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Stories in the Sky VR: Immersive Storytelling, Heritage-Led Stakeholder Engagement, and Community Fatigue

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Stories in the Sky VR: Immersive Storytelling, Heritage-Led Stakeholder Engagement, and Community Fatigue Stories in the Sky VR: Immersive storytelling, heritage-led stakeholder engagement, and community fatigue Joseph Thomas Empsall Masters by Research University of York Archaeology September 2020 Abstract Stories in the Sky VR was a prototype immersive storytelling experience focusing on Park Hill, Sheffield. The project explored the way that immersive technologies can be used as part of heritage-led community engagement, as a means to articulate intangible heritage. Park Hill represents one of the most divisive buildings in the country; it was regarded as a success in the 1960s, saw a period of dramatic decline in the 1980s and 1990s, and is currently being regenerated by Urban Splash, following the estate’s Grade II* listing in 1998. Through its redevelopment, Park Hill has not only seen an overhaul in its design, but also in the community that now calls the estate home, having transitioned from council estate to gentrified flats. Park Hill represented an ideal testing ground to investigate the potential of immersive technologies, with storytelling embedded in these “flats of the future” since their inception. While the listing details the estate’s value derives from its innovative design, Park Hill also has strong roots in the intangible, through its sense of enduring community, identities, and experiences. Stories in the Sky VR attempted to implement a “bottom-up” approach, giving the stakeholders more control over the narrative and nature of the immersive experience. Ultimately, this proved difficult to achieve, with the fatigue of interviews and tourism having soured large-scale interest in these types of projects. In place of new interviews, previously recorded oral testimonies were utilised to shape the focus of the immersive experience. The feedback for Stories in the Sky VR demonstrated that immersive experiences represent valuable tools to spark discussion on experience, and to successfully articulate intangible heritage, but for the case of Park Hill, it is concluded that the control of community-driven heritage might be better served developing from within. i | P a g e Authors Declaration I declare that this thesis is a presentation of original work and I am the sole author. This work has not previously been presented for an award at this, or any other, University. All sources are acknowledged as References. Bibliographic details: Appendices: 1-4 Number of pages: Cover + viii + 134 Cover Photograph: (Empsall 2020) Number of figures: 52 ii | P a g e Contents List of Figures ............................................................................................................................... v Acknowledgements.................................................................................................................... viii Chapter 1: Introduction ................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 : Aims of the project ..................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 : Park Hill ...................................................................................................................................... 1 1.3 : Structure of the research ........................................................................................................... 2 Chapter 2: Literature Review ........................................................................................................ 4 2.1 : Visualisation ............................................................................................................................... 4 2.2 : Intangible Heritage in the UK ................................................................................................... 10 2.3 : Community Engagement and Digital Heritage ......................................................................... 14 Chapter 3: Methodology ............................................................................................................ 20 3.1 : Community Engagement.......................................................................................................... 20 3.2 : 3D Modelling ............................................................................................................................ 21 3.3 : The London Charter ................................................................................................................. 22 Chapter 4: Park Hill: Success and Failure ..................................................................................... 25 4.1 : The Origins of Modernism and Brutalism ................................................................................ 25 4.2 : From Victorian Slums to Streets in the Sky .............................................................................. 29 4.3 : Park Hill: A Story of Success ..................................................................................................... 34 4.4 : Park Hill: A Story of Failure ....................................................................................................... 36 4.5 : Wider Political Developments .................................................................................................. 39 Chapter 5: Heritage, Value, and Regeneration ............................................................................. 43 5.1 : National Heritage List for England............................................................................................ 43 5.2 : Park Hill: Grade II* Listed ......................................................................................................... 44 5.3 : Brutalist Council Housing: Politically Motivated Protection? ................................................... 47 5.4 : Regeneration: Phase 1 ............................................................................................................. 51 5.5 : Park Hill Revitalised .................................................................................................................. 54 5.6 : Park Hill: Gentrified and Commodified Heritage? .................................................................... 58 Chapter 6: Community Engagement and Park Hill Fatigue ............................................................ 63 6.1 : Representations of Park Hill ..................................................................................................... 63 6.2 : Community Stakeholder Groups .............................................................................................. 66 6.3 : Community Engagement.......................................................................................................... 68 6.4 : Park Hill Fatigue ....................................................................................................................... 71 iii | P a g e Chapter 7: Stories in the Sky VR .................................................................................................. 74 7.1 : Archived Oral Testimonies ....................................................................................................... 74 7.2 : Stories in the Sky VR: Content .................................................................................................. 75 7.3 : Stories in the Sky VR: User Feedback ....................................................................................... 83 Chapter 8: Conclusion ................................................................................................................ 89 Appendix 1: Park Hill Listing (Historic England 1998) ................................................................... 92 Appendix 2: Stories in the Sky VR: Interviews .............................................................................. 96 Appendix 3: Feedback from Stories in the Sky VR: 360 video – Park Hill community ................... 109 Appendix 4: Feedback from Stories in the Sky VR: 360 video – Those interested in Park Hill ....... 115 Bibliography ............................................................................................................................ 122 iv | P a g e List of Figures Figure 1: Virtual reconstruction of the Temple of Isis, Pompeii, 1996 (Jacobson and Vadnal 2005, 1). .......................................................................................................................................................... 5 Figure 2: Illustrations 7, 8, & 9 from Frankland’s study, highlighting the survey illustrations of non- photorealistic and photorealistic visualisation techniques (Frankland 2012, 29). ................................. 6 Figure 3: Footage from Watterson’s Digital Dwelling project (Watterson 2013). ............................ 8 Figure 4: Footage from Common Ground VR (East City Films 2019). ............................................. 18 Figure 5: Behrens’ AEG Turbine Factory, Berlin, 1908-9 (from Frampton 1985, 113). ................... 26 Figure 6: Le Corbusier’s Villa Savoye, 1928-1931 (Gudkova and Gudkov 2017, 3). ........................ 27 Figure 7: Le Corbusier’s plan for a Green City, 1933 (Le Corbusier 1964). ..................................... 27 Figure 8: (LEFT) Le Corbusier’s Unité (Arch Daily 2020). ................................................................ 28 Figure 9: (RIGHT) Children playing on the rooftop of the Unité, 1958 (Architectuul 2020). ........... 28 Figure 10: Design of a street deck for the Golden Lane project, by Peter Smithson, 1953 (from Borges
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