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Abkhazia, 83 Calvo doctrine, 95 Abyssinia, see Caracas Conference, 97 Afghanistan, 84 Caroline case, 38 Africa, Castro, President Fidel, 105, 114 See also ECOMOG, ECOW AS, OAU CENTO, 212, 230 and SADC Chad, 125, 138-9 in, 125-6 Chiang Kai Shek, President, 168 Decolonisation and, 125 Chile, 1973 coup in, 105 Security in, 125-151 Ch'ing Dynasty, 166-7 UN Peace Support in, 127-134 Claude, 1., 3, 7,11,12,25-6,213,214 Uti Possidetis doctrine and, 125, 136 Collective Defence, Alexander II, Tsar, 70 definition of, 2-3 ANAD,140 Collective Security, Angola, 84, 125 balance of power, contrasted with, 8-12 Arab League, 59, 226 collective defence, contrasted with, 2-5, ARF, 164-5,171,182-3,224 71 Article 53 (UN Charter), 16 concept of, 1-21,24 ASAS,140 . failure of in 1930s, 24 ASEAN, 20-21, 50, 57,160,161-6,182, ideal type, 3-5, 6,13,14-15 224,230,235 'partial', in Cold War, 25 See also ARF UN Charter, provision by, 26-7 Bangkok Declaration, 161 Command and control, 41-42 ARF (ASEAN Regional Forum), 20, 57, CIS, see Russia 58 Congo, 125, 126, 127-9 High Council, 160 Croatia, 84 preventive diplomacy and, 57 Cuba, 36, 105, 114 Vision 2020, 165 Czechoslovakia, former, 39

Balance of Power, 8-12 Dalai Lama, 167 Barre, Siad, 130 Dayton peace accords, 43, 74 Bay of Pigs invasion, 114 Desert Fox, Operation, 30, 50, 60 Berlin airlift, 67 Dominican Republic, 54, 115 Blue helmet forces, Drago doctrine, 95 laws of armed conflict, applicability to Dumbarton Oaks, Conference, 214, 216 operations by, 44-5 legal regulation of, 42-5 EASI,181 management of, 75 East Timor, 161, 162, 182-3,241 Bogota, Charter of, 93, 94, 96, 104 ECOMOG, 50, 56,141-5,161,224,225, Bolivar, Simon, 93 241 Bosnia-Herzegovina, 27, 37, 42,83 Nigeria and, 144 Boutros-Ghali, Boutros, 36, 41-2, 48, 215, ECOWAS, 19,56, 127,141-5,151 225,228 Conflict Resolution Mechanism, 144 Brussels, 1948 Treaty of, 66 Eritrea, 125, 129, 130 Burundi, 130, 131, 222-4,229 Ethiopia, 7, 125, 129, 130 Europe, defence and security in, 65-90

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European Defence Community, 66 McNeill, T.P., 86, note 56 EU,36,52, 76, 78,162,164 Mahathir Mohammed, Datuk Seri Dr., 165 Expenses case, 32-3 Manchuria, 167, 173 Falklands Conflict (1982), 170 Mandela, President, 145 France, 53, 66, 72,129,132,141238 Mao Zedong, 48, 168 NATO, suspicion of, 67 Mauritania, 139-40 Fuller, L.N., 231 Michael Sobhuza II, King, 149 Middle East, crisis, 50, 58 Gray, C.S., 73 Monroe Doctrine, 95, 101, 102, 103 Great Lakes (African), 27, 52 Morgenthau, H.J., 12 See also Burundi and Rwanda Morocco, 139-40 Greig, D.W., 38,40 Moshoeshoe II, King, 148, 149 Grenada, 37,54,116 Mozambique, 129 Guatemala, 54, 110, 113 Mussolini, Benito, 129 Gulf Conflict (1990-91),28,30-31,39,40, 43,48,58,80, 87, 88, 175, 128, 199, Nagorno-Karabakh, 83 219-20,233,234 Noriega, General, 117 NATO, 16, 17,30,36,38,40,50-2,55,60, , Emperor, 130 65-76,79-83,86-90,151,171,212-3, Haiti, 27, 28, 37, 54, 62,109,119,120 214,216-9,223-4,225,230-1,232, Ho Chih Minh, 158 233,234,235-7,239,242,243 Hull, Cordell, 26, 213 Combined Joint Task Force, 79 Enlargement, 69-70 India, 199,200-209 OAS and, 93-4 China, and 205-8 Partnership for Peace, 68=9 Maldives, and, 205, 209 regional organization, non self- Pakistan, and, 200-204 definition, 49 Sei Lanka, and, 204-5 strategic concept (1999), 16 IFOR, 17,43,51,68,73,84-5,86,223, North Atlantic Treaty, 1949,57,71-2,87-8 230,235,242 Nicaragua, 39 ICRC, 44, 125 Nigeria, 143-4 Nixon, President R.M., 158 Japan, 57-8,172-7 Hashimoto Doctrine, 177 OAS, 17-18, 36,43, 50, 54-5, 60, 88, 93- Yoshida Doctrine, 174 121,230,235-6 Jihad, 39 Canada and, 94 Johnson, President L.B., 158 Civil-Military relations and, 107 Cold War and, 98 Kelsen, H., 36 Democratisation and, 96-7, 104-7 , 129 NATO and, 93-4 KFOR, 68, 73, 216-9, 223, 225, 230, 235, Origin of, 93 242 Russia and, 94 Kissinger, H., 7, 10 United Nations, relations with, 120-23 Korean War (1950-53),156-7,179,233 USA, Kosovo crisis, 1999,30,51,59,70-1,74-5, financial contribution of, 94 76,83,148,151,214,216-9,226, hegemonistic role in, 100-7, 113, 234,239,242 120, non-intervention and, 95 League of Nations, 3,7, 14,24 relationship with, 93-4 Leopold, King of the Belgians, 127 OAU, 18-19,50,55,60, 127, 135-141,230, Lesotho, 125, 148-9. 235-6 Llewellyn. K.N., 231 Crisis Response Force, 136 Liberia, 56,125,144,141-3 Defence Commission, 136 Lumumba, Patrice, 128 Mechanism for Conflict Prevention, 157

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Nkrumah, President, and, 135 UN Charter under, 37-41, 71-2, 99 Objectives of, 135-6 Sergeyev, Marshal Igor, 70 , 125, 129, 130 SFOR, see IFOR ONUC,32 Sierra Leone, 125, 142, 143-4 Opium War (1842), 166 Sino-Japanese War (1936),4-5,155-6. 167, OSCE, 51,54, 60, 67, 69, 75, 81-83, 85-6, 172 88,216-9 , 125, 129-30,234 South Africa, 27, 145-50 Pakistan, 200-204 Apartheid, significance of end of, 19, Panama, 54, 117 48, 125, 126, 135, 145-6 Paracel Islands, 170 Truth and Reconciliation Commission, Paraguay, 111 165 PRC, 20, 30,48,58, 154, 156, 157, 158, South Asia, 163,164,166-172,178,179,183, See also India, Pakistan and SAARC 200, 205-8, 238 Religions in, 200 Peru, Shining Path guerillas in, 109-10 Security in, 199-209 Pol Pot, 179-80 Southeast Asia, See also, ASEAN, ARF and SEATO Reagan doctrine, 106-7 Cold War in, 154 Reagan, President R., 106-7, 238 Colonialism in, 155-6 Regional arrangements and the UN Charter, SEATO, 57,155,159-60,178 34-37 South Ossetia, 83 Restore Hope, Operation, see UNIT AF Southern Rhodesia, Rio Treaty, 93, 94, 100, 104 see Zimbabwe Roosevelt Corollary, 102-3 Somalia, 27 Roosevelt, President F.D., 103-4 Spanish Question, 27 Roosevelt, President Theodore, 102-3 Spratly Islands, 154, 170, 171 Rowe, P., 42, 75 Suez Crisis, 127 Russo-Japanese War (1904-5), 156, 172-3 Sun Yat Sen, President, 167 Russia, 16,30,48,53-4,62,63-66,68,69- Swaziland, 149-50 70,81,83-6, 94,101-114,119, 129, 146,154,157,158,165,172,178, Taft, President, 102 195,207-208,234,238 (ROC), 155, 156, 157,164,169, Rwanda, 131-3,222-4,229 171, 181 Turquoise, Operation, 133 Thant, U., 44 UNAMIR, in, 132-133, 222 Tibet, 171 UNOMOR, in, 132 Tsushima, Battle of, 172

SAARC, 208-9, 226, 236 UK, 42, 45, 52, 66, 67, 71, 77-8. 117, 129, SADC, 19, 127, 145-50 134,153,159,167,194, 238 NATO, contrast with, 147 United Nations, Organ (OPDS), 147 see also Security Council San Francisco Conference,S, 6, 25, 37, forces in readiness for deployment by, 214,216 absence of, 29-30 Santiago declaration 98, 109, 111, 115 General Assembly, Security Council, "little assembly" procedure, 32 continuing importance of, 215, 226, peace support, capacity to authorise, 229-240 32-3 Kosovo crisis (1999), in, 216-9 role of, 14 procedures of, 24-5, 27-6, 219-223,232- uniting for peace resolution, 33-4 3 Military Staff Committee, 29, 233 veto power in, 25-6 origin of, 24 Self-defence, structure of, 14 Collective Security, relation to, 13 UNEF 1,32

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UNITAF, 130-131,222 WEU, 36, 38, 52-3, 55, 66, 76-80, 171,230 UNOSOM, 48, 130-1, 222 Combined Joint Task Force, 79 UNOSOM II, 43, 222 Defence Planning Cell, 78 UNPROFOR, 17,30,41-2,43,48,76,223, Geographical remit of, 78 233,242 Mobility Working Group, 79 USA, 18, 48, 54, 62, 66, 67, 93-121, 128, Petersberg tasks, 78 129,156-159,164,167,169,170-2, Rome Conference, 1984, 57 173,174,177,178-82,189,194,195, United Kingdom view of, 77-8 196-7,199,207-8,234,237-238 Western Sahara, 139-40 Monroe doctrine, 17 Wilson, President Woodrow, 3 Roosevelt corollary, 17 WEU and, 80 Yugoslavia, former, 30

Vietnam War, 157-9, 179 Zaire, see Congo ZOPFAN,162 Warsaw Pact, 38, 50, 65, 68, 49, 81, 86 ZOPFIN,162 Washington Protocol, OAS Charter to, 99 Zimbabwe, 27, 59, 125, 134-5, 146

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