Identification and Molecular Regulation of Neural Stem Cells in the Olfactory Epithelium
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“Physiological Characterization of Chemosensory Mechanisms in Mice”
“Physiological characterization of chemosensory mechanisms in mice” Von der Fakultät für Mathematik, Informatik und Naturwissenschaften der RWTH Aachen University zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades einer Doktorin der Naturwissenschaften genehmigte Dissertation vorgelegt von Master of Science Lisa Marie Moeller aus Schwelm Berichter: Universitätsprofessor Dr. rer. nat. Marc Spehr Universitätsprofessor Dr. rer. nat. Frank Müller Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 03.11.2014 Diese Dissertation ist auf den Internetseiten der Hochschulbibliothek online verfügbar. I Content 1. Introduction 1 1.1 The main olfactory system 1 1.1.1 Anatomical structure and cells of the main olfactory epithelium 2 1.1.1.1 Olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) 3 1.1.1.2 Sustentacular cells (SCs) 5 1.1.2 Physiological properties of OSNs 7 1.1.2.1 Signaltransduction in OSNs 7 1.1.2.2 Adaptation mechanisms 8 1.1.2.3 The physiological role of Ca2+ 9 1.2 The accessory olfactory system 10 1.2.1 Anatomy of the AOS 10 1.2.2 Chemoreceptors in the VNO 11 1.2.3 Physiological properties of VSNs 13 1.2.3.1 Signaltransduction in VSNs 13 1.2.3.2 Physiological role of Cl- 14 1.2.4 Pheromones and behavior 15 1.3 Mitochondria 17 1.4 Voltage-gated ion channels 19 Aims 23 2. Materials and Methods 24 2.1 Chemicals 24 2.2 Solutions 25 2.3 Consumables 27 2.4 Equipment 28 2.5 Software 30 2.6 Mouse strains 30 Methods 31 2.7 Animal and tissue preparation 31 2.7.1 Acute coronal MOE slices 31 2.7.2 Acute coronal VNO slices 31 2.7.3 En face preparation of the VNO sensory epithelium 32 2.7.4 Dissociation -
Vocabulario De Morfoloxía, Anatomía E Citoloxía Veterinaria
Vocabulario de Morfoloxía, anatomía e citoloxía veterinaria (galego-español-inglés) Servizo de Normalización Lingüística Universidade de Santiago de Compostela COLECCIÓN VOCABULARIOS TEMÁTICOS N.º 4 SERVIZO DE NORMALIZACIÓN LINGÜÍSTICA Vocabulario de Morfoloxía, anatomía e citoloxía veterinaria (galego-español-inglés) 2008 UNIVERSIDADE DE SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA VOCABULARIO de morfoloxía, anatomía e citoloxía veterinaria : (galego-español- inglés) / coordinador Xusto A. Rodríguez Río, Servizo de Normalización Lingüística ; autores Matilde Lombardero Fernández ... [et al.]. – Santiago de Compostela : Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Servizo de Publicacións e Intercambio Científico, 2008. – 369 p. ; 21 cm. – (Vocabularios temáticos ; 4). - D.L. C 2458-2008. – ISBN 978-84-9887-018-3 1.Medicina �������������������������������������������������������������������������veterinaria-Diccionarios�������������������������������������������������. 2.Galego (Lingua)-Glosarios, vocabularios, etc. políglotas. I.Lombardero Fernández, Matilde. II.Rodríguez Rio, Xusto A. coord. III. Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Servizo de Normalización Lingüística, coord. IV.Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Servizo de Publicacións e Intercambio Científico, ed. V.Serie. 591.4(038)=699=60=20 Coordinador Xusto A. Rodríguez Río (Área de Terminoloxía. Servizo de Normalización Lingüística. Universidade de Santiago de Compostela) Autoras/res Matilde Lombardero Fernández (doutora en Veterinaria e profesora do Departamento de Anatomía e Produción Animal. -
Histology and Surface Morphology of the Olfactory Epithelium in the Freshwater Teleost Clupisoma Garua (Hamilton, 1822)
FISHERIES & AQUATIC LIFE (2019) 27: 122 - 129 Archives of Polish Fisheries DOI 10.2478/aopf-2019-0014 RESEARCH ARTICLE Histology and surface morphology of the olfactory epithelium in the freshwater teleost Clupisoma garua (Hamilton, 1822) Saroj Kumar Ghosh Received – 07 May 2019/Accepted – 27 August 2019. Published online: 30 September 2019; ©Inland Fisheries Institute in Olsztyn, Poland Citation: Ghosh S.K. 2019 – Histology and surface morphology of the olfactory epithelium in the freshwater teleost Clupisoma garua (Hamil- ton, 1822) – Fish. Aquat. Life 27: 122-129. Abstract. The anatomical structure of the olfactory organ and Introduction the organization of various cells lining the olfactory mucosa of Clupisoma garua (Siluriformes; Schilbeidae) were The olfactory system in fishes is a notable sensory or- investigated with light and scanning electron microscopy. The olfactory organ was composed of numerous lamellae of gan because it is essentially a chemoreceptor for de- various sizes, radiating outward from both sides of the narrow tecting and identifying water-soluble compounds to midline raphe, forming an elongated rosette. Each lamella collect information about the surrounding aquatic consisted of the olfactory epithelium and a central lamellar ecosystem. Smell is one of the most significant space, the central core. The epithelium covering the surface of senses, and it drives basic patterns of behaviors in the rosette folds was differentiated into zones of sensory and most teleosts such as foraging, alarm response, pred- indifferent epithelia. The sensory part of epithelium was characterized by three types of morphologically distinct ator avoidance, social communication, reproductive receptor neurons: ciliated receptor cells, microvillous receptor activity, and homing migration (Gayoso et al. -
Special Issue “Olfaction: from Genes to Behavior”
G C A T T A C G G C A T genes Editorial Special Issue “Olfaction: From Genes to Behavior” Edgar Soria-Gómez 1,2,3 1 Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain; [email protected] or [email protected] 2 Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Science Park of the UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain 3 IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain Received: 12 June 2020; Accepted: 15 June 2020; Published: 15 June 2020 The senses dictate how the brain represents the environment, and this representation is the basis of how we act in the world. Among the five senses, olfaction is maybe the most mysterious and underestimated one, probably because a large part of the olfactory information is processed at the unconscious level in humans [1–4]. However, it is undeniable the influence of olfaction in the control of behavior and cognitive processes. Indeed, many studies demonstrate a tight relationship between olfactory perception and behavior [5]. For example, olfactory cues are determinant for partner selection [6,7], parental care [8,9], and feeding behavior [10–13], and the sense of smell can even contribute to emotional responses, cognition and mood regulation [14,15]. Accordingly, it has been shown that a malfunctioning of the olfactory system could be causally associated with the occurrence of important diseases, such as neuropsychiatric depression or feeding-related disorders [16,17]. Thus, a clear identification of the biological mechanisms involved in olfaction is key in the understanding of animal behavior in physiological and pathological conditions. -
Psichologijos Žodynas Dictionary of Psychology
ANGLŲ–LIETUVIŲ KALBŲ PSICHOLOGIJOS ŽODYNAS ENGLISH–LITHUANIAN DICTIONARY OF PSYCHOLOGY VILNIAUS UNIVERSITETAS Albinas Bagdonas Eglė Rimkutė ANGLŲ–LIETUVIŲ KALBŲ PSICHOLOGIJOS ŽODYNAS Apie 17 000 žodžių ENGLISH–LITHUANIAN DICTIONARY OF PSYCHOLOGY About 17 000 words VILNIAUS UNIVERSITETO LEIDYKLA VILNIUS 2013 UDK 159.9(038) Ba-119 Apsvarstė ir rekomendavo išleisti Vilniaus universiteto Filosofijos fakulteto taryba (2013 m. kovo 6 d.; protokolas Nr. 2) RECENZENTAI: prof. Audronė LINIAUSKAITĖ Klaipėdos universitetas doc. Dalia NASVYTIENĖ Lietuvos edukologijos universitetas TERMINOLOGIJOS KONSULTANTĖ dr. Palmira ZEMLEVIČIŪTĖ REDAKCINĖ KOMISIJA: Albinas BAGDONAS Vida JAKUTIENĖ Birutė POCIŪTĖ Gintautas VALICKAS Žodynas parengtas įgyvendinant Europos socialinio fondo remiamą projektą „Pripažįstamos kvalifikacijos neturinčių psichologų tikslinis perkvalifikavimas pagal Vilniaus universiteto bakalauro ir magistro studijų programas – VUPSIS“ (2011 m. rugsėjo 29 d. sutartis Nr. VP1-2.3.- ŠMM-04-V-02-001/Pars-13700-2068). Pirminis žodyno variantas (1999–2010 m.) rengtas Vilniaus universiteto Specialiosios psichologijos laboratorijos lėšomis. ISBN 978-609-459-226-3 © Albinas Bagdonas, 2013 © Eglė Rimkutė, 2013 © VU Specialiosios psichologijos laboratorija, 2013 © Vilniaus universitetas, 2013 PRATARMĖ Sparčiai plėtojantis globalizacijos proce- atvejus, kai jų vertimas į lietuvių kalbą gali sams, informacinėms technologijoms, ne- kelti sunkumų), tik tam tikroms socialinėms išvengiamai didėja ir anglų kalbos, kaip ir etninėms grupėms būdingų žodžių, slengo, -
The Pattern of Olfactory Innervation by W
J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry: first published as 10.1136/jnnp.9.3.101 on 1 July 1946. Downloaded from THE PATTERN OF OLFACTORY INNERVATION BY W. E. LE GROS CLARK and R. T. TURNER WARWICK From the Department of Anatomy, University of Oxford (RECEIVED 31ST JULY, 1946) IT is desirable that, from time to time, commonly Methods accepted statements regarding anatomical pathways Most of the observations recorded in this paper were and connexions in the peripheral and central nervous made on rabbit material. The fixation of the olfactory systems should be carefully reviewed in the light of mucosa presented considerable difficulty. The method modern technical methods of investigation, for it finally selected, because it gave the best results with must be admitted that not a few of these statements protargol and was also adequate for the other stains are based on old methods which are now recognized employed, was perfusion of 70 per cent. alcohol through to be too crude to permit of really accurate con- the aorta, after preliminary washing through with normal clusions. In recent years, indeed, a number of saline, as recommended by Bodian (1936). Another facts have been shown unexpected difficulty arose from the fact that a large apparently well-established number of laboratory rabbits suffer from a chronic by critical studies to be erroneous. For example, rhinitis which leads to gross pathological changes in the the so-called ventral nucleus of the lateral geniculate olfactory mucosa. Consequently, a considerable pro- Protected by copyright. body and the pulvinar are no longer accepted as portion of our material, experimental and otherwise, terminal stations of the optic tract, and the strie had to be discarded as useless. -
Coronavirus Disease 2019 and Nasal Conditions: a Review of Current Evidence ISAO SUZAKI and HITOME KOBAYASHI
in vivo 35 : 1409-1417 (2021) doi:10.21873/invivo.12393 Review Coronavirus Disease 2019 and Nasal Conditions: A Review of Current Evidence ISAO SUZAKI and HITOME KOBAYASHI Department of Otorhinolaryngology, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan Abstract. The nasal epithelium expressing enriched Organization (WHO) (2). COVID-19 has rapidly spread all angiotensin-converting enzyme II (ACE2), the key cell entry over the world with over 92.5 million cases and has killed receptor of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 more than 2.0 million people worldwide as of January 2021. (SARS-CoV-2), could serve as the first barrier to protect the The pandemic of COVID-19 has greatly impacted several airway from viral infection. Recent studies have aspects of the clinical field of otolaryngology, including demonstrated that higher viral loads were detected in the infection prevention and patient management of both nasal cavity than the pharynx in coronavirus disease 2019 inpatients and outpatients. It has been confirmed that risk (COVID-19) patients, and otolaryngologists should carefully factors impacting the severity of COVID-19 included consider infection prevention in clinical practice for the comorbidity of malignant tumors, chronic obstructive treatment of nasal conditions. Moreover, several studies have pulmonary disease, chronic kidney disease, liver disease, indicated that anosmia is one of the clinical characteristics obesity, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and of COVID-19, but the precise prevalence and mechanism immunosuppression after transplantation of organs, as well remain unclear. Thus far, comorbidity of allergic rhinitis and as older age and smoking, compared to healthy persons (3- chronic rhinosinusitis do not seem to be a major risk factor 11). -
Non-Neural Expression of SARS-Cov-2 Entry Genes in the Olfactory Epithelium Suggests Mechanisms Underlying Anosmia in COVID-19 Patients
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.25.009084; this version posted March 28, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. Non-neural expression of SARS-CoV-2 entry genes in the olfactory epithelium suggests mechanisms underlying anosmia in COVID-19 patients David H. Brann*1, Tatsuya Tsukahara*1, Caleb Weinreb*1, Darren W. Logan2, Sandeep Robert Datta1,3 1Harvard Medical School Department of Neurobiology, Boston MA 02115 USA 2Waltham Petcare Science Institute, Leicestershire LE14 4RT, UK 3Corresponding Author *These authors contributed equally to the manuscript bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.25.009084; this version posted March 28, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. Abstract Recent reports suggest an association between COVID-19 and altered olfactory function. Here we analyze bulk and single cell RNA-Seq datasets to identify cell types in the olfactory epithelium that express molecules that mediate infection by SARS- CoV-2 (CoV-2), the causal agent in COVID-19. We find in both mouse and human datasets that olfactory sensory neurons do not express two key genes involved in CoV- 2 entry, ACE2 and TMPRSS2. In contrast, olfactory epithelial support cells and stem cells express both of these genes, as do cells in the nasal respiratory epithelium. Taken together, these findings suggest possible mechanisms through which CoV-2 infection could lead to anosmia or other forms of olfactory dysfunction. -
Smell and Stress Response in the Brain: Review of the Connection Between Chemistry and Neuropharmacology
molecules Review Smell and Stress Response in the Brain: Review of the Connection between Chemistry and Neuropharmacology Yoshinori Masuo 1,*, Tadaaki Satou 2 , Hiroaki Takemoto 3 and Kazuo Koike 3 1 Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan 2 Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, International University of Health and Welfare, 2600-1 Kitakanemaru, Ohtawara, Tochigi 324-8501, Japan; [email protected] 3 Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan; [email protected] (H.T.); [email protected] (K.K.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +81-47-472-5257 Abstract: The stress response in the brain is not fully understood, although stress is one of the risk factors for developing mental disorders. On the other hand, the stimulation of the olfactory system can influence stress levels, and a certain smell has been empirically known to have a stress- suppressing effect, indeed. In this review, we first outline what stress is and previous studies on stress-responsive biomarkers (stress markers) in the brain. Subsequently, we confirm the olfactory system and review previous studies on the relationship between smell and stress response by species, such as humans, rats, and mice. Numerous studies demonstrated the stress-suppressing effects of aroma. There are also investigations showing the effects of odor that induce stress in experimental animals. In addition, we introduce recent studies on the effects of aroma of coffee beans and essential oils, such as lavender, cypress, α-pinene, and thyme linalool on the behavior and the expression of stress marker candidates in the brain. -
COVID 19-Induced Smell and Taste Impairments: Putative Impact on Physiology
fphys-11-625110 January 20, 2021 Time: 15:54 # 1 REVIEW published: 26 January 2021 doi: 10.3389/fphys.2020.625110 COVID 19-Induced Smell and Taste Impairments: Putative Impact on Physiology Nicolas Meunier1, Loïc Briand2, Agnès Jacquin-Piques2,3, Laurent Brondel2 and Luc Pénicaud4* 1 Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, Jouy-en-Josas, France, 2 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS UMR6265, INRAE UMR 1324, Université de Bourgogne Franche Comté, Dijon, France, 3 Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University Hospital, Dijon, France, 4 STROMALab, Université de Toulouse, CNRS ERL 5311, Inserm U1031, Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France Smell and taste impairments are recognized as common symptoms in COVID 19 patients even in an asymptomatic phase. Indeed, depending on the country, in up to 85–90% of cases anosmia and dysgeusia are reported. We will review briefly the main mechanisms involved in the physiology of olfaction and taste focusing on receptors and transduction as well as the main neuroanatomical pathways. Then we will examine the current evidences, even if still fragmented and unsystematic, explaining the disturbances and mode of action of the virus at the level of the nasal and oral cavities. We will focus on its impact on the peripheral and central nervous system. Finally, considering the role of Edited by: Georges Leftheriotis, smell and taste in numerous physiological functions, especially in ingestive behavior, we Université Côte d’Azur, France will discuss the consequences on the physiology of the patients as well as management Reviewed by: regarding food intake. Christopher von Bartheld, University of Nevada, Reno, Keywords: COVID 19, taste, smell, feeding behavior, physiopathology United States Kathleen S. -
Canine Olfaction: Physiology, Behavior, and Possibilities for Practical Applications
animals Review Canine Olfaction: Physiology, Behavior, and Possibilities for Practical Applications Agata Kokoci ´nska-Kusiak 1, Martyna Woszczyło 2, Mikołaj Zybala 3 , Julia Maciocha 1 , Katarzyna Barłowska 4 and Michał Dzi˛ecioł 2,* 1 Institute of Animal Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, ul. Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warszawa, Poland; [email protected] (A.K.-K.); [email protected] (J.M.) 2 Department of Reproduction and Clinic of Farm Animals, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Plac Grunwaldzki 49, 50-366 Wrocław, Poland; [email protected] 3 Institute of Biological Sciences, Doctoral School, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, ul. Konarskiego 2, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland; [email protected] 4 Department of Biotechnology and Nutrigenomics, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrz˛ebiec,05-552 Magdalenka, Poland; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Simple Summary: Dogs have an extraordinary olfactory capability, which far exceeds that of humans. Dogs’ sense of smell seems to be the main sense, allowing them to not only gather both current and historical information about their surrounding environment, but also to find the source of the smell, which is crucial for locating food, danger, or partners for reproduction. Dogs can be trained by humans to use their olfactory abilities in a variety of fields, with a detection limit often much lower than that of sophisticated laboratory instruments. The specific anatomical and physiological Citation: Kokoci´nska-Kusiak,A.; features of dog olfaction allow humans to achieve outstanding results in the detection of drugs, Woszczyło, M.; Zybala, M.; Maciocha, explosives, and different illnesses, such as cancer, diabetes, or infectious disease. -
The Olfactory Bulb As an Independent Developmental Domain
Cell Death and Differentiation (2002) 9, 1279 ± 1286 ã 2002 Nature Publishing Group All rights reserved 1350-9047/02 $25.00 www.nature.com/cdd Review The olfactory bulb as an independent developmental domain LLo pez-Mascaraque*,1,3 and F de Castro2,3 established. Does it awake the developmental program of the cells at the site being innervated or, does their arrival simply 1 Instituto Cajal-C.S.I.C., Madrid, Spain serve to refine the later steps of the developmental program? 2 Hospital RamoÂn y Cajal, Madrid, Spain In order to address this question, much attention has been 3 Both authors contributed equally to this work focused on the sophisticated development of the mammalian * Corresponding author: L LoÂpez-Mascaraque, Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Avenida del cerebral cortex where two different theories have been Doctor Arce 37, 28002 Madrid, Spain. Tel: 915854708; Fax: 915854754; E-mail: [email protected] proposed to explain the mechanisms underlying its formation. In the `protomap' model, cortical regions are patterned prior to Received 13.2.02; revised 30.4.02; accepted 7.5.02 the migration of the newborn neurons (intrinsic control),1 an Edited by G Melino event presumably specified by important molecular determi- nants.2 In this model, the arrival of innervating axons would Abstract merely serve to modify and refine the protomap (an important The olfactory system is a good model to study the facet of maintenance). In the second model, the `protocortex' theory, the newborn cortical neurons are a homogeneous cell mechanisms underlying guidance of growing axons to their population, that later on in corticogenesis are patterned into appropriate targets.