Electric Currents and Circuits Producing Electric Current
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Measuring Electricity Voltage Current Voltage Current
Measuring Electricity Electricity makes our lives easier, but it can seem like a mysterious force. Measuring electricity is confusing because we cannot see it. We are familiar with terms such as watt, volt, and amp, but we do not have a clear understanding of these terms. We buy a 60-watt lightbulb, a tool that needs 120 volts, or a vacuum cleaner that uses 8.8 amps, and dont think about what those units mean. Using the flow of water as an analogy can make Voltage electricity easier to understand. The flow of electrons in a circuit is similar to water flowing through a hose. If you could look into a hose at a given point, you would see a certain amount of water passing that point each second. The amount of water depends on how much pressure is being applied how hard the water is being pushed. It also depends on the diameter of the hose. The harder the pressure and the larger the diameter of the hose, the more water passes each second. The flow of electrons through a wire depends on the electrical pressure pushing the electrons and on the Current cross-sectional area of the wire. The flow of electrons can be compared to the flow of Voltage water. The water current is the number of molecules flowing past a fixed point; electrical current is the The pressure that pushes electrons in a circuit is number of electrons flowing past a fixed point. called voltage. Using the water analogy, if a tank of Electrical current (I) is defined as electrons flowing water were suspended one meter above the ground between two points having a difference in voltage. -
On the Nature of Electric Charge
Vol. 9(4), pp. 54-60, 28 February, 2014 DOI: 10.5897/IJPS2013.4091 ISSN 1992 - 1950 International Journal of Physical Copyright © 2014 Author(s) retain the copyright of this article Sciences http://www.academicjournals.org/IJPS Full Length Research Paper On the nature of electric charge Jafari Najafi, Mahdi 1730 N Lynn ST apt A35, Arlington, VA 22209 USA. Received 10 December, 2013; Accepted 14 February, 2014 A few hundred years have passed since the discovery of electricity and electromagnetic fields, formulating them as Maxwell's equations, but the nature of an electric charge remains unknown. Why do particles with the same charge repel and opposing charges attract? Is the electric charge a primary intrinsic property of a particle? These questions cannot be answered until the nature of the electric charge is identified. The present study provides an explicit description of the gravitational constant G and the origin of electric charge will be inferred using generalized dimensional analysis. Key words: Electric charge, gravitational constant, dimensional analysis, particle mass change. INTRODUCTION The universe is composed of three basic elements; parameters. This approach is of great generality and mass-energy (M), length (L), and time (T). Intrinsic mathematical simplicity that simply and directly properties are assigned to particles, including mass, postulates a hypothesis for the nature of the electric electric charge, and spin, and their effects are applied in charge. Although the final formula is a guesswork based the form of physical formulas that explicitly address on dimensional analysis of electric charges, it shows the physical phenomena. The meaning of some particle existence of consistency between the final formula and properties remains opaque. -
Modeling Optical Metamaterials with Strong Spatial Dispersion
Fakultät für Physik Institut für theoretische Festkörperphysik Modeling Optical Metamaterials with Strong Spatial Dispersion M. Sc. Karim Mnasri von der KIT-Fakultät für Physik des Karlsruher Instituts für Technologie (KIT) genehmigte Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines DOKTORS DER NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN (Dr. rer. nat.) Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 29. November 2019 Referent: Prof. Dr. Carsten Rockstuhl (Institut für theoretische Festkörperphysik) Korreferent: Prof. Dr. Michael Plum (Institut für Analysis) KIT – Die Forschungsuniversität in der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Erklärung zur Selbstständigkeit Ich versichere, dass ich diese Arbeit selbstständig verfasst habe und keine anderen als die angegebenen Quellen und Hilfsmittel benutzt habe, die wörtlich oder inhaltlich über- nommenen Stellen als solche kenntlich gemacht und die Satzung des KIT zur Sicherung guter wissenschaftlicher Praxis in der gültigen Fassung vom 24. Mai 2018 beachtet habe. Karlsruhe, den 21. Oktober 2019, Karim Mnasri Als Prüfungsexemplar genehmigt von Karlsruhe, den 28. Oktober 2019, Prof. Dr. Carsten Rockstuhl iv To Ouiem and Adam Thesis abstract Optical metamaterials are artificial media made from subwavelength inclusions with un- conventional properties at optical frequencies. While a response to the magnetic field of light in natural material is absent, metamaterials prompt to lift this limitation and to exhibit a response to both electric and magnetic fields at optical frequencies. Due tothe interplay of both the actual shape of the inclusions and the material from which they are made, but also from the specific details of their arrangement, the response canbe driven to one or multiple resonances within a desired frequency band. With such a high number of degrees of freedom, tedious trial-and-error simulations and costly experimen- tal essays are inefficient when considering optical metamaterials in the design of specific applications. -
Electromagnetism
Electromagnetism Electric Charge Two types: positive and negative Like charges repel, opposites attract Forces come in a matched pair Each charge pushes or pulls on the other Forces have equal magnitudes and opposite directions Forces increase with decreasing separation Charge is quantized Charge is an intrinsic property of matter Electrons are negatively charged (-1.6 x 10-19 coulomb’s each) Protons are positively charged (+1.6 x 10-19 coulomb’s each) Net charge is the sum of an object’s charges Most objects have zero net charge (neutral – equal numbers of + and -) Electric Fields Charges push on each other through empty space Charge one creates an “electric field” This electric field pushes on charge two An electric field is a structure in space that pushes on electric charge The magnitude of the field is proportional to the magnitude of the force on a test charge The direction of the field is the direction of the force on a positive test charge Magnetic Poles Two Types: north and south Like poles repel, opposites attract Forces come in matched pairs Forces increase with decreasing separation Analogous to electric charges EXCEPT: No isolated magnetic poles have ever been found! Net pole on an object is always zero! Most atoms are magnetic, but most materials are not Atomic magnetism is perfectly cancelled Material is indifferent to nearby magnetic poles Some materials do not have full cancellation Ferromagnetic materials respond to magnetic poles Magnetic Fields A magnetic field is a structure in space that pushes on magnetic poles -
F = BIL (F=Force, B=Magnetic Field, I=Current, L=Length of Conductor)
Magnetism Joanna Radov Vocab: -Armature- is the power producing part of a motor -Domain- is a region in which the magnetic field of atoms are grouped together and aligned -Electric Motor- converts electrical energy into mechanical energy -Electromagnet- is a type of magnet whose magnetic field is produced by an electric current -First Right-Hand Rule (delete) -Fixed Magnet- is an object made from a magnetic material and creates a persistent magnetic field -Galvanometer- type of ammeter- detects and measures electric current -Magnetic Field- is a field of force produced by moving electric charges, by electric fields that vary in time, and by the 'intrinsic' magnetic field of elementary particles associated with the spin of the particle. -Magnetic Flux- is a measure of the amount of magnetic B field passing through a given surface -Polarized- when a magnet is permanently charged -Second Hand-Right Rule- (delete) -Solenoid- is a coil wound into a tightly packed helix -Third Right-Hand Rule- (delete) Major Points: -Similar magnetic poles repel each other, whereas opposite poles attract each other -Magnets exert a force on current-carrying wires -An electric charge produces an electric field in the region of space around the charge and that this field exerts a force on other electric charges placed in the field -The source of a magnetic field is moving charge, and the effect of a magnetic field is to exert a force on other moving charge placed in the field -The magnetic field is a vector quantity -We denote the magnetic field by the symbol B and represent it graphically by field lines -These lines are drawn ⊥ to their entry and exit points -They travel from N to S -If a stationary test charge is placed in a magnetic field, then the charge experiences no force. -
Electric Charge
Electric Charge • Electric charge is a fundamental property of atomic particles – such as electrons and protons • Two types of charge: negative and positive – Electron is negative, proton is positive • Usually object has equal amounts of each type of charge so no net charge • Object is said to be electrically neutral Charged Object • Object has a net charge if two types of charge are not in balance • Object is said to be charged • Net charge is always small compared to the total amount of positive and negative charge contained in an object • The net charge of an isolated system remains constant Law of Electric Charges • Charged objects interact by exerting forces on one another • Law of Charges: Like charges repel, and opposite charges attract • The standard unit (SI) of charge is the Coulomb (C) Electric Properties • Electrical properties of materials such as metals, water, plastic, glass and the human body are due to the structure and electrical nature of atoms • Atoms consist of protons (+), electrons (-), and neutrons (electrically neutral) Atom Schematic view of an atom • Electrically neutral atoms contain equal numbers of protons and electrons Conductors and Insulators • Atoms combine to form solids • Sometimes outermost electrons move about the solid leaving positive ions • These mobile electrons are called conduction electrons • Solids where electrons move freely about are called conductors – metal, body, water • Solids where charge can’t move freely are called insulators – glass, plastic Charging Objects • Only the conduction -
Physics 115 Lightning Gauss's Law Electrical Potential Energy Electric
Physics 115 General Physics II Session 18 Lightning Gauss’s Law Electrical potential energy Electric potential V • R. J. Wilkes • Email: [email protected] • Home page: http://courses.washington.edu/phy115a/ 5/1/14 1 Lecture Schedule (up to exam 2) Today 5/1/14 Physics 115 2 Example: Electron Moving in a Perpendicular Electric Field ...similar to prob. 19-101 in textbook 6 • Electron has v0 = 1.00x10 m/s i • Enters uniform electric field E = 2000 N/C (down) (a) Compare the electric and gravitational forces on the electron. (b) By how much is the electron deflected after travelling 1.0 cm in the x direction? y x F eE e = 1 2 Δy = ayt , ay = Fnet / m = (eE ↑+mg ↓) / m ≈ eE / m Fg mg 2 −19 ! $2 (1.60×10 C)(2000 N/C) 1 ! eE $ 2 Δx eE Δx = −31 Δy = # &t , v >> v → t ≈ → Δy = # & (9.11×10 kg)(9.8 N/kg) x y 2" m % vx 2m" vx % 13 = 3.6×10 2 (1.60×10−19 C)(2000 N/C)! (0.01 m) $ = −31 # 6 & (Math typos corrected) 2(9.11×10 kg) "(1.0×10 m/s)% 5/1/14 Physics 115 = 0.018 m =1.8 cm (upward) 3 Big Static Charges: About Lightning • Lightning = huge electric discharge • Clouds get charged through friction – Clouds rub against mountains – Raindrops/ice particles carry charge • Discharge may carry 100,000 amperes – What’s an ampere ? Definition soon… • 1 kilometer long arc means 3 billion volts! – What’s a volt ? Definition soon… – High voltage breaks down air’s resistance – What’s resistance? Definition soon.. -
Chapter 7 Electricity Lesson 2 What Are Static and Current Electricity?
Chapter 7 Electricity Lesson 2 What Are Static and Current Electricity? Static Electricity • Most objects have no charge= the atoms are neutral. • They have equal numbers of protons and electrons. • When objects rub against another, electrons move from the atoms of one to atoms of the other object. • The numbers of protons and electrons in the atoms are no longer equal: they are either positively or negatively charged. • The buildup of charges on an object is called static electricity. • Opposite charges attract each other. • Charged objects can also attract neutral objects. • When items of clothing rub together in a dryer, they can pick up a static charge. • Because some items are positive and some are negative, they stick together. • When objects with opposite charges get close, electrons sometimes jump from the negative object to the positive object. • This evens out the charges, and the objects become neutral. • The shocks you can feel are called static discharge. • The crackling noises you hear are the sounds of the sparks. • Lightning is also a static discharge. • Where does the charge come from? • Scientists HYPOTHESIZE that collisions between water droplets in a cloud cause the drops to become charged. • Negative charges collect at the bottom of the cloud. • Positive charges collect at the top of the cloud. • When electrons jump from one cloud to another, or from a cloud to the ground, you see lightning. • The lightning heats the air, causing it to expand. • As cooler air rushes in to fill the empty space, you hear thunder. • Earth can absorb lightning’s powerful stream of electrons without being damaged. -
Glossary Module 1 Electric Charge
Glossary Module 1 electric charge - is a basic property of elementary particles of matter. The protons in an atom, for example, have positive charge, the electrons have negative charge, and the neutrons have zero charge. electrostatic force - is one of the most powerful and fundamental forces in the universe. It is the force a charged object exerts on another charged object. permittivity – is the ability of a substance to store electrical energy in an electric field. It is a constant of proportionality that exists between electric displacement and electric field intensity in a given medium. vector - a quantity having direction as well as magnitude. Module 2 electric field - a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other charged particles or objects. electric flux - is the measure of flow of the electric field through a given area. Module 3 electric potential - the work done per unit charge in moving an infinitesimal point charge from a common reference point (for example: infinity) to the given point. electric potential energy - is a potential energy (measured in joules) that results from conservative Coulomb forces and is associated with the configuration of a particular set of point charges within a defined system. Module 4 Capacitance - is a measure of the capacity of storing electric charge for a given configuration of conductors. Capacitor - is a passive two-terminal electrical component used to store electrical energy temporarily in an electric field. Dielectric - a medium or substance that transmits electric force without conduction; an insulator. Module 5 electric current - is a flow of charged particles. -
Electricity and Circuits
WHAT IS ELECTRICITY? Before we can understand what electricity is, we need to know a little about atoms. Atoms are made up of three different types of particle: protons, neutrons, and electrons. Protons have a positive charge, neutrons are neutral, and electrons are negative charged. An atom can become positive or negatively charged by losing or gaining electrons. If an atom losses an electron it becomes positively charged. If an atom gains an electron it becomes negatively charged. WHAT IS ELECTRICITY? Electricity is a force due to charged particles. This can be static electricity, in which charged particles gather. Current, or the flow of charged particles, is also a form of electricity. Current is the ordered flow of charged particles. Often current flows through a wire. This is how we get the electricity we use everyday! WHAT ARE CIRCUITS? A circuit is a path that electric current flows around. Current flows from a power source to a load. The load converts the electric energy into anther type of energy A light bulb is a load that converts electrical energy into light and heat energy. What are some other types of loads? What type of energy do they convert the electric energy into? WIRES Why are circuits connected with wires? Wires are made out of metal which is a conductive material. A conductive material is one that electricity can travel through easily. Which of these material are conductive? Water (dirty) Wood Aluminum Foil Glass String Graphite Styrofoam Concrete Cotton (fabric) Air OPEN VS. CLOSED CIRCUIT CLOSED! OPEN! Why didn’t the light bulb turn on in the open circuit? In the open circuit the current can not flow from one end of the power source to the other. -
Electric Current and Electrical Energy
Unit 9P.2: Electricity and energy Electric Current and Electrical Energy What Is Electric Current? We use electricity every day to watch TV, use a Write all the computer, or turn on a light. Electricity makes all of vocab words you these things work.Electrical energy is the energy of find in BOLD electric charges. In most of the things that use electrical energy, the charges(electrons) flow through wires. As per the text The movement of charges is called an electric current. Electric currents provide the energy to things that use electrical energy. We talk about electric current in units called amperes, or amps.The symbol for ampere is A. In equations, the symbol for current is the letter I. AC AND DC There are two kinds of electric current—direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC). In the figure below you can see that in direct current, the charges always flow in the same direction. In alternating current, the direction of the charges continually changes. It moves in one direction, then in the opposite direction. The electric current from the batteries in a camera or Describe What kind of a flashlight is DC. The current from outlets in your current makes a home is AC. Both kinds of current give you electrical refrigerator energy. run and in what direction What Is Voltage? do the charges move? If you are on a bike at the top of a hill, you can roll Alternating current makes a down to the bottom. This happens because of the refrigerator run. difference in height between the two points. -
Electric Charge
Chapter 2 Coulomb’s Law 2.1 Electric Charge........................................................................................................ 2 2.2 Coulomb's Law ....................................................................................................... 2 Animation 2.1: Van de Graaff Generator.................................................................. 3 2.3 Principle of Superposition....................................................................................... 4 Example 2.1: Three Charges....................................................................................... 4 2.4 Electric Field........................................................................................................... 6 Animation 2.2: Electric Field of Point Charges ........................................................ 7 2.5 Electric Field Lines................................................................................................. 8 2.6 Force on a Charged Particle in an Electric Field .................................................... 9 2.7 Electric Dipole ...................................................................................................... 10 2.7.1 The Electric Field of a Dipole......................................................................... 11 Animation 2.3: Electric Dipole................................................................................ 12 2.8 Dipole in Electric Field......................................................................................... 12 2.8.1