La Finta Semplice

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La Finta Semplice ALBO DEI SOCI FONDATORI ALBO DEI SOCI FONDATORI CONSIGLIO DI AMMINISTRAZIONE Paolo Costa presidente Luigino Rossi vicepresidente Cesare De Michelis Pierdomenico Gallo Achille Rosario Grasso Mario Rigo Valter Varotto Giampaolo Vianello consiglieri sovrintendente Giampaolo Vianello direttore artistico Sergio Segalini direttore musicale Marcello Viotti COLLEGIO DEI REVISORI DEI CONTI Giancarlo Giordano presidente Adriano Olivetti Paolo Vigo Maurizia Zuanich Fischer SOCIETÀ DI REVISIONE PricewaterhouseCoopers S.p.A. la finta semplice dramma giocoso in tre atti libretto originale attribuito a Carlo Goldoni rielaborato da Marco Coltellini musica di Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Teatro Malibran venerdì 11 febbraio 2005 ore 19.00 turno A domenica 13 febbraio 2005 ore 15.30 turno B martedì 15 febbraio 2005 ore 19.00 turno D giovedì 17 febbraio 2005 ore 19.00 turno E sabato 19 febbraio 2005 ore 15.30 turno C La Fenice prima dell’Opera 2004-2005 5 Pietro Antonio Lorenzoni (c.1721-1782; attribuito), Mozart fanciullo (1763), in un costume di gala donatogli da Maria Teresa per un banchetto durante la visita dei Mozart a Vienna (1762). Salisburgo, Mozarteum. La Fenice prima dell’Opera 2004-2005 5 Sommario 5 La locandina 7 Un piccolo genio all’opera di Michele Girardi 9 Andrea Chegai Un dodicenne alla prese con l’opera buffa. Ingegno e adattamento nella Finta semplice 31 Carlida Steffan «Che sussurro, che bordello»: Mozart e gli incerti della tradizione drammatica veneziana 49 La finta semplice: libretto e guida all’opera a cura di Davide Daolmi 109 La finta semplice in breve a cura di Gianni Ruffin 111 Argomento – Argument – Synopsis – Handlung 119 Andrea Chegai Bibliografia 123 Online: il finto semplice a cura di Roberto Campanella 133 Dall’archivio storico del Teatro La Fenice: Mozart e Venezia a cura di Franco Rossi Frontespizio della Finta semplice, rappresentata con musica di Salvatore (Salvador) Perillo (1731-1799) al San Moisè di Venezia nel 1764. Venezia, Casa di Goldoni. Cantavano Catterina Ristorini (Rosina), Michiele del Zan- ca (D. Cassandro), Anastasio Massa (D. Polidoro), Geltrude Landini (D. Giacinta), Giacinta Lega (Ninetta), Giambattista Ristorini (Fracasso), Marco Luca Gamberai (Simone). Correntemente attribuito a Goldoni, il libret- to fu poi, con modifiche di lieve entità (tranne il finale terzo, molto ampliato), rimusicato da Mozart. la finta semplice opera buffa in tre atti libretto originale attribuito a Carlo Goldoni rielaborato da Marco Cortellini musica di Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart prima rappresentazione a Venezia Editore proprietario Bärenreiter – Verlag, Kassel Rappresentante per l’Italia Casa Musicale Sonzogno di Piero Ostali, Milano personaggi e interpreti Rosina Elena de la Merced Don Polidoro Stefano Ferrari Don Cassandro Giorgio Caoduro Giacinta Silvia Tro Santafé Veronica Amarres (19/2) Ninetta Gemma Bertagnolli Fracasso Filippo Adami Simone Alex Esposito maestro concertatore e direttore Giuliano Carella regia Marco Gandini scene Italo Grassi costumi Maurizio Millenotti light designer Marco Filibeck Orchestra del Teatro La Fenice maestro al cembalo Joyce Fieldsend basso continuo Alessandro Zanardi con sopratitoli nuovo allestimento 6 LA LOCANDINA direttore musicale di palcoscenico Giuseppe Marotta direttore di palcoscenico Paolo Cucchi responsabile allestimenti scenici Massimo Checchetto maestro di sala Joyce Fieldsend aiuto maestro di sala Raffaele Centurioni altro maestro del coro Ulisse Trabacchin altri direttori di palcoscenico Lorenzo Zanoni Luca Ferraris assistente alla regia Nicola Zorzi assistente alle scene Mauro Tinti assistente ai costumi Tiziano Musetti maestro di palcoscenico Alberto De Piero maestro rammentatore Giovanni Dal Missier maestro alle luci Roberto Bertuzzi capo macchinista Vitaliano Bonicelli capo elettricista Vilmo Furian capo attrezzista Roberto Fiori capo sarta Rosalba Filieri responsabile della falegnameria Adamo Padovan coordinatore figuranti Claudio Colombini scene Mekane Srl (Roma) attrezzeria Rancati (Roma) Laboratorio Teatro La Fenice (Venezia) costumi Nicolao Atelier (Venezia) calzature Pompei 2000 (Roma) parrucche e trucco Fabio Bergamo (Trieste) sopratitoli Studio GR (Venezia) Un piccolo genio all’opera «Egli è ancora fanciullo», esclama Susanna perorando la causa di Cherubino presso il Conte di Almaviva, il quale replica piccato: «Men di quel che tu creda» (Le nozze di Figaro, I.8). Questo scambio viene in mente quando ci s’imbatte nella Finta semplice, che il vessillifero di tutti i geni bambini, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, scrisse all’età di dodici anni. Secondo la definizione data nel settimo tomo dell’Encyclopédie (del 1757, ossia l’anno successivo alla nascita del Salisburghese), il genio è un «puro dono di na- tura», ma chissà se di vero dono si tratta (e, se così fosse, quanta sofferenza implichi doverlo onorare). Secondo Andrea Chegai, autore dell’importante saggio introduttivo, «un’opera d’ar- te non è mai unicamente prodotto del suo autore […]; l’‘originalità’, ritenuta elemento di pregio dalla critica spiccia o dal senso comune, non sempre è stata né doveva essere un requisito dell’opera d’arte; anzi, nel campo dell’opera in musica, l’originalità cedeva necessariamente e a buon diritto il passo alla reiterazione di formule e codici stilistici e formali già ben noti al pubblico dell’epoca, che li individuava con prontezza e che gli consentivano di allinearsi ad un processo comunicativo a lui già ben noto». Non è leci- to, quindi, aspettarsi miracoli da un bimbo che si cimenta per la prima volta con un ge- nere, quello buffo italiano, allora in gran voga in tutta Europa, ma, soprattutto, «sa- rebbe […] sbagliato […] occuparsi della Finta semplice con lo sguardo rivolto alle Nozze di Figaro e a Così fan tutte: più logico e produttivo sarà invece trattarne in quanto pro- dotto teatrale del suo tempo, e banco di prova per un enfant prodige dalle straordinarie doti di assimilazione», come nota Carlida Steffan all’inizio del suo saggio, dove chiari- sce brillantemente il rapporto fra l’adolescente Mozart e la tradizione drammatica ve- neziana coeva. Tradizione veneziana, appunto, perché La finta semplice, che giunge nel 2005 alla sua prima rappresentazione nel Teatro La Fenice, nasce in un certo senso in laguna. Il libretto anonimo che Marco Coltellini – ‘riformista’ (della tradizione operistica coeva) e livornese, come Ranieri de’ Calzabigi (autore ‘fantasma’ della prefazione all’Alceste di Gluck) – rielaborò per Mozart, era già stato intonato dal napoletano Salvatore Pe- rillo al San Moisè nel 1764, e attribuito (ma post mortem) al principe dei commedio- grafi, e vero rivoluzionario del genere buffo, cioè Carlo Goldoni. Carlida Steffan non è poi così sicura di questa paternità, e prova a formulare l’ipotesi che l’autore sia Ga- sparo Gozzi, fratello di Carlo ma per nulla d’accordo con lui nel giudizio relativo ai la- 8 MICHELE GIRARDI vori per il teatro di Carlo Goldoni, di cui era, anzi, ammiratore. Valuti il lettore gli ar- gomenti che sostengono questa congettura, ma, al di là della sua fondatezza, è oppor- tuno discutere un’attribuzione che non trova riscontro inoppugnabile. In realtà i collaboratori di questo volume concordano sul fatto che sia preliminare valutare con attenzione il peso di una tradizione musicale ancor fresca, quella buffa ita- liana, ma già consolidata nel giro di pochi anni. In essa fa il suo ingresso un fanciullo prodigio, destinato a un’avventura artistica senza pari, ma non ancora quel dominato- re di ogni sfumatura, anche la più impalpabile, della nostra lingua. Secondo Davide Daolmi, curatore del libretto e autore della guida all’opera, «chi veramente capisce po- chissimo del libretto […] è il piccolo Mozart, che scrive sì arie di rara bellezza – non solo per un dodicenne – ma più spesso non sa restituire i caratteri di personaggi che ri- mandano alla tradizione teatrale italiana, perdendo spesso di vista la drammaturgia complessiva». Chegai, dal canto suo, invita a porre al centro dell’osservazione critica il codice, e non l’autore, tuttavia reputa che molti scorci dell’opera si lascino apprezzare per «effetti che saranno certo stati acquisiti per pratica e per via istintiva; l’esito è co- munque degno del teatro musicale ‘degli adulti’». Per Carlida Steffan «il ragazzino si trovò fra le mani una compilazione raccattata fra gli scarti della grande, e caotica, of- ficina teatrale veneziana. Altri, ben più esperti di lui, ci si sarebbero rotti la testa». Franco Rossi ci offre infine, valutando la vita musicale veneziana dai ricchi scaffali dell’Archivio storico del Teatro La Fenice, una riflessione sulla fortuna della musica di Mozart nel nostro teatro che, almeno per quanto riguarda le opere, è piuttosto recen- te, e presenta ancora lacune di rilievo – una di esse (la mancanza di un titolo come La finta semplice) viene appunto meritoriamente colmata quest’anno. Il grande Stendhal affermava, nella sua Vita di Rossini (1823), che Mozart non avrebbe mai avuto «in Ita- lia il successo di cui gode in Germania e in Inghilterra», perché «la sua musica non è fatta per questo clima», ma è «destinata soprattutto a commuovere, offrendo all’ani- mo delle immagini melanconiche». Oggi forse il mondo è talmente cambiato, così co- me il modo di vivere il sentimento, che sembra incredibile non aver conosciuto prima simili capolavori del passato. Michele Girardi Andrea Chegai Un dodicenne alla prese con l’opera buffa. Ingegno e adattamento nella Finta semplice Le goût est souvent séparé du génie. Le génie est un pur don de la nature; ce qu’il produit est
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