tion management (IRVM) plan added constraints of traveler safety and mobility.2. Update In annual order trainingto clarify with goals GPS and tech- objectives,nology to the aid Washington inventories. DOT has il- lustrated3. Establish where sustainable, in the highway native vegetation.corridor cross4. Eradicate section invasive a tool or plants combination before con- of tools shouldstruction. be applied based on the purpose of the5. Certify right-of-way. sand and gravel pits. 6. Specify weed-free mulches. It7. isBerm logical existing to match topsoils. the management Avoid importing tools to soil.roadside functions. This helps area maintenance8. Reduce mowing crews touse one their swath plans along and choose appropriate tools, techniques, and paved edge. timing. Together, the plan and illustration 9. *Power wash all equipment before and help prioritize activities and budgets. Based onafter geographic operations. inventories of maintenance activities,10. Engage weed in regional infestations, partnerships sensitive like areas, and CWMAs.related information, WashDOT’s record-keeping and database allow them to evaluateReferences and Cited: reference sitespecific treat- Johnson, Ann M. 2008. Best Practices handbook ments.for Roadside These Vegetation plans Management. become the Minnesota basis for ongoingState University, crew Mankato.training Nationaland adaptation. Roadside TheirVegetation open Management process encouragesAssociation Task input Force, from the1996. general How to Developpublic, andits neighbors,Implement an and/orIntegrated anyRoadside other Vegetation statewide Management or local Program. interests. All NRVMA, Newark, Delaware. Transportation areasResearch of Boardthe State Committee, have a AHD50plan. The – Roadside Washing- tonMaintenance DOT model and Operations is a practical starting point for other states.

17113 Part 4 - CHAPTER 1 Importance of IRVM

CHAPTER 1

CHAPTERPLANNING AHEAD - HOW TO 1 many vegetation management conferences in the ‘40s an ‘50s, I learned quickly the DEVELOPPLANNING AN IRVM AHEAD PLAN problems of roadsides have not changed BENEFITS: WHY AND WHERE TO APPLY much over time. Nor have the solutions. t*NQSPWFETBGFUZECOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES t*ODSFBTFETBWJOHT We spent so many years searching for the At*NQSPWFE&OWJSPONFOUBM4UFXBSETIJQPPLICATION TO ROADSIDES: best tool or solution, we missed combining Landt.PSFĘFYJCJMJUZGPSDSFXT managers share the same objectives. them all or using a combination. “Using Withint&OIBODFE"FTUIFUJDT the highway corridor there are all the tools in the toolbox” is what IRVM addedt*NQSPWFEQVCMJDSFMBUJPOT constraints of traveler safety and is about. A combination based on ecologi- mobility. In order to accomplish all cal understanding can be cost-effective and objectives,In 1996, many some vegetation States have managers written vegeta-were ecologically sound. Call it a conservation talking about the need for an integrated tion management plans (also mentioned in approach if you like; I think we are speak- roadside vegetation management approach. the IRVM chapter). In order to clarify ing the same language and looking for the We were not certain what that would look same results. goalslike. National and objectives Roadside the VegetationWashington Man- DOT hasagement illustrated Association where in(NRVMA) the highway members corri- pressure.References Suggestions Cited: for how to prior- dorknew cross it was section, more athan tool tradtionalor combination mowing of itizeHighway limited Research resources Board, are 1932 included. – forward. With Report toolsand spraying should be operations. applied based Under on thethe leader-pur- on Committee on Roadside Development. improved technologies like GPS, vegeta- poseship of Richardthe right-of-way. Arnebeck, a task force dug Washington D.C. tion inventories are now feasible and can in. The resulting 40 page booklet, “How Ohio State University, 1941-1960. Ohio Short beCourse used onto Highwayimprove Development planning. andColumbus, demon- OH. to Develop and Implement an Integrated It is logical to match the management tools strateWashington success DOT, with 2009. this approach. For more Roadside Vegetation Management based on function of roadsides. It aids area details,http://www please.wsdot.wa.gov/Maintenance/vegetation/d read the NRVMA document Program,” served to stimulate vegetation efault.htm maintenance crews in the use of their plans and related references. management plans across the country. At and choice of appropriate tools, techniques the time the Federal Highway Administra- and timing. Together the plan and illustra- CHECKLIST: HOW TO DEVELOP tion suggested that all DOTs draw up a tion help prioritize activities and budgets. ___ Promote IRVM statewide management plan to address the ___ Organize a ANsteering IVM committeePLAN Basedspread on of geographicinvasive species. inventories of mainte- ___ Write a mission statement nance activities, weed infestations, sensi- BENEFITS: ___ Establish goals and objectives tiveThe areas IRVM and approach related information,suggests “using all the N!>AC@G65D276EJ/@FC3C@HD6C>2J?@E ___ Prioritize activities based on GIS WashDOT’stools in the toolbox”record-keeping including: and databasemechani- support display of this image. inventories allowcal, biological, them to evaluate cultural, and chemical, reference handsoff, site- N!?4C62D65D2G:?8D ___ Budget accordingly and conservation methods. Implementing specific treatments. These plans become ___N?G:C@?>6?E2=*E6H2C5D9:A Evaluate level of success IRVM means getting input from all the the basis for ongoing crew training and ___N=6I:3:=:EJ@74C6HD Support with annual plan, training, stakeholders and incorporating regulatory adaptation. Their open process encourages NDE96E:46?92?46>6?E and record keeping guidelines. IRVM varies from State to State input from the general public, its neigh- ___N!>AC@G65AF3=:4C6=2E:@?D Continue to adapt based on State policies, natural ecosystems, bors, and/or any other statewide or local and public needs. This task force’s efforts interests. All areas of the State have a plan. ReferencesIn 1996, many Cited: vegetation managers were began the planning conversation. The Washington DOT model is a practical Federaltalking Highway about the Administration, need for an integrated 2005. The

Nature of Roadsides and the Tools to Work startingThe goal point. to “put a plan on paper” aims at roadside vegetation management approach. with it. FHWA, USDOT, Washington D.C. problems that plague highway agencies: We were not certain what that would look IlimitedNTEGRATED budgets,ROADSIDE personnelVEGETATION turnover Iowa’slike. integrated National Roadside roadside Vegetationvegetation Mdecentralization,ANAGEMENT (IRVM): privatization,Paging through and public the managementManagement program Association is outlined (NRVMA) at mem- http://www.uni.edu/irvm/

12172 Part 4 - CHAPTER 1 Importance of IRVM

Minnesota Department of Transportation, 9.decentralization, Power wash all equipmentprivatization, before and andpublic 2008. Best Practices Handbook for Roadside pressure. after operations. Suggestions for how to prioritize Vegetation Management. Minnesota State 10.limited Engage resources in regional are included. partnerships. With University,Photo Mankato. with field and Referencesimproved technologiesCited: like GPS, vegetation Nationalroad Roadside Vegetation Management inventories are now possible to improve Johnson, Ann M. 2008. Best Practices Association Task Force, 1997. How to De- handbookplanning andfor Roadsidedemonstrate Vegetation success Manage- with velop and Implement an Integrated Roadside ment.this approach. Minnesota For State more University, details, pleaseMankato. Vegetation Management Program. NRVMA, read the NRVMA document* and related Newark, DE. Nationalreferences. Roadside Vegetation Management Association Task Force, 1996. How to De- NRVMA, Delaware. velop and Implement an Integrated Roadside NCHRP 341, 2005. Integrated Roadside CHECKLIST: Vegetation Management Program. NRVMA, Vegetation Management: A Synthesis of Newark,___ Promote Delaware. IRVM Highway Practice is available online: ___ Organize a steering committee http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubls/ Transportation___ Write a mission Research statement Board Commit- nchrp/ tee,___ AHD50 Establish – Roadsidegoals and Maintenanceobjectives and Operations. NCHRPbers knew 14-16, it was 2009. more National than traditional Vegetation ___ Prioritize activities, base on GIS Managementmowing and sprayingGuidelines. operations. In progress Under and inventories willthe leadershipbe available of on Richard line. Arnebeck, a task ___ Budget accordingly Washingtonforce dug in! State The Departmentresulting 40 ofpage Transpor- book- ___ Evaluate level of success tationlet, “How IRVM to Developplans are and available Implement at an ___ Support with annual plan, training and Integrated Roadside Vegetation record keeping ManagementBEST MANAGEMENT Program” served PRACTICIES to stimulate ___ Continue to adapt vegetation management plans across the The benefits are cost efficiency, environ- country. At the time the Federal Highway References Cited: mental stewardship, Executive Order Federal Highway Administration, 2005. The Administration suggested that all DOTs 13112 compliance and public relations Nature of Roadsides and the Tools to Work with it. improvement.draw up a statewide As conditions management on the plan to FHWA, USDOT, Washington D.C. address the spread of invasive species. Iowa’s integrated roadside vegetation management ground change, vegetation managers program is outlined at http://www.uni.edu/irvm/ adapt. Here are some of the best common Minnesota Department of Transportation, 2008.

senseThe IRVM practices approach we have suggests collected “using from all the Best Practices Handbook for Roadside Vegetation WashDOT. Willard, courtesy of Ray Image DOTstools in so the far: toolbox” including: mechani- Management. Minnesota State University, Mankato. 1.cal, Develop biological, an integrated cultural, chemical, roadside hands- “AnNational affordable Roadside weed Vegetationwasher (innovative Management portable invasiveAssociation species Task rinse Force, off and 1997. reclaim *How system) to Develop off, vegetation and conservation management methods. (IRVM) To imple-plan. designedand Implement for highway an Integrated construction Roadside and Vegetation 2.ment Update IRVM annual means training input from with all GPS the stake- maintenance”Management equipment Program. nowNRVMA, exists. Delaware. holders technology and incorporation to aid inventories. of regulatory NCHRP 341, 2005. Integrated Roadside Vegetation 3.guidelines. Establish sustainable,IRVM varies nativefrom State vegetation. to State 4. Eradicate invasive plants before Management: A Synthesis of Highway Practice is based on State policies, natural ecosystems, available online: construction. and public needs. This Task Force’s efforts http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubls/nchrp/ 5. Certify sand and gravel pits. NCHRP 14-16, 2009. National Vegetation began the planning conversation. 6. Specify weed-free mulches. Management Guidelines. In progress and will be 7. Berm existing topsoils. Avoid importing available on line. The soil. goal to “put a plan on paper” aims at Washington State Department of Transportation problems that plague highway agencies: IRVM plans are available at 8. Reduce mowing to one swath along http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/maintenance/ limited paved budgets, edge. personnel turnover,

17313 Part 4 - CHAPTER 1 Importance of IRVM

CHAPTER 2 thistle, common teasel, purple loosestrife, CHAPTERROADSIDE SUCCESSION 1 treemany of vegetationheaven, yellow management starthistile, conferences common tansy,in the sericea ‘40s an lespedeza, ‘50s, I learned cogongrass, quickly the SUCCESSIONPLANNING – on unmowed AHEAD roadsides medusahead rye, Johnson grass, Japanese What happens over time when you stop problems of roadsides have not changed knotweed, black locust, salt cedar, Russian caringWHY for theAND land, WHERE as demonstrated TO APPLY by a much over time. Nor have the solutions. ECOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES olive, privets, Japanese honeysuckle, 50 year study of an abandoned field in We spent so many years searching for the Chinese silver grass or kudzu for New Jersey, gives us clues to roadside best tool or solution, we missed combining APPLICATION TO ROADSIDES: examples. Landvegetation managers management: share the same objectives. them all or using a combination. “Using

Within the highway corridor there are Untilall the recently, tools in many the toolbox” scientists is believedwhat IRVM YEAR 1: annual herbs like wild mustard, thatis about. given Aenough combination time all based ecosystems on ecologi- in addedlambs constraintsquarters, sweet of traveler clover, safety Curly and dock, acal region understanding would reach can a besingle cost-effective climax type and mobility.Canada thistle, In order ragweed, to accomplish prickley alllettuce, controlledecologically by sound. the regional Call it climate. a conservation Now objectives,and daisy fleabane.some States have written vegetation management plans (also mentioned in ecologistsapproach talkif you about like; the I think dynamic we are nature speak- of plant communities changing over time in theYEAR IRVM 3: perennialchapter). herbs,In order goldenrod, to clarify ing the same language and looking for the reaction to natural and humanmade distur- goalsasters, and quack objectives grass, smooththe Washington brome, littleDOT same results. bances. “An ecosystem is seen as a mosaic of hasbluestem, illustrated mullein, where oxeye in the daisy, highway black-eyed corri- variegatedReferences pieces Cited: that change character and dorSusan, cross Queen section, Anne’s a tool lace, or combinationchicory and of yarrow (up to 10 years without woodies). functionHighway Research over time.” Board, Both 1932 views – forward. are based Report tools should be applied based on the pur- onon Committeechange over on Roadside time, which Development has been. scien- pose of the right-of-way. tificallyWashington predictable D.C. based on years of study. YEAR 6: red cedar, wild rose, sumac, pin Ohio State University, 1941-1960. Ohio Short cherry, Queen Anne’s lace, goldenrod. However,Course on Highway with the Development potential. changesColumbus, in OH. It is logical to match the management tools precipitationWashington DOT, and 2009. temperatures with climate basedYear 12:on redfunction cedar of with roadsides. little bluestem, It aids area change,http://www balanced.wsdot.wa.gov/Maintenance/vegetation/d or fluctuating interpreta- maintenanceIndian grass, crews grey-headed in the use coneflower, of their plans tionsefault.htm will not likely apply. Remember the andpurple choice prairie of appropriate clover, coreopis, tools, monarda,techniques term “adaptive management” and apply it andhave timing. replaced Together pioneer the plants. plan Shrubsand illustra- can based on the changeHOW TO you DEVELOP see around you. While geologic and soil conditions might tioninclude help wild prioritize rose, hazelnut,activities blackand budgets. berry, poison ivy. remain the same,AN interrelationships IVM PLAN with Based on geographic inventories of mainte- animals, plants and humans will change nanceYEAR activities, 30: red cedar, weed bayberry,infestations, black sensi- diversityBENEFITS as: we now know it. tiveberry, areas sumac….red and related maple, information, quaking aspen, N!>AC@G65D276EJ/@FC3C@HD6C>2J?@E References Cited: WashDOT’sblack cherry record-keeping and pin oak with and grassland database support display of this image. allowspecies them in openings to evaluate only. and reference site- Collins,N!?4C62D65D2G:?8D Beryl Robichaud and Karl H. Anderson. 1994. Plant Communities of New specific treatments. These plans become N?G:C@?>6?E2=*E6H2C5D9:A Jersey, A Study in Landscape Diversity. Rut- theYEAR basis 50: for Red ongoing maple, crew black training cherry, and sas- N=6I:3:=:EJ@74C6HD safras, and pin oak abundant and shaded gers University Press. New Brunswick, NJ. adaptation. Their open process encourages NDE96E:46?92?46>6?E out most of lower growing cedars and input from the general public, its neigh- Curtis,N!>AC@G65AF3=:4C6=2E:@?D John T. 1959. Vegetation of shrubs. Wisconsin. University of Wisconsin Press, bors, and/or any other statewide or local Madison. interests.During any All ofareas these of stages,the State invasive have a spe- plan. In 1996, many vegetation managers were Thecies Washingtonin the soil bank DOT and/or model adjacent is a practical lands Daubenmire,talking about Rexford.the need 1969.for an Plant integrated Com- startingcan invade point. the open soils on the site. De- munities:roadside Avegetation Textbook management of Plant Synecology. approach. pending on which region, invasives that HarperWe were & notRow, certain Publishers, what that Incorporated, would look IwillNTEGRATED invade duringROADSIDE theV pioneeringEGETATION of early Newlike. York. National Roadside Vegetation successional stages can include: multiflora MANAGEMENT (IRVM): Paging through the Odum,Management Eugene Association P. 1989. Ecology (NRVMA) and Ourmem- rose, knapweeds, kochia, perennial sow Endangered Life-Support Systems. Sinauer Associates, Stamford, CT. 12174 Part 4 - CHAPTER 1 Importance of IRVM

decentralization, privatization, and public pressure. Suggestions for how to prioritize 1-3 years: Old field forbs and grasses 3-6 years: Change continues with less limited resources are included. With appear during the first stage of succession. weedy herbaceous plants - spot spray only. Photo with field and improved technologies like GPS, vegetation road inventories are now possible to improve planning and demonstrate success with this approach. For more details, please read the NRVMA document* and related references.

CHECKLIST: ___ Promote IRVM ___ Organize a steering committee ___ Write a mission statement ___ Establish goals and objectives bers knew it was more than traditional ___ Prioritize activities, base on GIS mowing and spraying operations. Under inventories the leadership of Richard Arnebeck, a task ___ Budget accordingly force dug in! The resulting 40 page book- ___ Evaluate level of success let, “How to Develop and Implement an ___ Support with annual plan, training and Integrated Roadside Vegetation record keeping Management Program” served to stimulate ___ Continue to adapt vegetation management plans across the country. At the time the Federal Highway References Cited: Federal Highway Administration, 2005. The Administration suggested that all DOTs Nature of Roadsides and the Tools to Work with it. draw up a statewide management plan to FHWA, USDOT, Washington D.C. address the spread of invasive species. Iowa’s integrated roadside vegetation management program is outlined at http://www.uni.edu/irvm/ Minnesota Department of Transportation, 2008. The IRVM approach suggests “using all the Best Practices Handbook for Roadside Vegetation tools in the toolbox” including: mechani- Management. Minnesota State University, Mankato. cal, biological, cultural, chemical, hands- National Roadside Vegetation Management Association Task Force, 1997. *How to Develop off, and conservation methods. To imple- and Implement an Integrated Roadside Vegetation ment IRVM means input from all the stake- Management Program. NRVMA, Delaware. 6-12 years: Woody pioneers become 12-30 years: Early tree and shrubs will holders and incorporation of regulatory obvious and problematic for NCHRPdominate 341, in 2005. forested Integrated regions Roadside offering Vegetation an guidelines. IRVM varies from State to State management. Management:opportunity A toSynthesis control of a Highway varied Practiceand is based on State policies, natural ecosystems, availableaesthetic online: edge to the adjacent forest. and public needs. This Task Force’s efforts http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubls/nchrp/ NCHRP 14-16, 2009. National Vegetation began the planning conversation. Management Guidelines. In progress and will be available on line. The goal to “put a plan on paper” aims at Washington State Department of Transportation problems that plague highway agencies: IRVM plans are available at http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/maintenance/ limited budgets, personnel turnover,

17513 Part 4 (+) Importance of IRVMl

CHAPTER 3 THE NAWMA SYSTEM COLLECTS THE HOW TO INVENTORY VEGETATION NOXIOUS WEED OR INVASIVE PLANT? FOLLOWINGWhat Are The VARIABLES: Intentional And DateAccidental Examiner Sources Of Plant Invasives? Name/ BENEFITS: common name NA=2?E:?8D@772DE 8C@H:?8H:?53C62?@=:G6AC:G6E9@? !?G2D:G6A=2?ED2C62=:6?DA64:6DH9@D6 agencies. Plant code Infested area Gross area 6JDF4<=6D3F4F=E:7=@C2 :?EC@5F4E:@?:D=:<6=JE@42FD664@?@>:4@Ct4IBSFJOGPSNBUJPOXJUIJOQBSUOFSTIJQTUP accomplish more. CanopyC@D6 Ownership Source of data 6?G:C@?>6?E2=92C>@CE@92C>9F>2? t1SPWJEFBCFODINBSLUPNFBTVSFXFFE coverN@C?2>6?E2=:?EC@5F4E:@?D@7A=2?ED=:<6 962=E9 #F5KF:D2?6I2>A=6@72?:?G2D:G6 control success. &@CH2J>2A=6)FDD:2?@=:G62?532C A=2?E7C@>D:256=:36C2E6=J:?EC@5F465E@ t1SFQBSFNBJOUFOBODFCVEHFUTNPSF Country36CC:6D State County or D@=G6=2?5FD6AC@3=6>D:?E96 D accurately. N>@G6>6?E3JH:=5=:76:?7FC762E96CD Municipality (=2?ED?2E:G6E@E96,?:E65*E2E6D42?2=D@ Location766E2?58F==6ED (Legal, Lattitude AND Longitude, 364@>6288C6DD:G6H96?>@G65E@2?@E96C The North American Weed Management UTMs)N4=@E9:?842AEFC6D2?542CC:6DH665D665D C68:@?:?E964@F?ECJ =24<=@4FDEAssociation (NAWMA) system for Robinia ReferencesN>@G6>6?E@74@?DECF4E:@?2?5>2:?E6 Cited: pseudoacaciamapping non-native:DDF492?6I2>A=6 plant species provides ?2?466BF:A>6?E a standard that will coordinate efforts to Harper-Lore, B.; M. Johnson; M. Skinner, !?G2D:G6D2C6@7E6?42==65H665D N6G6CJ52JG69:4=62:C5:DEFC32?46D control and prevent plant invasions. The Eds. 2007. Roadside Weed Management, U.S. DOT,N:>A@CE2E:@?@7E@AD@:=D2?58C2G6=D FHWA. FHWA-HEP-07-017. http:// Whatsystem are creates Noxious a standardized Weeds? format for www.weedcenter.org the collection and mapping of non-native N:== E:>653=25:?8>@H:?85C658:?86E4 &@I:@FD.665D2C656D:8?2E65A=2?EDE92Eplant species that allows for information to NFD6@7?@? 46CE:7:65>F=496D 4@>AC@>:D628C:4F=EFC692C>9F>2?D@C North American Weed Management As- be shared and transferred across bounda- sociationN25;246?E28C:4F=EFC2=AC24E:46D (NAWMA) 568C256?2EFC2=2C62D +9:D567:?:E:@?:Dries. Sharing information will promote http://www.NAWMA.orgN32C6 8C@F?5DAC2J:?8 >F49E96D2>6:?6249DE2E6 &@I:@FDcoordinated control efforts and systems for N4@>>6C4:2=H:=57=@H6C>:I6D42?:?4=F56 Rew, Lisa J. and Monica L. Pokorny, 2006. H665D2C6FDF2==J:?G2D:G6A=2?ED3FE@?=Jearly warning and detection. The exchange InventoryA6DEA=2?ED and Survey Methods for Nonindig- ?@I:@FDH665D92G6=682=DE2?5:?82?52C6of distribution and abundance information enousN6C@D:@?4@?EC@=>:I6D@7E6?:?4=F56 Plant Species. Montana State Univer- DF3;64EE@A6?2=E:6D 249DE2E692D2on invasive species is an essential compo- sity288C6DD:G6=68F>6D2?58C2DD6D Extension, Bozeman. F?:BF6H665=2H2?5=:DEE@7:EE96:C?665D nent of containing them. The NAWMA Stohlgren, Thomas J., David T. Barnett, and standards have been adopted by the US References Cited: .(F3=:42E:@?&@ Sara E. Simonson, 2005. “Beyond North What’sForest Service, the Problem? the National Park Service, . ( The Nature of Roadsides And the American Weed Management Association the Fish and Wildlife Service, and many Tools to Work With it656C2= :89H2J Standards”. Fort Collins Science Center, CO. !?G2D:G6A=2?ED568C256@FC6?G:C@?>6?E2Eother public and private organizations. 5>:?:DEC2E:@? .2D9:?8E@? 24@DE@7D@>63:==:@?2??F2==J +96D6These standards represent a minimum HOW TO USE GPS RECEIVERS A=2?EDDAC625:?E@2?@E96C 24C6D52:=J of what should be collected, and should +9:D:D?@E?2EFC2=6G@=FE:@?3FE492?86include methods that incorporate quality BENEFITS: C2>A65FA3J:?4C62D658=@32=>@3:=:EJassurance and risk assessments. t1JOQPJOUJOHXFFETPOB(*4NBQ 2?5DA665 +96D6492?86DC6DF=E7C@> t.POJUPSJOHXFFETBęFSUSFBUNFOU 9F>2?564:D:@?D +C2?DA@CE2E:@?564:D:@? t*OGPSNJOHQSFWFOUJPO NBOBHFNFOU BOE >2<6CD92G62C6DA@?D:3:=:EJE@>2<636EE6C policy decisions. 49@:46DH:E9E967FEFC6:?>:?5 !C@?:42==J t-PDBUJOHFOEBOHFSFEQMBOUTBOESFNOBOUT >@DE?@I:@FDH665D2C6:?G2D:G6A=2?ED t6QMPBEJOHEBUBUPDPNQBUJCMFQBSUOFST 2C=:4>FDE2C5:D2?:?G2D:G6A=2?EE92E:D t.BJOUBJOJOHĕFMESFDPSET 36:?825565E@?@I:@FDH665=2H@?6*E2E6 2E2E:>6

12176 Part 4 (+)Importance of IRVMl

The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a CHAPTER 2 withTHE partner SYSTEM COLLECTSagencies’ THEuse. FOLLOWINGTheir protocol satellite-based navigation system consisting isVARIABLES especially: useful in Cooperative Weed of 24 satellitesSURVEYING put in ALL orbit VEGETATION by the U.S. De- Management Areas (CWMAs). Mississippi partment of Defense. Some GPS receivers State University and MSDOT have HOW TO INVENTORY VEGETATION 2E6 I2>:?6C (=2?E&2>6 can lock on to 12 satellites at a time for in- published a helpful protocol for4@>>@??2>6 the use creased accuracy. Civilian use began in the of GPS to inventory transportation cor- B1980’s.ENEFITS GPS: is free to the public and works ridors.(=2?E4@56 It is available !?76DE652C62 online at C@DD2C62http:// N(=2?>2?286>6?E32D65@?C64@C5D@7in any weather, anywhere, 24-7. GPS receiv- www.gri.msstate.edu/publications/ ersH92E6I:DED with Wide Area Augmentation System docs/2009/09/6619DOT_Veg_Inventory_2?@AJ 'H?6CD9:A *@FC46@752E2 4@G6C N,E:=:K62DE2?52C5>6E9@5FD653J@E96C(WAAS) can achieve accuracy within less Project_Training_Manual.pdf. than three meters. WAAS is also free. Dif- 286?4:6D ferential GPS (DGPS) uses a network of References@F?ECJ Cited: *E2E6 @F?EJ@C N*92C6:?7@C>2E:@?H:E9:?A2CE?6CD9:ADE@ %F?:4:A2=:EJ towers and transmits corrected signals by Maddox, Victor, Et. Al, 2009. State Depart- beacon244@>A=:D9>@C6 transmitters. ment$@42E:@?$682=$2EE:EF56&$@?8:EF56 of Transportation Inventory Protocol N(C@G:56236?49>2C62DFC6H665 Project,+%D – Training Manual. Mississippi CHECKLIST:4@?EC@=DF446DD DOT, Jackson. N(C6A2C6>2:?E6?2?463F586ED>@C6___ Power on unit References Cited: ___244FC2E6=J Unit will display accuracy based on North American Weed Management Association9EEA HHH &, Standards,.% @C8 satellite locks 9EEA HHH +& @C8 http://www.NAWMA.org +96&@CE9>6C:42?.665%2?286>6?E___ Unit will display position on map *E@9=8C6?+9@>2D" 2G:5+ 2C?6EE2?5*2C2 *:>@?D@?0000 L6J@?5&@CE9>6C:42?.665 DD@4:2E:@?&.%DJDE6>7@C>2AA:?8___ Save position as a “waypoint” Rew, Lisa J. and Monica L. Okorny, 2006. ___ Most units display movement and %2?286>6?EDD@4:2E:@?*E2?52C5DO ?@? ?2E:G6A=2?EDA64:6DAC@G:56D2DE2? Inventory000000000000000 and Survey Methods for 52C5E92EH:==4@@C5:?2E62?5DJ?49C@?:K6 speed, etc. Nonindigenous)6H$:D2" 2?5%@?:42$ (@<@C?J Plant Species. Montana State ___ The tracking map shows highways and 677@CEDE@4@?EC@=2?5AC6G6?EA=2?E:?G2 University!?G6?E@CJ2?5*FCG6J%6E9@5D7@C&@?:?5:86?@FD Extension, Bozeman. major features (=2?E*A64:6D %@?E2?2*E2E6,?:G6CD:EJIE6?D:@? D:@?D +96DJDE6>4C62E6D2DE2?52C5:K65 ___ After inputting information, power off The@K6>2? Nature Conservancy, 7@C>2E7@CE964@==64E:@?2?5>2AA:?8@7___ Recharge rechargeable units or replace http://www.tncweeds.ucdavis.edu/wims ?@? ?2E:G6A=2?EDA64:6DE92E2==@HD7@C batteries in others HOW TO USE :?7@C>2E:@?E@36D92C652?5EC2?D76CC65 24C@DD3@F?52C:6D *92C:?8:?7@C>2E:@?VEGETATION INVENTORY USE: GPS RECEIVERS H:==AC@>@E64@@C5:?2E654@?EC@=677@CEDBy using GPS locations of weed occurrenc- 2?5DJDE6>D7@C62C=JH2C?:?82?556E64 es, land managers can better plan the BENEFITS: E:@? +966I492?86@75:DEC:3FE:@?2?5use of resources for weed management. A N(:?A@:?E:?8H665D@?2 !*>2A 23F?52?46:?7@C>2E:@?@?:?G2D:G6DA64:6Dnumber of protocols and software exist for N%@?:E@C:?8H665D27E6CEC62E>6?E :D2?6DD6?E:2=4@>A@?6?E@74@?E2:?:?8this work. N!?7@C>:?8AC6G6?E:@?>2?286>6?E2?5 E96> +96DE2?52C5D6DE23=:D96592G6366? A@=:4J564:D:@?D One is The Nature Conservancy’s “Weed 25@AE653JE96,*@C6DE*6CG:46E96 N$@42E:?86?52?86C65A=2?ED2?5C6> Information Management System” (WIMS). &2E:@?2=(2C<*6CG:46E96:D92?5 ?2?ED WIMS information includes: plant species, .:=5=:76*6CG:462?5>2?J@E96CAF3=:4 N,A=@25:?852E2E@4@>A2E:3=6A2CE?6CD management plan, treatments and track- N%2:?E2:?:?87:6=5C64@C5D AC:G2E6@C82?:K2E:@?D +96D6DE2?52C5DC6A ing. Most systems use the North American C6D6?E2>:?:>F>@7H92ED9@F=5364@= Weed Management Association (NAWMA) .92E:D (*+96 =@32=(@D:E:@?:?8 =64E65 +96>:?:>F>DE2?52C5DD9@F=5Standards to shape files for mapping in :?4=F56>6E9@5DE92E:?4@CA@C2E6BF2=:EJany standard GIS program. Use of these *JDE6>:D2D2E6==:E6 32D65?2G:82E:@?DJD This GPS inventory manual has been field tested by the Mississippi DOT. 2DDFC2?462?5C:D<2DD6DD>6?ED standards results in data that is compatible E6>4@?D:DE:?8@7D2E6==:E6DAFE:?@C3:E 3JE96, * 6A2CE>6?E@7676?D6 *@>6

17713 Part 4 (+) Importance of IRVMl

CHAPTER 4 NOXIOUS WEED OR INVASIVE PLANT? and speed. These changes result from NOXIOUS WEED OR INVASIVE PLANT? humanWhat decisions.Are The IntentionalTransportation And decision- Accidental Sources Of Invasives? makers have a responsibility to make better What are Invasive Plants? What are Invasive Plants? choicesNA=2?E:?8D@772DE 8C@H:?8H:?53C62?@=:G6AC:G6E9@? Invasive plants are alien species whose !?G2D:G6A=2?ED2C62=:6?DA64:6DH9@D6 What6JDF4<=6D3F4F=E:7=@C2 Are The Intentional And Accidental introduction is likely to cause economic or :?EC@5F4E:@?:D=:<6=JE@42FD664@?@>:4@C SourcesC@D6 Of Invasives? environmental harm or to harm human 6?G:C@?>6?E2=92C>@CE@92C>9F>2? N@C?2>6?E2=:?EC@5F4E:@?D@7A=2?ED=:<6 962=E9 #F5KF:D2?6I2>A=6@72?:?G2D:G6health. Kudzu is an example of an invasive t1MBOUJOHTPGGBTUHSPXJOHXJOECSFBLTBOE plant from Asia deliberately introduced to &@CH2J>2A=6)FDD:2?@=:G62?532C A=2?E7C@>D:256=:36C2E6=J:?EC@5F465E@ hedge rows of autumn olive, privet, honey solve land use problems in the 1920’s. 36CC:6D D@=G6=2?5FD6AC@3=6>D:?E96 D suckles, buckthorns, and multiflora rose. Plants native to the United States can also t0SOBNFOUBMJOUSPEVDUJPOTPGQMBOUTMJLFN>@G6>6?E3JH:=5=:76:?7FC762E96CD (=2?ED?2E:G6E@E96,?:E65*E2E6D42?2=D@become aggressive when moved to another 766E2?58F==6ED 364@>6288C6DD:G6H96?>@G65E@2?@E96C Norway maple, Russian olive, and region in the country. Black locust, Robinia N4=@E9:?842AEFC6D2?542CC:6DH665D665Dbarberries. C68:@?:?E964@F?ECJ =24<=@4FDERobinia pseudoacacia, is such an example. t.PWFNFOUCZXJMEMJGFJOGVS GFBUIFST N>@G6>6?E@74@?DECF4E:@?2?5>2:?E6 pseudoacacia:DDF492?6I2>A=6 Invasives are often called weeds. feet,?2?466BF:A>6?E and gullets. !?G2D:G6D2C6@7E6?42==65H665D t$MPUIJOHDBQUVSFTBOEDBSSJFTXFFETFFETN6G6CJ52JG69:4=62:C5:DEFC32?46D What are Noxious Weeds? t.PWFNFOUPGDPOTUSVDUJPOBOEN:>A@CE2E:@?@7E@AD@:=D2?58C2G6=D What are Noxious Weeds? N:== E:>653=25:?8>@H:?85C658:?86E4 maintenance equipment. Noxious Weeds are designated plants that &@I:@FD.665D2C656D:8?2E65A=2?EDE92E t&WFSZEBZWFIJDMFBJSEJTUVSCBODFTNFD6@7?@? 46CE:7:65>F=496D compromise agriculture, harm humans, or 4@>AC@>:D628C:4F=EFC692C>9F>2?D@C t*NQPSUBUJPOPGUPQTPJMTBOEHSBWFMTN25;246?E28C:4F=EFC2=AC24E:46D degrade natural areas. This definition is t*MMUJNFECMBEJOH NPXJOH ESFEHJOH FUD 568C256?2EFC2=2C62D +9:D567:?:E:@?:D N32C6 8C@F?5DAC2J:?8 much the same in each State. Noxious t6TFPGOPODFSUJĕFENVMDIFT >F49E96D2>6:?6249DE2E6 &@I:@FD N4@>>6C4:2=H:=57=@H6C>:I6D42?:?4=F56 weeds are usually invasive plants, but only t"EKBDFOUBHSJDVMUVSBMQSBDUJDFT H665D2C6FDF2==J:?G2D:G6A=2?ED3FE@?=J noxious weeds have legal standing and are t#BSFHSPVOETQSBZJOHA6DEA=2?ED ?@I:@FDH665D92G6=682=DE2?5:?82?52C6 subject to penalties. Garlic mustard is an t$PNNFSDJBMXJMEĘPXFSNJYFTDBON6C@D:@?4@?EC@=>:I6D@7E6?:?4=F56 DF3;64EE@A6?2=E:6D 249DE2E692D2invasive plant that is being added to nox- include288C6DD:G6=68F>6D2?58C2DD6D pest plants. F?:BF6H665=2H2?5=:DEE@7:EE96:C?665D ious weed lists, one State at a time. Each t&SPTJPODPOUSPMNJYFTPęFOJODMVEF State has a unique weed law and list to fit Referencesaggressive Cited:legumes and.(F3=:42E:@?&@ grasses. . ( The Nature of Roadsides And the What’stheir needs. the BeProblem? sure you are not planting species already on your State’s noxious ReferencesTools to Work Cited: With it656C2= :89H2J !?G2D:G6A=2?ED568C256@FC6?G:C@?>6?E2E 5>:?:DEC2E:@? .2D9:?8E@? weed law. 24@DE@7D@>63:==:@?2??F2==J +96D6 EO 13112 - Invasive Species http://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov A=2?EDDAC625:?E@2?@E96C 24C6D52:=J Find an easy-to-read summary of your +9:D:D?@E?2EFC2=6G@=FE:@?3FE492?86 State’s law in the FHWA Publication No. FHWA Publication No. FHWA-EP-03-005, C2>A65FA3J:?4C62D658=@32=>@3:=:EJ FHWA-HEP-07-0017, Roadside Weed The Nature of Roadsides And the Tools to 2?5DA665 +96D6492?86DC6DF=E7C@>Management. Work With it, Federal Highway Administra- 9F>2?564:D:@?D +C2?DA@CE2E:@?564:D:@? tion, 2005, Washington D.C. >2<6CD92G62C6DA@?D:3:=:EJE@>2<636EE6CWhat’s the Problem? 49@:46DH:E9E967FEFC6:?>:?5 !C@?:42==J >@DE?@I:@FDH665D2C6:?G2D:G6A=2?ED Invasive plants degrade our environment at 2C=:4>FDE2C5:D2?:?G2D:G6A=2?EE92E:Da cost of some $23 billion annually. These plants spread into another 4600 acres daily. 36:?825565E@?@I:@FDH665=2H@?6*E2E6 This is not natural evolution, but change 2E2E:>6 ramped up by increased global mobility

12178 Part 4 (+)Importance of IRVMl

CHAPTERI-RANKS OF NONNATIVE PLANTS, a 2 3.T ChooseHE SYSTEM the COLLECTS U.S. Invasive THE FOLLOWINGSpecies National Ranking System VARIABLES Impact Rank: (I-RANK) link. SURVEYING ALL VEGETATION 4. Click all statuses (I-Rank values) that I-RANK: you want. To see ALL available The Invasive Species Assessment Protocol 2E6 I2>:?6C (=2?E&2>6 HOW TO INVENTORY VEGETATION assessments, click the Select All button. was designed for use within large areas 4@>>@??2>6 5. Click Search Now to retrieve all the like nations, states, or ecoregions and to plants that match the criteria. BevaluateENEFITS: one species at a time. These rank- (=2?E4@56 !?76DE652C62 C@DD2C62

ings can help land managers plan vegeta- N(=2?>2?286>6?E32D65@?C64@C5D@7 HIGH RANKING SPECIES OF NO tion management efforts and budgets. 2?@AJ 'H?6CD9:A *@FC46@752E2 H92E6I:DED SURPRISE Through a science-based series of ques- 4@G6C N,E:=:K62DE2?52C5>6E9@5FD653J@E96C Some of the high ranking nonnatives are tions, plants are scored, revealing an over- no surprise! We are already trying to all286?4:6D Invasive Species Impact Rank (I-Rank) @F?ECJ *E2E6 @F?EJ@C control plants like: Giant reed - Arundo N*92C6:?7@C>2E:@?H:E9:?A2CE?6CD9:ADE@for each species. The protocol or process %F?:4:A2=:EJ donax, Cheatgrass - Bromus tectorum, was244@>A=:D9>@C6 developed by The Nature Conserv- Autumn olive – Elaeagnus umbellate, leafy ancy, NatureServe, and the U.S. National $@42E:@?$682=$2EE:EF56&$@?8:EF56 N(C@G:56236?49>2C62DFC6H665 spurge - Euphorbia esula, Cogongrass – Park Service in cooperation with the Plant ,+%D 4@?EC@=DF446DD Imperata cylindrical, Dyer’s woad – Isatis Conservation Alliance’s Alien Plant N(C6A2C6>2:?E6?2?463F586ED>@C6 tinctoria, Old world fern – Lygodium mi- Working Group. References Cited: crophyllum, Purple loosestrife - Lythrum 244FC2E6=J 9EEA HHH &.% @C8 slicaria, Phragmites -Pragmites australis, High: Species is a severe threat to native 9EEA HHH +& @C8 Medusahead rye - Taeniatherum caput- species and communities, and hard to *E@9=8C6?+9@>2D" 2G:5+ 2C?6EE2?5*2C2 +96&@CE9>6C:42?.665%2?286>6?E medusae, Miconia – Miconia calvescens, control. *:>@?D@?0000 L6J@?5&@CE9>6C:42?.665 DD@4:2E:@?&.%DJDE6>7@C>2AA:?8 Salt cedar - Tamarix ramossissima, and Medium: Species is moderate threat. %2?286>6?EDD@4:2E:@?*E2?52C5DO ?@? ?2E:G6A=2?EDA64:6DAC@G:56D2DE2? Chinese000000000000000 tallow tree - Triadica sebifera. Low: Species is a significant but relatively )6H$:D2" 2?5%@?:42$ (@<@C?J 52C5E92EH:==4@@C5:?2E62?5DJ?49C@?:K6low threat and relatively easy to control. HIGH!?G6?E@CJ2?5*FCG6J%6E9@5D7@C&@?:?5:86?@FD RANKING SPECIES WE STILL 677@CEDE@4@?EC@=2?5AC6G6?EA=2?E:?G2 Insignificant: Species is an insignificant PLANT(=2?E*A64:6D %@?E2?2*E2E6,?:G6CD:EJIE6?D:@? D:@?D +96DJDE6>4C62E6D2DE2?52C5:K65threat to native species and ecological But@K6>2? what should surprise us, is how many communities. 7@C>2E7@CE964@==64E:@?2?5>2AA:?8@7 of the nonnative plants with a high I-Rank,

?@? ?2E:G6A=2?EDA64:6DE92E2==@HD7@C we are still planting! These are ten plant The final I-Rank is based on answers to 20 HOW TO USE :?7@C>2E:@?E@36D92C652?5EC2?D76CC65 species that should no longer appear in weighted questions that examined species construction or maintenance contract 24C@DD3@F?52C:6D *92C:?8:?7@C>2E:@?and management characteristics like: GPS RECEIVERS specifications: H:==AC@>@E64@@C5:?2E654@?EC@=677@CEDt$VSSFOUEJTUSJCVUJPOBOEBCVOEBODF Iceplant – Carpobrotus edulis t*NQBDUPOQMBOUPSBOJNBMTQFDJFT BENEFITS: 2?5DJDE6>D7@C62C=JH2C?:?82?556E64 Crownvetch – Coronilla varia t3FQSPEVDUJWFDIBSBDUFSJTUJDT N(:?A@:?E:?8H665D@?2 !*>2A E:@? +966I492?86@75:DEC:3FE:@?2?5 Russian Olive – Elaeagnus angustifolia t4JNJMBSIBCJUBUTJOWBEFEFMTFXIFSF 23F?52?46:?7@C>2E:@?@?:?G2D:G6DA64:6D ReedN%@?:E@C:?8H665D27E6CEC62E>6?E canarygrass- Phalaris arundinacea t$VSSFOUUSFOEJOSBOHFXJUIJOUIFSFHJPO EnglishN!?7@C>:?8AC6G6?E:@?>2?286>6?E2?5 ivy- Hedera helix :D2?6DD6?E:2=4@>A@?6?E@74@?E2:?:?8t(FOFSBMDPOUSPMEJďDVMUZ SmoothA@=:4J564:D:@?D brome- Bromus inermis E96> +96DE2?52C5D6DE23=:D96592G6366?t.JOJNVNUJNFDPNNJUNFOU Chinese and European privets- 25@AE653JE96,*@C6DE*6CG:46E96t"DDFTTJCJMJUZUPJOWBEFEBSFBT N$@42E:?86?52?86C65A=2?ED2?5C6> Ligustrum?2?ED spp. &2E:@?2=(2C<*6CG:46E96:D92?5 Bush honeysuckles -Lonicera spp. To learn more about the I-Ranks and spe- N,A=@25:?852E2E@4@>A2E:3=6A2CE?6CD .:=5=:76*6CG:462?5>2?J@E96CAF3=:4 Black locust- Robinia pseudoacacia cific terrestrial and aquatic nonnative AC:G2E6@C82?:K2E:@?D +96D6DE2?52C5DC6A AutumnN%2:?E2:?:?87:6=5C64@C5D olive- Elaeagnus umbellate plants, visit C6D6?E2>:?:>F>@7H92ED9@F=5364@= http://www.natureserve.org/explorer .92E:D (*+96 =@32=(@D:E:@?:?8 =64E65 +96>:?:>F>DE2?52C5DD9@F=5 :?4=F56>6E9@5DE92E:?4@CA@C2E6BF2=:EJ *JDE6>:D2D2E6==:E6 32D65?2G:82E:@?DJD 2DDFC2?462?5C:D<2DD6DD>6?ED 1. Click Search for Plants and Animals E6>4@?D:DE:?8@7D2E6==:E6DAFE:?@C3:E 2. Click Status within the Plants/Animals 3JE96, * 6A2CE>6?E@7676?D6 *@>6 tab. 17913 Part 4 - CHAPTER 2 Importance of IRVMl

GPSHOW receivers TO INDENTIFY can lock onWEEDS to 12 AT satellites 55MPH at itUse to be of confusedthese standards with crabgrass. results in Itdata grows that as a time for increased accuracy. Civilian use largeis compatible mats of short, with evenpartner stands agencies’ that turnuse. a Identifying weeds is difficult when walking boring brown over winter. It is one of the began in the 1980’s. GPS is free to the Their protocol is especially useful in in the right-of-way with book in hand, let last to green up in the spring. publicalone while and works driving in atany 55 weather, mph. Yet any- Cooperative Weed Management Areas where,managers 24-7. and GPS crews receivers need this with skill WAAS to spot PURPLE(CWMAs), LOOSESTRIFE: whatever size. This bright (Widenew invaders, Area Augmentation and monitor System) the success can of magenta perennial is easy to see from a dis- achievecontrol efforts.accuracy withinHere are less some than windshield three tanceReferences in wetland Cited: areas or swales for many Invasive Plant Atlas of New England (IPANE) meters.identification WAAS tips.is also Watch free. for DGPS plants you summer weeks. You can spot it without flowers,http://invasives.eeb.uconn.edu/ipane/ as masses of darker green color, (Differentialknow do not GPS) belong. uses a network of towers withNorth or American strong uprightWeed Management structure Association, contrasted andCANADA transmits THISTLE: corrected Look signals for by light beacon laven- standards, http://www.NAWMA.org againstMaddox, wetland Victor, Et. grasses, Al, 2009. sedges State Departmentand cattails. of transmitters.der bloom in small, irregular patches. The Flag dark brown patches in the fall. Transportation Inventory Protocol Project – Training soft, silky grayish seed heads rise above sur- Manual. Mississippi DOT, Jackson. CroundingHECKLIST :plants. By the time you see them SOWRew, Lisa THISTLE: J. and Monica This L. expandingOkorny, 2006. perennial Inventory ___blowing, Power you on have unit a problem. (orand it’s Survey annual Methods form) for Nonindigenousis a striking Plantsunny Species. yel- lowMontana that appearsState University as bright Extension, as yellow Bozeman. caution ___ Unit will display accuracy based on JOHNSONGRASS: This bunchgrass signs.The Nature Repeated Conservancy, mowing seems to string satellite locks. http://www.tncweeds.ucdavis.edu/wims shows up as lighter in color than native them down the shoulder edge. This 3-6’ USA.gov at http://www.gps.gov/ ___perennial Unit will grasses display like position Big bluestem. on map. This erect weed has small dandelion-like fluffy ___vigorous Save positiongrass resembles as a “waypoint” sudangrass and seed heads. ___grows Most 2-8 units feet high. display Its movementdark reddish-brown and seedspeed, heads etc.will catch your eye. Johnson- KUDZU: EasiestHOW of TO all! INDENTIFY These big-leafed vines crawl over most everything in sight, ___grass The quietly tracking fades map from shows light highwaysgreen to tanand in the fall. including trees,WEEDS utilities AT and55 MPHabandoned major features. buildings. Because kudzu has become ___SPOTTED After inputting KNAPWEEDS: information, At first power sight, off. hardyIdentifying to colder weeds climates, is difficult all States when should walking knapweeds(Recharge can rechargeable be confused units with orCanada replace watchin the for right-of-way the large, three-lobedwith book in dark hand, green let thistlebatteries because in ofothers.) their soft lavender hues. leaves.alone while driving at 55 mph. Yet man- Before blooming, the colonies are notice- agers and crews need this skill to spot new able by their blue-green-gray leaf color. SWEET CLOVER: Yellow or white species VEGETATION INVENTORY USE: invaders, and monitor the success of con- Plants are straggly and many-branched. form lose delicate masses with small flowers By using GPS locations of weed occur- During fall and winter, knapweed patches andtrol leaves. efforts. Their Here bushyare some structures windshield sway in rences, land managers can better plan the appear dusty/dirty and seeds are easily naturalidentification or vehicle-made tips. Watch wind for gusts.plants you usespread of resources by mowers. for weed management. A know do not belong. number of protocols and software exist for LEAFY SPURGE: In the spring, the leaves this work. CANADA THISTLE: Look for light lavender are light green with lime or fluorescent bloom in small, irregular patches. The green flowers you can see from far away. One is The Nature Conservancy’s “Weed This perennial forms large masses. In soft, silky grayish seed heads rise above Information Management System” (WIMS). the fall you can flag them easily because surrounding plants. By the time you see WIMS nformation to gather includes: plant Johnsongrass was of their soft salmon or pastel red-orange them blowing, you have spotteda problem. at 55mph in species,color. management plan, treatments and northwest Arkansas. tracking. Most systems use the North JOHNSONGRASS: This bunchgrass shows up BERMUDAGRASS: This wiry, peren- American Management Association as lighter in color than native perennial nial grass creeps and forms large colonies (NAWMA) Standards to shape files for across the southern States, and increasingly grasses like Big bluestem. This vigorous mapping in any standard GIS program. in the West. Its upright flower stems cause grass resembles sudangrass and grows 2-8

12180 Part 4 - CHAPTER 2 Importance of IRVMl

HOW AND WHY TO PREVENT SPREAD OF HOW TO PREVENT SPREAD: AQUATIC WEEDS feet high. Its dark reddish-brown seed 1.PURPLE For all LOOSESTRIFE operations,: assumeThis bright aquatic magenta weeds heads will catch your eye. Johnsongrass couldperennial be present is easy into anysee fromwater a body.distance in Excerpted from Operational Guidelines for a. Work with local land management quietly fades from light green to tan in the wetland areas or swales for many summer Aquatic Invasive Species Prevention and agencies and State resource agencies to fall. weeks. You can spot it without flowers, as Equipment Cleaning for Firefighters, US obtain species-specific information and Forest Service. August 2009. masses distribution of darker maps. green color, and strong S POTTED, KNAPWEEDS: At first sight, knap- upright b. Include structure these contrastedspecies in corridoragainst wet- weedsGiant salviniacan be confused is an aquatic with plantCanada threat- thistle land inventories grasses, sedges and GISand systems.cattails. Flag dark becauseening the of lower their softColorado lavender River. hues. These Before brown c. Train patches crews in to the identify fall. both plant and blooming,aquatic weeds the coloniesoccur in areaquatic, noticeable by animal invasive species. theirriverine, blue-green-gray or wetland environments leaf color. Plants and arecan SOW THISTLE: This expanding perennial (or 2. Avoid driving through water bodies or be spread by fire equipment as well as straggly and many-branched. During fall annual contacting form) mudis a striking with vehicles sunny oryellow highway corridor maintenance or con- and winter these patches appear dusty/ that equipment. appears as bright as yellow caution dirtystruction and areequipment. easily spread Executive by mowers. Order signs. Repeated mowing seems to string 13112 directs all federal agencies to ensure 3.them Avoid down transferring the shoulder water edge. between This 3-6’ that their actions do not promote the in- drainages. LEAFY SPURGE: In the spring, the leaves are erect weed has small dandelion-like fluffy troduction or spread of invasive species. 4. Avoid frequent ditch cleanings, and/or lightSAFETEA green LU,with Section lime or 6006-329 fluorescent further green seed heads. clean equipment often. flowersallows federal-aid you will see funds from for FAR State away. This perennialTransportation forms tolarge be usedmasses. to control In the fall KUDZU: Easiest of all! These big-leafed younoxious can flagweeds, them including easily because aquatic of weeds. their vines crawl over most everything in sight, softBecause salmon these or invasivepastel red-orange plants color. including trees, utilities and abandoned and animals have impacts on natural buildings. Because kudzu has become Bresources,ERMUDAGRASS environmental: This wiry, stewardshipperennial grass hardy to colder climates, all States should creepsobjectives and encourageforms large the colonies limit of across spread the watch for the large, three-lobed dark green southernand/or prevention States, but as increasingly first line defense. in the leaves. West. Its upright flower stems cause it to be confused with crabgrass. It grows as SWEET CLOVER: Yellow or white species large mats of short, even stands that turn a form lose delicate masses with small flow- boring brown over winter. It is one of the ers and leaves. Their bushy structures last to green up in the spring. sway in natural or vehicle-made wind gusts. Often they are protected behind

Salvinia

Hydrilla Loosestrife Phragmites Alligatorweed

Curly pondweed Eurasian milfoil

Arundo donax

H2O hyacinth H2O lettuce

18113 Part 4 - CHAPTER 2 Importance of IRVMl

HOWGPS receivers TO CLEAN can lock VEHICLES on to 12 satellitesAND at SITEUse of ANALYSIS: these standards results in data that EQUIPMENT: a time for increased accuracy. Civilian use 1.is Identifycompatible existing with invasivepartner agencies’ species on use. site Any equipment that comes in contact with began in the 1980’s. GPS is free to the andTheir adjacent protocol lands. is especially useful in the water of retention ponds, ditches, wet- 2. Consult with State agriculture and public and works in any weather, any- Cooperative Weed Management Areas land mitigations, etc. can accidentally pick natural resource experts. where, 24-7. GPS receivers with WAAS (CWMAs), whatever size. up invasive species larvae or propagules. 3. Include DOT vegetation mangers in Air-drying(Wide Area canAugmentation be enough System)to kill some, can but analysis. washingachieve accuracy between within project less sites than is essential. three References Cited: 4.Invasive Estimate Plant the Atlas potential of New England economic (IPANE) and Considermeters. WAAS tagging is alsovehicles free. and DGPS equipment ecologicalhttp://invasives.eeb.uconn.edu/ipane/ impacts. to(Differential advise the GPS) next useruses thisa network equipment of towers has 5.North Consider American ways Weed to Managementlimit the spread Association, of beenand transmits cleaned. correctedTruck/tractor signals record-keeping by beacon invasivesstandards, http://wwwduring project..NAWMA.org cantransmitters. also help. Maddox, Victor, Et. Al, 2009. State Department of THRESHOLDS:Transportation Inventory Protocol Project – Training References Cited: Manual. Mississippi DOT, Jackson. Base threshold levels on the State’s nox- CHECKLIST: Rew, Lisa J. and Monica L. Okorny, 2006. Inventory FHWA/USDOT, 2009. Common Roadside ious weed law/invasive plant list. Potential ___ Power on unit and Survey Methods for Nonindigenous Plant Species. Invasives, A Field Guide to Costly Aquatic threatsMontana are State impacts University within Extension, and adjacent Bozeman. to Weeds.___ Unit Pub. will No. display FHWA-HEP-09-016 accuracy based on project.The Nature Conservancy, Washingtonsatellite locks.D.C. http://www.tncweeds.ucdavis.edu/wims t Loss of endangered species. ___ Unit will display position on map. USA.gov at http://www.gps.gov/ http://nas.er.usgs.gov t Loss of crop production. USGS___ Save Nonindigenous position as a “waypoint”Aquatic Species t Loss of wildlife habitat. website___ Most with units real display time distributionmovement and maps. t Devalued hunting lands. speed, etc. t ExposureHOW to slope TO INDENTIFY failures. http://www.fs.fed.us/eng/pubs/pdf/Water-___ The tracking map shows highways and t Loss of tourism values. Toolkit/o1_06251806.pdf WEEDS AT 55 MPH major features. t Loss of stormwater function. Forest Service guidance and other tools for t Degraded parklands. ___ After inputting information, power off. Identifying weeds is difficult when walking invasive aquatic species. t Increased fire vulnerability. (Recharge rechargeable units or replace in the right-of-way with book in hand, let t Loss of biodiversity. http://www.ProtectYourWaters.netbatteries in others.) alone while driving at 55 mph. Yet man- aims to stop aquatic hitchhikers with agers and crews need this skill to spot new current news updates. RECOMMENDATIONS: VEGETATION INVENTORY USE: 1.invaders, Ask for weed-freeand monitor mulch, the success bermed of con- http://www.100thMeridian.orgBy using GPS locations of weed occur- trol topsoils, efforts. certified Here are gravel some windshieldpits, native seed guardsrences, againstland managers the westward can better spread plan of the all identification mixes, and weed tips. controlWatch forbefore plants project. you invasiveuse of resources species. for weed management. A 2.know Suggest do notnative belong. plant specifications for number of protocols and software exist for temporary seedings, erosion control, this work.HOW TO WRITE A NEPA/INVASIVE C andANADA landscaping. THISTLE: Look for light lavender STATEMENT 3.bloom Require in small,and fund irregular a management patches. Theplan for One is The Nature Conservancy’s “Weed soft, care silky of the grayish project. seed heads rise above 4. Require special provisions to prevent BENEFITS:Information Management System” (WIMS). surrounding plants. By the time you see and control invasive plants. t"WPJEGPSFTFFBCMFWFHFUBUJPOQSPCMFNTWIMS nformation to gather includes: plant them blowing, you have a problem. t"TTVSFJOWBTJWFTFFENJYFTBSFOPUVTFEspecies, management plan, treatments and t1SFDFEFDPOTUSVDUJPOXJUIXFFEDPOUSPM tracking. Most systems use the North JOHNSONGRASS: This bunchgrass shows up t"WPJEVOOFDFTTBSZTPJMEJTUVSCBODFT American Management Association as lighter in color than native perennial t1MBOBOECVEHFUGPSBęFSQSPKFDU (NAWMA) Standards to shape files for monitoring. grasses like Big bluestem. This vigorous mapping in any standard GIS program. grass resembles sudangrass and grows 2-8

12182 Part 4 - CHAPTER 2 Importance of IRVMl

feet EXECUTIVEhigh. Its dark ORDER reddish-brown 13112 INVASIVE seed SpeciesPURPLE Council LOOSESTRIFE (NISC): This with bright an Advisory magenta heads will catch yourSPECIES eye. Johnsongrass Committeeperennial is to easy recommend to see from management a distance in quietly fades from light green to tan in the planswetland and areas actions or swalesat all levels for many of govern- summer fall.On February 3, 1999, President Clinton ment.weeks. Until You States can spot devised it without their ownflowers, as signed EO 13112, directing federal plan,masses the of NISC darker plan green prevailed color, andfor DOTs. strong SagenciesPOTTED, KNAPWEEDSto expand and: At coordinate first sight, knap-their upright structure contrasted against wet- FHWA GUIDANCE: weedsefforts can to becombat confused the introductionwith Canada andthistle land grasses, sedges and cattails. Flag dark spread of invasive plants and animals not t Federal-aid and Federal Lands because of their soft lavender hues. Before brown patches in the fall. native to the United States. The Federal Highway program funds cannot be blooming, the colonies are noticeable by Highway Administration (FHWA) used for construction, revegetation or theirdelivered blue-green-gray guidance to leaf the color. field Plantson August are SOWlandscaping THISTLE: This activities expanding that perennialinclude use (or straggly10 of that and year. many-branched. During fall annualof known form) isinvasives. a striking sunny yellow and winter these patches appear dusty/ tthatNEPA appears analysis as bright should as yellow include caution dirtyEO13112 and are SYNOPSIS: easily spread by mowers. signs.determination Repeated mowing of the likelihoodseems to string of in- Section 1. Definitions themtroducing down the or shoulder spreading edge. invasives This 3-6’and LTheEAFY key SPURGE definition: In the ofspring, invasive the speciesleaves areis “an erecta descriptionweed has small of measures dandelion-like to mini- fluffy lightalien green species with whose lime introduction or fluorescent does green or is seedmize heads. harm, based on inventories. flowerslikely to you cause will economic see from orFAR environmental away. This t State DOT activities and funded facilities were asked to implement perennialharm or harmforms to large human masses. health.” In the This fall KUDZU: Easiest of all! These big-leafed the Executive Memorandum on youdefinition can flag parallelsthem easily that becauseof noxious of their weed vines crawl over most everything in sight, law in most States. Beneficial Landscaping to support soft salmon or pastel red-orange color. including trees, utilities and abandoned EO 13112, Section 2-d to use native buildings. Because kudzu has become Section 2. Federal Agency Duties plants. FHWA recommended BThisERMUDAGRASS section called: This agencieswiry, perennial to action grass hardyroadside to colder maintenance climates, all program States should creepswithin and programs forms largeand budgetarycolonies across limits the to: watchsupport. for the large, three-lobed dark green southerna. prevent States, the introduction, but increasingly in the tleaves.FHWA encouraged innovative design West.b. detect Its andupright control flower quickly, stems cause it to in techniques and equipment like bec. monitorconfused existing with crabgrass. populations It grows and as SWEETbiocontrol CLOVER: deliveryYellow orsystems, white speciesequip- largemanaged mats areas,of short, even stands that turn a formment lose cleanersdelicate massesand GPS with for smallvegetation flow- boringd. follow-up brown with over restorationwinter. It isof one native of the ers andinventories. leaves. Their bushy structures lastspecies, to green up in the spring. tswayFHWA in natural promised or vehicle-made to coordinate wind ap- e. conduct research and develop gusts.plied Often research they areand protected share results behind with prevention and control technologies, and all agencies. f. promote public awareness. t FHWA would support training like identification materials and CWMA Federal agencies were further directed to workshops. FHWA recommended not authorize, fund, or carry out actions DOTs join their States interagency that cause or promote the introduction or cooperation through invasive species spread of invasive species. FHWA oversees councils, and cooperate with adja- the Federal-Aid Highway Program and so cent State DOTs to prevent invasive complied. spread. t FHWA continued federal committee Section 3-4. Invasive Species Council cooperation with FICMNEW, NPCI, EO 13112 created the National Invasive and ANS.

18313 Part 4 - CHAPTER 3 Importance of IRVMl

tion of warning signs, fencing and crossing CHAPTERHOW TO PREVENT SPREAD: 5 References Cited: structures. 1. For all operations, assume aquatic weeds FHWA/USDOT, 2009. Common Roadside Invasives, A Field Guide to Costly Aquatic Weeds. Pub. No. couldROADSIDES be present in FOR any WILDLIFE water body. HabitatFHWA-HEP-09-016, connectivity Washington describes D.C. the degree a. Work with local land management tohttp://nas.er which landscape.usgs.gov characteristics facilitate agenciesWHY MINIMIZE and State ROAD resource IMPACTS agencies TO to USGS Nonindigenous Aquatic Species website with WILDLIFE? orreal impede time distribution the ability maps. of an organism to obtain species-specific information and movehttp://www on a.fs.fed.us/eng/pubs/pdf/W daily, seasonal or lifeaterT cycleoolkit/o1_ basis. distribution maps. Excerpted from Getting Up To Speed: A Wildlife06251806.pdf movement to reach resources like b. Include these species in corridor Forest Service guidance and other tools for invasive Conservationist’s Guide to Wildlife and food, water, cover and mates needs to be inventories and GIS systems for betteraquatic understood. species. Preparing statewide or Highways by Patricia A. White, Defenders http://www.ProtectYourWaters.net of Wildlife.reference. Washington D.C. 2007. regionalaims to stop plans aquatic for habitathitchhikers connectivity with current is news c. Train crews to identify both plant and essential.updates. Perhapsanimal the invasive best overview species. of impacts was http://www.100thMeridian.org guards against the westward spread of all invasive the sentinel article, Review of Ecological In order to prepare a wildlife habitat link- agespecies. plan, be sure to collect this informa- Effects2. Avoid of driving Roads throughon Terrestrial water andbodies Aquatic or tion: Communitiescontacting mudby Stephen with vehicles Trombulak or equip- and t"FSJBMQIPUPTJEFOUJGZJOHWFHFUBUJPO Christopherment. Frissell first published in The Journal of Conservation Biology in April, human developments, water bodies, aspect and terrain, and possibly existing 2000.3. Avoid They transferring grouped impactswater between into seven categories: wildlife trails. drainages and inadvertantly moving 1. Mortality from road construction. t-BOEPXOFSTIJQNBQTUPJEFOUJGZQVCMJD invasives. 2. Mortality from collision with vehicles. lands. 3. Modification of animal behavior. t7FHFUBUJPONBQTUIBUOPUFHFOFSBM 4. DisruptionAvoid frequent of the ditch physical cleanings, environment. and/or vegetation types. 5. Alterationclean equipment of the chemicaloften. environment. t5PQPHSBQIJDNBQTUPTIPXTMPQFT ESBXT 6. Spread of exotic species. ridges and flats that could be part of corridors. 7.H OWChanges TO CLEAN in humanVEHICLES use ANDof landEQUIPMENT and : t8JMEMJGFIBCJUBUPSSBOHFNBQTUPCFUUFS Any water. equipment that comes in contact with understand movement. water of retention ponds, ditches, wetland t8JMEMJGFCFIBWJPSNPOJUPSJOHUP Avoidingmitigations, wildlife etc. can habitat accidentally loss should pick be up the first approach, but mitigation efforts can determine where animals cross. mussel larvae or plant parts. Air-drying t&YJTUJOHSPBELJMMJOGPSNBUJPOGPSGVSUIFS substantiallycan be enough reduce for some; roadkill. but aIn washing Banff National Park, British Columbia, a series safety insight. system could be valuable for most invasive of 22 underpasses and two overpasses with species. Washing between project sites is fencing have decreased total roadkills by 80 NOTE: Cross-check the wildlife habitat percent.essential. Consequently Consider tagging the lives a vehicle of wolf, and linkage plan with the Statewide Transpor- grizzlyequipment bear, to elk, advise lynx, the mountain next user lion this and tation Improvement Plan. Identify which mooseequipment have has been been protected. cleaned. Truck/tractor pending projects overlap with key linkage record-keeping could help. areas and move to have wildlife mitigation British Columbia collects wildlife acci- measures added to the scope of projects. dent data daily. For each incident, workers References Cited: record the date, time, location, species, sex and age of the roadkill. This information is SAFETEA-LU Wildlife Vehicle Collision then used to determine the type and loca- Study http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/safetealu/ factsheet1119n.htm

12184 Part 4 - CHAPTER 3 Importance of IRVMl

HDeer-VehicleOW TO PREVENT CrashSPREAD Information: Clearing- References Cited: ARKANSAS HIGHWAY AND TRANS- 1.house For (DVCIC)all operations, http://www.dearcrash. assume aquatic weeds FHWA/USDOT, 2009. Common Roadside Invasives, com/ PORTATIONA Field Guide to Costly DEPARTMENT Aquatic Weeds. (AHTD):Pub. No. could be present in any water body. TheFHWA-HEP-09-016, AHTD revised Washington its mowing D.C. schedules Britisha. Work Columbia with local Conservation land management Foun- andhttp://nas.er established.usgs.gov roadside “high mainte- dation’sagencies A wildlife and State Collision resource Prevention agencies to USGS Nonindigenous Aquatic Species website with nancereal time zones” distribution and “transitionmaps. zones”. On Programobtain http://www.wildlifeaccidents.ca/species-specific information and particularlyhttp://www.fs.fed.us/eng/pubs/pdf/W wide rights of way aterTthe oolkit/o1_Depart- Highwaysdistribution and Habitat:maps. Managing Habitat ment06251806.pdf also created “natural zones” beyond Connectivityb. Include andthese Landscape species in Permeability corridor theForest “transition Service guidance zones”. and These other toolsnatural for invasiveareas inventories and GIS systems for areaquatic never species. mowed. The no-mowing policy for Wildlife, http://www.ProtectYourWaters.net http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/sciencef/scifi79.reference. hasaims helped to stop aquaticincrease hitchhikers available with wildlife current habi- news pdfc. Train crews to identify both plant and tatupdates. on more than 30,000 acres. Birds and

animal invasive species. butterflieshttp://www.100thMeridian.or flock to the gnow-flourishing na- The Wildlife Crossings Toolkit tiveguards wildflowers against the westward in these spread natural of allzones, invasive and http://www.wildlifecrossings.info/ manyspecies. wildlife species utilize the habitat. 2. Avoid driving through water bodies or

contacting mud with vehicles or equip- FHWA’s Critter Crossings SOUTH DAKOTA DEPARTMENT OF http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/ment. TRANSPORTATION: The SDDOT abides wildlifecrossings/ by a policy that restricts mowing on public 3. Avoid transferring water between roads until the end of the nesting season. WILDLIFEdrainages PROTECTIONand inadvertantly CASE moving STUDIES Reduced mowing protects game birds that invasives. nest in the dense right-of-way grasses until We have more to learn, as described by they can protect themselves. This policy Stephen Trombulak and Christopher 4. Avoid frequent ditch cleanings, and/or protects both native and non-native birds Frissell in the 2000 Journal of Conserva- clean equipment often. that are important to the economy and tion Biology, “Review of Ecological Effects ecology of the State. of Roads on Terrestrial and Aquatic HOW TO CLEAN VEHICLES AND EQUIPMENT: Communities”. The authors group potential WISCONSIN DEPARTMENT OF Any equipment that comes in contact with impacts of roads on wildlife into seven TRANSPORTATION: The State of watercategories, of retention which areponds, listed ditches, on page wetland 183. Wisconsin hosts the largest population of mitigations, etc. can accidentally pick up Karner blue butterflies in the world. mussel larvae or plant parts. Air-drying Because its preferred host, wild blue canHighway be enough projects for destroysome; but wildlife a washing habitat, lupine, is scarce, the Karner blues have systeminterrupt could animal be valuable movements, for most and invasiveput ani- become endangered. The DOT partnered species.mals in harms Washing way. between For human project and sites wildlife is with 22 public and private organizations to essential.safety, we lookConsider for new tagging answers a vehicle constantly. and preserve existing lupine patches and estab- Based on the observations of many veg- equipment to advise the next user this lish new plantings. The DOT also reduced etation managers, we suspect that newly equipment has been cleaned. Truck/tractor mowing along 500 miles of roadsides to mowed turfs actually attract some species record-keeping could help. further protect this butterfly. to the road’s edge. Some States already have reduced mowing policies to reduce the loss References Cited: of nesting game birds often found in corri- Keeping it Simple, Easy Ways to Help dors. Some States actually have “Roadsides Wildlife Along Roads. U.S. Department of for Wildlife” programs focused on the Transportation, Washington D.C. needs of wildlife. The following section will share some of what has been learned.

18513 Part 5 - CHAPTER 2 On-The-Ground Applications

Nelson,CHAPTER Carmelita, 2009. Personal 2 age of the roadkill. This information is communication. then used to determine the type and loca- MANAGING ROADSIDES FOR WILDLIFE tion of warning signs, fencing and crossing Trombulak, S.C., and C. Frissell, 2000. “A structures. reviewWHY of MINIMIZEthe ecological ROAD effects IMPACTS of roads on terrestrial andTO aquatic WILDLIFE? ecosystems.” Con- Habitat connectivity describes the degree servation Biology 14:18-30. Excerpted from Getting Up To Speed: A to which landscape characteristics facilitate Conservationist’s Guide to Wildlife and or impede the ability of an organism to Highways by Patricia A. White, Defenders move on a daily, seasonal or life cycle basis. of Wildlife. Washington D.C. 2007. Wildlife movement to reach resources like food, water, cover and mates needs to be Perhaps the best overview of impacts was better understood. Preparing statewide or the sentinel article, Review of Ecological regional plans for habitat connectivity is Effects of Roads on Terrestrial and Aquatic essential. Communities by Stephen Trombulak and Christopher Frissell first published in The In order to prepare a wildlife habitat link- Journal of Conservation Biology in April, age plan, be sure to collect this informa- 2000. They grouped impacts into seven tion: categories: t"FSJBMQIPUPTJEFOUJGZWFHFUBUJPO IVNBO developments, water bodies, aspect and 1. Mortality from Road Construction terrain, and possibly existing wildlife 2. Mortality from Collision with Vehicles trails. 3. Modification of Animal Behavior t-BOEPXOFSTIJQNBQTUPJEFOUJGZQVCMJD 4. Disruption of the Physical Environment lands. 5. Alteration of the Chemical Environment t7FHFUBUJPONBQTUIBUOPUFHFOFSBMWFHFUB 6. Spread of Exotic Species tion types. 7. Changes in Human Use of Land and t5PQPHSBQIJDNBQTUPTIPXTMPQFT ESBXT Water. ridges and flats that could be part of corridors. Avoiding wildlife habitat loss should be the t8JMEMJGFIBCJUBUPSSBOHFNBQTUPCFUUFS first approach. Mitigation efforts can sub- understand movement. stantially reduce roadkill. In Banff t8JMEMJGFCFIBWJPSNPOJUPSFEUPEFUFSNJOF National Park, British Columbia, a series of where animals cross. 22 underpasses and two overpasses with t&YJTUJOHSPBELJMMJOGPSNBUJPOGPSGVSUIFS fencing have decreased total roadkills by safety insight. 80 percent. Consequently the lives of wolf, grizzly bear, elk, lynx, mountain lion and NOTE: Cross-check the wildlife habitat moose have been protected. British linkage plan with the Statewide ColumbiaKeeping it Simple collects means wildlife doing the accident right thing data simply to link habitats, reduce roadkill, and save taxpayer dollars. Transportation Improvement Plan. Identify daily. For each incident, workers record which pending projects overlap with key the date, time, location, species, sex and linkage areas and move to have wildlife

12186 Part 5 - CHAPTER 2 On-The-Ground Applications

mitigationHOW TO MANAGE measures FOR added WILDLIFE to the scope HABITAT of asters many in harms nests way.per acre For as human those andmowed wildlife projects. annually.safety we 3-yearlook for mowings new answers will control constantly. brush. Studies show that native roadsides attract From observations of many vegetation twiceReferences as many Cited: bees and almost 50 percent managers, we suspect that newly mowed SAFETEA-LU Wildlife Vehicle Collision Study ADD HABITAT: Establish native grasses more bee species than roadsides with non- turfs actually attract some species to the http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/safetealu/factsheet and forbs; but avoid red clover, alfalfa, 1119n.htmnative grasses. Similar results were shown road’s edge. Some States already have for butterflies. In addition grassland birds sweet clover and similar species that attract Deer-Vehicle Crash Information Clearinghouse deerreduced or other mowing large policies animals. to reduce the loss will(DVCIC) nest http://www successfully.dear crash.com/in narrow corridors. of nesting game birds often found in corri- InBritish Nebraska, Columbia 25% Conservation of all pheasants Foundation’s hatch A on dors. Some States actually have “Roadsides roadsides.Wildlife Collision Roadsides Prevention often Program become edge SPOT SPRAY: Avoid spraying native http://www.wildlifeaccidents.ca/ plantsfor Wildlife” and wildlife, programs especially focused petroleum- on the habitatHighways in and forested Habitat: regions, Managing and Habitat thereby serve as conservation corridors to larger basedneeds carriersof wildlife. that The can following permeate section egg shells, Connectivity and Landscape Permeability for and kill the embryo. habitatWildlife, patches. In some intensely will share some of what has been learned. cultivatedhttp://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/sciencef/scifi79.pdf areas, roadsides are the only DELAY MOWING until after birds have grasslandsThe Wildlife Crossingshabitat available. Toolkit ARKANSAS HIGHWAY AND TRANSPORTATION http://www.wildlifecrossings.info/ fledged. DEPARTMENT (AHTD): The AHTD revised FHWA’s Critter Crossings BENEFITS: its mowing schedules and established road- http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/wildlife MAINTAIN FENCES and provide safe t$SFBUFIBCJUBUGPSPUIFSQVSQPTFTcrossings/ passage.side “high Fencing maintenance can channel zones” wildlife and “transi- t*ODSFBTFIBCJUBUGPSXJMEMJGFBOEXBUFS tion zones”. On particularly wide rights of fowl in your region. traffic for mating or migrating seasons. Clearway the debris Department from underpasses also created and “natural other t1SPUFDUQPMMJOBUPST TPOHCJSETBOETNBMM WHY AND HOW WE CAN zones” beyond the “transition zones”. mammals. crossings. These natural areas are never mowed. The t4BWFNBJOUFOBODFEPMMBSTXJUISFEVDFEPROTECT WILDLIFE mowing and spraying. PLANTno-mowing NATIVE policy WILDFLOWERShas helped increase that bloom over time to benefit pollinators and t1SPUFDUSFHJPOBMOBUVSBMIFSJUBHFBOEWe have more to learn, as described by available wildlife habitat on more than highway users. Stephen scenic quality.Trombulak and Christopher 30,000 acres. Birds and butterflies flock to

Frissell in the 2000 Journal of Conservation the now-flourishing native wildflowers in HABITAT GOALS: PLANTthese natural NATIVE zones, DIVERSITY and many wildlife AFTER Biology, “Review of Ecological Effects of ERADICATING INVASIVE PLANTS to t1SPUFDUXIBUZPVIBWFBOEEPOPIBSN species utilize the habitat. Contact Phillip Roads on Terrestrial an Aquatic benefit a diversity of wildlife. Communities”.t&OIBODFBSFBTEFHSBEFECZJOWBTJWF They group potential Moore, (501) 569-2281 or species. impacts of roads on wildlife into seven cat- PARTNERphillip.moor [email protected] CONSERVATION.us t3FTUPSFOBUJWFQMBOUTQSFGFSSFECZOBUJWF egories: wildlife, especially pollinators. GROUPS like Pheasants Forever, Blue- birdSOUTH RecoveryDAKOTA Program,DEPARTMENT Wildlife OF Forever, t3FEVDFXJMEMJGFWFIJDMFDSBTIFTt.PSUBMJUZGSPN3PBE$POTUSVDUJPO AudubonTRANSPORTATION Society,: Theetc SDDOT abides poli- t*ODSFBTFCJPEJWFSTJUZCVČFSBOETBGFt.PSUBMJUZGSPN$PMMJTJPOTXJUI7FIJDMFT cy that restricts mowing on public roads t.PEJGJDBUJPOPG"OJNBM#FIBWJPS passage. t%JTSVQUJPOPG1IZTJDBM&OWJSPONFOU INVENTORYuntil the end of VEGETATION the nesting season. to locate and protect special wildlife habitats. Howt"MUFSBUJPOPG$IFNJDBM&OWJSPONFOU to Do It: Reduced mowing protects game birds that t4QSFBEPG&YPUJD4QFDJFT Referencesnest in the Cited:dense right-of-way grasses until t$IBOHFTJO)VNBO6TFPG-BOEBOECONSULT EXPERTISE of your State Dumke,they can R.T., protect and themselves. C.M. Pils. 1979. This Renest-policy conservationWater. agency and the Fish and ingprotects and dynamics both native of andnest non-nativesite selection birds, by Wildlife Service. Wisconsinimportant topheasants. the economy Journal and of ecology Wildlife of Highway projects destroy wildlife habitat, Managementthe State. Contact, 43:705-716. Dave Graves, (605) MOW LESS: Roadsides that have not been interrupt animal movements, and put crit- 773-5727 or [email protected] mowed for 3-5 years have up to three times

18713 Part 5 - CHAPTER 2 On-The-Ground Applications

helped. However, deer can be trapped WFederalISCONSIN HighwayDEPARTMENT Administration. OF 2003. References Cited: Defendersinside the of fencing, Wildlife, 2007.causing Getting havoc. Up ToUn- Speed: A TKeepingRANSPORTATION It Simple: –The Easy State Ways of Wisconsinto Help derpassesConservationist’s work Guide in locationsto Wildlife andwhere Highways. deer hostsWildlife the Along largest Roads population. Pub. No. of KarnerFHWA- blue EP-03-066, Washington D.C. naturallyWashington travel D.C. along streams, rivers and butterflies in the world. But because its low-lyingFederal Highway areas. Administration, They prefer 2003. earthen Keeping floors, it Simple, Easy Ways to Help Wildlife Along Roads. preferredHopwood, host, Jennifer. wild blue2008. lupine, Biological is scarce Conser- short and open underpasses with a height vation. University of Kansas. U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington the Karner blues have become endangered. D.C.and width of 15 feet. Planting of palatable TheNelson, DOT Carmelita, partnered 2009. with 22Personal public commu-and speciesNelson, Carmelita, and shrubs 2009. near Personal the structures communication. can privatenication. organizations to preserve existing helpTrombulak, direct S.C., deer and through C. Frissell, underpasses. 2000. “A review lupine patches and establish new plantings. of the ecological effects of roads on terrestrial and White, Patricia A. and Michelle Ernst. 2005. aquatic ecosystems.” Conservation Biology 14:18-30. The DOT also reduced mowing along 500 The Deer-Vehicle Crash Information and Second Nature, Improving Transportation miles of roadsides to further protect this Research Center is home to a pooled fund Without Putting Nature Second. Defenders of butterfly. Contact Gary Birch, (608) 266- transportation project. Eight State DOTs Wildlife. Washington D.C. are taking part in their research. You can 1017 or [email protected] HOW TO REDUCE DEER-VEHICLE become a pooled fund member by visiting the website below. COLLISIONS (DVC)

References Cited: Deer-vehicle collisions are a worldwide Danielson, B.J., and M.W. Hubbard. 1998. problem. Annual vehicle-related mortality A literature review for assessing the status of deer is estimated at 500,000 to 750,000 of current methods of reducing deer-vehicle animals, and the economic value of each collisions. Report to Iowa’s DOT and DNR. deer for hunting is between $500-1000. Iowa State University, Ames. However, it is human safety and property damage that prompt our vegetation man- Deer Vehicle Crash Information Clearing- agement decisions. Deer are in highway house at http://www.deercrash.com/ Keeping it Simple cover and text corridors for one of two reasons: they are spreads.... Durbin, Dennis. 2009. Personal attracted to a resource like salt or forage, communication. or they are crossing the road to another resource. Disturbances like blading or Gray, Mary. 2009. Personal communica- frequent low-height mowing attracts deer tion. to the new forage growth. These practices Johnson, Ann. 2008. Best Practices Hand- can be limited. book for Roadside Vegetation Management.

Minnesota State University, Mankato. Humans can reduce the risk of accidents by slowing down in signed deer crossing Johnson, C.W., L. Anderson. 1997. Utah’s areas. However, warning signs and high- Rural Roadsides for Wildlife Program: A way lighting have not proven to lower driv- Technical Manual. Utah State University, ers’ speeds. Studies show that more light, Logan. larger clear zones, and/or less vegetation Romin, L.A., and J.A. Bissonette. 1996. simply encourage drivers to drive faster. “Deer-vehicle collisions: status of state Drivers would benefit from understanding monitoring activities and mitigation ef- deer behavior, especially daily movement forts.” Wildlife Society Bulletin 24: 276-283 patterns and mating or migration seasons.

Public awareness can be increased. Simberloff, D., and J. Cox. 1987. “Conse- What vegetation management cannot ac- quences and costs of conservation cor- complish, fencing and underpasses have ridors.” Conservation Biology 1:63-71. 12188 Part 5 - CHAPTER 2 On-The-Ground Applications

HOW TO PROTECT MIGRATORY BIRD ing bird nests and young birds that have HOW TO MANAGE FOR How to Do It: HOWSPECIES TO PROTECT not fledged is required by MTBA. During WILDLIFE HABITIAT springCONSULT and EXPERTISE summer,of one your strategy State conserva-would be SUMMARY OF THE TREATY ACT: totion mow agency only andone theedge Fish swath and to Wildlife avoid an Studiest.FBEPXMBSLT CPCPMJOLTBOEPUIFS show that native roadsides attract accidentalService. “take”. After the birds have flown twice migratory as many grassland bees and birds almost are 50 facing percent on, a more complete mowing is allowed to serious population declines. Roadside control invasive plants, unless prohibited more bee species than roadsides in non- MOW LESS: Roadsides that have not been grasslands are often one of the last by State law. The States of Arkansas, Iowa, native grasses. Similar results were shown mowed for 3-5 years have up to three times habitats for them. Nebraska, South Dakota and Minnesota for butterflies. Grassland birds will nest as many nests per acre as those mowed tćF.JHSBUPSZ#JSE5SFBUZ"DU limit mowing and manage the timing of successfully in narrow corridors. In (MBTA) prohibits the “take” of listed anyannually. mowing 3-year to avoid mowings wildlife will conflicts. control Nebraska, birds, their 25% nests, of all eggs pheasants or young hatch (50 onCFR Constructionbrush. projects have come to a halt roadsides. 10.13). Roadsides often become edge to accommodate nesting swallows during habitatt1SPUFDUTBMMCJSET FYDFQUFYPUJDT UIBU in forested regions, and thereby bridgeADD HABITAT work. :Beestablish aware and native plan grasses for bird and serve cross as international conservation border.corridors to larger migrationsforbs; but avoidthat could red clover, conflict alfalfa, with sweet habitatt3FRVJSFTQFSNJUPSMJDFOTFGSPNUIF64 patches. In some intensely cultivat- upcomingclover and projects. similar species that attract deer ed Fish areas, and roadsides Wildlife are Service. the only grasslands or other large animals. habitatt"O.06CFUXFFO')8"XJUI64'84 available. References Cited: is under consideration, and a manual to Garrett,SPOT SPRAY Paul,: Avoid2009. sprayingPersonal native plants follow. communication. BENEFITS: and wildlife, especially petroleum-based t$PTUPGIBCJUBUBMSFBEZBDDPNQMJTIFEGPS Migratorycarriers that Bird can Treaty permeate Act of egg 1918 shells, and Proposed roadside vegetation other purposes relevantkilling theupdates embryo. www.fws.gov/laws/lawsdi- management methods can include: t*ODSFBTFIBCJUBUGPSXJMEMJGFBOEXBUFS gest/migtrea.html 1. Encourage establishment of native plants. 2.fowl Control in your invasive region plant species. Delay mowing until after birds have fledged. t1SPUFDUQPMMJOBUPST TPOHCJSETBOETNBMM3. Avoid or minimize the use of herbicides. HOW TO PROTECT POLLINATORS 4.mammals. Consider adjacent land use and MAINTAIN FENCES and provide safe passage. t4BWFNBJOUFOBODFEPMMBSTXJUISFEVDFE ecosystems as habitat. PlantingFencing nativecan channel vegetation wildlife on roadsidestraffic, for has 5.mowing Note wetland and spraying. and ROW stream corridors inadvertantlymating or migrating protected seasons. many pollinatorsClear debris t1SPUFDUSFHJPOBMOBUVSBMIFSJUBHFBOETDF as attractions. forfrom decades, underpasses roadsides and withother native crossings. vegeta- 6.nic Use quality. GIS to inventory and monitor tion. Twelve roadsides with native plants management. inP LANTIowa NATIVEwere surveyed WILDFLOWERS for abundancethat bloom and over H ABITAT GOALS: speciestime to richness benefit pollinatorsof disturbance-tolerant and highway and BENEFITS: habitat-sensitive butterflies. This survey was 1. Protect what you have and do no harm! users. t"WPJEDPTUMZDPOTUSVDUJPOEFMBZT compared to a nearby roadside dominated 2. Enhance areas degraded by invasive t"WPJEBDDJEFOUBMiUBLJOHTwPGCJSETCZ by nonnative legumes and/or grasses. The species. LANT NATIVE DIVERSITY AFTER ERADICATING mowers. speciesP richness of habitat-sensitive but- 3.t*NQSPWFXJMEMJGFIBCJUBUQSPUFDUJPO Restore native plants preferred by native terfliesINVASIVE increased PLANTS to two-fold benefit a ondiversity the restored of t*ODSFBTFQVCMJDBXBSFOFTTBOETVQQPSUwildlife, especially pollinators. rights-of-waywildlife. as compared to the nonna- 4. Reduce wildlife-vehicle crashes. tive roadsides. Tracking studies also deter- PARTNER WITH CONSERVATION GROUPS like 5.NOTE: Increase The biodiversity timing of buffermowing and is criticalsafe mined that butterflies were less likely to Pheasants Forever, Bluebird Recovery in passage.vegetation management work. Avoid- leave restored roadsides, implying less Program, Wildlife Forever, Audubon roadkill and the potential for roadsides to beSociety, used asetc. corridors by these insects. Perhaps highway corridors can continue to

18913 Part 5 - CHAPTER 2 On-The-Ground Applications

IserveNVENTORY as pollinator VEGETATION habitatto locate into theand future. protect towould a native benefit lupine from in Wiscon understandingsin and wasdeer specialAfter all,wildlife most habitats.roadsides border adjacent ripidlybehavior, losing especially suitable deer’s habitats. likely By dawn reduc- and farmlands and agriculture needs pollina- ingdusk mowing movements on 500 as miles well ofas roadsides,mating or tors to survive. The North American the state created significant additional References Cited: migration seasons. Public awareness can Dumke,Pollinator R.T., Protection and C.M. Pils. Campaign 1979. Renesting (NAPPC. and habitat. No money was spent and mainte- be increased. dynamicsorg) has ofrasied nest site national selection concern by Wisconsin about pheas- nance costs were reduced. The DOT took ants.the loss Journal of pollinators. of Wildlife Management NAPPC, contends43:705-716. a further step and deliberately planted the Federal Highway Administration. 2003. Keeping It What vegetation management cannot that insect pollinators produce nearly $20 native lupine with other native grassland Simple – Easy Ways to Help Wildlife Along Roads. accomplish, fencing and underpasses have Pub.billion No. worth FHWA-EP-03-066, of products Washington annually. D.C. Pol- species to expand habitat for this special Hopwood,linators have Jennifer. decreased 2008. Biological in numbers Conservation. due butterfly.helped. However,The cost deer was cannot behuge, trapped but public Universityto habitat of loss, Kansas. pesticide misuse, and the goodinside will the was. fencing causing havoc. Nelson,spread Carmelita,of invasive 2009. species. Personal Beetles, communication. bees, Underpasses work in locations where deer White, Patricia A. and Michelle Ernst. 2005. naturally travel along streams, rivers and Secondants, wasps, Nature, butterfliesImproving Transportation and moths Without pol- Puttinglinate theNature largest Second number. Defenders of plantof Wildlife. species. low-lying areas. They prefer earthen WashingtonHummingbirds, D.C. bats and small mammals floors, short and open underpasses with a help out. They are all necessary to life as height and width of 15 feet. Planting of we know it. HOW TO REDUCE palatable species and shrubs near the structures can help direct deer through under- A call for national policy is in the wind. DEER-VEHICLE COLLISIONS (DVC) passes. Federal agencies are focusing on pollina- WISDOT is one of 41 partners in the Habitat Conservation Plan to protect endangered Karner tors and signing Memorandums of Deer-vehicle collisions are a worldwide BluesThe andDeer-Vehicle restore their preferredCrash Information habitat. and Understanding for unprecedented co- problem. Annual mortality of deer is esti- Research Center is home to a pooled fund matedoperation. at 500,000 Pollination to 750,000 ecology animals. is not yet Referencestransportation Cited: project. Eight State DOTs Thewidely economic studied. value More of research a deer for is needed.hunting A national inventory of pollinators could Buchmann,are taking partStephen in their L. and research. Gary PaulYou can is between $500-1000. However, it is define a benchmark to determine if they Nabhan,1996.become a pooled The fundForgotten member Pollinators by visiting. human safety and property damage that need special protection. Monitoring of Islandthe website Press, Washingtonbelow. D.C. promptglobal trends our vegetation will also bemanagement necessary perdeci- Marinelli, Janet, 2008. The Wildlife Gar- sions.the “Ten Point Plan” described by Buch- References Cited: dener’s Guide. Brooklyn Botanic Garden, mann and Nabhan in The Forgotten Danielson, B.J., and M.W. Hubbard. 1998. A litera- Deer are in highway corridors for one of NY.ture review for assessing the status of current methods Pollinators. It could be far easier to adopt a of reducing deer-vehicle collisions. Report to Iowa’s twoprotection reasons: plan they than are to attracted adapt to to a aworld Merriman,DOT and DNR. James, Iowa 2009. State PersonalUniversity, com-Ames. resourcewithout pollinators.like salt or forage, or they are municationDeer Vehicle –Crash Wisconsin Information DOT. Clearinghouse Pollinator at crossing the road to another resource. Partnership,http://www.deer http://www.pollinator.orgcrash.com/

DisturbancesIS THERE Alike ROLE blading FOR or ROADSIDES? frequent low- Durbin, Dennis. 2009. Personal communication. Ries,Gray, Leslie, Mary. 2009. Diane Personal M. Debinski, communication. Michelle height mowing attracts deer to the new for- L.Johnson, Wieland, Ann. 2001. 2008. “Conservation Best Practices Handbook Value offor Why not? Wherever native vegetation age growth. These practices can be limited. RoadsideRoadside Vegetation Prairie Restoration Management. toMinnesota Butterfly State exists on roadsides, pollinators likely use University, Mankato. Communities”. Conservation Biology 15:2, it. Pollinators are an important reason Johnson, C.W., L. Anderson. 1997. Utah’s rural Humans would have less risk if they 401-411, Blackwell Science, Inc. Boston. to plant more native vegetation where roadsides for wildlife program: A technical manual. slowed down in signed deer crossing areas. Utah State University, Logan. Warningappropriate signs in oreach highway State. Recently,lighting have the Romin, L.A., and J.A. Bissonette. 1996. “Deer-vehi- Wisconsin Department of Transportation not proven to lower drivers’ speeds. cle collisions: status of state monitoring activities was approached by a local coalition of 22 and mitigation efforts.” Wildlife Society Bulletin Studies also show that more light, larger groups to protect the endangered Karner 24: 276-283 clearblue butterfly.zones, and/or The less Karner vegetation blue is simply specific Simberloff, D., and J. Cox. 1987. “Consequences encourage drivers to drive faster. Drivers and costs of conservation corridors.” Conservation Biology 1:63-71.

12190 Part 5 - CHAPTER 2 On-The-Ground Applications

HOW TO PROTECT NOTE: The timing of mowing will be critical in vegetation management work. MIGRATORY BIRD SPECIES Avoiding bird nests and young birds that Reviewed by Paul Garrett 6/D3<=B4:325327A@3?C7@320G#) During spring and summer, one strategy SUMMARY OF THE TREATY ACT: would be to mow only one edge swath to K#3/2=E:/@9A0=0=:7<9A/<2=B63@ avoid an accidental “take”. After the birds migratory grassland birds are facing seri- have flown on, a more complete mowing is ous population declines. Roadsides are allowed to control invasive plants, unless often one of the last places for them. prohibited by State law. The States of K)63 #75@/B=@G7@2)@3/BG1B Arkansas, Iowa, Nebraska, South Dakota (MBTA) prohibits the “take” of birds, and Minnesota limit mowing and manage their nests, eggs or young. the timing of any mowing to avoid wildlife K ' :7ABAB6307@2A>3173A conflicts. Construction projects have come K&@=B31BA/::07@2A3F13>B3F=B71AB6/B to a halt to accommodate nesting swallows cross international border. during bridge work. Be aware and plan for K1?C7@3>3@;7B=@:713@=D3E7:2:7436/07B/B>@=B31B7=< rights-of-way as compared to the nonnative K <1@3/A3>C0:71/E/@3<3AA/<2AC>>=@B roadsides. Tracking studies also deter-

19113 CHAPTER 1 Why An Ecological Approach

12192 CHAPTER 1 Why An Ecological Approach

19313 12194 PART 56 On-the-Ground Applications

Introduction Common Sense Tools CommonEPILOGUE Sense Tools “In the present times of shrinking funds more about how our environment works for transportationIn“In the the agencies, present present times timesthe trend of of shrinking shrinking in funds fundsand for whatfor transportation transportation the consequences agencies,agencies, of disturbance roadsidethe managementthe trend trend inin roadsideroadside has been managementmanagement toward the hashas beenbeenare. toward Ourtoward common the the ecological ecological sense hasapproach.” approach. increased. This ecological approach.”Dr. L. Foote, Director Environmentalbook doesStudies, not MnDOT choose the 1975. environment DR. L. E. FOOTE, DIRECTOR ENVIRONMENTALover humans;S TUDIESbut rather, 1975. connects the needs Dr. L. Foote, Director of both with solutions that can work for Environmental Studies, And here we go again, more than three decadesboth later. not Our with economy one size has fits faltered. all, but Fuelwith costsan MnDOT 1975. have skyrocketed. In the seventies, some Statesintegrated responded approach. with an ecological look at vegetation management. Will this be the time when all State Departments of Transportation And here we go again, more than three Climate change will push us to make more embrace an ecological approach? Perhaps if we had only called it “the common sense decades later. Our economy has faltered. common sense decisions and adapt to Fuelapproach” costs haveto begin skyrocketed. with, we Inmight the sev-already be adeptunknown during situations. changing The economic better climates.we under- enties, some States responded with an stand how the human and natural envi- ecologicalAfter all, an look ecological at vegetation approach manage- is based on howronments we connect are connected, with nature the and more the weecosys- will ment.tem services Will this nature be the provides time when us. Understanding all State succeed. these connections equates to common Departmentssense. During of settlement, Transportation it was embracecommon sense to try to control wildfires to protect new antowns. ecological What weapproach? did not Perhapsunderstand if we was had that byThis halting book wildfires, provides there hope werefor the conse- future, for onlyquences called in itnature. “the common Later, we sense understood approach” the importanceour relationship of fire inwith how the forests, environment, grasslands, and toand begin wetlands with, functionwe might and already used beour adept common sensefor the to survival reintroduce of our controlled changing fires. human and during changing economic climates. natural environment over time, as long as After all, an ecological approach is based This is not a condemnation of our ancestors, thewe early implement settlers. an They ecological did the approach best they or on how we connect with nature and the informed common sense. ecosystemcould with services the knowledge nature providesthey had us.at the time. Now we understand much more about Understandinghow our environment these connections works and whatequates the consequences of disturbance are. Our common tosense common has increased. sense. During This book settlement, does not it choose the environment over humans; but rather wasconnects common the needssense ofto bothtry to with control solutions wild- that can work for both not with one size fits all, firesbut with to protectan integrated new towns. approach. What we did not understand was that by halting wildfires, thereClimate were change consequences will push in us nature. to make Later, more common sense decisions and adapt to weunknown understood situations. the importance The better of we fire understand how the human and natural environments inare how connected, forests, grasslands,the more we and will wetlands succeed. function and used our common sense to reintroduce controlled fires. This book provides hope for the future, for our relationshiprelationship withwith thethe environment,environment, andand forfor thethe survivalsurvival of the human andand naturalnatural environmentsenvironments overover time,time, asas longlong asas wewe implementimplement anThis ecological is not a condemnationapproach or informed of our common sense. ancestors,an ecological the approachearly settlers. or informed They did common the sense. best they could with the knowledge they had at the time. Now we understand much

19513 Part 5 $)"15&30O5IF(SPVOE"QQMJDBUJPOT

CHAPTER 1 the statue (https://www.revisor.mn.gov/ CHAPTERBASIC MOWING STRATEGIES 1 4UBUFCPSEFST5IFJOWBTJWFXFFETBMTPEP statutes/?id=160.232).OPUSFTQFDUUIFTFCPVOEBSJFTXIJDIGVSUIFS HOW TO INTEGRATE HOW TO REDUCE MOWING DPNQMJDBUFTNBOBHFNFOU5IJTQVCMJDQSJ NOTE: Studies of old field succession show BENEFITS:ALL THE TOOLS WBUFBOENVMUJBHFODZQBSUOFSTIJQIBT that to deter woody invasion, forested t3FEVDFGVFMDPTU regionsGPDVTFEPOXFFEDPOUSPMBOESFWJFXUIFJS of the U.S. do not require mowing t3FEVDFFNJTTJPOT5IF(:"JTMJLFMZUIFMBSHFTUBOEPMEFTU moreKPJOUQMBOBOOVBMMZ#FDBVTFPGUIJT than once every five years. Use your t1SPUFDUOFTUJOHXJMEMJGFDSPTTCPVOEBSZNBOBHFNFOUQBSUOFSTIJQ understandingVOQSFDFEFOUFEDPPQFSBUJPO UIF(SFBUFS of regional succession (see t1SPUFDUOBUJWFSFNOBOUTUPEBZ5IFJSDPPQFSBUJPOIBTFYQBOEFE page:FMMPXTUPOF"SFBJTHFPHSBQIJDBMMZDPO 173 “Roadside Succesion”) to reduce t*NQSPWFNBJOUFOBODFTBGFUZTJODFB.FNPSBOEVNPG costsUJHVPVT FDPMPHJDBMMZJOUFSEFQFOEFOU BOE and wasted time. The benefits listed 6OEFSTUBOEJOH5IFTQSFBEPGJOWBTJWF aboveVOBMUFSBCMZMJOLFEFDPOPNJDBMMZ5IFZBSF will be your reward. RoadsideTQFDJFTOPXUISFBUFOTUIFPWFSBMMNBOBHF mowing has been part of the BOBUJPOBMNPEFMGPSQBSUOFSTIJQTXJUIPVU highwayNFOUPGUIJTOBUJPOBMQBSLUIBUDSPTTFT landscape since the 1930s. References Cited: QPMJUJDBMCPVOEBSJFT MowingNBOZQPMJUJDBMCPVOEBSJFT JODMVEJOHUISFF with horses cost 50 cents per Collins, Beryl Robichaud and Karl H. An- mowing mile swath. In the 1940s, highway derson. 1994. Plant Communities of New agencies transitioned to trucks with sickle Jersey. “The Natural Change of bars and herbicide application to lower the Vegetation in Time”, 13-17. Rutgers Uni- cost of roadside maintenance. versity Press, New Brunswick.

In the 1980s, wildlife groups observed that Stark, Richard. 2007. “Mowing Timeline”, many roadside-nesting game birds were page 37 in Roadside Weed Management, killed by mowers before young birds could Federal Highway Administration, Washington D.C. fledge. In response, the Minnesota and Michigan legislatures required a reduc- Subcommittee on Roadside tion of mowing by transportation entities Development Economics, 1940. throughout rural roads, including inter- Nineteenth Annual Meeting by the Joint states. They allowed only one mowing Committee on roadside Development, swath to keep the rights-of-way safe and Highway Research Board, and American clean. The only flexibility was a one month Association of State Highway Officials. window in the fall season to mow any part Washington D.C. or all of the right-of-way. This allowed maintenance to stop tree/shrub and exotic Harper-Lore, B.; M. Johnson; M. Skinner, plant encroachment. Reduced mowing has Eds. 2007. Roadside Weed Management, worked well and has not produced public U.S. DOT, FHWA. FHWA-HEP-07-017. pushback. A number of State DOTs are http://www.weedcenter.org reducing mowing without regulation for the same reasons and to add a measure of common sense to their workload. For example, Wisconsin has reduced mowing by strategically timing their mowing efforts. This has led to the protection of endangered Karner Blue butterflies. The complete 1989 Minnesota statute is available online (https://www.revisor.mn.gov/laws/?doctyp e=Chapter&year=1989&type=0&id=179) In the 30s, mowing was reported to cost 50 cents per along with the most recent version of lane mile. Savings were found by attaching the blade to a truck. 12196 Part 5 $)"15&30O5IF(SPVOE"QQMJDBUJPOT

Minnesota’s Reduced Mowing Law HOW TO REDUCE MOWING A Model SinceFODSPBDINFOU3FEVDFENPXJOHIBT 1985 2011 MinnesotaXPSLFEXFMMXJUIPVUQVCMJDQVTICBDL Statutes: " BENEFITS: 160.232 MOWING DITCHESOVNCFSPG4UBUF%05TBSFSFEVDJOHNPX OUTSIDE CITIES (a)t3FEVDFGVFMDPTU To provide enhanced roadside habitat for nestingJOHXJUIPVUSFHVMBUJPOGPSUIFTUBUFESFB birds and other small wildlife, road authoritiest3FEVDFFNJTTJPOT may not mow or till the right-of-wayTPOTBOEUPBEEBNFBTVSFPGDPNNPO of a highway located outside of a home rulet1SPUFDUOFTUJOHXJMEMJGF charter or statutory city except as allowed inTFOTFUPUIFJSXPSLMPBE'PSFYBNQMF this section and section 160.23. (b)t1SPUFDUOBUJWFSFNOBOUT On any highway, the first eight feet away from8JTDPOTJOIBTSFEVDFENPXJOHCZTUSBUFHJ the road surface, or shoulder if one exists,t*NQSPWFNBJOUFOBODFTBGFUZ may be mowed at any time. DBMMZUJNJOHUIFJSNPXJOHFGGPSUT5IJTIBT (c) An entire right-of-way may be mowed after MFEUPUIFQSPUFDUJPOPGFOEBOHFSFE,BSOFSJuly 31. From August 31 to the following July3PBETJEFNPXJOHIBTCFFOQBSUPGUIF 31, the entire rightof- way may only be mowed#MVFCVUUFSGMJFT if necessary for safety reasons, but mayIJHIXBZMBOETDBQFTJODFUIFT not be mowed to a height of less than 12 inches. (d))JHIXBZBHFODJFTUSBOTJUJPOFEUPUSVDLT A right-of-way may be mowed as necessary NOTE:to maintain4UVEJFTPGPMEGJFMETVDDFTTJPO sight distance for safety and mayXJUITJDLMFCBSTBOEIFSCJDJEFBQQMJDBUJPO be mowed at other times under rules of theTIPXUIBUNPXJOHXJUIJOGPSFTUFESFHJPOT commissioner, or by ordinance of a local roadJOUIFT UPMPXFSUIFDPTUPGSPBETJEF authority not conflicting with the rules of PGUIF64EPOPUSFRVJSFNPXJOHUPEFUFSthe commissioner. (e)NBJOUFOBODF.PXJOHXJUIIPSTFTDPTU A right-of-way may be mowed, burned, or tilledXPPEZJOWBTJPO NPSFUIBOPODFFWFSZGJWF to prepare the right-of-way for the establishmentDFOUTQFSNPXJOHNJMFTXBUI of permanent vegetative cover or ZFBST6TFZPVSVOEFSTUBOEJOHPGSFHJPOBMfor prairie vegetation management. (f) When feasible, road authorities are encouragedTVDDFTTJPOUPSFEVDFDPTUTBOEXBTUFE to utilize low maintenance, native vegetation*OUIFT XJMEMJGFHSPVQTPCTFSWFEUIBU that reduces the need to mow, provides wildlifeUJNF5IFCFOFGJUTMJTUFEBCPWFXJMMCF habitat, and maintains public safety. (g)NBOZSPBETJEFOFTUJOHHBNFCJSETXFSF The commissioner of natural resources shallZPVSSFXBSE cooperate with the commissioner of transportationLJMMFECZNPXFSTCFGPSFZPVOHCJSETDPVME to provide enhanced roadside habitat for nesting birds and other small For more information: wildlife.GMFEHF*OSFTQPOTF UIF.JOOFTPUBBOE $PMMJOT #FSZM3PCJDIBVEBOE,BSM)"OEFSTPO .JDIJHBOMFHJTMBUVSFTSFRVJSFEBSFEVDUJPO Plant Communities of New Jerseyi5IF Minnesota’sPGNPXJOHCZ5SBOTQPSUBUJPOFOUJUJFT rural reduced mowing act has been/BUVSBM$IBOHFPG7FHFUBUJPOJO5JNFw in effect since 1985. The adoption of 3VUHFST6OJWFSTJUZ1SFTT /FX#SVOTXJDL thisUISPVHIPVUSVSBMSPBET JODMVEJOHJOUFS law was driven by Pheasants Forever and their concern about diminished pheasant habitat in the Midwest. The law was written in 4UBSL 3JDIBSE recognition that roadsideRoadside corridors Weed provide TUBUFT5IFZBMMPXFEPOMZPOFNPXJOH Management i.PXJOH5JNFMJOFw QBHF habitat for many nesting birds including songbirds and other small wildlife. Ironically, TXBUIUPLFFQUIFSJHIUTPGXBZTBGFBOE 'FEFSBM)JHIXBZ"ENJOJTUSBUJPO 8BTIJOHUPO%$ these corridors have also proven to be refuges for threatened and endangered species like UJEZ5IFPOMZGMFYJCJMJUZJTBPOFNPOUI 4VCDPNNJUUFFPO3PBETJEF%FWFMPQNFOU the prairie fringed orchid in Minnesota, foamflower&DPOPNJDT and fairy shrimpNineteenth in Annual California, Meeting the by the gopherXJOEPXJOUIFGBMMTFBTPOUPNPXBOZQBSU tortoise in Mississippi, bog turtles in Maryland,Joint Committee pitcher on roadsideplants inDevelopment, Virginia and Highway the KarnerPSBMMPGUIFSJHIUPGXBZ5IJTBMMPXFE Blue Butterfly in Wisconsin. Research Board, and American Association of State NBJOUFOBODFUPTUPQUSFFTISVCBOEFYPUJD Highway Officials. 8BTIJOHUPO%$ In addition to benefiting wildlife conservation, reduced mowing potentially reduces annual maintenance costs and carbon emissions from mowers. In our changing future, less mowing could result in increased carbon sequestration in highway rights-of-way, thus increasing roadside conservation value even more. Because the traveling public has not objected to one mowing swath along the pavement and driving safety is not compromised, more States might consider the Minnesota model.

The conservation organization, Pheasants Forever, supported the reduced mowing law to protect wildlife habitat during nesting.

19713 Part 5 $)"15&30O5IF(SPVOE"QQMJDBUJPOT

CHAPTER 2

HOW TOBASIC USE SPRAYING HERBICIDES STRATEGIES ON ROADSIDES NOTE: When the public understands HOW TO USE BOEPVSMBSHFSFOWJSPONFOU"MMXFEPPO our constraints with vegetation manage- GOALS: SJHIUTPGXBZJTWJTJCMFBOEBDDPVOUBCMFUP HERBICIDES ON ROADSIDES ment, they are likely to support the use of t"TTVSFQFSTPOOFMTBGFUZ UIFQVCMJD6TFZPVSCFTUDPNNPOTFOTF herbicides like the New Jersey Audubon t1SPUFDUXBUFSTVQQMJFTGOALS: Society (NJAS) did in 2006. NJAS sup- t"WPJEDSPQEBNBHF NOTE: 8IFOUIFQVCMJDVOEFSTUBOET t"TTVSFQFSTPOOFMTBGFUZ ports the use of herbicides in activities t1SPUFDUXJMEMJGFIBCJUBU t1SPUFDUXBUFSTVQQMJFT PVSDPOTUSBJOUTXJUIWFHFUBUJPONBOBHFwhere ecological restoration or wildlife t&SBEJDBUFOPYJPVTXFFET t"WPJEDSPQEBNBHF NFOU UIFZBSFMJLFMZUPTVQQPSUUIFVTFPGhabitat management is the objective and t3FEVDFNBOBHFNFOUDPTUT t1SPUFDUXJMEMJGFIBCJUBU IFSCJDJEFTMJLFUIF/FX+FSTFZ"VEVCPOwhen no other effective alternative is t4USFOHUIFOBOJOUFHSBUFEBQQSPBDI t&SBEJDBUFOPYJPVTXFFET 4PDJFUZ /+"4 EJEJO/+"4TVQavailable. t#FBHPPEOFJHICPS t3FEVDFNBOBHFNFOUDPTUT QPSUTUIFVTFPGIFSCJDJEFTJOBDUJWJUJFT XIFSFFDPMPHJDBMSFTUPSBUJPOPSXJMEMJGFReferences cited: Althought4USFOHUIFOBOJOUFHSBUFEBQQSPBDI we have a number of National Cooperative Highway Research managementt#FBHPPEOFJHICPS tools, herbicides remain one IBCJUBUNBOBHFNFOUJTUIFPCKFDUJWFBOE Program 14-16, 2009. Ian Heap, Et Al. of the most cost-efficient. For some weed XIFOOPPUIFSFGGFDUJWFBMUFSOBUJWFJTBWBJM Vegetation Management Guidelines. species,"MUIPVHIXFIBWFBOVNCFSPGNBOBHF herbicides are the only answer at BCMF Transportation Research Board, Washing- thisNFOUUPPMT IFSCJDJEFTSFNBJOPOFPGUIF time. Thanks to the herbicide industry ton D.C. forNPTUDPTUFGGJDJFOU'PSTPNFXFFE all the training they make available to References cited: Federal, State, County and Municipal /BUJPOBM$PPQFSBUJWF)JHIXBZ3FTFBSDI1SPHSBNIndustry representatives are available for TQFDJFT IFSCJDJEFTBSFUIFPOMZBOTXFSBU *BO)FBQ &U"M agencies.UIJTUJNF5IBOLTUPUIFIFSCJDJEFJOEVTUSZ Every applicator training I have Vegetationtraining Managementand research Guidelines projects.5SBOTQPSUBUJPO experiencedGPSBMMUIFUSBJOJOHUIFZNBLFBWBJMBCMFUP begins with two basics: ap- 3FTFBSDI#PBSE 8BTIJOHUPO%$ *OEVTUSZSFQSFTFOUBUJWFTBSFBWBJMBCMFGPSUSBJOJOH plicator'FEFSBM 4UBUF $PVOUZBOE.VOJDJQBMBHFO safety and herbicide labels. This HOW TO SPOT-SPRAY NOXIOUS WEEDS section will not attempt to simplify the BOESFTFBSDIQSPKFDUT DJFT&WFSZBQQMJDBUPSUSBJOJOH*IBWFFYQF important aspects of calibration, equip- SJFODFECFHJOTXJUIUXPCBTJDTBQQMJDBUPS Hundreds of dollars worth of goodwill and ment, efficacy rates, mixing, application or TBGFUZBOEIFSCJDJEFMBCFMT5IJTTFDUJPO wildflowers can be destroyed by not sticking disposal of herbicides, but rather encour- to the spot sprayingHOW TO policy.SPOT-SPRAY XJMMOPUBUUFNQUUPTJNQMJGZUIFJNQPSUBOU age these annual training sessions to keep Nebraska Department of Roads. BTQFDUTPGDBMJCSBUJPO FRVJQNFOU FGGJDBDZ NOXIOUS WEEDS personnel and contractors up to date and SBUFT NJYJOH BQQMJDBUJPOPSEJTQPTBMPG safe. I suggest that more plant identifica- Blanket-sprayingHundreds of dollars is worthcommon of goodwill in some and IFSCJDJEFT CVUSBUIFSFODPVSBHFUIFTF tion training be given to avoid spraying States.wildflowers The canpublic be destroyedis not impressed by not sticking and mistakes.BOOVBMUSBJOJOHTFTTJPOTUPLFFQQFSTPOOFM Good record-keeping is critical complainsto the spot sprayingoften when policy. they/FCSBTLB see vegetative toBOEDPOUSBDUPSTVQUPEBUFBOETBGF*TVH prove our success. An annual vegetation cover%FQBSUNFOUPG3PBET#MBOLFUTQSBZJOHJT replaced by soil erosion and invasive managementHFTUUIBUNPSFQMBOUJEFOUJGJDBUJPOUSBJOJOH plan can guide your work to plants. We can do better. Killing all vegeta- DPNNPOJOTPNF4UBUFT5IFQVCMJDJTOPU efficientlyCFHJWFOUPBWPJETQBSZJOHNJTUBLFT(PPE use limited budgets and demon- tion to eradicate a noxious weed is not JNQSFTTFEBOEDPNQMBJOTPGUFO5IFZTFF strateSFDPSELFFQJOHJTDSJUJDBMUPQSPWFPVS value. effective over time, increases weed infesta- UIFUPUBMMPTTPGWFHFUBUJWFDPWFSSFQMBDFE XPSL"OBOOVBMWFHFUBUJPONBOBHFNFOU tions, and it is an eyesore to the traveling Base your plan on vegetation invento- CZTPJMFSPTJPOBOEJOWBTJWFQMBOUT8F QMBODBOHVJEFZPVSXPSLUPFGGJDJFOUMZVTF public. By spraying all vegetation, we lose ries of all rights-of-way in order to plan DBOEPCFUUFS,JMMJOHBMMWFHFUBUJPOUP MJNJUFECVEHFUTBOEEFNPOTUSBUFWBMVF benefits plants provide in the rights-of-way. wisely, and to document success or a need TheFSBEJDBUFBOPYJPVTXFFEJTOPUFGGFDUJWF only vegetation that will return are the to return to a site. We are responsible for speciesPWFSUJNF JODSFBTFTXFFEJOGFTUBUJPOT BOE in the soil seed bank and that often #BTFZPVSQMBOPOWFHFUBUJPOJOWFOUPSJFTPG protecting our people, our rights-of-way meansJUJTBOFZFTPSFUPUIFUSBWFMJOHQVCMJD#Z more invasive plants. Blanket spray- BMMSJHIUTPGXBZJOPSEFSUPQMBOXJTFMZ and our larger environment. All we do on ingTQSBZJOHBMMWFHFUBUJPO XFMPTFCFOFGJUT is no longer an option. BOEUPEPDVNFOUTVDDFTTPSBOFFEUP rights-of-way is visible and accountable to QMBOUTQSPWJEFJOUIFSJHIUTPGXBZ5IF theSFUVSOUPBTJUF8FBSFSFTQPOTJCMFGPS public. Use your best common sense! POMZWFHFUBUJPOUIBUXJMMSFUVSOBSFUIF QSPUFDUJOHPVSQFPQMF PVSSJHIUTPGXBZ TQFDJFTJOUIFTPJMTFFECBOLBOEUIBU

12198 Part 5 - $)"15&30O5IF(SPVOE"QQMJDBUJPOT

BENEFITS:means more invasive plants. Blanket- Nebraskacific solutions Department in this book of Roads. on the 2009 follow- t&SBEJDBUFPOMZOPYJPVTXFFETspraying is no longer an option. Roadsideing pages. Vegetation- Establishment and t1SPUFDUOFTUJOHXJMEMJGF Management. Lincoln, NE. t"WPJENPTUQPMMJOBUPSTBENEFITS: References cited: +PIOTPO "OO.Best Practices Handbook t4BWFIFSCJDJEFEPMMBSTt&SBEJDBUFOPYJPVTXFFETPOMZ t*NQSPWFQVCMJDSFMBUJPOT for Roadside Vegetation Management. t1SPUFDUOFTUJOHXJMEMJGF .JOOFTPUB4UBUF6OJWFSTJUZ .BOLBUP t"WPJEBHSJDVMUVSFDPNQMBJOUT t"WPJENPTUQPMMJOBUPST /FCSBTLB%FQBSUNFOUPG3PBETHighway Mowing t"WPJEDIFNJDBMTFOTJUJWFOFJHICPST t4BWFIFSCJDJEFEPMMBST Guide 4FDUJPO** 4QFDJGJD*OTUSVDUJPOT-JODPMO

Int*NQSPWFQVCMJDSFMBUJPOT order to have an effective spot-spraying t"WPJEBHSJDVMUVSFDPNQMBJOUT program, crews or contractors must be HOW TO MINIMIZE well-trained.t"WPJEDIFNJDBMTFOTJUJWFOFJHICPST Applicators actually have to be able to identify the noxious weed HERBICIDE RESISTANCE speciesIn order they to have are targeting. an effective They spot-spraying must also beprogram, able to crewsidentify or vegetationcontractors to must avoid, be like Experts agree that there are currently more endangeredXFMMUSBJOFE"QQMJDBUPSTBDUVBMMZIBWFUP species, native remnants, and UIBOIFSCJDJEFSFTJTUBOUXFFETQFDJFT nativebe able wildflower to identify theplantings. noxious Whileweed this JO/PSUI"NFSJDB XJUIFWFONPSFPOUIFJS increasesspecies they required are targeting. training Theytime, mustit reduces also way to becoming resistant. If you count on compliancebe able to identify time and vegetation ecological to losses.avoid, like herbicides to do your job, it is not so Spotspraying requires more skill with endangered species, native remnants, important to know how and why certain equipment and therefore the more experi- native wildflower plantings, etc. This will QMBOUTCFDPNFSFTJTUBOU"MUIPVHITPNF enced applicators must lead efforts. plants are being impacted by a change in increase training time, but reduce com- Utah’s on-board GPS provides accurate climate and are becoming resistant*. This Spot-sprayingQMBJOUUJNFBOEFDPMPHJDBMMPTTFT4QPU records must be kept and record-keeping as a benchmark for future is management.not something you can control. But you assessed.spraying requiresThis is morewhen skillGPS withwill beequip- useful can minimize resistance by the practices toment internal and therefore forces or thecontractors. more experienced GPS data you chose.. Knowing some basic principles canapplicators help protect must locations lead efforts. to avoid as well. HOW TO MINIMIZE HERBICIDE and wise use of herbicides helps you avoid The location of the noxious weeds can RESISTANCE require4QPUTQSBZJOHSFDPSETNVTUCFLFQUBOE different control products and resistance problems. methods.BTTFTTFE5IJTJTXIFO(14XJMMCFVTFGVM Of course, each noxious weed is Experts agree that there are currently vulnerableUPJOUFSOBMGPSDFTPSDPOUSBDUPST(14EBUB to different herbicides. moreKOCHIA thanRESISTANCE 300 herbicide: resistant weed Learningcan help protectthe best locations solution tocomes avoid with as well. species4FWFSBMZFBSTBHP BOFX IJHIMZUPVUFE in North America, with even more experience and research. Check for The location of the noxious weeds can onfamily their of way herbicides to becoming was used resistant. extensively If you expertise with your State Department of require different products and methods. countto solve on agricultural herbicides toand do roadside your job, weed it is Agriculture and within your DOT. Two Guardrails, drainage ditches, landscape notQSPCMFNTJOUIF8FTU&YUSFNFMZFGGFDUJWF so important to know how and why examples are provided below. Also note certainBUDPOUSPMMJOH OFBSMZDPOUSPM plants become resistant. How- species-specificplantings, rip-rap, solutions etc need in different this book solu- on ever,Kochia some and plants several are other being common impacted weeds, by a theUJPOT0GDPVSTF FBDIOPYJPVTXFFEJT following pages. changemany state in climate and local and agencies, are becoming professional resist- vulnerable to different herbicides. ant. This is not something you can control. References cited: herbicide contractors, and farmers rapidly Learning the best solution comes with But you can minimize resistance by the adopted these herbicides, prompting wide- Johnson,experience Ann and M. research. 2008. Best Check Practices with your practices you chose. Knowing some basic spread use. Unfortunately, because we Handbook4UBUF%FQBSUNFOUPG"HSJDVMUVSFBOE for Roadside Vegetation Manage- principles for the wise use of ment.FYQFSUJTFXJUIJOZPVS%055XPFYBNQMFT Minnesota State University, Mankato. herbicidesignored a few helps principles, you avoid resistant resistance Kochia BSFQSPWJEFECFMPX"MTPOPUFTQFDJFTTQF problems.spread rapidly and uncontrollably through- PVUUIF8FTU CFDPNJOHBNBKPSBOETFSJ

19913 Part 5 - $)"15&30O5IF(SPVOE"QQMJDBUJPOT

ousKOCHIA crop, safety RESISTANCE: and fire danger problem. It t"WPJESFQFUJUJPOPGBTFMFDUJWFIFSCJDJEF t"WPJESFQFUJUJPOPGBTFMFDUJWFIFSCJ tookSeveral industry, years ago, applicators, a new, highly weed toutedscientists, tankcide, mix, tank or herbicide mix, or herbicide with the samewith the andfamily other of herbicides users to collectively was used extensivelydevelop modesame of action.mode of Historically, action.. Historically, the most the solutions.to solve agricultural In the meantime, and roadside many commer-weed problematicmost problematic resistant weedresistance species weed problems in the West. Extremely effective we deal with are the result of over-using cial applicators faced huge financial losses species we deal with are the result of at controlling (nearly 100% control) herbicides with the same or similar and the credibility of roadside management over-using herbicides with the same or Kochia and several other common weeds, modes of action. manyplans sufferedstate and greatly. local agencies, You can helpprofessional avoid a similar modes of action. similar fate by using these few simple herbicide contractors, and farmers rapidly t4IBSFZPVSFYQFSJFODFTXJUIPUIFSWFHFUBt4IBSFZPVSFYQFSJFODFTXJUIPUIFSWFH rules: adopted these herbicides, prompting wide- tionetation managers. managers. Keep up Keep with up the with the spreadt"WPJEGBWPSJOHPOFNBOBHFNFOU use. Unfortunately, because we informationinformation provided provided by contractors,by contractors, ignored a few principles, resistant Kochia suppliers, and the agricultural strategy. Mix it up by using integrated suppliers, and the agricultural commu- spread rapidly and uncontrollably through- community in your area. management: mowing, prescribed nity in your area. out the West, becoming a serious crop, safetyburns, and fire-danger biological controls, problems. tank mixes, ti"T$0DBSCPOEJPYJEFJODSFBTFT rotational treatments, even let the area *glyphosate “As carbon efficacy dioxide increasesis reduced.” , glyphosate And as It tookto lieindustry, fallow applicators,for a year. weed scien- efficacylevels change, is reduced.” invasives And are as likelylevels tochange, invasives are likely to increase. We can no tists,t8BUDIGPSXFFETMFTTTVTDFQUJCMFUP and other users to collectively develop increase. We can no longer assume that solutions. In the meantime, many commer- longerwhat worked assume inthat the what past worked will work in thein thepast your treatment to re-appear. Not all cial applicators faced huge financial losses willfuture. work (Ziska, in the 2004) future. (Ziska, 2004) plants that look alike are the same and the credibility of roadside manage- FDPUZQF"WPJEDPOUSPMMJOHPOFOPY ment plans suffered greatly. You can help ReferencesReferences cited: cited: avoidious a similar weed whilefate by unknowingly using these fewencour- http://www.extension.umn.eduhttp://www.extension.umn.edu and other and other simpleaging rules: the spread of another. Good UniversityUniversity Extensions Extensions report report research. research. plant identification and monitoring are http://www.wssa.net 8FFE4DJFODF4PDJFUZPG http://www.wssa.net"NFSJDBTIPXMJTUPGFDPUZQFT - Weed Science Society t"WPJEGBWPSJOHPOFNBOBHFNFOUTUSBUFHZrequired. ofhttp://www America.ars.usda.gov show list of– research 332 ecotypes. on herbicide Mix it up by using integrated manage- resistance t.POJUPSBOEFSBEJDBUFUIFVOBGGFDUFE ment: mowing, prescribed burns, bio- http://www.ars.usda.govLore, Gary, 2009. Personal communication. – research on logicalsmall controls, percentage tank of mixes, a weed rotational population herbicideZiska, Lew, resistance 2004. Weed Science 52:584-588, 2004. i$MJNBUF$IBOHFBOE*OWBTJWF8FFETw treatments,that the herbicide or even let does the not area affect. lie Lore, Gary, 2009. Personal communication. fallowTheir for offspring a year. are likely to be resistant and reproduce. Ziska, Lew, 2004. “Climate Change and t8BUDIGPSXFFETMFTTTVTDFQUJCMFUPZPVS Invasive Weeds” Weed Science 52:584-588 treatment to re-appear. Not all plants that look alike are the same ecotype. Avoid controlling one noxious weed while unknowingly encouraging the spread of another. Good plant identification and monitoring are required. t.POJUPSBOEFSBEJDBUFUIFTNBMMQFSDFOU age of a weed population that the herbicide does not affect. Their offspring are likely to be resistant and reproduce.

12200 Part 5 - CHAPTER 1 On-The-Ground Applications

CHAPTERHOW TO CONTROL 403 COMMON INVASIVE PLANTS chosenHOW by TOthe CONTROL authors of 40 NCHRP COMMON 14-16, - Heavy grazing sets plant up to chemical are describedINVASIVE with specific PLANTS treatments for BUFFELGRASS,or drought death. (Pennisetum ciliare) - Chemical control: fluazifop, glyphosate, each species, including effective chemical hexazinone, or tebuthiuron. andSpecies non-chemical chosen by controls.the authors See of above NCHRP doc- CANADA THISTLE, (Cirsium arvense) 14-16 are described with specific treat- -- Chemical Non-chemical: control: mowing aminopyralid, and burning chlorsul- in ument for specific methods, rates and tim- combination with herbicide. ments for each, including effective chemi- furon, clopyralid (+), dicamba, ing. Other references are available for - Heavy grazing makes plant susceptible cal and non-chemical controls. See the glyphosate, metsufuron methyl, picloram, identificationNCHRP document of species for specificin the field. methods, to chemical treatment or drought. triclopy (+). rates and timing. Other references are - Non-chemical: Repeated mechanical AavailableUTUMN OLIVEfor identification, (Elaeagnus umbellata of species) in the CANADA THISTLE, (Cirsium arvense) -field. Chemical control: triclopyr, glyphosate, -methods; Chemical multiple control: mowings,aminopyralid, sheep chlor and dicamba and 2,4-D. goat sulfuron, grazing clopyralid reduces (+),seed dicamba, production, -AUTUMN Non-chemical: OLIVE, Pulling (Elaeagnus of seedlings; umbellata) cut well-timed glyphosate, burning metsufuron with other;methyl, competi- - treesChemical and treat, control: or girdling. triclopyr, glyphosate, tive picloram, plantings, triclopy and (+).several biocontrols. dicamba and 2,4-D. - Non-chemical: repeated mechanical B- ERMUDAGRASSNon-chemical:, ( CynodonPull seedlings; dactylon cut) trees C HEATGRASS methods;/D multipleOWNY BROME mowings,, sheep and - Chemicaland treat, control:or girdle. fluazifop, glyphosate, ( Bromus goat grazing tectorum reduces) seed production, sethoxydim. - Chemical well-timed control: burning atrazine, with other; fluazifop, competitive plantings, and several bio- -BERMUDAGRASS, Non-chemical: cultivate (Cynodon 2-3 times dactylon) and glyphosate, imasapic, paraquat, pron- controls. - removalChemical of control: vegetative fluazifop, parts. glyphosate, amide, quizalofop, sethoxydim, sethoxydim. - Shading by other plants and/or mulches sulfometuron. - Non-chemical: cultivate 2-3 times and CHEATGRASS/DOWNY BROME, to suppress growth. - Non-chemical: Shallow disking after ger- remove vegetative parts. (Bromus tectorum) - Shading by other plants and/or mulches -mination; Chemical burning control: afteratrazine, plants fluazifop, have dried BIRDSFOOT TREFOIL, (Lotus corniculatus) to suppress growth. only; glyphosate, moderate imasapic, grazing paraquat,and revegetation prona- - Chemical control: aminopyralid, clopy- with mide, competitive quizalofop, species sethoxydim, in combination. sulfome- BIRDSFOOTralid, 2,4-D, triclopyr.TREFOIL, (Lotus cornicula- turon. -tus) Resistant to glyphosate. C- HINESENon-chemical: TALLOWTREE shallow, (Sapium disking sebiferum after ) - Non-chemical:Chemical control: Repeated aminopyralid, clipping reduces - Chemical germination; control: burning glyphosate, (after triclopyr,plants have seedsclopyralid, and weakens 2,4-D, triclopyr. roots. imazapyr, dried only); fosamine, moderate or hexazinone.grazing and - Resistant to glyphosate. - Non-chemical: revegetation with Cut competitivetrees at ground level B- LACKNon-chemical: LOCUST,(Robinia repeated pseudoacacia clipping reduces) and species treat in resprouts. combination. - Chemicalseeds and control: weakens glyphosate, roots. triclopyr, picloram or fosamine. CCHINESEOGONGRASS TALLOWTREE,/SPEARGRASS, (Sapium -BLACK Non-chemical: LOCUST, Mechanical (Robinia pseudoacacia)cutting or (sebiferum)Imperata cylindrical) - girdlingChemical only control: if repeated glyphosate, or herbiciding triclopyr, -- Chemical Chemical control: control: fluazifop, glyphosate, triclopyr, fresh-cutpicloram stems.or fosamine. The black locust borer glyphosate(+), imazapyr, fosamine, or imazapyr. or hexazinone. - Non-chemical: cut trees at ground level - doesNon-chemical: damage in mechanicalits native Appalachian cutting or - Non-chemical: Tillage or mowing in and treat resprouts. region.girdling No only USDA if repeated biocontrols or herbiciding exist. combination with herbicide fresh-cut stems. The black locust borer -COGONGRASS/SPEARGRASS, Revegetation after control and burning B UFFELGRASSdoes damage, (Pennisetum in its native ciliare)Appalachian (Imperataprior to herbicide. cylindrical) - Chemicalregion. No control: USDA fluazifop,approved glyphosate,biocontrols exist. - Chemical control: fluazifop, glypho- hexazinone, or tebuthiuron. C OMMON sate(+), BUCKTHORN or imazapyr., (Rhamnus cathartica) - Non-chemical: mowing and burning in -- Chemical Non-chemical: control: tillage glyphosate, or mowing triclopyr, in combination with herbicide. fosamine, combination picloram, with herbicide. or hexazinone.

20113 Part 5 - CHAPTER 1 On-The-Ground Applications

HOW TO CONTROL 40 COMMON INVASIVE PLANTS

- RevegetationNon-chemical: after Pulling, control mowing and with her- H simazine,OARY CRESS imazapic,/WHITETOP imazapyr., (Cardaria draba) bicideburning of priorre-sprouts. to herbicide. - Non-chemical:Chemical control: 2-3 chlorsulfuron, mowings during 2,4-D, dicamba(+),growing season glyphosate, for a few MCPA, years; ormetsul- deep cultivation to kill plants. COMMONCOMMON REED BUCKTHORN,,(Phragmites australis (Rhamnus) furon methyl, sulfometuron methyl. cathartica) - Chemical control: glyphosate, imazapyr, - Non-chemical: Repeated cultivation and - Chemicalfluazifop-P. control: glyphosate, triclopyr, HOARY CRESS/WHITETOP, (Cardaria draba)clean equipment. Sheep and goat graz- - Non-chemical:fosamine, picloram, Cutting or andhexazinone. flooding pos- - Non-chemical: pulling, mowing with - Chemicaling; flooding control: for 2 chlorsulfuron,months; mowing 2,4-D, with sible on some sites. herbicide of re-sprouts. competitivedicamba(+), cropping. glyphosate, MCPA, metsul furonmethyl, sulfometuron methyl. CROWNVETCH/TRAILING,(Coronilla varia) COMMON REED, (Phragmites australis) -J APANESENon-chemical: KNOTWEED repeated,(Polygonum cultivation cuspida- and - Chemical control: aminopyralid, clopy- - Chemical control: glyphosate, imazapyr, tum/Fallopia clean equipment; japonica sheep) and goat grazing; ralid, 2,4-D, glyphosate, metsulfuron fluazifop-P. - Chemicalflooding forcontrol: 2 months; glyphosate, mowing triclopyr, with - Non-chemical:methyl, and triclopyr. cutting and flooding orcompetitive imazapyr. cropping. - Non-chemical:possible on some remove sites. manually or by - Non-chemical: Mowing followed by cutting or burning, then treat cut stems; JAPANESEherbicide. KNOTWEED, (Polygonum CROWNVETCH/TRAILING,revetetation, late spring prescribed (Coronilla burns, cuspidatum/Fallopia japonica) varia)grazing in combination only. -J APANESEChemical STILTGRASS control:, glyphosate, triclopyr, - Chemical control: aminopyralid, ( Microstegium or imazapyr. vimineum) D clopyralid,IFFUSE KNAPWEED 2,4-D,, (glyphosate,Centaurea diffusa ) - Non-chemical:Chemical control: mowing fluazifop, followed glufosinate, by - Chemicalmetsulfuronmethyl, control: aminopyralid, and triclopyr. clopy- glyphosate,herbicide. imazapic, oryzalin, - Non-chemical:ralid (+), e,4-D, remove dicamba manually (+), glyphosate, or by pendimethalin, prodiamine, sethoxydim, JAPANESE STILTGRASS, picloramcutting or (+). burning, then treat cut stems; or oxadiazon (+). revetetation, late spring prescribed burns, (Microstegium vimineum) - Non-chemical: Mowing before seed set, - Non-chemical: Mowing does not control. minimizegrazing in disturbances, combination 2 only. years of pre- - Chemical control: fluazifop, glufosinate, Burningglyphosate, to remove imazapic, litter oryzalin, to improve her- scribed burning, livestock grazing, and DIFFUSE KNAPWEED, (Centaurea dif- bicidependimethalin, only. prodiamine, sethoxydim, numerous biocontrol insects. fusa) or oxadiazon (+). JOHNSONGRASS,(Sorghum halepense) - Chemical control: aminopyralid, - Non-chemical: mowing does not control; DYERS WOAD,(Isatis tinctoria) clopyralid (+), e,4-D, dicamba (+), - Chemicalburning to control: remove glyphosate, litter to improve fluazifop-P, - Chemical control: chlorsulfuron, 2,4-D, glyphosate, picloram (+). clethodim,herbicide only. sethoxydim. or metsulfuron methyl. - Non-chemical: mowing before seed set, - Non-chemical: Repeated close mowings - Non-chemical:minimize disturbances, Mowing is2 yearsnot effective; of or JOHNSONGRASS,or tillage. (Sorghum halepense) aprescribed native rust burning, fungus reduceslivestock seed. grazing, - Chemical control: glyphosate, fluazifop- and numerous biocontrol insects. K OCHIAP, clethodim,, (Kochia sethoxydim. scoparia) GIANT HOGWEED, - Non-chemical:Chemical control: repeated bromacil close (+), mowings chlorsul- DYERS(Heracleum WOAD, mantegazzianum (Isatis tinctoria)) furon,or tillage. (+), 2,4-D, dicamba, diuron, - Chemical control: glyphosate,chlorsulfuron, triclopyr, 2,4-D, fluroxypyr, glyphosate, hexazinone, simazine,metsulfuron imazapic, methyl. imazapyr. KOCHIA,imazapic, (Kochia MCPA, scoparia)metsulfuron methyl or - Non-chemical: 2-3mowing mowings is not during effective; grow- or - Chemicalsimazine. control: bromacil (+), chlorsul- inga native season rust for fungus a few years;reduces or seed.deep culti- - Non-chemical:furon, (+), 2,4-D, Shallow dicamba, tillage diuron, or propane fluroxypyr, glyphosate, hexazinone, vation to kill plants. flamer on emerging seedlings. GIANT HOGWEED, imazapic, MCPA, metsulfuron methyl or (Heracleum mantegazzianum) simazine. - Chemical control: glyphosate, triclopyr,

12202 Part 5 - CHAPTER 1 On-The-Ground Applications

HOW TO CONTROL 40 COMMON INVASIVE PLANTS

K- Non-chemical:UDZU,(Pueraria shallow lobata) tillage or PERENNIALPERENNIAL PEPPERWEED PEPPERWEED/WHITETOP,/WHITETOP, - Chemicalpropane flamer control: on picloram, emerging clopyralid, seedlings. (Lepidium(Lepidium latifolium)latifolium) glyphosate, metsulfuron, fosamine, -- Chemical Chemical control:control: chlorsulfuronchlorsulfuron 2,4-D,2,4-D, KUDZU,dicamba, (Pueraria or tebuthiuron. lobata) glyphosate,glyphosate, imazamox,imazamox, imazapyr,imazapyr, - Chemical control: picloram, clopyralid, - Non-chemical: Well-timed cutting, mow- imazethapyr,imazethapyr, oror metsulfuronmetsulfuron methyl. glyphosate, metsulfuron, fosamine, - Non-chemical: mowing at flower bud ings, or disking for large areas. - Non-chemical: Mowing at flower bud dicamba, or tebuthiuron. with herbicide follow-up; goat and sheep - A fungus biocontrol is being studied in with herbicide follow-up; goat and sheep - Non-chemical: well-timed cutting, grazing, or possible seasonal flooding. Mississippi.mowings, or disking for large areas. grazing, or possible seasonal flooding. A fungus biocontrol is being studied in PRIVET, (Ligustrum sp.) LEAFY SPURGE,(Euphorbia esula) PRIVET, (Ligustrum sp.) Mississippi. - Chemical control: glyphosate, triclopyr, - Chemical control: 2,4-D, dicamba (+), - imazapyr,Chemical triclopyr,orcontrol: glyphosate, metsulfuron. triclopyr, LEAFYglyphosate, SPURGE, imazapic, (Euphorbia imazapyr, esula) and - Non-chemical:imazapyr, triclopyr,or small populations metsulfuron. can be - picloramChemical (+). control: 2,4-D, dicamba (+), - pulledNon-chemical: or repeatedly Small mowed. populations can be - Non-chemical:glyphosate, imazapic, 2 fall cultivations, imazapyr, and grub- pulled or repeatedly mowed. bingpicloram or pulling, (+). mow with herbicide, PUNCTUREVINE, (Tribulus terrestris) - goatsNon-chemical: and sheep 2 grazing, fall cultivations, many biocon- -P ChemicalUNCTUREVINE control:,(Tribulus chlorsulfuron, terrestris )2,4-D, trolsgrubbing available. or pulling, mow with - dicamba,Chemical dichlobenil, control: chlorsulfuron, glyphosate, 2,4-D, herbicide, goats and sheep grazing, imazapyr,dicamba, dichlobenil,MCPA, oryzalin, glyphosate, or paraquat. imaza- M manyEDUSAHEAD biocontrols RYE, available. - Non-chemical:pyr, MCPA, oryzalin, planting or competitiveparaquat. (Taeniatherum caput-medusae) - vegetation,Non-chemical: biocontrols Planting of competitive a stem weevil vege- MEDUSAHEAD- Chemical control: RYE, imazapic, glyphosate andtation; a seed biocontrols weevil are of effective.a stem weevil and a (Taeniatherum(+), sulfometuron, caput-medusae) atrazine, or paraquat. seed weevil are effective. - Chemical control: imazapic, glyphosate - Non-chemical: Mowing not effective; REED CANARYGRASS, (Phalaris arundi- (+), sulfometuron, atrazine, or paraquat. nacea) heavy grazing by sheep reduces only. REED CANARYGRASS,(Phalaris arundinacea) - Non-chemical: mowing not effective, -- Chemical Chemical control:control: fluazifop,fluazifop, glyphosate,glyphosate, heavy grazing by sheep reduces only. or sulfometuron. MULTIFLORA ROSE, (Rosa multiflora) or sulfometuron. - Non-chemical: early season grazing, - Chemical control: glyphosate, triclopyr, - Non-chemical: Early season grazing, pre- MULTIFLORA ROSE, (Rosa multiflora) prescribed fire, and repeated mowings are dicamba, fosamine, metsulfuron, piclo- scribed fire, and repeated mowings are - Chemical control: glyphosate, triclopyr, effective with chemical follow-up; ram,dicamba, or tebuthiuron. fosamine, metsulfuron, piclo- competitiveeffective with plantings. chemical follow-up. Also - Non-chemical:ram, or tebuthiuron. 3-6 mowings or cuttings competitive plantings. - annually;Non-chemical: a biocontrol 3-6 mowings shows promise.or cuttings RUSSIAN KNAPWEED, (Acroptilon repens annually, a biocontrol shows promise. L.)RUSSIAN KNAPWEED,(Acroptilon repens L.) MUSKTHISTLE,(Carduus nutans) -- Chemical Chemical control:control: aminopyralid, aminopyralid, chlor- -MUSKTHISTLE, Chemical control: (Carduus aminopyralid, nutans) chlorsul- chlorsulfuron,sulfuron, clopyralid clopyralid (+ 2,4-D), (+ 2,4-D), dicamba - furon,Chemical clopyralid, control: clopyralid aminopyralid, (+), chlor- dicamba(+), glyphosate, (+), glyphosate, metsulfuron metsulfuron- methyl, - 2,4-D,sulfuron, dicamba, clopyralid, pglyphosate, clopyralid metsulfuron (+), methyl,picloram, picloram, triclopyr+ triclopyr+ chorpyralid. chorpyralid. methyl,2,4-D, dicamba, picloram, pglyphosate, triclopyr (+). metsulfu- -- Non-chemical: Non-chemical: disking, disking, summer summer mowing, mowing, - Non-chemical:ronmethyl, picloram, cultivation, triclopyr manual (+). cut- competitivecompetitive crop,crop, andand biocontrolbiocontrol agents. - ting,Non-chemical: mowing, sheep cultivation, and goat manual grazing, well-timedcutting, mowing, flamer, sheepand healthy and goat estab- graz- RUSSIAN THISTLE/TUMBLEWEED, ing, well-timed flamer, and healthy lished grasses. (Salsola tragus) established grasses. - Chemical control: atrazine, bromacil, bro- moxynil, chlorsulfuron, w,4-D, dicamba,

20313 Part 5 - CHAPTER 1 On-The-Ground Applications

HOW TO CONTROL 40 COMMON INVASIVE PLANTS

RUSSIANdiuron, glyphosate, THISTLE/TUMBLEWEED, hexazinone, isoxaben, TALL- Non-chemical: FESCUE, (Festuca Several arundinacea)mowings plus (Salsolasimazine, tragus) sulfometuron, and triclopyr. - Chemicalherbicide. control: Several glyphosate,spring burns. imazapic, - Non-chemical:Chemical control: pulling, atrazine, mowing bromacil, before and imazapyr. seedbromoxynil, set; competitive chlorsulfuron, perennial w,4-D, grasses; -T Non-chemical:ARTARIAN HONEYSUCKLE several ,mowings plus dicamba diuron, glyphosate, hexazinone, - monitor fences and washes for piles of ( Loniceraherbicide, tatarica several) spring burns. isoxaben, simazine, sulfometuron, and weed seed; two biocontrols available. - Chemical control: glyphosate, triclopyr, triclopyr. TARTARIANfosamine, or HONEYSUCKLE, metsulfuron. - Non-chemical: pulling, mowing before (Lonicera tatarica) RUSSIAN OLIVE, (Elaeagnus angustifolia) - Non-chemical: Pulling or grubbing, clip seed set; competitive perennial grasses; - Chemical control: glyphosate, triclopyr, - Chemical control: triclopyr, glyphosate, in spring and summer, or spring pre- monitor fences and washes for piles of fosamine, or metsulfuron. imazapyr, metsulfuron, via foliar, soil- scribed burn in fire-adapted communities. weed seed; two biocontrols available. - Non-chemical: pulling or grubbing, clip applied, cut stump, hack and squirt, or in spring and summer, or spring RUSSIANbasal applications. OLIVE, (Elaeagnus angustifolia) T prescribedREE OF HEAVEN burn,( Ailanthusin fire-adapted altissima ) - Non-chemical:Chemical control: pulling triclopyr, of seedlings glyphosate, and - communities.Chemical controls: glyphosate, triclopyr, saplingsimazapyr, up metsulfuron, to 3.5” with viafollow-up. foliar, diuron, imazapyr (+). - mowingsoilapplied, or cutting cut stump, with hack herbicide; and squirt, pre- or TREE- Non-chemical: OF HEAVEN, hand-pulling (Ailanthus of altissima) seedlings scribedbasal applications. hot burn; and natural controls. - Chemicalonly, no biocontrols. controls: glyphosate, triclopyr, - Non-chemical: pulling of seedlings and diuron, imazapyr (+). S ALTCEDARsaplings /upTAMARISK to 3.5”,( withTamarix follow-up, spp.) -T Non-chemical:ROPICAL SODA APPLE hand-pulling,(Solanum of vaiarum seedlings) - Chemicalmowing or control: cutting imazapyr with herbicide, (+), or - only,Chemical no biocontrols. control: aminopyralid, triclopyr.prescribed hot burn, and natural controls. glyphosate, picloram (+), triclopyr (+). - Non-chemical: Avoid disturbance. A bio- TROPICAL- Non-chemical: SODA Spring APPLE, mowing (Solanum plus herbi- SALTCEDAR/TAMARISK,control leaf beetle has impact. (Tamarix spp.) vaiarum)cide. A potential biocontrol. - Chemical control: imazapyr (+), or - Chemical control: aminopyralid, S MOOTHtriclopyr. BROME, (Bromus inermis) Yellow glyphosate, starthistle, picloram (Centaurea (+), triclopyr solstitialis (+). L.) - ChemicalNon-chemical: control: avoid fluazifop, disturbance, glyphosate, a -- Non-chemical: Chemical control: spring aminopyralid, mowing plus chlorsul- biocontrol leaf beetle has impact. imazapic, pronamide herbicide,furon, clopyralid, one potential e,4-D, diamba,biocontrol. glyposate,

- Non-chemical: A single well-timed picloram, sulfometuron, triclopyr. SMOOTH BROME, (Bromus inermis) YELLOW STARTHISTLE, (Centaurea mowing in boot stage. - Non-chemical: all mechanical methods to - Chemical control: fluazifop, glyphosate, solstitialis L.) - Burningimazapic, can pronamide. control spread but not - Chemicalprevent seed control: for 2-3 aminopyralid, years; chlorsul - eliminateNon-chemical: smooth A brome.single well-timed - furon,Reseed clopyralid, with perennial e,4-D, grasses; diamba, intense mowing in boot stage, burning can glyposate,grazing; and picloram, several sulfometuron,biocontrol agents. S POTTEDcontrol KNAPWEEDspread but, not eliminate triclopyr. ( Centaurea smooth brome. biebersteinii) - Non-chemical: all mechanical methods to - Chemical control: aminopyralid, clopy- *Control prevent suggestionsseed for 2-3 are years; excerpted reseed with with per- SPOTTEDralid (+), 2.4-D,KNAPWEED, dicamba, picloram. mission perennial from: grasses; Ian Heap, intense Joe grazing;DiTomaso, and and -(Centaurea Non-chemical: biebersteinii) Mowing at late bud, no Dave several Nelson, biocontrol 2009. agents. - fertilizers,Chemical control:minimize aminopyralid, disturbances, sheep Guidelines for Roadside Vegetation Management clopyralid (+), 2.4-D, dicamba, picloram. and goat grazing long term, and a num- *ControlNCHRP Projectsuggestions 14-16, are Transsportation excerpted with - Non-chemical: mowing at late bud, avoid permission from: Ian Heap, Joe DiTomaso, ber of biocontrols. Research Board of the National Academies, fertilizers, minimize disturbances, sheep and Dave Nelson, 2009. Guidelines for Washington D.C. T ALLandFESCUE goat grazing,(Festuca long arundinacea term, and )a Roadside Vegetation Management - Chemicalnumber of control: biocontrols. glyphosate, imazapic, NCHRP Project 14-16, Transportation and imazapyr. Research Board of the National Academies, Washington D.C.

12204 Part 5 - CHAPTER 1 On-The-Ground Applications

CHAPTER 4 Mexico, Oregon, Montana, or Maryland to OTHER SUCCESSFULHOW TO USE TOOLS tools to spot-manage thereafter. Contact hear their experience. Plan ahead to lease a States like New Mexico, Oregon, Montana, HOW TOGRAZING USE GRAZING commercial or local herd. or Maryland to hear their experience.

GrazingWhen combining can be a usefultools, grazingpart of ancan IRVM be use- CONTROLLINGPlan ahead to lease SEED a commercial DISPERSAL: or local ful.plan. Use Use of of animals animals can can control control weeds weeds in in Becauseherd. some weed seeds remain viable areas near water, in inaccessible spotsspots likelike after passing through animal digestive steep slopes, and/or largein case infestations. of large infesta- tracts,CONTROLLING the herder SEED is responsible DISPERSAL: Because for keeping the animals off the land for nine days. Care Grazingtions. Grazing animals animals help break help upbreak the upsoil the for some weed seeds remain viable after pass- must be taken to not transport weed seeds follow-upsoil for follow-up native plant native restoration. plant restoration. A plan ing through animal digestive tracts, the A grazing plan should be site specific and in animal hair as well. should be site specific depending on loca- herder is responsible for keeping the ani- based on location, target weeds, infestation tion, target weeds, infestation size, and mals off the land for nine days. Care is size, and future objectives. Highway safety CHECKLIST:given to not transport weed seeds in ani- measuresfuture objectives. should be Use carefully as part coordinated;of an IRVM ___ Contract with commercial grazers plan. Highway safety measures should be ___mal Decide hair as target well. site and weed species an escort truck and/or advance signage are ___ Determine best timing for weed and important.carefully coordinated; an escort truck C HECKLIST ROW : and/or advance signage are important. ___ Provide safety signage for WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT ___ implementation Contract with commercial grazers ______Revegetate Decide target if appropriate site and weed species WANIMALHAT YOU CHOICE: NEED TO KNOW ABOUT ANIMAL ___ Monitor results to determine future Goats and sheep are used on rights-of-way ___ Determine best timing for weed and CHOICE: Goats, and sheep are used on management because of their herdability. Finding graz- ROW rights-of-way because of their herdability. ing animals nearby reduces transportation ___ Provide safety signage for implementa- Finding grazing animals nearby reduces THE MARYLAND EXPERIENCE WITH costs. Contracting experienced herders tion transportation costs. Contracting experi- THREATENED TURTLES who can truck grazers to your site, control enced herders who can truck grazers to “State___ Revegetate sends in the if appropriategoats to save Carroll and remove the animals efficiently is your site, control and remove the animals turtles”___ Monitor was the results headline to determine on May 27, future 2009 essential to ROW safety and success. Sheep in an managementarticle by Michael Dresser for the efficientlyand goats preferis essential broadleaf to ROW plants. safety They and Baltimore Sun. The State Highway success.have been Sheep used andfor leafygoats spurge, prefer broadleafRussian AdministrationT HE M ARYLAND allowedE XPERIENCE 40 goats WITH to feast on plants.knapweed They and have toadflax. been used Sheep for appearleafy to invasiveT HREATENED plants TinURTLES the Hampstead Bypass to spurge,enjoy spotted Russian knapweed, knapweed kudzu, and toadflax. and oxeye protect“State sendsthe habitat in the of goats the bogto save turtle Carroll which Sheepdaisy. Goatsappear have to enjoy successfully spotted controlledknapweed, isturtles” threatened was thein Maryland. headline on The May experiment 27, 2009 kudzu,woody speciesand oxeye like daisy. Himilayan Goats blackberry. have con- built on past experience of this control in in an article by Michael Dresser for the trolled woody species like Himilayan New Jersey and Pennsylvania. The goats DURATION AND FREQUENCY: Baltimore Sun. The State Highway blackberry. are vegetarian and leave the turtles alone, Grazing during seed or flower production Administration allowed 40 goats to feast on but are able to clear out multiflora rose often makes sense, but some weeds are invasive plants in the Hampstead Bypass to DURATION AND FREQUENCY: Grazing during and Japanese honeysuckle with gusto. This palatable during only part of the growing protect the habitat of the bog turtle which seed or flower production makes sense. leaves the turtles with improved habitat. season. For example, cheatgrass is pre- is threatened in Maryland. The experiment Some weeds are palatable only during part ferred in spring before seed heads with stiff Referencesbuilt on past Cited: experience of this control in awnsof the follow. growing Commercial season. For herds example, should be NewNew Mexico Jersey andDepartment Pennsylvania. of Transporta- Apparently closelycheatgrass monitored is preferred to achieve in spring the before result you tionthe andgoats Maryland are vegetarian State Highwayand leave Agency,the tur- want.seed heads Depending with stiff on awns the site follow. and target, personaltles alone. communication. The goats are able to clear out multipleCommercial grazing herds events are closely could monitored be necessary, to multiflora rose and Japanese honeysuckle orachieve combined the result with youother want. tools Depending to spot- on Tu, Mandy, et al. Weed Control Methods with gusto, leaving the turtles with themanage site and thereafter. target, more Contact grazing States events like New Handbook, The Nature Conservancy. improved habitat. could be necessary, or combined with other

20513 Part 5 - CHAPTER 1 On-The-Ground Applications

ReferencesHOW Cited: TO USE BIOCONTROLS 1.b. SiteChose Selection: sites farther away from the road the better to avoid accidental Tu, Mandy, et al. Weed Control Methods Handbook, a. Select areas that are not part of The Nature Conservancy. spraying. upcoming construction projects. New Mexico Department of Transportation and c. Use sites on steep slopes are ideal for Maryland State Highway Agency. b.release. Chose sites farther away from the d. Focusroad on the incoming better to infestationsavoid accidental at the right-of-wayspraying. line for extended control. HOW TO USE 2. Collectc. Use agentssites on from steep a knownslopes are population ideal for or obtainrelease. from State DNR or BIOCONTROLS Agriculture.d. Focus on incoming infestations at the Tina Markeson explains MnDOT’s use of biocontrols 3. Transportright-of-way in a cooler line for with extended cold packs control. to Biocontrolto the media. agents are simply invasive plant 2. reduce Collect the agents agent’s from metabolism a known populationand keep natural enemies that are imported from the Biocontrol agents are simply invasive plant themor obtain alive. from State DNR or Agriculture. weed’s country of origin to damage, if not natural enemies that are imported from the 4.3. Release Transport agents in a at cooler site. with cold packs to eradicate, the invasive plant. The USDA 5. Record site on paper or with GPS unit. weed’s country of origin to damage, if not reduce their metabolism and keep them eradicate,has a 100 yearthe invasive success plant.record The with theirUSDA 6. Optional: Mark release site with a sign. alive. hascareful a 100 screening year success process record before with permitting their 7. Provide maps of release locations to 4. Release agents at site. carefulreleases. screening Biocontrols process are used before world-wide permitting maintenance forces to insure spraying 5. Record site on paper or with GPS unit. andreleases. have Biocontrolsalready reduced: are used purple world-wide looses- and mowing activities do not kill the 6. Optional: Mark release site with a sign. trife,and have leafy already spurge, reduced knapweeds, species melaleuca, such agents’ food source. This is important if 7. Provide maps of release locations to saltcedaras purple andloosestrife, starthistle. leafy Biocontrols spurge, knap- are in you are not signing the release site. maintenance forces to insure spraying theweeds, works melaleuca, for garlic saltcedar mustard, and giant starthistle. reed, 8. Monitor site on an annual basis. Is the Biocontrols are in the works for garlic weedand mowingpopulation activities decreasing do not to killthe thepoint Japanese knotweed, Medusahead ryegrass, mustard, giant reed, Japanese knotweed, whereagents’ the food agents source. need This to be is harvested important if common buckthorn and whitetop, among Medusahead ryegrass, common buckthorn andyou moved are not to signing a new site?the release Did you site. have others. Introduce with caution and keep and whitetop, among others. Introduce 8. extreme Monitor winter site on weather an annual or flooding basis. Is thethat good records. biocontiols with caution and keep good killedweed the population agents and decreasing you need to to the rere point records. lease? Evaluate and adapt. where the agents need to be harvested BENEFITS: 9. Use media to improve public awareness and moved to a new site? Did you have BENEFITS:t$PTUFGGFDUJWFPOMBSHFJOGFTUBUJPOTPS about invasives and safe management. extreme winter weather or flooding that t$PTUFČFDUJWFPOMBSHFJOGFTUBUJPOTPSinaccessible sites. References Cited: inaccessible sites. killed the agents and you need to re- t"OPUIFSUPPMGPSVTFJODPNCJOBUJPOPS Blossey, Bernd, 2009. http://www.bio- t"OPUIFSUPPMGPSVTFJODPNCJOBUJPOPS release? Evaluate and adapt. IRVM control.entomology.cornell.edu Cornell IRVM. 9. Use media to improve public awareness t3FDZDMBCMFGSPNTJUFUPTJUF University, Ithaca, NY. about invasives and safe management. t3FDZDMBCMFGSPNTJUFUPTJUFt4BGFGPSDPOUSPMIBOEMFSTBOEQVCMJD t4BGFGPSDPOUSPMIBOEMFSTBOEQVCMJD Coombs, Eric M., Et Al, 2004. Biological ControlReferences of Invasive Cited: Plants in the United STEPSTEP BY BYSTEP STEPPROCESS PROCESS:: States.Coombs, Oregon Eric M., State Et Al, University 2004. Biological Press, Control of It is very important to work with your It is very important to work with your Corvallis.Invasive Plants in the United States. Oregon State State Department ofof NaturalNatural Resources Resources Univeristy Press, Corvallis. (DNR) oror Department of of Agriculture Agriculture to to Markeson,Cornell University Tina, 2009. Personal introduce biocontrol agents on your communicationhttp://www.nysaes.cor withnell.edu/ent/biocontr MnDOT. ol introduce biocontrol agents on your rights- Markeson, Tina, 2009. Personal communication rights-of-way.of-way. USDA-APHISwith MnDOT. http://www.aphis.usda.gov/plant_health/USDA-APHIS 1. Site Selection: plant_pest_info/biocontrol/index.shtmlhttp://www.aphis.usda.gov/plant_health/plant_pest_ info/biocontrol/index.shtml a. Select areas that are not part of upcoming construction projects. 12206 Part 5 - CHAPTER 1 On-The-Ground Applications

HOW TO IMPLEMENT A HOW TO IMPLEMENT PRESCRIBED BURN A PRESCRIBED BURN BENEFITS: Bt3FEVDFXFFETFFEHFSNJOBUJPOENEFITS: Man putting out fire t%FDSFBTFXPPEZFODSPBDINFOUt3FEVDFXFFETFFEHFSNJOBUJPO t4UJNVMBUFOBUJWFQMBOUBEWBOUBHFt%FDSFBTFXPPEZFODSPBDINFOU t%FQMFUFDBSCPIZESBUFSFTFSWFTPGt4UJNVMBUFOBUJWFQMBOUBEWBOUBHF t%FQMFUFDBSCPIZESBUFSFTFSWFTPGOPOOB nonnatives. t3FDZDMFBTIOVUSJFOUTJOUPTPJMtives t*NQSPWFDPNNVOJUZIFBMUI t3FDZDMFBTIOVUSJFOUTJOUPTPJM DPNNVOJ t.PSFDPTUFČFDUJWFUIBOPUIFS methods.ty health t3FNPWFXJMEĕSFGVFMQPUFOUJBMt*TNPSFDPTUFGGFDUJWFUIBOPUIFSNFUIPET MnDOT controlled burns began in the ‘90s, t&OIBODFTNBMMXJMEMJGFIBCJUBUt3FNPWFXJMEGJSFGVFMQPUFOUJBM prescribed burns by Caltrans burned in t*ODSFBTFCJPMPHJDBMEJWFSTJUZt&OIBODFTNBMMXJMEMJGFIBCJUBU 2000 and FDOT began in March of 2005. t*NQSPWFXBUFSJOĕMUSBUJPOt*ODSFBTFCJPMPHJDBMEJWFSTJUZ t*NQSPWFXBUFSJOGJMUSBUJPO roadside prescribed burning is the ap- Planned highway burns were once propriate management tool, professionals unthinkable.Planned highway The burnsonly timewere fireonce occurred, frommany partnering federal and agencies/organizations state natural areas, part- itunthinkable. resulted from The a catalyticonly time converter, fire occurred, a shouldnerships help are establish possible thefor plannedmutual benefit. land management objectives; determining what neighboringit resulted from field a catalytic burn, or converter, a wildfire. a Where it is determined that roadside pre- can be accomplished with a burn regime. Theseneighboring burns field compromised burn, or a wildfire.highway safety scribed burning is the appropriate manage- and were not considered beneficial in any A unique prescription can be prepared for These burns compromised highway safety ment tool, professionals from partnering way. Today we better understand how time, place, weather, and available human and were not considered beneficial in any agencies/organizations should help estab- well-planned burning helps native plant and technical resources. establishmentway. Today we and better invasive understand plant control.how lish the planned land management objec- Thewell-planned basis for burningthis change helps is nativenative plantgrass NOTE:tives; determining Weather conditions what can will be accom-determine andestablishment savanna plant and invasivecommunities plant havecontrol. theplished day you with execute a burn theregime. burn. A Relative unique pre- evolvedThe basis with for fire,this change whereas is nativemost invasive grass humidityscription betweencan be prepared 25% and for 60% time, is place, plantsand savanna have not. plant Prescribed communities burns have on high- appropriateweather, and for available a controlled human burn. and Below techni- wayevolved rights-of-way with fire, whereas are only most encouraged invasive for 20%cal resources. can be too dry and may become useplants on havenative not. plantings Prescribed and/or burns remnant on high- hazardous. Above 70% limits how much grasslandway rights-of-way and/or savannas. are only encouraged States who for grassNOTE: will burn.Weather The conditions lowest humidity will deter- of the day is usually between 3:00-5:00pm. High applyuse on anative drip torchplantings include and/or Minnesota, remnant grass- mine the day you execute the burn. temperatures above 70 degrees Fahrenheit Wisconsin,land and/or savannasIowa, Florida,. States and who California. know Relative humidity between 25% and 60% Although advanced planning and training can increase the speed of the burn. Bright how to use a drip torch include Minnesota, are appropriate for a controlled burn. is a prerequisite, this tool can be both ef- sun can increase the effect of the tempera- Wisconsin, Iowa, Florida, and California. Below 20% can simply be too dry and ficient and cost effective for land managers ture. A steady breeze of 3-15 mph is ideal ofAlthough many agencies. advanced planning and training forbecome burning hazardous. and carries Above fire 70%in a limitsdefinite how is a prerequisite, this tool can be both effi- direction.much grass However will burn. wind The gusts lowest and humidi-direc- Becausecient and rural cost highwayeffective forrights-of-way land managers tionty of changes the day can is usually take a firebetween out 3:00-of control adjoinof many many agencies. federal and state natural areas, quickly.5:00pm. Further High understandingtemperatures above of weather 70 partnerships are possible for mutual ben- conditionsdegrees Fahrenheit will be part can of increase the specific the speed burn efit.Because Where rural it highwayis determined rights-of-way that adjoin plan.of the burn. Bright sun can multiply the

20713 Part 5 - CHAPTER 1 On-The-Ground Applications

effectCHECKLIST: of the temperature. A steady breeze HOW TO WORK WITH ____ Define plan with partners of 3-15 mph is ideal for burning and car- ____ Purchase equipment if needed OUTDOOR ADVERTISING SIGNS ries fire in a definite direction. However ____ Train crew (Fire Leader) weed gusts and direction changes can take ____ Acquire permits Jeff Caster, Florida DOT it____ out of Inform control local quickly. fire departmentFurther under- In Florida, with more outdoor advertising standing____ Inform of weather the public conditions before will fire be part signs than any other state, sign owners or of____ the specificHandouts burn or plan.kiosk pull-off their agents may apply to the Department ____ Provide highway warnings of Transportation for permits to manage ____ Check weather forecast CHECKLIST: vegetation on the state highway system. ____ Be aware of wind changes ____ Define plan with partners Permits are issued to preserve or increase ____ Monitor and mop up ____ Purchase equipment if needed the visibility of outdoor advertising signs ______Fire Inform leader public trains about crew results located on nearby properties. Persons and ____References Acquire Cited: permits parties opposed to this activity, find it ____ Inform local fire department inconsistent with Article II, section 7(a) of Caster, Jeff, 2009. Communication based ____ Inform the public before fire Florida Constitution which states, “It shall on Environmental Excellence story, 2007. ____ Handouts or Kiosk pull-off be the policy of the state to conserve and National Interagency prescribed Fire ____ Provide highway warnings protect its natural resources and scenic ____Training Check Center. weather forecast http://www.fws.gov/fire/pftc/ beauty.” Never the less, the department’s ____ Be aware of wind changes authority to issue permits, and the sign ____ Monitor and mop up National Interagency ESA, 2002. Fire owner’s limited right to maintain visibility ____ Inform public about results Ecology. Ecological Society of America. of his/her signs is codified in Section Washington D.C. 479.106, Florida Statues. Within the law, References Cited: Pauly,Hartwell, Wayne George R. 1982. 2009. How to Personal Manage Small the department is given authority to estab- Prairiecommunication Fires. Dane County CALTRANS. Park Commission, lish a permitting process, a mitigation pro- Madison, WI. gram, and penalties for violations. A disin- ESA, 2002. Fire Ecology. Ecological Society of Pauly, Wayne R. 1982. How to Manage centive discourages the placement of new America.Small Prairie Washington Fires D.C.. Dane County Park Caster, Jeff, 2009. Communication based on signs at locations where cutting, trimming, Commission, Madison, WI. Environmental Excellence story, 2007. or removal of existing vegetation from the National Interagency prescribed Fire Training state highway system is needed to make Center,Rice, http://wwwPeter M. .fws.gov/fir2005. Firee/pftc/ as a Tool for Rice,Controlling Peter M. 2005.Nonnative Fire as Invasivea Tool for PlanControllingts, A the new sign visible. Nonnativereview of Invasive current Plants, literature. A review Center of current for literature. Center for Invasive Plant Management, Sign owners desiring to cut, trim, or Bozeman,Invasive MT. Plant Management, Bozeman, MT. remove vegetation from the right of way, Tu, M., C. Hurd, and J. M. Randall, 2001. The Nature Conservancy Weed Control Methods submit an application and a vegetation Tu, M., C. Hurd, and J. M. Randall, 2001. Handbook. http://tncweeds.ucdavis.edu/hand- management plan, accompanied by a nom- book.html.The Nature Conservancy Weed Control inal application fee. The vegetation man- USMethods Forest Service, Handbook. agement plan must be prepared by a land- http://wwwhttp://tncweeds.ucdavis.edu/handbook..fs.fed.us/fire/fireuse/rexfire/rx_index.ht mlhtml. scape architect or certified arborist.

Department staff responsible for reviewing US Forest Service, plans have similar qualifications. After http://www.fs.fed.us/fire/fireuse/rexfire/ rx_index.html thorough review of proposed plans, the

12208 Part 5 - CHAPTER 3 On-The-Ground Applications

CHAPTERCHAPTER 53 CHECKLIST: CHECKLIST:___ Choose a leader FOURCREATING MODERN PARTNERSHIPS PARTNERSHIPS ______Choose Determine a leader common goals ___ Determine common goals 1. COOPERATIVE WEED MANAGEMENT ___ Invite likely partners ___ Invite likely partners HOW TO AREAS:BEGIN A CWMA ___ Develop an agreement ___ Develop an agreement ___ Create a management plan BENEFITS: ___ Create a management plan t0OUIFHSPVOEQBSUOFST K%/@B<3@A ______Agree Agree on on an an annual annual operating operating plan plan t4IBSJOHSFTPVSDFT ______Establish Establish a asteering steering committee committee t*NQSPWJOH1VCMJD3FMBUJPOTK(6/@7<5@3A=C@13A ______Continue Continue communication communication t4BWJOHDPTUTK ;>@=D7<5&C0:71'3:/B7=>=@B7<5% GreaterGreater Yellowstone Weed Weed Committee, Committee, 2009. http://www.greateryellowstonesience.org 2009. The CWMACooperative Cookbook Weed wasManagement published inArea Idaho Noxious Weed Coordinating Committee, http://www.greateryellowstonesience.org CWMA2003, but Cookbook had been inwas the published works for in a long 2003. CWMA Cookbook, A Recipe for Success. Idaho State Department of Agriculture, Boise. 2003,time. butThe had recognition been in theof invasive works for plants a long IdahoNew YorkNoxious State DOT,Weed 2004. Coordinating Adirondack Com-Park time.not respecting The recognition political thatboundaries invasive logically plants mittee,Invasive 2003. Plant CWMAProgram MOUCookbook, A Recipe don’tled to respect a joint controlpolitical response boundaries by public logically forhttp://www Success..adkinvasives.com Idaho State Department of led to a joint control response by public Agriculture,Van Devender, Boise. Thomas R., et al. 2009. Invasive and private landowners. and private landowners. Plants on the Move, Controlling Them in North NewAmerica York(Weeds State AcrossDOT, Borders2004. Aproceedings).dirondack ParkArizona Invasive Sonora Plant Desert Program Museum, MOUTucson. The rapidlyrapidly risingrising costscosts of of controlcontrol were were http://www.adkinvasives.com unacceptable as the spread ofof weedsweeds esca- escalated.lated. In many In many regions, regions, partnerships partnerships were Van Devender, Thomas R., et al. 2009. werebeing being formed formed among among unlikely unlikely part- Invasive Plants on the Move, Controlling partnersners including including State State Departments Departments of of Them in North America (Weeds Across Transportation, FederalFederal Lands,Lands, Agricul- Borders proceedings). Arizona Sonora ture,Agriculture, Fish and Fish Game, and andGame, federal and fed-agencies Desert Museum, Tucson. includingeral agencies the including Forest Service, the Forest National Park Service, Nationaland the Natural Park Service, Resource and Con- servationthe Natural Service. Resource The Conservation University of Idaho, The Nature Conservancy, and Nez Perce Service. The University of Idaho, Tribe were among the many partners in The Nature Conservancy, and Nez the first CWMA. Perce Tribe were among the many Topartners learn inmore, the firstworkshops CWMA. are Toavailable acrosslearn more, the Country. workshops Some are of available the steps to organizingacross the Country. a CWMA Some are in of the the checklist below.steps to Use organizing this model a CWMA to find are a solutionin for yourthe checklist own region below. with Use your this own model partners. Whento find weedsa solution cross for borders, your own managers mustregion cross with borders your own too. partners. When weeds cross borders, managers must cross borders too.

20913 Part 5 - CHAPTER 3 On-The-Ground Applications

2. THE GREATER YELLOWSTONE AREA Invasive weeds do not respect these CHAPTER 3 Cboundaries,HECKLIST: which further complicates ___management. Choose a leader The GreaterCREATING Yellowstone PARTNERSHIPS Area (GYA) is likely the largest and oldest cross-boundary ___ Determine common goals management partnership today. Their ___This Invite public-private likely partners and multi-agency part- CHAPTER 1 4UBUFCPSEFST5IFJOWBTJWFXFFETBMTPEP cooperationHOW TO has BEGINexpanded A CWMAsince a 1964 ___nership Develop has focusedan agreement on weed control and OPUSFTQFDUUIFTFCPVOEBSJFTXIJDIGVSUIFS MemorandumHOW of Understanding TO INTEGRATE (MOU). ___reviews Create their a management joint plan annually. plan Because BENEFITS: DPNQMJDBUFTNBOBHFNFOU5IJTQVCMJDQSJ The spread of invasive species now threat- of this unprecedented cooperation, the K%/@B<3@AALL THE TOOLS ___WBUFBOENVMUJBHFODZQBSUOFSTIJQIBT Agree on an annual operating plan ens the overall management of this national Greater Yellowstone Area is geographically K(6/@7<5@3A=C@13A ___GPDVTFEPOXFFEDPOUSPMBOESFWJFXUIFJS Establish a steering committee park5IF(:"JTMJLFMZUIFMBSHFTUBOEPMEFTU that crosses many political bounda- contiguous, ecologically interdependent, K ;>@=D7<5&C0:71'3:/B7=>=@B7<5% TJODFB.FNPSBOEVNPG Greaterpolitical Yellowstone boundaries. Weed Committee, 2009. UJHVPVT FDPMPHJDBMMZJOUFSEFQFOEFOU BOE 6OEFSTUBOEJOH5IFTQSFBEPGJOWBTJWF http://www.greateryellowstonesience.org VOBMUFSBCMZMJOLFEFDPOPNJDBMMZ5IFZBSF The TQFDJFTOPXUISFBUFOTUIFPWFSBMMNBOBHFCWMA Cookbook was published in Idaho Noxious Weed Coordinating Committee, 2003, but had been in the works for a long 2003.BOBUJPOBMNPEFMGPSQBSUOFSTIJQTXJUIPVU CWMA Cookbook, A Recipe for Success. NFOUPGUIJTOBUJPOBMQBSLUIBUDSPTTFT Idaho State Department of Agriculture, Boise. The Greater Yellowstone Area: Cooperative WeedQPMJUJDBMCPVOEBSJFT Management Areas 2008 Draft time.NBOZQPMJUJDBMCPVOEBSJFT JODMVEJOHUISFF The recognition of invasive plants New York State DOT, 2004. Adirondack Park not respecting political boundaries logically Invasive Plant Program MOU led to a joint control response by public http://www.adkinvasives.com Van Devender, Thomas R., et al. 2009. Invasive Big Timber Billings and private landowners. Plants on #the Move,Montana Controlling# Them in North

# Bozeman # AmericaLivingston (Weeds Across Borders proceedings). Arizona Sonora Desert Museum, Tucson. The rapidly rising costs of control were Upper Ennis Beartooth # Gallatin Proposed Beaverhead/ Upper Yellowstone unacceptable as the spread ofDeerlodge weeds NF esca- Custer NF # Gallatin NF lated. In many regions, partnerships were # # # Mammoth Coo ke Ci ty Cooke City - Beartooth being formed among unlikely part-Madison Upper Clarks Fork Watershed ners including State DepartmentsRed Rock Red Rock of # Yellowstone NP Wildlife Refuge Cody # North Fork # # Transportation, Federal Lands, Shoshone NF Continental Divide Targhee- Agriculture, Fish and Game, and fed- Caribou NF South # Fork Proposed Ashton # eral agencies including the ForestHenry's Fork Meetseesee Jackson Hole Service, National Park Service, and Grand Teton NP Upper Snake the Natural Resource Conservation # National Elk Dubois Refuge # # # Service. The University of Idaho,Idaho Falls Wyoming Targhee- The Nature Conservancy,Idaho and Nez Caribou NF Bridger-Teton NF # Perce Tribe were among the many

# Popo Agia Pocatello partners in the first CWMA. ToHighlands # # Pinedale learn more, workshops are available Shoshone NF across the Country. Some of the Green River steps to organizing a CWMA are in Basin the checklist below. Use this model to find a solution for your own Legend This map was made from spatial data Major Lakes NF National Forest 1:2,300,000 provided by the Greater Yellowstone Coordinating Committee and the Gallatin National Forest. region with your own partners.# Major Towns NP National Park Major Roads 0204010 Miles Map by Henry Shovic, May 27, 2008 . State Boundaries data as of ...... , Version 1.4 When weeds cross borders,File: I:\fsfiles\fstmp\so\resource\gyagyccmaps\GYA2004AndOnward\GYA2004\gyagyccweedsmgmtareavs14_85x11.mxd managers must cross borders too.

12210 Part 5 - CHAPTER 3 On-The-Ground Applications

3. INTERAGENCY,HOW TO WRITE AINDIAN MEMORANDUM NATION and guidewithin your the own U.S. MOU are visible partnership. in the New As York, INTERNATIONAL MOUs withWashington all agency and documents, Minnesota keep MOUs. it as simple OF UNDERSTANDING (MOU) asHowever possible. their Be sure similarities the public and hears needs for When a common problem is found on about your partnership. Here is a basic cooperative vegetation management can commonWhen a common ground, problema partnership is found MOU on can outline. guide your own MOU partnership. As becommon part of ground, the answer. a partnership Invite all stakehold-MOU can ersbe partto the of tablethe answer. to agree Invite on the all shared stakehold- MEMORANDUMwith all agency documents, OF UNDER- keep it as simple as possible. Be sure the public hears ersproblems. to the table This to necessitates agree on the frank shared discus- STANDING OUTLINE problems.sions of the This issues necessitates and possible frank solutions. discus- 1.about Principal your Parties. partnership. Here is a basic sionsThese of three the issues MOU and examples possible are solutions. included 2.outline. Shared Problem and Purpose. Findin the a Appendixmodel MOU of thisand handbook.tailor it to your 3. Goals and Objectives. 1. Adirondack Park/ NYSDOT/ EMORANDUM OF NDERSTANDING partnership needs. Three examples follow 4.M Responsibilities Uof each Signee. ANC/DEC/and IPC (2004), this page: 5.1. Signatures Principal ofParties: Parties. 2. Fond du Lac Band of Lake Superior 1. Adirondack Park/ NYSDOT/ 2. Shared Problem and Purpose: Chippewa/MnDOT (2009), BENEFITS: ANC/DEC/and IPC (2004), 3. Goals and Objectives 3. Okanogan County/WashDOT/British t-JNJUUIFTQSFBEPGJOWBTJWFQMBOUTBDSPTT4. Responsibilities of each Signee 2. Columbia(2007).Okanogan County/WashDOT/British 5.political Signatures boundaries. of Parties Columbia(2007), and t4IBSFUIFDPTUTPGDPOUSPMEVSJOHUJNFTPGBENEFITS: These3. Fond examples du Lac Band demonstrate of Lake Superior new frontiers limited resources. K:7;7BB63A>@3/2=47:/@=B31BA75<7471/:/>C0:71/E/@3<3AA/<2AC>>=@B4=@ within the U.S. are visible in the New York, NOTE:weed control Washington and Minnesota MOUs. The New York, Washington and Minnesota The language and layout is different in K7<1@3/A32C<23@AB/<27<5=43/16=B63@A However their similarities and needs for MOUsconstraints are found and on policies. pages 224-231. cooperativeeach, of course. vegetation The variables management of regions can

MOU Signing photo

Comissioner Tom Sorel and Chairwoman Karen Diver signing an unprecedented Fond du Lac/MnDOT MOU, 2009. 21113 Part 5 - CHAPTER 3 On-The-Ground Applications

4. OUTDOOR ADVERTISING AND FLORIDA Sign owners desiring to cut, trim, or HOW TO WRITE A MEMORANDUM within the U.S. are visible in the New York, Jeff Caster, Florida DOT remove vegetation from the right of way, Washington and Minnesota MOUs. OF UNDERSTANDING (MOU) submit an application and a vegetation managementHowever their plan, similarities accompanied and needs by a for When a common problem is found on nominalcooperative application vegetation fee. management The vegetation can common ground, a partnership MOU can managementguide your own plan MOU must partnership. be prepared As by a be part of the answer. Invite all stakehold- landscapewith all agency architect documents, or certified keep arborist. it as sim- Department staff responsible for reviewing ers to the table to agree on the shared ple as possible. Be sure the public hears plans have similar qualifications. After problems. This necessitates frank discus- about your partnership. Here is a basic thoroughoutline. review of proposed plans, the sions of the issues and possible solutions. department may approve, approve with Find a model MOU and tailor it to your conditions, or deny the application. partnership needs. Three examples follow MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING An outdoor advertising sign in Minnesota warning of 1. Principal Parties: thisthe page:invasive emerald ash borer. Applications can be denied for a variety of 2. Shared Problem and Purpose: 1. Adirondack Park/ NYSDOT/ environmental and safety reasons. When ANC/DEC/and IPC (2004), and3. Goals where and appropriate, Objectives a mitigation plan 2.In OkanoganFlorida, with County/WashDOT/British more outdoor advertising or4. mitigationResponsibilities fee is ofalso each required. Signee Mitiga- signsColumbia(2007), than any other and state, sign owners or tion5. Signatures values are of determined Parties using a formula 3.their Fond agents du Lac may Band apply of to Lake the SuperiorDepartment developedBENEFITS: by the department. The mitiga- of Chippewa/MnDOTTransportation for permits(2009). to manage tionK:7;7BB63A>@3/2=47:/@=B31BA75<7471/:/>C0:71/E/@3<3AA/<2AC>>=@B4=@ Floridational border, Constitution and Indian which nation states, lands. “It shall law prohibits planting trees and other veg- weed control be the policy of the state to conserve and etation that screens or will grow to screen protectThe language its natural and layoutresources is different and scenic in anK7<1@3/A32C<23@AB/<27<5=43/16=B63@A outdoor advertising face. The limits of each,beauty.” of Nevertheless,course. The variables the department’s of regions screeningconstraints or limits and policies. of visibility are known authority to issue permits, and the sign as the view zone. Typically, the view zone owner’s limited right to maintain visibility is 500 feet long, somewhere within the first of his/her signs, is codified inSection 1000 feet measured from the sign. 479.106, Florida Statues. Within the law, the department is given authority to The application form, instructions, and establish a permitting process, a mitigationMOU Signing other photo useful information are found at program, and penalties for violations. A www.MyFloridaBeautiful.com. disincentive discourages the placement of new signs at locations where cutting, trimming, or removal of existing vegetation from the state highway system is needed to make the new sign visible.

12212 Part 5 - CHAPTER 1 On-The-Ground Applications

department may approve, approve with conditions, or deny the application. Applications can be denied for a variety of environmental and safety reasons. When and where appropriate, a mitigation plan or mitigation fee is also required. Mitigation values are determined using a formula developed by the department. The mitigation values are high enough to deter unnecessary cutting, trimming and removal. Penalties including mitigation for unauthorized cutting, trimming and removal of vegetation on the state highway system can be substantial. Mitigation and penalty fees support tree planting programs. Florida law prohibits planting trees and other vegetation that screens or will grow to screen an outdoor advertising face. The limits of screening or limits of visibility are known as the view zone. Typically, the view zone is 500 feet long, somewhere within the first 1000 feet measured from the sign.

The application form, instructions, and other useful information are found at www.MyFloridaBeautiful.com.

21313 CHAPTER 1 Why An Ecological Approach

12214 CHAPTER 1 Why An Ecological Approach

21513 12216 PARTPART 67 ReferencesAPPENDIX

Introduction

management. They include teaching ideas Thanks to the advances of the “informa-EPILOGUE tion highway” there is no lack of refer- that will lead to group discussions and ences to help“In get the things present done. times Most of shrinkingland fundslearning for transportation applications for agencies, each part of this manual. Always teach with open ears and managersthe need trend to in make roadside decisions management on a has been toward the ecological approach.” daily basis and sorting through new infor- take advantage of opportunities to solve mation and paper references of the past problems on the ground. takes time. This DsectionR. L. E. attempts FOOTE, DtoIRECTOR collect ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES, 1975. some of the best knownThis and most EPILOGUE reliable was Andinformation here we ongo again,vegetation moreon management. thethan PARTthree decades 5 Disk. later. Our economy has faltered. Fuel costs haveWe quickly skyrocketed. learned In how the seventies,complex the some States responded with an ecological look at vege- subject really is. Where should it tation management. Will this be the time when all State Departments of Transportation belong? embraceIn the world an ecological of federal, approach? State and Perhapscounty if we had only called it “the common sense approach”agencies, we to knowbegin thewith, importance we might alreadyof be adept during changing economic climates. abiding by legal requirements. There are Afteralso authoritiesall, an ecological that will approach help you is achieve based on how we connect with nature and the ecosys- temyour services management nature goals.provides We us.include Understanding both these connections equates to common in this section. sense. During settlement, it was common sense to try to control wildfires to protect new towns.In recent What years, we NatureServedid not understand carried wasout athat by halting wildfires, there were conse- quencesnational in scientific nature. Later, study we to understoodrank the 3000 the importance of fire in how forests, grasslands, andor more wetlands invasive function plants and that used exist our in thecommon sense to reintroduce controlled fires. United States. As managers, we need to know which plants are the most This is not a condemnation of our ancestors, the early settlers. They did the best they problematic yet controllable in order to coulddefine with targets the forknowledge limited theybudgets. had atThe the time. Now we understand much more about howI-Rank our section environment describes works Natureserve’s and what the consequences of disturbance are. Our common sensework hasto this increased. point. This book does not choose the environment over humans; but rather connects the needs of both with solutions that can work for both not with one size fits all, butWe’ve with gathered an integrated book and approach. internet references and organizations that can im- part specific knowledge about native and Climateinvasive change plants alongwill push with us regional to make centers more common sense decisions and adapt to unknownof information situations. you can The contact better towe learn understand how the human and natural environments aremore. connected, We further the explainmore we how will to succeed. order publications that the Federal Highway Administration has available. This book provides hope for the future, for our relationship with the environment, and for theFinally survival we offer of the classroom human and and natural field environmentsexer- over time, as long as we implement ancises ecological for use inapproach annual trainingor informed common sense. programs of agencies that work in land

21713 Part 6 - References

CHAPTER 1 Discussion: Why are there more plants in INTEGRATED VEGETATION MANAGEMENT one pileCLASSROOM than the other?AND FIELD Explain EXCERCISES which is REFERENCESCLASSROOM: AND FIELD EXCERCISES native and which is nonnative. FOR INSTRUCTOR USE FOR INSTUCTOR USE 1. Roadside Weed Management (EPA, 1. Normally there will be more invasives READING AN ECOREGION MAP: than natives due to our planting and READING AN ECOREGION MAP: NRCS,(Part 1 FHWA)and 2) maintenance practices (more StateSetup: by Your State State’s reference ecoregions of noxious can weedgive (Section disturbances, I and II) State planted them, laws,you clues weed to lists, vegetation and State management resources. and Setup: other).Your State’s ecoregions can give Includesplanning. a Give65 page each primer student on a invasive copy of 2.you If thereclues areto vegetationmore natives, management discuss why and planttheir State’sprevention, map (incontrol, color). restoration, edu- planning. (only County Give roadsideseach student were a copypicked, of or your manager is planting more natives, cation, and policy. FHWA-HEP-07-017 their State’s map (in color). Directions: Ask students to locate where etc.). they live on the ecoregion map and 3.Directions: Discuss whyAsk their students findings to locate are important where 2.describe The NATURE that ecoregion. Of ROADSIDES, Locate the and the they to vegetation live on the management ecoregion map planning. and Toolsmeeting to Work site and With describe. It. 4.describe What can that they ecoregion. do in their And own locate District? the

A 32 page training tool including best meeting site and describe. managementDiscussion: Whenpractices, they ecological leave for princi-work in SELECTING A SEED MIX: the morning, do they see vegetation typi- (PartDiscussion: 4) When they leave for work in plescal of and their policies ecoregion? for land If not,managers. why not? Directions: Suggest one or more project the morning, is that the kind of vegetation FHWA-EP-03-005 locations for this exercise (roadside in front Discuss the meeting site in detail: What ofthey meeting, see? Ifthe not, Interstate why not? they took to the 3.is itsRoadside ecoregion? Use Whatof Native vegetation Plants is meeting,Discuss athe nearby meeting rest site area in etc.). detail: AskWhat each Aprevalent? State by StateWhat reference native grasses, with tree, forbs, shrub, student to jot down the site description trees and shrubs grow there? They can including:is its ecoregion? type of Whatsoil, moisture vegetation conditions, is preva- vine, grasses, forbs that are native in each, list separately or in teams as a competi- andlent? sun What aspect native of the grasses, site. Find forbs, it ontrees your and alongtion. with State resources for guidance in Stateshrubs ecoregion grow there? map. They can list separate- restoration, revegetation, erosion control, ly or in teams as a competition. andNATIVE landscaping AND INVASIVE uses. A 47 PLANTpage primer by Exercise: Supply list of native grasses in IDENTIFICATION: your region (list Sources include your native plant experts and practitioners is NATIVE AND INVASIVE PLANT IDENTIFICATION: useful(Part 4 in and training. 5) The appendices include DNR, your TNC, or Roadside Use of Native Directions: Ask students to pick “wild- Plants)(Section and III discuss& IV) characteristics of each roadsideflowers” policies,from a roadside references, chosen and plantfor (aboutDirections: 10) includingAsk students mature to height,pick “wild- site communitysafety by the lists. instructor For use ahead by all of land class. man- Do tolerances,flowers” from availability, a roadside source chosen and for costs. safety agers.not define Out ofwildflowers. print. Reprinted But do by remind Island Directby the each instructor student ahead to jot of down class. a mini-Do not Pressthem andto stay can safe be ordered(explained through by instructor book mumdefine of wildflowers. 3 grasses they But could do remind use on themtheir to sellers.per State policy) in the process. This can site. Be sure they know if their site is dry, be done in an overnight class or lunch mesic,stay safe wet, (explained or a combination. by instructor per State hour class. policy) in the process. This can be done 4. Native Alternatives to Invasive Plants Discussion:in an overnight Each class participant or over-the-lunch should hand (FHWAExercise: and Gather BBG) around a table or sit on inhour their class. project list. Correct any selections Recommendedthe floor and ID native each plants plant, forone each by one,major that are clearly not practical, and carefully invasiveplacing themplant inin onethe Unitedof two piles.States, The many of explainExercise: why.Gather Then, around for open a table discussion, or sit on talk theminstructor ornamental can put plants. natives Written in one pileby Cole aboutthe floor the andfollowing ID each steps plant, to implement:one by one, and invasives in a second stack without placing them in one of two piles. As the Burrellsaying why.and edited by FHWA and the Brooklyn Botanic Gardens in 2006. instructor, put natives in one pile and inva- Available through the BBG in quantities or sives in a second stack without saying at local book stores. why.

12218 Part 6 - References

1. Site preparation (weed removal, history of land use, its plants, soils and Discussion: limited disturbance,Why are there etc.). more plants in aboutmoisture, the following wildlife that steps lives to implement:there, etc. one2. Seedingpile than rate the (15-20other? lbs/acre Explain or which less). is a.Before site preparation class, secure (weed the plantremoval, inventory limited native3. Seeding and which source is (availability nonnative. and listdisturbance, to hand out. etc.) a. Normally cost per thereacre). will be more invasives b. seeding rate (15-20 lbs/acre or less) Exercise: Give each student the inventory 4.than Planting natives method due to (drill,our planting broadcast, and c. seeding source, availability and cost per hydro seed). list to use as a check list of what they maintenance practices. (more distur- acre 5. Follow-up (water in dry year, actually see and identify independently or bances, mowing State of firstplanted weed them, compettion, other) d.as planting competitive method teams. (drill, Explain broadcast, as much as b. If monitorthere are for more new natives, weeds, discuss tell why? youhydroseed) can about the land use history of the (only the publicCounty including roadsides your were family picked, or e.site follow-up and why (water it is important. in dry year, After mowing hiking of and identification, ask each student to your what manager you are is trying planting to do) more The natives, first weed competition, monitor for new take a blank piece of paper and describe etc.) instructor should mention any non weeds, tell the public including your native grass on the site and discuss how in words and/or sketches what they will c. Discuss it got there. why theirWhy findingsis their new are impor-list better rememberfamily what about you this are place. trying Have to do) them tant for tothe vegetation project? management plan- sign(Instructor and hand should in their mention impressions. any nonna- HOWning. TO READ A WILDFLOWER tive grass on the site and discuss how it d. What can they do in their own District? Classroomgot there. Discussion: Why is their new list better SEED MIX LABEL: 1. Select and read notes gathered from the (Part 4) for field the to project?) review their experience. SELECTINGSetup: Wildflower A SEED MIX seed: that is available is 2. Pop quiz – give them a hypotheticai not always what will work best for a high- (Section III) H OW newTO roadREAD throughA WILDFLOWER a map ofS EEDthe MIX way project. Vegetation managers need to Directions: preserve. Discuss project objectives. know whatSuggest to look onefor onor amore seed project mix label LABEL: locations for this exercise (roadside in front (Section Ask themIII) to pull out their plant to understand if they are getting their inventory lists from the preserve and of meeting, the Interstate they took to the Setup: Wildflower seed that is available is money’s worth and if the mix is likely to circle 10-20 plant species (grasses and meeting,succeed a on nearby the site rest they area have for example).chosen. A not forbs)always they what could will workplant foron athe highway Asksample each Wildflowerstudent to jot Seed down Mix the Label site should project.. roadside We project.need to Askknow them what to to sign look and be provided to participants. description including: type of soil, mois- for onhand a seed in their mix “seedlabel tomix” understand lists. Openly bet- ture conditions, and sun aspect of the site. ter ifdiscuss we are what getting might our workmoney’s and worth, what Directions: Ask students to examine the would not. Findlabel. it Beginon your by State asking ecoregion them to map. answer and if the mix is likely to succeed on the these three questions: site we have chosen. A Wildflower Seed Exercise: Supply list of native grasses in INSTALL A NATIVE WILDFLOWER 1. Will these wildflower species grow in Mix Label is provided. your region. (List Sources include your GARDEN IN 30 DAYS: my district? (Part 4) DNR, your TNC, or Roadside Use of Native Directions: Ask students to scan the label. 2. Which flowers are not appropriate? In 1996, Secretary of Transportation, Plants Each) and region discuss will characteristics have different of each BeginRodney the Slateranalysis asked by askingthat we them honor to his (about answers. 10) including mature height, site answervisit to these Mrs. threeLyndon questions. Johnson. We deter- 3. Where was this seed grown? tolerances, availability, source and costs.) 1.mined, Will these with thewildflower help of thespecies Texas grow DOT, in that adding a monument to an existing DirectDiscussion: each student Discuss to answersjot down and a mini- related my District? mum of 3 grasses they could use on their 2.wayside Which near flowers the Johnsonare not appropriate? Ranch would details like cost and availability. Might it be the answer. We then asked the Texas site.be better Be sure to theyplant know native if grassestheir site only? is dry, DOT(Each to designRegion awill garden have as different context to the mesic, wet, or a combination. monument.answers.) In thirty days, the District FIELD TRIP TO STATE PRESERVE/ 3.Office Where designedwas this seedthe garden, grown? found native Discussion: Each should hand in their SEED MIX: plant materials, and installed it. The au- project(Part 4)list. Correct any selection that are Discussion:thor visited theDiscuss wayside answers on the and day related before blatantlyDirections: not doable,Locate aand TNC carefully Preserve explain detailsthe dedication. like costs and availability. Might it (http://my.nature.org/preserves/) or State why not. Then for open discussion, talk be better to plant native grasses only? Scientific and Natural area near the classroom. Visit it and learn about its

21913 Part 6 - References

The crews were tidying the site with a last of all invasive plants visible in the photo. minuteFIELD T RIPmowing, TO STATE whenPRESERVE a limousine/SEED MpulledIX: Havewith themthe help underscore of the Texas each DOT, plant that that is (Sectionup. The III)back window opened and Mrs. alsoadding on theira monument State Noxious to an existingWeed list. wayside Directions:Johnson engagedLocate the a TNCcrew preservewith her orpraise State near the Johnson Ranch would be the andScientific thank and yous Natural for their area hard near work. classroom. What Classanswer. Discussion: We then Discussasked the their Texas findings. DOT to a moment. How did each plant get to that site? Visit it and learn about its history of land design a garden as context to the monu- (Consider topsoil, construction, seed mix, Typicallyuse, its plants, crews soils do not and garner moisture, this critterskind of adjacentment. In land thirty owners, days, themowing District or otherOffice appreciation.that live there, What etc. Before if a request class, forsecure a native the maintenancedesigned the practice,garden, found etc.) How native might plant you wildflowerplant inventory garden list tohit handyour out.office? What if workmaterials, with neighboringand installed lands,it. I visitedespecially the you had 30 days, to find an appropriate corridors?wayside on the day before the dedication. site,Exercise: designGive the garden,each student acquire the the inventory plants, listetc? to What use aswould a check you list do? of what they actu- GET TO KNOW YOUR STATE NOX- The crews were tidying the site with a last ally see and identify independently or as IOUS WEED LIST: minute mowing, when a limousine pulled competitiveExercise: Ask teams. each studentExplain toas writemuch their as (Part 5) solution on one page. Directions:up. Read the hand-out, your State you can about the land use history of the Noxious Weed List, and answer the follow- site and why it is important. After hiking Classroom Discussion: ing:The back window opened and Mrs. anda. Site identification, selection. ask each student to take a. How many plant species are on your Johnson engaged the crew with her praise ab. blank Garden piece design….who of paper and does describe it. in list? and thank yous for their hard work. What wordsc. Do you and/or need sketches help…where what they would will you b. Which State agency (agriculture or a moment. rememberget it? (central about office, this place. consultant, Have them garden natural resources) has authority? center, local grower)? c. Does the DOT plant any species on the sign and hand in their impressions. d. Where will you get the plants and/or Typically list? crews do not garner this kind of Classroomseed? Discussion: d.appreciation. Which plants What on the if alist request does yourfor a native e. Who will stake the plant locations, plant District control? a. Select and read notes gathered from the them water and maintain? e.wildflower What plant(s) garden do hit you your think office? should What be if f. Isfield it doable? to review their experience. you added had and30 days, how wouldto find youan appropriate do it? g.b. WhatPop quiz are –the give challenges them a hypothetical in your State? new site, design the garden, acquire the plants, road through a map of the preserve pre- Exercise:etc? What Students would youcan reportdo? their short RIGHTS-OF-WAY,pared ahead of time. HOMES Discus TOproject INVA- list. Have each nominate a plant they think SIVES: should be added to the list. objectives. Ask them to pull out their Exercise: Ask each student to write their (Part 5) Setup:plant Highway inventory rights-of-way lists from the (ROW), preserve rail Discussion:solution on Answerone page. the following ques- and circle 10-20 plant species (grasses corridors, and utility rights-of-way are tions.Classroom Discussion:: a. site selection, b. maintainedand forbs) for they different could plantpurposes on the in road-differ- 1. Which nominations are native and garden design….who does it? c. do you entside ways. project. But these Ask linear them stripsto sign often and which are nonnative to your State? need help…where would you get it? (cen- sharehand common in their fencelines “seed mix” and lists. invasions Openly of 2. Does your State include native species in common weeds. Weeds do not respect tral its office,list? Most consultant, do not. garden center, local discuss what might work and what those fencelines. How might we work 3.grower, Discuss ?) which d. where is the will biggest you get problem the plants to would not. with utilities and railroads? It begins with and/or roadsides, seed? to e. agriculture,who will stake and the to theplant identifying our common weed species. environment. locations, plant them ,water and maintain? I NSTALL A NATIVE WILDFLOWER GARDEN IN 4. Vote on the biggest problem weed in f. Is it doable? g. What are the challenges 30Directions: DAYS: Chose a site of about an acre your State that should be added to the in your State? (Sectionin size that III) will best illustrate the invasive list. problem (with adjacent ROW, if possible). InBe 1996,sure it Secretary is accessible of Transportation, and students have HOW TO CONTROL A NOXIOUS Rodneyvests and Slater hard asked hats available. that we honor Or provide his visit WEED: toeach Mrs. a photograph Lyndon Johnson. that can We be determined, examined. (Part 6) Ask each student to write down the names Setup: Chose a weed species that students

12220 Part 6 - References

are familiar with in your region,and that is know: their own district yard, the roadside includedRIGHTS-OF in-W theAY, listHOMES of this TO book,INVASIVES part: 6. atc. meetingDoes the location, DOT plant a State any speciespark, etc. on Ask the (Section IV) eachlist? to describe what will happen in 3, 5, Directions:Setup: Highway Ask studentsrights-of-way to look (ROW), up the rail andd. Which 10 years plants at that on sitethe listif it doeswere your left to suggestedcorridors, controlsand utility in rightsthis book. of way Then are ask, nature.District control? “Ifmaintained your State for legislated different apurposes moratorium in differ- on e. What plant (s) do you think should be herbicide use tomorrow, what tools would Class Discussion: Recruit answers and try ent ways. But these linear strips often added and how would you do it? you use to prevent further spread of that to narrow down the likely successional share common fencelines and invasions of weed.” resultExercise: of reducedEach can mowing. report Cantheir they short live list. common weeds. Weeds do not respect withHave that each result? nominate For howa plant long? they think Classthose fencelines.Discussion: How You mightare likely we towork get should be added to the list. differenttogether? answersIt begins depending with identifying on students’ our PARTNERSHIPS: LOCAL, STATEWIDE, experiences.common weed Talk species. about the pros and cons REGIONAL,Discussion: AnswerINTERNATIONAL: the following of each and consider a vote at the end to (Part 6) questions. decideDirections: a reasonableChose a strategy. site of about Consider an acre Setup: Ask students (by a show of hands) 1. Which nominations are native and costs,in size timing, ahead ofother time vegetation that will best in the illus- area, if any of them are currently part of a etc. Ask if they would consider sharing partnershipwhich are to nonnative control invasive to your plantsState? or trate the invasive problem (with adjacent resources. If so, how would they do it? noxious2. Does yourweeds. State Describe include the native Malheaur species in ROW, if possible). Be sure it is accessible County/its list? BLM/ODOT (Most do not.) partnership that and students have vests and hard hats ROADSIDES FOR WILDLIFE: shared3. Debate resources which isand the provided biggest problem10 times to (Partavailable. 5) Or provide each a photograph the amount of control. (Page 40 in Road- roadsides, to agriculture, and to the Setup:that can States be examined. like Utah, (See Minnesota, photo exam- and side Weed Management.) environment. Northple.) Ask Carolina each studenthave Roadsides to write downfor the Wildlife Programs. Hunting and fishing are Directions:4. Vote on the Ask biggest students problem to read in theyour names of all invasive plants visible in the economic benefits in most States. AidirondackState that shouldPark MOU be added on page to the 224 list. photo. Have them underscore each plant Directions:that is also on Ask their students State Noxiousto form twoWeed lines Class Discussion: Lead the discussion HOW TO CONTROL A NOXIOUS WEED: (onelist. of fishers and hunters, another of using these basic questions: people who do not hunt and fish). a.(Section How would IV) your District benefit by Class Discussion: Discuss their findings. Setup: partneringChose with a weed others? species (less that need students for Debate:How did Why each orplant why get not to have that asite? Roadsides are expensive familiar withequipment, in your saveregion, money, from the for(Consider Wildlife topsoil, Program construction, in highway seed corridors. mix, list control of controls more found weeds, on make pages friends, ______. Askadjacent the fishers land owners, and hunters mowing to orbe otheragainst inspire others to work together, etc.) the program and give their reasons. Ask b.Directions: What strengths/skillsAsk students do to your look crews up the maintenance practice, etc.) people who do not hunt and fish why it is suggested bring to controlsa partnership? in this book. Then ask How might you work with neighboring important to have such a program. c.the What question, would “if they your be State willing legislated to share a or Hopefullylands, especially you find corridors? that there is common do in a partnership? moratorium on herbicide use tomorrow, ground among them all. Develop a short list to share with other what tools would you use to prevent fur- GET TO KNOW YOUR STATE NOXIOUS WEED participants. REDUCED MOWING: ther spread of that weed. LIST: (Part 6) THE IMPORTANCE OF THEIR WORK: Setup:(Section Reduced IV) mowing has many conser- (PartClass 6) Discussion: You are likely to get dif- vationDirections: benefitsRead as the well hand-out, as economic your andState Setup:ferent answersThe life dependingof a vegetation on students’ manager is environmentalNoxious Weed improvements.List, and answer How the follow-can complex.experiences. There are regulations about lessing: work have so many good consequenc- water quality, native wildflowers, beauti- es?a. How Ask manystudents plant to orallyspecies list are all on the your fication,Talk about erosion the pros control, and cons endangered of each andspe- benefits such as wildlife habitat, cost sav- cies, noxious weeds, migratory birds and consider a vote at the end to decide a rea- ings,list? and reduced vehicle emissions. more that constrain what they can do. The b. Which State agency (agriculture or rights-of-waysonable strategy. are filledConsider with costs, safety, timing, direc- Directions:natural resources) Chose a sitehas thatauthority? all attendees tional,other vegetation and information in the area, signs etc. and Ask if

22113 Part 6 - References

structures that become an obstacle course. essential relations ships……Sometimes we theythe roadside would consider is a darn sharing dangerous resources. place to If P ARTNERSHIPShave no choice: LOCAL but ,to STATEWIDE disturb these, REGIONAL , so,walk how or drivewould with they the do travelingit? public INTERNATIONAL relationships,: but we should do so whizzing by! The work you do is hard (Section thoughtfully, IV) with full awareness that RworkOADSIDES and important FOR WILDLIFE work.: Setup: what weAsk do students may have (by consequences a show of hands) remote in time and place. (Carson, 1962) (Section II & IV) if any of them are currently part of a part- Directions: Write three short paragraphs Setup:about howStates you like would Utah, describe Minnesota, your and job to Directions:nership to control Ask students invasive to plants read these or nox- Northyour family, Carolina or tohave your Roadsides Governor, for orWildlife to a threeious weeds.quotations Describe and thenthe Malheaur write a para- County/ Programs.newspaper Huntingreporter. and Stress fishing how aredifficult eco- graphBLM/WashDOT about how partnership they view their that ownshared nomictheir job benefits is AND in howmost difficult States. it is to personalresources responsibility and did 10 times to environmental the amount of explain it. No names needed on this one. stewardship.control. (Page ___ in Roadside Weed Directions: Ask students to form two lines Management.) (oneClass of Discussion: fishers and Collecthunters, all another writings of and Class Discussion: Randomly chose peoplerandomly who chose do not some hunt to and read fish). aloud. (Do answersDirections: and Askread students aloud. Ask to readthe group the to not judge what you are reading.) Ask comment. Aidirondack Park MOU on page ___. Debate:them to discussWhy or their why reactions.not have a Direct Roadsides forconversations Wildlife Program about: inworking highway for corridors. the gov- Class Discussion: Lead the discussion Askernment, the fishers family and perceptions, hunters to dailybe against difficul- using these basic questions: ties on the road, pride in their work, sup- theport program from their and families give their and reasons. the public, Ask etc. a. How would your District benefit by peopleIn the end,who stressdo not the hunt VALUE and fish of their why workit is partnering with others? (less need for importantto their community, to have such their a program. family, the State, expensive equipment, save money, con- Hopefullyand the Country. you find Yes, that this there is a is thoughtful common trol more weeds, make friends, inspire groundpep talk; among but everyone them all. needs to know how others to work together, etc.) to explain what they do for the good of b. What strengths/skills do your crews transportation and the people who use it. RKeepEDUCED it positive.MOWING: bring to a partnership? (Section IV) c. What would they be willing to share or Setup:ROADSIDEReduced ETHIC: mowing has many conser- do in a partnership? vation(Part 6) benefits as well as economic and Develop a short list all can see. environmentalSetup: Some of improvements. the public think How that can transportation workers do not care about the lessenvironment, work have and so many have nogood commitment conse- to THE IMPORTANCE OF THEIR WORK: quences?conservation. Ask Perhaps students a todiscussion orally list among all the (Epilogue) benefitsyour class to willwildlife provoke habitat, thought cost savings,on this Setup: The life of a vegetation manager is lessissue. vehicle emissions. complex. There are regulations about a. Roadsides constitute the front yard of water quality, native wildflowers, beautifi- Directions: every communityChose a and site becausethat all attendeesof this, if cation, erosion control, endangered species, know: for no their other own reason, District they yard, should the beroadside devel- noxious weeds, migratory birds and more at meetingoped and location, maintained a State in a park, manner etc. Ask that constrain what they can do. The each befitting to describe such whata distinction. will happen(Bennett, in 3, 5, 1936) rights-of-way are filled with safety, direc- and 10 years at that site when left to b. Protecting the utility, beauty, and intrinsic tional, and information signs and struc- nature. value of our roadside biota remains our tures that become an obstacle course. And responsibility. It’s the only management Class Discussion: Recruit answers and try decision that makes sense. (Callicot and the roadside is a darn dangerous place to to Lore,narrow 1999) down the likely successional walk or drive with the traveling public resultc. The of earth’s reduced vegetation mowing. is Canpart theyof a weblive of whizzing by! The work you do is hard with life that in which result? there For are how intimate long? and work and important work.

12222 Part 6 - References

CHAPTER 2

ReedADDITIONAL canarygrass, READING Phalaris AND arundinacea RESOURCES Wasowski,Miller, William Sally H.with W., Andy 1984. Wasowski, Landscaping 1994. Gardening with Native Plants of the English ivy, Hedera helix South.with Wildflowers Taylor Publishing & Native Company, Plants. Dallas, NATIVE PLANT INFORMATION Smooth brome, Bromus inermis Texas.Chevron Chemical Company, San NATIVEChinese and PLANT European REFERENCES: privets, Francisco. BrooklylnLigustrum Botanic spp. Garden Record, 1989. NATIVE PLANT WEBSITES BushGardening honeysuckles, With Wildflowers Lonicera spp.& Native Nelson, Gil, 2003. Florida’s Best Native Plants. Brooklyn Botanic Garden, New www.mobot.org is the long-recognized Black locust, Robinia pseudoacacia Landscape Plants. University Press of York. home of the Center for Plant Conservation. Autumn olive, Elaeagnus umbellate PackedFlorida, with Gainsville. information for homeowners Diekelmann & Robert Schuster, 2002. and land managers, the site offers a State Natural Landscaping, Designing with contactsPettinger, Directory. April and Brenda Costanzo, Native PlantNATIVE Communities. PLANT INFORMATION University of 1996. Native Plants in the Coastal Garden. Wisconsin Press, Madison. www.natareas.orgTimber Press, Portland, is the homeOregon. of the

NATIVE PLANT REFERENCES: Natural Areas Association, an interna- Dupont, Elizabeth N. 1978. Landscaping tional nonprofit with a mission to preserve Brooklyln Botanic Garden Record, 1989. with Native Plants in the Middle Atlantic naturalWasowski, diversity. Sally Lotswith ofAndy land Wasowski, management Region.Gardening The With Brandywine Wildflowers Conservancy, & Native information.1994. Gardening with Native Plants of the ChaddsPlants. Ford, Pennsylvania. South. Taylor Publishing Company, Dallas, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, New York. www.natureserve.orgTexas. is the website of Na- Harper-Lore, B.; M. Wilson, Eds. 2000. ture Serve Explorer, an online encyclopedia Roadside Use of Native Plants, U.S. DOT, Diekelmann & Robert Schuster, 2002. for 50,000 plants and ecological communi- FHWA. ISBN: 1-55963-837-0. Hard copies tiesNATIVE of thePLANT UnitedW EBSITESStates and: Canada. With availableNatural Landscaping, from Island DesigningPress, Electronic with Native copy thewww common.natareas.or or scientificg name of a plant, isPlant on-line Communities. at http://www.environment.fhwa.University of youis the can home learn of its the life Natural history, Areas distribution dot.gov/ecosystems/vegmgmt_rdsduse.aspWisconsin Press, Madison. map,Association, and more. an international nonprofit

with a mission to preserve natural diversi- Hunter,Dupont, Margie,Elizabeth 2002. N. 1978.Gardening Landscaping with the www.nps.gov/plants is the federal intera- Native Plants of Tennessee. The University gencyty…lots Plant of landConservation management Alliance information. that with Native Plants in the Middle Atlantic of Tennessee Press, Knoxville. began in 1994 with the purpose of sharing Region. The Brandywine Conservancy, informationwww.natureser andve.or resourcesg on behalf of Miller,Chadds George Ford, Pennsylvania. O. 1990. Landscaping with nativeis the plants.website of Nature Serve Explorer, an Native Plants of Texas and the Southwest. online encyclopedia for 50,000 plants and Voyageur press, Stillwater, Minnesota. www.wildflower.org is the website of the Harper-Lore, Bonnie and Maggie Wilson, ecological communities of the United 2000. Roadside Use of Native Plants. Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Miller, William H. W., 1984. Landscaping whichStates educatesand Canada. about With the environmental the common or withIsland Wildflowers Press, Washington & Native D.C. Plants. necessity,scientific economicname of a value,plant, andyou naturalcan learn its Chevron Chemical Company, San beautylife history, of wildflowers distribution and map, native and plantsmore. Francisco.Hunter, Margie, 2002. Gardening with the across America. Native Plants of Tennessee. The University www.mobot.org Nelson,of Tennessee Gil, 2003. Press, Florida’s Knoxville. Best Native Landscape Plants. University Press of is the long-recognized home of the Center Florida, Gainsville. for Plant Conservation. Packed with Miller, George O. 1990. Landscaping with information for homeowners and land Pettinger,Native Plants April of Texasand Brenda and the Costanzo, Southwest. managers, the site offers a State contacts 1996.Voyageur Native press, Plants Stillwater, in the CoastalMinnesota. Garden. Directory. Timber Press, Portland, Oregon.

22313 Part 6 - References

wwwINVASIVE.nps.gov/plants PLANT INFORMATION Tellman,INVASIVE Barbara, PLANT Ed., 2002. WEBSITES Invasive is federal interagency Plant Conservation Exotic Species in the Sonoran Region. AllianceINVASIVE that PLANT began in1994 REFERENCES: with the pur- www.fhwa.DOT/roadsidesUniversity of Arizona Press is and the Arizona-Federal poseBossard, of sharing Carla C.,information John M. Randall, and resources and HighwaySonora Desert Administration Museum, Tucson.(FHWA) website Marc C. Hosbovsky, 2000. Invasive Plants which attempts to connect private and pub- on behalf of native plants. of California’s Wildlands. University of lic sector supporters of greener roadsides. California Press, Berkely and Los Angeles. Tu, M., Hurd, C. and J.M. Randall, 2001. www.wildflower.org www.plants.usda.govWeed Control Methods maintains Handbook the. The Na- isBritton, the website Kerry of O., the Ed., Lady 1997. Bird E xoticJohnson Pests of tionalNature Plant Conservancy, Database Project. WildflowerEastern Forests. Center USDA which Forest educates Service about and www.tncweeds.ucdavis.edu. environmentalthe Tennessee Exoticnecessity, Pest economic Plant Council. value, www.nps.gov/plants/aliens is the Weeds Gone Wild site of the Plant andCzarapata, natural Elizabeth beauty of J.,wildflowers 2005. Invasive and ConservationUva, Richard Alliance.H., Joseph C. Neal, and nativePlants plantsof the Upperacross Midwest.America. University of Joseph M. DiTomaso, 1997. Weeds of the Wisconsin Press, Madison. [email protected]. Cornell University Press, TNC’sIthaca, Wildland New York. Invasive Species Program Randall,INVASIVE John M. PLANT and Janet INFORMATION Marinelli, Edi- offers decision-makers years of land man- tors, 1996. Invasive Plants, Weeds of the agement experience regarding problem Westbrooks, R. 1998, Invasive Plants, Global Garden. Brooklyn Botanic Garden, plants, control methods, a power point INVASIVE PLANT REFERENCES: NY. presentationChanging the you Landscape can use, of a America, press release a hand- Bossard, Carla C., John M. Randall, and template,book. Federal and ways Interagency to utilize Committee volunteers. for MarcTaylor, C. Ronald Hosbovsky, J., 1990. 2000. Northwest Invasive Weeds, Plants the Management of Noxious and Exotic ofthe California’s Ugly and Beautiful Wildlands. Villains University of Fields, of Weeds (FICMNEW), Washington D.C. CaliforniaGardens, and Press, Roadsides. Berkely Mountainand Los Angeles. Press publishing, Missoula, Montana. Whitson, Tom D., et al. 1992. Weeds of the Britton, Kerry O., Ed., 1997. Exotic Pests of REGIONAL CENTERS OF INVASIVE Tellman, Barbara, Ed., 2002. Invasive West. University of Wyoming, Jackson. Eastern Forests. USDA Forest Service and PLANT INFORMATION Exotic Species in the Sonoran Region. the Tennessee Exotic Pest Plant Council. University of Arizona Press and Arizona- www.aquat1.ifas.ufl.edu is theCenter Sonora Desert Museum, Tucson. for AquaticINVASIVE and Invasive PLANT WEBSITES Plants since Czarapata, Elizabeth J., 2005. Invasive 1979. The site contains images and in- PlantsTu, M., of Hurd, the Upper C. and Midwest. J.M. Randall,University 2001. of formationwww.fhwa.DOT/r for 383oadsides native and non-native Weed Control Methods Handbook. The species found in Florida. WisconsinNature Conservancy, Press, Madison. is the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) website which attempts to con- www.tncweeds.ucdavis.edu. www.invader.dbs.umt.edu is the website Randall, John M. and Janet Marinelli, ofnect the private INVADERS and public Database sector System supporters of Editors,Uva, Richard 1996. H., Invasive Joseph Plants, C. Neal, Weeds and of the fromgreener the roadsides. University of Montana con- GlobalJoseph GardenM. DiTomaso,. Brooklyn 1997. Botanic Weeds Garden, of the tains the INVADERS Database System Northeast. Cornell University Press, NY. providedwww.plants.usda.gov by the Agricultural research Ithaca, New York. Servicemaintains (ARS), the National USDA. SitePlant includes Database U.S. and Canadian noxious weed lists. Taylor,Westbrooks, Ronald R. J., 1998, 1990. Invasive Northwest Plants, Weeds, Project. theChanging Ugly and the Beautiful Landscape Villains of America, of Fields, a www.newfs.org the New England Wild handbook. Federal Interagency Committee Flower Society addresses plants in New Gardens, and Roadsides. Mountain Press England.www.nps.gov/plants/aliens publishing,for the Management Missoula, of Montana. Noxious and Exotic is the Weeds Gone Wild site of the Plant Weeds (FICMNEW), Washington D.C. www.uni.edu/irvmConservation Alliance. is the Integrated Whitson, Tom D., et al. 1992. Weeds of the Roadside Vegetation Management West. University of Wyoming, Jackson.

12224 Part 6 - References

[email protected] from the new national vegeta- U.S.noxious DOT, weed FHWA. lists. FHWA-HEP-07-017. TNC’stion center Wildland at the Invasive University Species of Northern Program http://www.weedcenter.org/store/docs/ offersIowa. decision-makers years of land man- books-brochures/roadside%20weed%20www.newfs.org the New England Wild agement experience regarding problem management.pdfFlower Society addresses plants in New www. usgs.nau.edu/SWEPIC/swemp plants, control methods, a power point England. serves the southwest via the Southwest INTEGRATED VEGETATION MAN- Exoticpresentation Plant youInformation can use, aClearinghouse. press release AGEMENT REFERENCES: template,This site isand filled ways withto utilize practical volunteers. information. www.uni.edu/irvm is the Integrated 1.Roadside Roadside Vegetation Weed Management Management (FHWA,home- www.weedcenter.org is home to an indepth EPA,NRCS)page from the http://www.weedcenter. new national vegetation cen- western weed clearinghouse of information. REGIONAL CENTERS OF org/docs/books-brochures/roadside%20ter at the University of Northern Iowa. The information comes from theCenter weed%20management.pdf for INVASIVEInvasive Plant PLANT Management INFORMATION in State by State reference of noxious weed Montana. laws,www weed. usgs.nau.edu/SWEPIC/swemp lists, and State resources. serves www.aquat1.ifas.ufl.edu is the Center for Includesthe southwest a 65 page via theprimer Southwest on invasive Exotic plantPlant prevention, Information control, Clearinghouse restoration,. This edu- AquaticAVAILABLE and Invasive FHWA/USDOT Plants PUBLICATIONSsince 1979. cation,site is filledand policy. with practical FHWA-HEP-07-017 information. The site contains images and information for 383 native and non-native species 2. The NATURE Of ROADSIDES, and the foundFAX request in Florida to warehouse at (301) 386- Toolswww .weedcenterto Work With.org It.is home to an in- 5394. Specify the publication number, Adepth 32 page western training weed tool clearinghouse including best of infor- quantity, and your shipping address. www.invader.dbs.umt.edu is the website of managementmation. The practices, information ecological comes from princi- the plesCenter and forpolicies Invasive for landPlant managers. Management in theFIELD INVADERS GUIDE DatabaseSERIES System from the FHWA-EP-03-005Montana. University(LAMINATED of GLOVE-COMPARTMENT Montana contains the SIZE): INVADERS1. Common Database Roadside System Invasives, provided by 3. Roadside Use of Native Plants (FHWA) theA roadside Agricultural field researchguide to Serviceshowy (ARS),herbaceous A State by State reference with trees, weeds FHWA-EP-02-003 USDA. Site includes U.S. and Canadian shrubs, vines, grasses, and forbs that are native in each, along with State resources 2. Common Roadside Wildflowers, for guidance in restoration, revegetation, A field guide to native forbs and grasses erosion control, and landscaping uses. A FHWA-EP-03-007 47 page primer by native plant experts and practitioners is useful in training. 3. Common Roadside Wildflowers, The appendices include roadside policies, Western Edition references, and plant community lists. For A roadside field guide for the Western use by all land managers. Out of print. Re- Region FHWA-HEP-05-047 printed by Island Press and can be ordered through book sellers. Electroinic copy is 4. Common Roadside Invasives, on-line at http://www.environment.fhwa. A field guide to nonnative trees, shrubs, dot.gov/ecosystems/vegmgmt_rdsduse.asp and vines. FHWA-HEP-07-021 4. Native Alternatives to Invasive Plants 5. Common Aquatic Weeds, (FHWA and BBG) A field guide to invasive aquatic plants Recommended native plant alternatives found throughout the waters of the United for each major invasive plant in the United States. FHWA-HEP-09-016 States, many of them ornamental plants. Written by Cole Burrell and edited by Harper-Lore, B.; M. Johnson; M. Skinner, FHWA and the Brooklyn Botanic Gardens Eds. 2007. Roadside Weed Management, in 2006. Available through the BBG in quantities or at local book stores. 22513 Part 5 - CHAPTER 3 On-The-Ground Applications

MCHAPTEREMORANDUM OF U NDERSTANDING FOR3 THE ADIRONDACK PARK INVASIVE PLANT PROGRAM MOU EXAMPLES This Memorandum of Understanding is entered into this 8th day of April 2004, by the NEW YORK STATEADIRONDACK ADIRONDACK PARK PARK INVASIVE AGENCY PLANT (hereinafter PROGRAM referred MOU to as “APA”) having offices at Box 99, Ray Brook, New York, 12977, the NEW YORK STATE DEPARTMENT This Memorandum of Understanding is entered into this 8th day of April 2004, by the OF TRANSPORTATION, REGIONS 1, 2 and 7 (hereinafter referred to as “DOT”), having NEW YORK STATE ADIRONDACK PARK AGENCY (hereinafter referred to as “APA”) officeshaving in offices Schenectady, at Box Watertown99, Ray Brook, and Utica,New York,New 12977,York, thethe NEW NEW YORK YORK STATE STATE DEPART- DE- MENTPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL OF TRANSPORTATION, CONSERVATION, REGIONS REGIONS 1, 2 and 7 5 (hereinafter and 6 (hereinafter referred referred to as to“DOT”), as “DEC”) having having offices offices in inSchenectady, Ray Brook and Watertown Watertown, and New Utica, York, New the York, INVASIVE the NEW YORK PLANTSTATE DEPARTMENTCOUNCIL OF NEW OF ENVIRONMENTAL YORK STATE (hereinafter CONSERVATION, referred to as the REGIONS “IPC”) having 5 and offices6 (hereinafter in Troy, Newreferred York, to andas “DEC”) THE ADIRONDACK having offices NATURE in Ray CONSERVANCYBrook and Watertown, (hereinafter New referredYork, the to INVASIVE as “ANC”) PLANTa not-for-profit COUNCIL corporation OF NEW organized YORK STATE and existing (hereinafter under thereferred laws of theto as District the “IPC”) of Columbia, having offices having itsin principalTroy, New office York, at and 1815 THE North ADIRONDACK Lynn Street, Arlington, NATURE Virginia,CONSERVANCY 22209, authorized (hereinafter to conduct referred business to as “ANC”) in the aState not-for-profit of New York corporation as The Nature organ- Conservancy,ized and existing Inc., under acting the by lawsand throughof the District its Adirondack of Columbia, Operating having Unit. its principal office at 1815 North Lynn Street, Arlington, Virginia, 22209, authorized to conduct business in the State of New York as The Nature Conservancy, Inc., acting by and through its Adirondack WHEREAS, the NYS Adirondack Park, a six million acre region of public and private land, Operating Unit. is a unique natural region. It is the largest wilderness area east of the Mississippi River, and formsWHEREAS, the headwaters the NYS ofAdirondack five major Park,rivers. a sixWith million large acreunfragmented region of publictracts ofand forested private land, theland, Park is a is unique a virtual natural island region. in nthe It highlyis the largestpopulated wilderness Northeast. area Deciduouseast of the andMississippi coniferous foresetsRiver, and are forms interspersed the headwaters with lakes, of fiverivers, major wetlands, rivers. and With other large natural unfragmented communities; tracts and, of forested land, the Park is a virtual island in nthe highly populated Northeast. Deciduous WHEREAS,and coniferous invasive foresets species are interspersed have significant with environmental, lakes, rivers, wetlands, social, and and economic other natural impacts oncommunities; natural areas. and, They can negatively impact ecosystems through competition, suppression, and displacement of native species and through the alternation of ecosystem func- tionsWHEREAS, such as invasivenutreient species cycling have and significanthydrology. environmental,For the purpose social, of this and agreement, economic invasive plantimpacts species on natural are defined areas. as They those can found negatively outside impact of their ecosystems normal range through and, duecompetition, to certain suppression, and displacement of native species and through the alternation of ecosystem characteristics, are able to move into an area and become dominant numberically, in cover, functions such as nutreient cycling and hydrology. For the purpose of this agreement, resourceinvasive plantuse, or species other ecologicalare defined impact. as those It found is important outside to of recognize their normal that rangemost non-nativeand, due to plantscertain (i.e. characteristics, speices that haveare able established to move orinto been an areaintroduced and become to an anreadominant where numberically, they do not naturallyin cover, resourceoccur) are use, not or invasive; other ecological and, impact. It is important to recognize that most non-native plants (i.e. speices that have established or been introduced to an anrea where EDITOR’sthey do not NOTE: naturally Seventeen occur) are(17) not more invasive; whereas and, follow defining the extent of the problem and the partnership’s responsibilities to protect the natural resources of the region, and explainingEDITOR’s NOTE:how together Seventeen the various (17) more agencies whereas can followaccomplish defining more the cooperatively. extent of the problem and the partnership’s responsibilities to protect the natural resources of the region, and NOWexplaining THEREFORE, how together in consideration the various agencies of the mutural can accomplish agreements more set cooperatively.forth herin, APA, DEC, DOT, IPC and ANC agree to act cooperatively in the implementation of an NOW THEREFORE, in consideration of the mutural agreements set forth herin, APA, Adirondack park Invasive Plant Program (hereinafter referred to as “APIPP”), as follows: DEC, DOT, IPC and ANC agree to act cooperatively in the implementation of an Adirondack park Invasive Plant Program (hereinafter referred to as “APIPP”), as follows: 1. ADIRONDACK PARK INVASIVE PLANT PROGRAM. 1. ADIRONDACK1. Monitoring PARK and inventory: INVASIVE PLANT PROGRAM. 2. Invasive 1. Monitoring species and autecology inventory: and control methods: 3. Implementation 2. Invasive species of controlautecology methods: and control methods: 4. Monitoring 3. Implementation to determine of control success: methods: 5. Education 4. Monitoring and outreach:to determine success: 6. Funding: 5. Education and outreach: 6. Funding:

12226 Part 5 - CHAPTER 3 On-The-Ground Applications

M EMORANDUM OF U NDERSTANDING FOR THE ADIRONDACK PARK INVASIVE PLANT PROGRAM

7. Information 7. Information exchange: exchange: 8. Management: 8. Management: Designate Designate an officialan official “Adirondack “Adirondack Park WeedPark ManagementWeed Management Area” toArea” advance to advance the recognition the recognition of invasive of invasive plant issuesplant issuesamong among stakeholders, stakeholders, local, state,local, and state, federal and governments federal governments and to facilitate and to cooperativefacilitate cooperative approaches approaches for invasive for plant management. invasive plant management.

2. RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE SIGNEES. Editor’s Note: each signee’s responsibililties 2. RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE SIGNEES. Editor’s Note: each signee’s responsibililties are then spelled out. are then spelled out. New York State Department of Transportation New York State Department of Transportation 1. Conduct control activities within Interstate and state highway rights of way 1. Conduct (ROW); control activities within Interstate and state highway rights of way (ROW); 2. With 2. With the theappropriate appropriate releases releases conduct conduct control control activities activities on private on private lands lands adjacent to theadjacent Department’s to the Department’s ROW; ROW; 3. Collect 3. Collect requested requested data data regarding regarding location, location, species species and andcontrol control methods; methods; 4. Develop 4. Develop guidance, guidance, specifications, specifications, training training materials materials and bestand managementbest management practices (BMP’s) practices that (BMP’s)reduce or that eliminate reduce theor eliminateintroduction the andintroduction spread of andinvasive spread species of invasive species within the ROW; within the ROW; 5. Utilize species location information for BMP’s when designing, construction, 5. Utilize and speciesmaintaining location Interstate information and state for BMP’s highway when systems designing, within construction, the Park; and maintaining 6. Seek continued Interstate Federal and statefunding highway for research systems on within invasive the plantPark; management 6. Seek issues; continued Federal funding for research on invasive plant management issues; 7. Develop 7. Develop a written a written annual annual work work schedule schedule committing committing to invasive to invasive plant plant species species management management within the within ROW the in ROW the Park in the at thePark annual at the lateannual Winter late Partners’Winter Partners’ meeting; 8. Provide meeting; status reports regarding “g” above at the annual Summer and early Winter partners’ 8. Provide meetings; status reports regarding “g” above at the annual Summer and early 9. Provide Winter invasive partners’ plant meetings; species awareness and management training to appropriate State 9. Provide Department invasive of plantTransportation species awareness staff; and management training to appro 10. Identify priate invasive State Department plant biomass of Transportation disposal and transfer staff; areas at local residencies and 10. Identify invasive plant biomass disposal and transfer areas at local residencies other Department controlled facilities; and other Department controlled facilities; 11. Coordinate 11. Coordinate with with local local municipal municipal maintenance maintenance and transportationand transportation departments on highway departments BMPs that on wouldhighway be BMPsimplemented that would on non-State be implemented highways on and non-State roads; 12. Assist highways maintenance and roads; of Terrestrial Invasive Plant Project database; document new infestations, 12. Assist maintenance document management of Terrestrial controls Invasive implemented Plant Project on database; existing document infestations; new and infestations, produce maps document for APIPP management website and controls participants. implemented on existing infestations; and produce maps for APIPP website and participants. 3. COMMUNICATIONS. The parties agree to share and coordinate all information 3. COMMUNICATIONS.regarding their respective The activities parties inagree support to share of theand Adirondack coordinate Parkall information Invasive Plant regardingProgram. their To respective that end, activities all communication in support shallof the be Adirondack directed to: Park (All Invasive signees’ Plantaddresses Program.and phone To that numbers end, all follow.) communication shall be directed to: (All signees’ addresses and phone numbers follow.)

4. 4.TERM. TERM. April April 2004-2008 2004-2008

EDITOR’sEDITOR’s NOTE: NOTE: For For the the complete complete MOU MOU and and other other details, details, contact contact Hilary Hilary Oles. Oles______For more detailsFor more about details BMPs about and cooperation BMPs and cooperation by the New Yorkby the State New DOT, York State DOT, contactcontact Kyle Kyle Williams, Williams, (518) (518) 457-5566. 457-5566.

22713 Part 5 - CHAPTER 3 On-The-Ground Applications

M EMORANDUM OF U NDERSTANDING FOR THE ROADSIDEFOND VEGETATION DU LAC/ MNDOT MANAGEMENT MOU

The)63AB/B3=4#7<<3A=B/B6@=C567BA3>/@B;3=@B/B7=< state of Minnesota through its Department of Transportation/<2B63=<22C"/1 and the Fond du Lac Band/<2=4"/93(C>3@7=@67>>3E/2=63@30G1=;;7BB=E=@91==>3@/ of Lake Superior Chippewa do hereby commit to work cooperativelyB7D3:GB=53B63@B= together to manage;/

SUBJECT: Vegetation management along Minnesota Department of Transportation SUBJECT: +353B/B7=<;//@B;3=@B/B7=<63@3 (hereinafter “Mn/DOT”) roads through the Fond du Lac Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Reservation73@7=@67>>3E/ '3A3@D/B7=<63@37@3AA321=<13@<=D on the rights of way within its Reservation boundaries 3@B63CA3=463@071723Aand the loss of cultur- ally=:/:/=<232B=B67A1=<13@< herbicides within the Reservation boundary. New populations0G<=B/>>:G7<563@07 of invasive weeds have1723AE7B67=>C:/B7==>C:/B7=:/ than one herbicide application,E==2G>:/3@4= which lasts two to three years. @;32A3D3@/:B7;3A2C@ 7<5B635@=E7<5A3/A=<)67A7A:3AA34431B7D3B6/<=<363@071723/>>:71/B7=<E6716:/ABA SCOPE:BE=B=B6@33G3/@A The areas of concern are state Highway 210 from reference post 203.329 to 215.674, U.S. Highway 2 from reference post 231.744 to 239.034 and Interstate 35 from referenceSCOPE: )63/@3/A=41=<13@=AB post 235.479 to 236.722. B= *(756E/G 4@=;@343@3<13>=AB B= /<2 =AB B= OF THE MOU: This MOU is not a legal contract. Its purpose is to define goals and agreements between Mn/DOT and FDL in regards to control of vegetation along Highways 2, 210 and I-35 within Reservation boundaries. PURPOSE OF THE MOU: )67A#%*7A<=B/:35/:1=C@>=A37AB=2347<35=/:A/<2

GOALS/5@33;3>=@BC<7B73A4=@5/B63@7<5/<26/@D3AB7<51C:BC@/::GA75<7471/:/@3/2=47:/72'3A>==B33173A t%FWFMPQFEVDBUJPOBMPQQPSUVOJUJFTBOEQVCMJDBXBSFOFTTGPSUIK&@=B31B1C:BC@/::GA75<7471/:/32C1/B7=>=@BC<7B73A/<2>C0:71/E/@3<3AA4=@B631=;;C<7BG

12228 Part 5 - CHAPTER 3 On-The-Ground Applications

M EMORANDUM OF U NDERSTANDING FOR THE ROADSIDE VEGETATION MANAGEMENT MN/DOT GOALS Mt1SPWJEFBTBGFESJWJOHFYQFSJFODFGPSBMMIJHIXBZVTFSTCZNBN/DOT GOALS JOUBJOJOHTBGFUZDMFBS[POFT K&@=D723/A/432@7D7<53F>3@73<134=@/::6756E/GCA3@A0G;/ sight lines and guardrails. 7@3/2=47:/72'3A>=:/:/32C1/B7=>=@BC<7B73A/<2>C0:71/E/@3<3AA4=@B6UNDERSTANDINGS, AGREEMENTS, SUPPORT AND RESOURCE31=;;C<7BG NEEDS: FDL AGREEMENTS UNDERSTANDINGS,t'PSQSPUFDUJPOQVSQPTFT TIBSFTQBUJBMJOGPSNBUJPOPODVMUVSB AGREEMENTS, SUPPORT AND RESOURCEMMZTJHOJĕDBOUBSFBT NEEDS: t$POUBDUNFNCFSTXJUIJOGPSNBUJPOBCPVUUIFMPDBUJPOBOEUJNJOHPGIFSCJDJEF FDL AGREEMENTS application. K=@>@=B31B7=<>C@>=A3AA6/@3A>/B7/:7<4=@;/B7=<=<1C:BC@/::GA75<7471/>:71/B7=< K(6/@3A>/B7/:7<4=@;/B7=<=>: does not want herbicides used. 71/B7=>:71/B7=< K&/@B<3@E7B6#< %)B=;316/<71/::G@3;=D37:/:/=>C:/B7=3@A =<<3:B6/B/@3=< MN/DOT#< %)@756BA=4E/G AGREEMENTS t1SPWJEF'%-3FTPVSDF.BOBHFNFOU%JWJTJPOXJUIMJTUPGIFSCJDJEFMBCFMTBOENBUFSJBM M Nsafety/DOT data AGREEMENTS sheets commonly used. K&@=D723"'3A=C@13#//<21==@27: performed by a Mn/DOT employee who is a Minnesota Department/>:71/B7=C@>=A3AE7B67<'3A3@D/B7t"QQMZGPSB8FUMBOE1FSNJUGSPN'%-UPDPNQMZXJUI'%-8FUMBO=<0=C<2/@73AE7::03>3@E1SPUFDUJPOBOE 4=@;320G/#< %)3;>:=G33E6=7A/#7<<3A=B/3>/@B;3>:71/B=@7<1/B35=@73A/<2wetland or body of water within Reservation boundaries. K>>:G4=@/,3B:/<2&3@;7B4@=;"B=1=;>:GE7B6",3B:/>:71/B7==B3@7=t1BSUOFSXJUI'%-UPSFFWBMVBUFUIFTJUFPGIFSCJDJEFBQQMJDBUJPOBęFSBQQMJDBUJPO@B=/>>:G7<5/@=D72363@071723:/>:71/B7=>:71/B7=< not want herbicides used. K&@=D723"E7B61=>G=4&3AB71723>>:71/B7=<"=5/4B3@A>@/t$POUJOVFUPNBQJOWBTJWFQMBOUQPQVMBUJPOTPO.O%05SJHIUTPG7<5GXBZ K&/@B<3@E7B6"B=;316/<71/::G@3;=D37:/7:/=>C:/B7=/@BG;/GC>=@=13323/16>/@BG4C::Gfective on the date of the last signature and shall continue through7@=0:3;A/@7A3)67A#%*A6/::031=;334431B7D3=

22913 Part 5 - CHAPTER 3 On-The-Ground Applications

M EMORANDUM OF U NDERSTANDING FOR THE ROADSIDE VEGETATION MANAGEMENT ofTHIS the MEMORANDUMlast signature and shall OF UNDERSTANDINGcontinue through January IS HEREBY 2010 at AGREEDwhich time TO the BY: results of MOU will be reviewed by both Mn/DOT and FDL. Minnesota Department of Transportation Fond du Lac Band of Lake Superior Chippewa THIS MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING IS HEREBY AGREED TO BY: /S/ Thomas K. Sorel 5/15/09 /S/ Karen R. Diver 5/15/09 Minnesota Department of Transportation Fond du Lac Band of ______Lake Superior Chippewa Thomas K. Sorel Date Karen R. Diver Date Commissioner/S/ Thomas K. Sorel 5/15/09 /S/ Karen R. Diver Chairwoman 5/15/09

______Thomas K. Sorel Date Karen R. Diver Date Commissioner Chairwoman

12230 Part 5 - CHAPTER 3 On-The-Ground Applications

M EMORANDUM OF U NDERSTANDING FOR THE FOR THECROSS CROSS BORDERS BORDERS COOPERATIVE COOPERATIVE WEED WEED MANAGEMENT MANAGEMENT MOU AREA

PRINCIPAL PARTIES: PARTIES:

TTHISHIS M MEMORANDUMEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING OF UNDERSTANDING(MOU) IS MADE (MOU) AND ENTEREDIS MADE INTO AND BY: ENTERED INTO BY: Okanogan County Noxious Weed Control Board, South Okanagan-Similkameen Invasive OkanoganPlant Society County (SOSIPS), Noxious British Weed Columbia Control Ministry Board, Southof Transportation, Okanagan-Similkameen Boundary Weed Invasive PlantManagement Society Committee(SOSIPS), British (BWMC), Columbia Washington Ministry State of Department Transportation, of Transportation, Boundary Weed Ferry ManagementCounty Noxious Committee Weed Board. (BWMC), Washington State Department of Transportation, Ferry County Noxious Weed Board. PURPOSE: PURPOSE:The Parties listed above have weed management interests or responsibilities. Uncontrolled Theweed Partiespopulations listed inabove one jurisdictionhave weed affectmanagement the ability interests of other or responsibilities.land managers/operators Uncontrolled to weed populations in one jurisdiction affect the ability of other land managers/operators to control weeds on lands they administer. The Parties desire to come together to promote an control weeds on lands they administer. The Parties desire to come together to promote an integrated andand coordinatedcoordinated approachapproach to to weed weed management management and and vegetation vegetation improvement improvement through informationinformation exchange,exchange, educationeducation and and training, training, coordination coordination of of inventory inventory and and con- control,trol, and and sharing sharing of resources of resources when when appropriate. appropriate. COOPERATIVE WEED MANAGEMENT AREA to prevent and control plant species classified as noxiousCOOPERATIVE weeds that WEED have anMANAGEMENT adverse effect on AREA native to plant prevent communities, and control wildlife plant spe-habitat, cies classified as noxious weeds that have an adverse effect on native plant communities, crop yields on agricultural lands, livestock and grazing, to address weeds crossing borders wildlife habitat, crop yields on agricultural lands, livestock and grazing, to address weeds oncrossing lands bordersmanaged on by lands all parties managed Comply by all with parties the requirementsComply with ofthe state requirements law (R.C.W. of 17.10).state Promotelaw (R.C.W. the 17.10).interest Promote of all parties the interestin an integrated of all parties approach in an tointegrated the management approach of to noxious the weeds.management In order of noxiousto cooperatively weeds. In promote order to the cooperatively management promote of noxious the weeds,management protect of the naturalnoxious resources weeds, protect and the the environment, natural resources all parties and themutually environment, agree to allthe parties following: mutually agree to the following: M UTUAL BENEFIT: MUTUALThis MOU BENEFIT:will provide a coordinated approach to weed and vegetation management issues. ThisCoordinating MOU willmanagement provide a coordinatedmeasures, sharing approach of knowledge, to weed and and vegetation in some casesmanagement resources, issues.will achieve Coordinating better management management of weedsmeasures, and shvegetationaring of knowledge,while improving and in working some cases relation- resources,ships among will the achieve partners better and managementthe public in ofthe weeds US and and Canada. vegetation while improving working relationships among the partners and the public in the US and Canada. ORGANIZATION: ORGANIZATION:The activities of the Cross Borders Cooperative Weed Management Area shall be directed by Thea Working activities Group of the compromised Cross Borders of representatives Cooperative ofWeed the ManagementParties to this Area MOU, shall with be recom-directed bymendations a Working and Group suggestions compromised from any of interestedrepresentatives landowner/operator. of the Parties to Consensus this MOU, shall with be rec- ommendationsthe method of operation. and suggestions Meetings from shall any be interested conducted landowner/operator. at least twice a year. Consensus A chair and shall bevice-chair the method will beof selectedoperation. from Meetings the representatives. shall be conducted at least twice a year. A chair and vice-chair will be selected from the representatives. DUTIES OF THE WORKING GROUP: DUTIESK3D3:=>/<2;/7@7=@7B7H7<5A>3173AB=03 OF THE WORKING GROUP: ;/@=831B t%FWFMPQBOENBJOUBJODSJUFSJBGPSQSJPSJUJ[JOHTQFDJFTUPCFarea. NBOBHFEXJUIJOUIFQSPKFDU K3D3:=>/<2;/7=@@343@B=:=<5B3@;E332;/:/< t%FWFMPQPSSFGFSUPMPOHUFSNXFFENBOBHFNFOUQMBOK3D3:=>/<2;/7/<32C1/B7=< =CB@3/16>@=5@/;B=34431B7D3:G1=;;C<71 weed prevention and control in the Cross Borders Project. /B3E332;/@=D3;33173AOPGXFFEZTQFDJFT

23113 t1SFQBSFBOBOOVBMXSJUUFOSFQPSUPGUIFXFFENBOBHFNFOUBSFBBDUJWJUJFTPGBMMUIF parties involved. t*EFOUJGZBOEQVSTVFDPOUJOVJOHPQQPSUVOJUJFTGPSMPOHUFSNGVOEJOHPGUIFXFFE management area programs described herein.

ADMINISTRATION: 1. Nothing in this MOU will be construed as affecting the authorities of the Parties or as binding upon their respective authorities or to require any of the Parties to obligate or expend funds in excess of available funding levels. 2. The $25,000.00 funding level approved for this project will be held by Washington State Department of Transportation and disbursed upon approval of WA ST DOT. 3. The MOU does not obligate or exchange the funds, supplies, equipment or services of any of the Parties hereto. 4. Any Party may propose changes to this MOU at any time during its term. Modifications to this MOU shall be made by mutual consent of the Parties hereto, by issuance of written amendment signed and dated by all Parties, prior to any changes to the MOU. 5. This MOU is undertaken to clarify the roles of the participants and to obtain cooperation among the parties. It is understood that participation is of a completely voluntary nature and no enforcement of this agreement is intended. Parties to the annual management plan shall voluntarily adhere to the priorities and areas agreed upon, but shall not be required to perform work beyond availability of funds. 6. Any Party to this MOU may withdraw from the MOU upon thirty day (30) written notice, stating the reasons for withdrawal. 7. Each Party shall defend, indemnify and hold harmless each of the other Principal Parties, their officers, employees and agents from any and all liability, loss expense(including reasonable attorneys’ fees) or claims for injury or damages arising out of this MOU, but only in proportion to and to the extent such liability, loss, expense, attorneys’ fees, or claims for injury or damages are caused by or result from the neglect or intentional acts or omissions of the indemnifying Principal Parties, their officers, agents or employees. 8. This MOU will become effective December 31, 2007, upon signature by all its Parties and unless terminated, will continue through December 31, 2009 at which time will expire unless renewed

SPECIAL WEED BOARD RESPONSIBILITIES: 1. The weed board agrees to coordinate the cross borders project. 2. The Weed Board agrees to reimburse the work performed in Canada after record requirements have been submitted and approved. 3. The Weed Board agrees to organize and provide a Weeds Cross Borders Legislative field tour August 2008/2009.

SPECIAL WASHINGTON STATE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION RESPONSI- BILITIES: 1. DOT agrees to contribute $25,000.00 from US Federal Highway Administration for “Weeds Cross Borders Project”.

12232 Part 5 - CHAPTER 3 On-The-Ground Applications

M EMORANDUM OF U NDERSTANDING FOR THE FOR THE CROSS BORDERS COOPERATIVE WEED MANAGEMENT AREA

PRINCIPAL PARTIES: PARTIES:

TTHISHIS M MEMORANDUMEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING OF UNDERSTANDING(MOU) IS MADE (MOU) AND ENTEREDIS MADE INTO AND BY: ENTERED INTO BY: Okanogan County Noxious Weed Control Board, South Okanagan-Similkameen Invasive OkanoganPlant Society County (SOSIPS), Noxious British Weed Columbia Control Ministry Board, Southof Transportation, Okanagan-Similkameen Boundary Weed Invasive PlantManagement Society Committee(SOSIPS), British (BWMC), Columbia Washington Ministry State of Department Transportation, of Transportation, Boundary Weed Ferry ManagementCounty Noxious Committee Weed Board. (BWMC), Washington State Department of Transportation, Ferry County Noxious Weed Board. PURPOSE: PURPOSE:The Parties listed above have weed management interests or responsibilities. Uncontrolled Theweed Partiespopulations listed inabove one jurisdictionhave weed affectmanagement the ability interests of other or responsibilities.land managers/operators Uncontrolled to weed populations in one jurisdiction affect the ability of other land managers/operators to control weeds on lands they administer. The Parties desire to come together to promote an control weeds on lands they administer. The Parties desire to come together to promote an integrated andand coordinatedcoordinated approachapproach to to weed weed management management and and vegetation vegetation improvement improvement through informationinformation exchange,exchange, educationeducation and and training, training, coordination coordination of of inventory inventory and and con- control,trol, and and sharing sharing of resources of resources when when appropriate. appropriate. COOPERATIVE WEED MANAGEMENT AREA to prevent and control plant species classified as noxiousCOOPERATIVE weeds that WEED have anMANAGEMENT adverse effect on AREA native to plant prevent communities, and control wildlife plant spe-habitat, cies classified as noxious weeds that have an adverse effect on native plant communities, crop yields on agricultural lands, livestock and grazing, to address weeds crossing borders wildlife habitat, crop yields on agricultural lands, livestock and grazing, to address weeds oncrossing lands bordersmanaged on by lands all parties managed Comply by all with parties the requirementsComply with ofthe state requirements law (R.C.W. of 17.10).state Promotelaw (R.C.W. the 17.10).interest Promote of all parties the interestin an integrated of all parties approach in an tointegrated the management approach of to noxious the weeds.management In order of noxiousto cooperatively weeds. In promote order to the cooperatively management promote of noxious the weeds,management protect of the naturalnoxious resources weeds, protect and the the environment, natural resources all parties and themutually environment, agree to allthe parties following: mutually agree to the following: M UTUAL BENEFIT: MUTUALThis MOU BENEFIT:will provide a coordinated approach to weed and vegetation management issues. ThisCoordinating MOU willmanagement provide a coordinatedmeasures, sharing approach of knowledge, to weed and and vegetation in some casesmanagement resources, issues.will achieve Coordinating better management management of weedsmeasures, and sharingvegetation of knowledge,while improving and in working some cases relation- resources,ships among will the achieve partners better and managementthe public in ofthe weeds US and and Canada. vegetation while improving working relationships among the partners and the public in the US and Canada. ORGANIZATION: ORGANIZATION:The activities of the Cross Borders Cooperative Weed Management Area shall be directed by Thea Working activities Group of the compromised Cross Borders of representatives Cooperative ofWeed the ManagementParties to this Area MOU, shall with be recom-directed bymendations a Working and Group suggestions compromised from any of interestedrepresentatives landowner/operator. of the Parties to Consensus this MOU, shall with be rec- ommendationsthe method of operation. and suggestions Meetings from shall any be interested conducted landowner/operator. at least twice a year. Consensus A chair and shall bevice-chair the method will beof selectedoperation. from Meetings the representatives. shall be conducted at least twice a year. A chair and vice-chair will be selected from the representatives. DUTIES OF THE WORKING GROUP: DUTIESK3D3:=>/<2;/7@7=@7B7H7<5A>3173AB=03 OF THE WORKING GROUP: ;/@=831B t%FWFMPQBOENBJOUBJODSJUFSJBGPSQSJPSJUJ[JOHTQFDJFTUPCFarea. NBOBHFEXJUIJOUIFQSPKFDU K3D3:=>/<2;/7=@@343@B=:=<5B3@;E332;/:/< t%FWFMPQPSSFGFSUPMPOHUFSNXFFENBOBHFNFOUQMBOK3D3:=>/<2;/7/<32C1/B7=< =CB@3/16>@=5@/;B=34431B7D3:G1=;;C<71 weed prevention and control in the Cross Borders Project. /B3E332;/@=D3;33173AOPGXFFEZTQFDJFT

23313 CHAPTER 4 REQUIREMENTSLEGAL REQUIREMENTS THAT SUPPORT SUPPORTING AN CWA,CWA, SectionSection 402 404 ECOLOGICAL APPROACH AimedSection at402 restoring requires and the maintaining National Pollutant the AN ECOLOGICAL APPROACH chemical,Discharge physicalElimination and Systembiological (NPDES) integrity of the Nation’s waters. Primary authority Anadromous Fish Fish Conservation Conservation Act Act (16 (16 restsprogram with to EPA regulate and USACE discharges for fromwetlands. point USC 757z-g: 79 Stat. 1125) Thissources section to waters is important of the United for wildlifeStates. Authorizes Interior andand CommerceCommerce to to enter protection purposes it required permits for enter into cooperative agreements for con- dredged and fill materials. into cooperative agreements for conserva- CWA, Section 404 servation, development, and enhancement Aimed at restoring and maintaining the oftion, anadromous development, fish, and and enhancement to contribute of up Coastal Barrier Resources Act (COBRA) chemical, physical and biological integrity toanadromous 50 percent fish, as the and Federal to contribute share of up the to COBRA aims to minimize loss of life, 50cost. percent as the Federal share of the cost. wastefulof the Nation’s expenditures waters. and Primary damage authority to natu- ralrests resources with EPA (including and USACE wildlife). for wetlands. Agencies Bald Eagle Protection Act of 1940 (16 must consult maps with coastal barrier Bald Eagle Protection Act of 1940 (16 Important for wildlife protection purposes USC 668-668d, 54 Stat.250) unitare the boundaries permits required and then for coordinate dredged and with ProvidesUSC 668-668d, for protection 54 Stat.250) of the bald and thefill materials.USFWS if a project crosses near or into goldenProvides eagles protection by prohibiting of the bald the and taking, golden a unit. eaglespossession by prohibiting and commerce the taking, of such possession birds. andThe commerce 1978 amendment of such birds.allows Thethe taking1978 Coastal BarrierZone Management Resources Act Act (COBRA) (CZMA) amendmentof golden eagle allows nests the that taking interfere of golden with ofCOBRA 1972 (16aims USC to minimize 1456) loss of life resource development or recovery opera- This is “the national policy to preserve, eagle nests that interfere with resource wasteful expenditures and damage to natu- tions. protect,ral resources develop, including and where wildlife. possible, Agencies to development or recovery operations. restore or enhance, the resources of the consult maps with coastal barrier unit Clean Air Act (CAA) of 1972 (42 USC Nation’s coastal zone for this and succeed- Cleanss/7401 Air et Actseq) (CAA) of 1972 (42 USC ingboundaries generations.” and then The coordinate NOAA provides with the ss/7401Originally et signedseq) in 1963, this law and FederalUSFWS approvalsif a project for crosses CZM nearplans or and into over- a standards set the maximum acceptable lev- sees implementation. Originally signed in 1963, this law and unit. els of outdoor air pollution. The standards arestandards to be met set theby monitored,maximum acceptablecontrol tech- lev- CongestionCoastal Zone Mitigation Management and Act Air (CZMA) Quality of nology.els of outdoor Federal air agencies pollution. must The conform standards (CMAQ) Improvement Program arewith to each be met State’s by monitored,State Implementation control tech- This1972 (16program USC is1456) aimed at air emission re- nology.Plan (SIP). Federal agencies must conform ductionThis is “the emissions. national Each policy action to preserve, or project with each State’s State Implementation planprotect, to improve develop, air and quality where is possible, submitted to to Clean Water Act (CWA), Section 401 (33 the MPO and State for evaluation and ap- Plan (SIP). restore or enhance, the resources of the USC ss/1251 et seq) proval.Nation’s The coastal project zone is for then this included and succeed- in the Section 401 established a State Water Transportation Improvement Plan (TIP) ing generations.” The NOAA provides QualityClean Water Certification Act (CWA), program, Section Each 401 State(33 and overseen by EPA. USCmust ss/1251certify compliance et seq) of Federal permits Federal approvals for CZM plans and over- Sectionwith these 401 requirements established a inState mind. Water Emergencysees implementation. Wetlands Resources Act of Specifically applies to discharge to wet- 19986 (16 USC 3901-3932) Quality Certification program Each State lands or other waters under State jurisdic- TheCongestion purpose Mitigation of this Act and is to Air promote Quality wet- tion.must certify compliance of Federal permits lands(CMAQ) conservation Improvement for the Program public benefit with these requirements in mind. and to help fulfill international obligations Aimed at reduction of emissions, each CWA,Specifically Section applies 402 to discharge to wet- in various migratory bird treaties and action or project plan to improve air quality Sectionlands or 402other requires waters theunder National State jurisdic-Pollutant conventions. tion.Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) is submitted to the MPO and State for eval- program to regulate discharges from point uation and approval. The project is then sources to waters of the United States. included in the Transportation Improve- ment Plan (TIP) and overseen by EPA.

12234 Part 6 - References

EmergencyEndangered Wetlands Species ActResources (ESA) (USCAct of 136; FederalExecutive Aid Order Highway 11988: Act Floodplain – Economic, 1998616 USC (16 460 USC et seq) 3901-3932) Social,Management and Environmental Effects The ESA gives broad protection to species (23 USC 109 (h), P.L. 89-574, 5(a), 14, The purpose of this Act is to promote wet- The intent is to avoid long and short-term that are listed as threatened or endangered 80 Stat. 767, 771; Dec. 31, 1970) inlands the conservationU.S. or elsewhere. for the Procedures public benefit are Theimpacts statute and aims restore to ensureor preserve all adverse ecological providedand to help when fulfill actions international might jeopardize obligations effectsservices are of floodplains.avoided through Any constructionother agency inlisted various species. migratory It prohibits bird treaties“taking” and (with- con- andrequires public assessment involvement. of hazards A systematic and specific ventions.out a permit) listed animals and regulates interdisciplinaryfinding in final environmental approach is required document as is habitat destruction. considerationfor significant ofencroachments. alternative courses of action. ESA,Endangered Section Species 7(a) Act (ESA) (USC 136; The16 USC goal 460 of sectionet seq) 7(a) is to protect eco- FishFederal and Land Wildlife Policy Coordination and Management Act Act systemsThe ESA in gives which broad endangered protection species to species exist. (16of 1976 USC (FLPMA)661-667e; (43 the USC Act ofSec. March 1701) 10, thatThe areAct listed requires as threatened consultation or endangeredwith USFWS 1934;Under Ch. Section 55; 48 102 Stat. of FLPMA,401) BLM will inand the the U.S. NOAA or elsewhere. Fisheries Service.Procedures are Authorizesmanage lands Interior to protect to provide scientific, assistance scenic, to and cooperate with Federal, State, and provided when actions might jeopardize historical and natural resources, where Executive Order 13112: Invasive Species public or private agencies and organiza- Aimedlisted species. at prevention It prohibits and control the “taking” of of tionsappropriate, in the development and protect certain and protection lands in of invasivelisted animals species and to regulatesminimize habitat economic, wildlifenatural resourcescondition andfor wildlife habitat, habitat and to as destruction.ecological, and human health impacts. It acceptwell as donations human uses. of land Underscores and funds BLM’s to called for NEPA analysis inclusion, plant furthermission. the purpose. Sectioninventories, 7(a) managementof the ESA of plans, 1973 new technologies, and no federal fund use for Land and Water Conservation Fund Act knownThe goal invasives. here is to protect ecosystems in ofFederal 1965 (16Aid USC Highway 460l-4-460l-11) Act – Economic, which endangered species exist. The Act 16Social, USC and4601 Environmental regulates recreation Effects user fees Executiverequires consultation Order 11990: with Protection USFWS and of the and(23 establishesUSC 109 (h), a fund (P.L. to 89-574, subsidize 5(a), State 14, NOAAWetlands, Fisheries DOT Service.Order 5660.1A and80 Stat. Federal 767, acquisition 771; Dec. of31, land, 1970) water Requires avoidance of support of new con- areas,The statute and facilities aims to toensure assure all access adverse to struction in wetlands wherever there is a outdoor recreation resources. Executive Order 13112: Invasive Species effects are avoided through other agency practical alternative. Also requires evalua- tionAimed and at mitigationprevention of and impacts. control of inva- Marineand public Protection involvement. Research A systematic and sive species to minimize economic, ecolog- Sanctuariesinterdisciplinary Act ofapproach 1972 is required with ical,Executive and human Order health 11988: impacts. Floodplain Called for (Publicconsideration Law 92-532; of alternative October courses 23, 1972; of 86 NEPAManagement analysis inclusion, plant inventories, Stat.action 1052 necessary. and 1061) managementThe intent is plans,to avoid no long federal and fund short-term use for Regulation of dumping material into U.S. impacts and restore or preserve ecological ocean waters. The EPA and USACE oversee servicesknown invasives, of floodplains. and new Any technologies. construction theFish permitting and Wildlife process Coordination for disposal Act in requires assessment of hazards and specific marine(16 USC waters 661-667e; or artificial the Act reefs. of March 10, findingsExecutive in Order final 11990: environmental Protection document of 1934; Ch. 55; 48 Stat. 401) Wetlandsfor significant DOT encroachments.Order 5660.1A Magnuson-StevensAuthorizes Interior toFisher provide assistance to Requires avoidance of support of new con- Conservationan cooperate with Act Federal,(26 USC State, 1801 andet seq) pub- Federal Land Policy and Management The Act governs how much of the Nation’s struction in wetlands wherever there is a lic or private agencies and organizations in Act of 1976 (FLPMA) (43 USC Sec. 1701) fish can be harvested. An amendment tied Underpractical Section alternative.. 102 of FLPMA,Also requires BLM evalua- will fisheriesthe development sustainability and protection to habitat of rebuild- wildlife managetion and landsmitigation to protect of impacts. scientific, scenic, ing.resources Section and 305 habitat, (b) (2) and requires accept Federal dona- historical and natural resources, where agenciestions of landto consult an funds with to NOAA further onthe pur- appropriate, and protect certain lands in possiblepose. adverse effects to Essential Fish natural condition for wildlife habitats Habitat. aswell as human uses. It underscores BLM’s mission.

23513 Part 6 - References

LandMigratory and Water Bird ConservationConservation FundAct of Act 1929 Partnershipsing trails are forapproved Wildlife by ActNPS (16 and USC USFS, of(16 1965 USC (16 715-715r) USC 460l-4-460l-11) 3741-3744)who administer the trail system. Established a Wildlife Conservation and 16A Migratory USC 460 regulatesBird Conservation recreation Commis-user fees sion may approve areas to be acquired with Appreciation Fund to receive funds and do- relatedand establishes funds. Interior a fund tomay subsidize work with State local nationsNational from Environmental the National PolicyFish and Act Wildlife authorities,and Federal conductacquisition investigations, of land, water Foundation(NEPA) of and1969 other (42 USCsources 4321-4347) to assist fish publishareas, and bird facilities documents, to assure and accessdevelop to andNEPA game encourages agencies inharmony conservation between outdoorrefuges. Harmrecreation to birds, resources. nest and/or eggs is work.humans and their environment by prevent- prohibited. ing damage. A statement of environmental Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899 (33 USC Marine Protection Research and impacts for major Federal action is National Trails System Act (16 USC 403) 1241-1249)Sanctuaries Act of 1972 Designedrequired. to Appropriate protect navigable alternatives waters are in the Provides(Public Law outdoor 92-532; recreation October needs 23, 1972; and en- 86 U.S.explored. Estuarine Ecological and marine information habitats must are also be Stat.courages 1052 use and through 1061) national scenic and protected.part of planning. All plans for construction, dump- Regulationhistoric trails. of dumpingLocal side material or connecting into U.S. ing, and/or dredging must obtain a permit. USACE, U.S. Coast Guard, EPA, and State oceantrails are waters. approved The EPA by NPS and andUSACE USFS, oversee who National Park Service Organic Act of administer the trail system. agencies have responsibility. the permitting process for disposal in 1916 (16 USC 1 2 3, and 4) Nationalmarine waters Environmental or artificial reefs.Policy Act SAFTEAEstablishes LU Park Section Service 6006.439 to promote and (NEPA) of 1969 (42 USC 4321-4347) Theregulate 2005 parksTransportation to conserve Act scenery, made naturalthe Magnuson-StevensNEPA encourages harmony Fisher Conservation between hu- controland historic of noxious objects weeds plus andwildlife establishment therein. Actmans (26 and USC their 1801 environment et seq) by preventing ofThe native NPS plants provides part enjoyment of a vegetation of resources damage. A statement of environmental im- management list eligible for federal-aid The Act governs how much of the Nation’s while protecting for future generations. pacts for major Federal action is required, funding. This new eligibility allows mainte- andfish canappropriate be harvested. alternatives An amendment must be tied nance and other units to compete for explored.fisheries sustainability Ecological information to habitat rebuild- must be allocations.Noise Standards (23 USC 109(i), (P.L. 91- ing.part of Section planning. 305 (b) (2) requires Federal 605), (P.L. 93-87), 23 CFR 772) agencies to consult with NOAA on possible SectionPomulgates 4 (f) noiseof the standards Transportation for highway Act (49 USC 1563 (f) – 23 CFR 771.135) adverseNational effects Park toService Essential Organic Fish Habitat. Act of traffic. Projects that significantly change 1916 (16 USC 1 2 3, and 4) Section 4 (f) requires preservation of Establishes the National Park Service to publiclyalignment owned or increases parklands, lanes waterfowl must: do and noise promoteMigratory and Bird regulate Conservation parks to Act conserve of 1929 wildlifeimpact refuges,analysis, and determine significant mitigation historic scenery,(16 USC natural 715-715r) and historic objects, in- sites.measures, A specific and incorporatefinding requires reasonable that and Acluding Migratory wildlife Bird therein. Conservation The NPS provides selectedfeasible alternatives noise abatement avoid to the reduce protected impacts. Commissionenjoyment of may resources approve while areas protecting to be areas, and that planning minimizes harm. for future generations. Coordination done with DOI, USDA, acquired with related funds. Interior may Partnerships for Wildlife Act (16 USC Housing and Urban Development, State Noisework with Standards local authorities, (23 USC 109(i), conduct P.L. inves- 91- and/or3741-3744) local agencies. 605,tigations, P.L. 93-87,publish 23 bird CFR documents, 772) and Established a Wildlife Conservation and developPomulgates refuges. noise Harm standards to birds, for highwaynest SolidAppreciation Waste Disposal Fund to Actreceive (42 USCfunds 82) and and/ortraffic. eggs Projects is prohibited. that significantly change Providesdonations for from recovery, the National recycling, Fish and and safe alignment or increase lanes must: do noise disposalWildlife of Foundation solid wastes. and EPA other administers sources to impact analysis, determine mitigation the provisions of this Act, especially to pro- Nationalmeasures, Trails and incorporate System Act reasonable(16 USC tectassist terrestrial fish and and game aquatic agencies habitats in conserva- and 1241-1249)and feasible noise abatement to reduce wildlife.tion work. Providesimpacts. outdoor recreation needs and encourages use through national scenic and historic trails. Local side or connect-

12236 Part 6 - References

RiversWild and and Scenic Harbors Rivers Act ofAct 1899 (16 (33USC USC Wild and Scenic Rivers Act (16 USC 403)1271-1287) 1271-1287) Established a National Wild and Scenic Designed to protect navigable waters in the Established a National Wild and Scenic Rivers System to protect river values. The ActU.S. contains Estuarine procedures and marine and habitats limitations are also Rivers System to protect river values. The forprotected. control Allof lands must inobtain the System approval and for for Act contains procedures and limitations for plansdisposition of construction, of lands and dumping, minerals and/or under control of lands in the System and for dis- dredgingFederal ownership. permits. USACE, U.S. Coast position of lands and minerals under Guard, EPA, and State agencies have Federal ownership. Wilderness Act of 1964 (16 USC 1131- 1136)responsibility. Established the National Wilderness Wilderness Act of 1964 ( 16 USC 1131- PreservationSAFTEA LU SectionSystem to6006.439 secure and pre- 1136) Theserve 2005 lands Transportation in their natural Act condition made the for Established the National Wilderness controlthe American of noxious people weeds of present and establish- and future Preservation System to secure and preserve generations and benefits of an enduring ment of native plants part of a vegetation lands in their natural condition for the resource of wilderness. management list eligible for federal-aid American people of present and future gen- Wildflowers,funding. This new(23 eligibilityUSC 329(B) allows P.L. main-100-17, erations and benefits of an enduring tenance23 CFR and752) other units to compete for resource of wilderness. allocations.This statute is meant to encourage the use of native wildflowers in highway landscap- Wildflowers, 23 USC 329(B) (P.L. 100-17, ing. Any landscaping project undertaken inSection the Federal-aid 4(f) of the highway Transportation system Actmust (49 23 CFR 752) expendUSC 1563 one-quarter (f) – 23 CFR of 1 771.135)percent of land- This statute is meant to encourage the use scapeSection funds 4 (f) torequires plant native preservation wildflowers. of pub- of native wildflowers in highway landscap- licly owned parklands, waterfowl and ing. Any landscaping project undertaken wildlifeReferences refuges, Cited: and significant historic in the Federal-aid highway system must Brown, Janice W., 2006. Eco-Logical, and sites. A specific finding requires that expend one-quarter of 1 percent of land- Ecosystem Approach to Developing Infra- structureselected alternatives Projects (Appendix avoid the D) protected. USDOT, scape funds to plant native wildflowers. areas,Et Al, andArlington, that planning Virginia. minimizes harm. CoordinationFHWA-HEP-06-011. done with DOI, USDA, References Cited: Brown, Janice W., 2006. Eco-Logical, and Ecosystem Housing and Urban Development, State Approach to Developing Infrastructure Projects and/or local agencies. (Appendix D). USDOT, Et Al, Arlington, Virginia. FHWA-HEP-06-011. Solid Waste Disposal Act (42 USC 82) Provides for recovery, recycling, and safe disposal of solid wastes. EPA administers the provisions of this Act, especially to protect terrestrial and aquatic habitats and wildlife.

23713 Part 6 - References

Directions: Write three short paragraphs ROADSIDE ETHIC: about how you would describe your job to (Section 1 and Epilogue) your family, or to your Governor, or to a Setup: Some of the public think that newspaper reporter. Stress how difficult transportation workers do not care about their job is AND how difficult it is to the environment, and have no commitment explain it. No names needed on this one. to conservation. Perhaps a discussion among your class will provoke thought on Class Discussion: Collect all writings and this issue. randomly chose some to read aloud. (Do a. Roadsides constitute the front yard of every not judge what you are reading.) Ask community and because of this, if for no them to discuss their reactions. Direct other reason, they should be developed and conversations about: working for the gov- maintained in a manner befitting such a ernment, family perceptions, daily difficul- distinction. ties on the road, pride in their work, sup- (Bennett, 1936) port from their families and the public, etc. b. Protecting the utility, beauty, and intrinsic In the end, stress the VALUE of their work value of our roadside biota remains our to their community, their family, the State, responsibility. It’s the only management and the Country. Yes, this is a thoughtful decision that makes sense. pep talk; but everyone needs to know how (Callicot and Lore, 1999) to explain what they do for the good of c. The earth’s vegetation is part of a web of transportation and the people who use it. life in which there are intimate and essen- Keep it positive. tial relations ships……Sometimes we have no choice but to disturb these relationships, but we should do so thoughtfully, with full awareness that what we do may have consequences remote in time and place. (Carson, 1962)

Directions: Ask students to read these three quotations and then write a para- graph about how they view their own personal responsibility to environmental stewardship.

Class Discussion: Randomly chose answers and read aloud. Ask the group to comment.

12238 23913