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New and Historical Plant Introductions, and Potential Pests in the Juan Fernandez Islands, Chile!

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New and Historical Plant Introductions, and Potential Pests in the Juan Fernandez Islands, Chile! Pacific Science (1997), vol. 51, no. 3: 233-253 © 1997 by University of Hawai'i Press. All rights reserved New and Historical Plant Introductions, and Potential Pests in the Juan Fernandez Islands, Chile! ULF SWENSON,2 TOD F. STUESSy,3 MARCELO BAEZA,4 AND DANIEL J. CRAWFORD5 ABSTRACT: In 1935 the Juan Fernandez Islands in the Pacific Ocean were declared a Chilean National Park to protect the unique flora and fauna, and later given status as a Biosphere Reserve by mCN. Exotic plants deliberately and inadvertently introduced are threats to the natural vegetation. We review the introduced and/or adventitious flora of the archipelago in this paper. We report 21 recent arrivals, eight earlier introductions from the mid-1700s to the 1900s that have not been recognized before in the flora, six misidentified taxa, and five taxa present earlier but now reported from another island, resulting in a total of 227 introduced and naturalized species. Each species is discussed briefly with its native distribution, uses, first arrival in Chile and/or the archipelago, and comments on conservation impact. Identities of some previously cited taxa are clarified (e.g., Cupressus mac­ rocarpa appears to be a misidentification for two other species of the same genus). Other noxious weeds known worldwide have recently been deliberately introduced, especially as garden ornamentals. Two of the most serious potential pests are the bird-dispersed Lantana camara and Lonicera japonica. We recommend immediate eradication of these two taxa and restriction on reintroduction. A conservation program emphasizing strong physical and biological methods is urgently needed to control the introduced species. IN GENERAL, OCEANIC ISLANDS have suffered a in the Juan Fernandez Islands and assess their great deal from human impact including slash­ threat to native vegetation. Most of these taxa and-bum agriculture, shipbuilding, logging, and were discovered during the last expedition to from grazing and predation offeral animals, rab­ Masatierra in January 1996, but research on the bits, rats, and other introduced mammals. flora has involved seven expeditions over 16 Because natural vegetation on oceanic islands is years by a collaborating team from Ohio State often fragile, both deliberately and inadvertently University and Universidad de Concepcion, introduced plants may become serious weeds. Chile. These in tum may threaten the native flora. In The Juan Fernandez Islands lie about 650 km this paper we identify introduced plant species west of continental Chile in the Pacific Ocean and are composed ofa chain ofsubmarine volca­ I Support to u.s. for the study was provided by Harald noes (GonzaIez-Ferran 1987, 1995), two of E. Johansson's fund, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. which rise above the sea forming Masafuera (33 0 Fieldwork in the Islands was provided by NSF grant No. 0 0 DEB-9500499 to T.F.S. and DJ.C. Manuscript accepted 23 45' S, 80 46' W) and Masatierra (33 37' S, 0 October 1996. 78 50' W), with the small island Santa Clara 2 Department ofSystematic Botany, Uppsala University, just 1 km southwest of the latter (Castilla and Uppsala 752 36, Sweden. To whom correspondence should Oliva 1987). We use the names Masatierra and be addressed. Masafuera, which are commonly used in English 3 Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, California 90007. Research Associate, Rancho literature, but the islands are officially known Santa Ana Botanic Garden, 1500 N. College Ave., Clare­ in Spanish as Isla Robinson Crusoe and Isla mont, California 91711. Alejandro Selkirk, respectively. Radiometric 4 Departamento de Botanica, Universidad de Concep­ cion, Concepcion, Chile. dating has revealed that Masatierra is 3.8-4.2 5 Department of Plant Biology, Ohio State University, million years old, and Masafuera is only 1.0-2.4 Columbus, Ohio 43210. million years old (Stuessy et al. 1984). The two 233 234 PACIFIC SCIENCE, Volume 51, July 1997 main islands total 98 km2 in area, almost equally quea Skottsb., all in the Asteraceae and in distributed between the two (Stuessy 1995). extreme need of conservation (Bremer 1994, Because of their volcanic origin, the topography Stuessy et al. 1997). Furthermore, no less than of the Islands is extremely rough, with step 21 endemic species have a total population of mountainsides, canyons, and valleys. The less­ fewer than 25 individuals (Stuessy et aI., eroded Masafuera has an extremely rugged and unpubl. data). inaccessible west side, with literally vertical On the Juan Fernandez Islands, many ecolog­ mountain walls of almost 900 m. The highest ical changes have occurred as a result of human peak on Masafuera (Los Inocentes) is 1319 m, intervention since the archipelago was discov­ and that on Masatierra is 916 m (El Yunque). ered in 1574 by Juan Fernandez. Trees have been To protect the unique flora and fauna, the Juan cut for rebuilding ships, construction of homes, Fernandez Islands were declared a national park and sale as firewood to steam-powered vessels in 1935 (Castilla and Oliva 1987) and later a (Woodward 1969). Hundreds, perhaps thou­ Biosphere Reserve by the International Union sands, of individuals of the "cabbage-tree," the for Conservation of Nature and Natural endemic palm Juania australis (Mart.) Drude Resources (mCN) (Stuessy 1995). ex Hook. f., were cut down for food (Wester Skottsberg (1953) published careful data on 1991). The endemic sandalwood, Santalumfer­ the climatic conditions. A subtropical climate nandezianum F. Phil., was brought to extinction prevails, and on Masatierra summer and winter by cutting ofthe aromatic wood for sale to orien­ temperatures are, respectively, between 15 and tal markets. The last individual of the species 22°C and 9 and 15°C. Annual mean temperature was reported on Masatierra by Skottsberg is close to 15°C. The main rainy season is from (1910). Fires caused by human carelessness have May through August, with a total annual precipi­ also been a negative factor on the native flora tation of about 900 mm. As the altitude rises, (for example, the recent fire on Masafuera acci­ rainfall increases and temperature decreases. dentally set by fishermen [Barria 1996]). The archipelago is influenced by southeast trade The impact of exotic plants on the natural winds, which prevail from the south to the west. vegetation of the Juan Fernandez Islands has On the two main islands, the highest peaks or been immense. The first report of the flora was ridges are frequently swept by clouds, but the compiled by Hemsley (1884). Twelve years low southwestern part of Masatierra and Santa later, in 1896, Johow published the first complete Clara are dry (Stuessy 1995). The most important work on natural plant flora ofthe archipelago. Johow's flora is a useful communities in the Juan Fernandez Islands was source for early introductions, with careful notes published by Skottsberg (1953). His principal on naturalized weeds, fruit trees, vegetables, groups of natural vegetation were evergreen grains, and ornamentals. In addition to already dicotyledonous forest, evergreen brushwood and well-established species, Johow (1896) listed no shrub, grasslands, and vegetation along water­ fewer than 74 introduced cultivars. Some of falls and streams and along the coastline. The them had already become serious weeds, like first three habitats are, to different degrees, Ugni molinae Turcz.; others are being reported threatened by human impact and exotic plant here for the first time as escaped, for example introductions (Stuessy et al. 1997). There are Eucalyptus globulus Labill.; and yet others are 209 extant native flowering plants and ferns, and still restricted to gardens or may no longer be about 125 of those are endemic. Thus, species present on the Islands. Skottsberg (1921, 1951) and generic endemism of the vascular plant flora listed (with the exception of cash crops) a total is considered high and reaches about 60% and of 136 exotic species with notes on location, 11 %, respectively (Stuessy et al. 1992). The abundance, and origin. Later, Matthei et al. endemic, monotypic paleoherb family Lactori­ (1993) compiled a paper on the botanical history daceae is restricted to the high ridges of Masa­ of the Juan Fernandez Islands and included a tierra (e.g., Crawford et al. 1994). Some of the complete, annotated list of adventitious species. endemic genera are Centaurodendron Johow, They pointed out that, since the first botanical Dendroseris D. Don, Robinsonia DC., and Yun- expeditions in 1823 by Mary Graham to Masa- Plant Introductions in Juan Fernandez Islands-SWENSON ET AL. 235 tierra, the total number ofintroduced species has and brief assessment on conservation manage­ averaged approximately one species per year. ment. In some cases, two closely related taxa Species with fleshy fruits are frequently bird­ are present or have been identified erroneously. dispersed and, ifweedy, they are the most poten­ In these cases, key characters are given for dis­ tially dangerous (Smith 1989). On the Juan Fer­ tinguishing them. Specimens that document the nandez Islands, the three most noxious weeds observed reports are cited from herbaria (CONC, currently are Aristotelia chilensis (Molina) as, and ups). This material was collected mainly Stuntz, Rubus ulmifolius Schott, and Ugni moli­ during expeditions from 1980 to 1996. nae, all with fleshy fruits. The most efficient Assessment of the impact an introduced spe­ dispersal agent present on the Islands is probably cies may have on the natural vegetation, espe­ the thrush, Turdus falklandii Quoy & Gaimard cially without careful ecological studies, is (Brooke 1987; U.S., pers. obs.). Torres and Agu­ difficult (Smith 1985, Cuddihy and Stone 1990, ayo (1971) recognized this bird as being deliber­ Groves and Di Castri 1991). Nonetheless, one ately introduced to the Islands, but Schlatter can examine the impact of a species introduced (1987) believed it may have dispersed there nat­ elsewhere, record how much it has invaded into urally in recent times.
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