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Adolescent Girls and Gender Justice: Country Reports

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Adolescent Girls and Gender Justice: Country Reports Report ‘This is not the work of a day’: Communications for social norm change around early marriage and education for adolescent girls in Uganda Grace Kyomuhendo Bantebya, Florence Muhanguzi Kyoheirwe and Carol Watson September 2015 Acknowledgements The research team gratefully acknowledges the valuable contributions of many individuals whose time, expertise and ideas made this effort possible. Particular thanks go to government officials and civil society representatives at national and sub national level in the districts of Mayuge, Bugiri, Iganga, and Lira who gave of their time, provided valuable insights and helped mobilise communities. These efforts greatly contributed to the successful implementation of the research. Programme managers and project personnel from the following organisations graciously consented to the review of their projects by our research team, sharing documents, providing insights on lessons learned, and helping the team to identify and organise project beneficiaries and other stakeholders for field research. These include: Restless Development; Straight Talk Foundation; ANPPCAN; the Concerned Parents Association; and the Gender Roles, Equality and Transformations (GREAT) project. Managers of the three projects also graciously agreed to review our draft project chapter write-ups, providing useful inputs and additional information. Gratitude is extended as well to the national research assistants, Peace Musiimenta, Juliet Kushaba, Dennis Khasabo and Evelyn Ejang for their valuable support to the research process. The UK Department for International Development has provided generous financial support for the flagship programme on ‘Transforming the lives of girls and Young Women’ which made this fieldwork possible and which is most gratefully acknowledged. Appreciation is due to both internal (Rachel Marcus) and external (Keiko Nowacka) reviewers, whose many useful comments on our draft report contributed to improving the final product. Above all, we would like to thank all the study respondents – women, men, girls and boys – in the study site communities for their willing exchange of views, experiences and ideas in interviews and focus group discussions. Without their insights, this study would not have been possible. Table of contents Acknowledgements ii Table of contents i Abbreviations iv 1 Executive summary vi Background and context vi Findings on key design features of project case studies vii Reported changes, benefits and effects of the projects viii Challenges and constraints ix Key lessons learnt and implications for policies and programmes ix 2 Introduction 1 2.1 Adolescent girls: an urgent priority in Uganda 1 2.2 Multi-country study context and key findings from Uganda 2 2.3 Organisation of the report 3 3 Research framework, focus, methodology and approach 4 3.1 A focus on communications initiatives 4 3.2 Study objectives and key research questions 7 3.3 Project selection in Uganda 7 3.4 Research methodology, processes and tools 9 3.5 Ethical considerations 11 4 National policy and programme environment 13 4.1 Early marriage, teenage pregnancy and girls’ educa tion in Uganda 13 4.2 National policy and legislative framework 15 4.3 Programme mapping 19 5 Project case studies: Sub-regional and district settings 22 5.1 Bugiri district 24 5.2 Iganga district 25 5.3 Lira district 25 6 Case study 1: Unite for Body Rights: Straight Talk Foundation 27 6.1 Programme overview 27 6.2 Key findings from field research 32 6.3 Lessons learned and conclusions 41 7 Case study 2: Child Protection and Development: ANPPCAN 42 7.1 Programme overview 42 7.2 Key findings from field research 47 7.3 Lessons learned and conclusions 59 8 Case study 3: Gender Roles, Equality & Transformations (GREAT) 60 8.1 Programme overview 60 8.2 Key findings from field research 64 i 8.3 Lessons learned and conclusions 79 9 Key findings, lessons learned, programme and policy implications 81 9.1 Key findings on national context, policy and programme environment 81 9.2 Key findings from case study field research 81 9.3 Synthesis of lessons learned on communications for social norm change 84 9.4 Programme and policy implications 86 References 88 Annexes 94 Annex 1: Logframe theory of change model, ODI 94 Annex 2: Research instruments 95 Annex 3. Research activities and study population by project site 103 Annex 4: Case study project summaries 105 Annex 5: Case study project communications interventions 110 Annex 6: National policy review mapping 118 Annex 7: Organisations consulted for national programme mapping 124 Annex 8: Results of national programme mapping 125 List of figures, tables and boxes Figures Figure 1: Conceptual framework for gender norm change through communications initiatives 6 Figure 2: Map of project study sites in Uganda 9 Figure 3: Uganda sub-regional SIGI scores 23 Figure 4: SRHR programme model 27 Figure 5 STF communications activities 30 Figure 6: School health fair (STF, 2013) 30 Figure 7: Focus group discussion with teenage mothers, Bugiri (Research team field photo) 32 Figure 8: An interested reader of Young Talk (STF, 2013) 34 Figure 9: Outreach to schools with Straight Talk materials (STF, 2013) 34 Figure 10: teenage mother with certificate of attendance (research team photo) 48 Figure 11: Teenagers waiting to receive start-up kits (research team photo) 49 Figure 12: Using community conversations model to address gender-based violence (ANPPCAN Uganda, nd) 49 Figure 13: Teenage mother – beneficiary of ANPPAN training (Researchteam field photo) 52 Figure 14: Map of GREAT project sites 60 Figure 15: GREAT ecological life-course model of behavioural change 61 Figure 16: GREAT intervention components 61 Figure 17: Themes addressed in the GREAT toolkit 62 Figure 18: Focus group discussion with young adolescent girls, beneficiaries of GREAT, Lira (Research team field photo) 64 Figure 19: Evidence on use and appreciation of GREAT communications components 67 Figure 20: Very young adolescent girl group engaging with GREAT communications materials (Research team field photo, Lira) 68 Figure 21: GREAT visual aid to prompt discussion 68 Tables Outline of research tools and study participants 10 Comparative national and sub-regional indicators of adolescent girls’ vulnerability 22 Comparative national and sub-regional scores on SIGI sub-indices 24 Progress against baseline indicators on knowledge, attitudes and skills (%) 32 Most significant individual changes reported by study participants, STF 35 Most significant household-level changes reported by study participants, STF 37 Most significant school and community-level changes reported by study participants, STF 37 Synthesis of strengths and challenges in the STF programme model 41 ANPPCAN Uganda strategic objectives 42 Types of children categorised as critically or moderately vulnerable 44 ii Most significant individual changes reported by study participants – ANPPCAN programme 52 Most significant household-level changes reported by study participants – ANPPCAN programme 54 Most significant changes at school and community levels reported by study participants – ANPPCAN programme 55 Most significant individual changes reported by GREAT study participants 71 Most significant household-level changes reported by GREAT study participants 72 Most significant community and school-level changes reported by GREAT study participants 74 Boxes Box 1: Lessons learned from the first two years of the multi-country study ........................................................... 3 Box 2: Typology of communications interventions .................................................................................................. 4 Box 3: Marriage legislation in Uganda ................................................................................................................... 15 Box 4: Straight Talk Foundation ............................................................................................................................ 28 Box 5: Unite for Body Rights programme assessment results in Bugiri and Iganga districts ............................... 31 Box 6: ANPPCAN 2013 situation analysis at a glance .......................................................................................... 42 Box 7. ANPPCAN project expected results by target group .................................................................................. 44 Box 8. Key ANPPCAN project intervention result areas and activities ................................................................. 45 Box 9. ANPPCAN use of community conversations ............................................................................................. 47 Box 10: Using letter link boxes to report violence in schools and communities .................................................... 50 Box 11: One-to-one programming: the case work approach ................................................................................. 51 Box 12: Key findings from GREAT ethnographic research in project districts ...................................................... 62 Box 13. Positive perspectives on roles within GREAT coordinating and implementation structures .................... 66 Box 14. A young girl’s experiences with school -based GREAT activities ............................................................. 69 Box 15. Breaking down gender role stereotypes: GREAT role-play and discussion ............................................ 69 Box 16: Perspectives on the sustainability of GREAT project thrusts ..................................................................
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