Performing Memory and Authorship

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Performing Memory and Authorship P E R F O R M I N G M E M O R Y A N D A U T H O R S H I P T H E D O C U M E N T A R Y O E U V R E O F A L I O N A V A N D E R H O R S T L a r a v a n d e S a n d e MA Thesis Film Studies Professional Oriented Track (Documentary) University of Amsterdam Supervisor: Dhr. dr. F.A.M. (Erik) Laeven Second reader: Dhr. dr. F.J.J.W. (Floris) Paalman Student number: 10634231 June 28, 2019 For my father Rien van de Sande (1947-2016) 2 Ugliness is beauty that cannot be contained within the soul. It is the transformational force of poetry or imagery, that is what you are looking for as a filmmaker, or an artist. Aliona van der Horst 3 Contents Preface…………………………………………………………………………………………5 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………...……7 Chapter 1: The rise of subjective documentary filmmaking…………………………………12 1.1 Origins: a cinema of auteurs……………………………………………………….12 1.2 The start of female documentary authorship ………………..............................14 1.3 Defining the practice: a mode instead of a genre…………………………………..17 Chapter 2: Memory, emotion & narrative…………………………………………………...20 2.1 Cognitive frameworks: narrative, emotion and memory ………………………….20 2.2 Media and memory: remembering (without) experience…………….....................22 2.3 Memory is mediated…………………………………………………..................24 2.4 Prosthetic memory: the artificial limb made of imagined memories………...….…..25 2.5 The filmic translation of personal memory………………………………………26 Chapter 3: Turning memory into narrative in Voices of Bam……………………………...…28 3.1 Voices of Bam’s narrative of experience: wandering through the rubble……………28 3.2 The inner voices talking: active remembering in direct address…………….…….. 30 3.3 Resembling memory and emphasising absence………………….………………33 Chapter 4: Negotiating and performing authorship in Water Children.…………...………..38 4.1 Reflexivity on art and life…………………………………………………………38 4.2 Self-reflexive authorship as negotiation and performance……………………....44 4.3 Performing experience and subjective perspective: the two visual languages…….49 Chapter 5: The performance of memory and authorship in Love is Potatoes………………..53 5.1 Van der Horst’s inheritance: six square meters of memorabilia……………………53 5.2 Silent mothers and interrogative daughters: the generational gap in memory…….55 5.3 Van der Horst’s negotiation of authorship: The struggle with buried memories of a painful past ………………………………………………………………………57 5.4 Van der Horst’s response to denial: memory performance………………………...61 5.5 A new kind of historiography: Aliona van der Horst and the personal frame……...64 Conclusion……………………………………………………………….…..……….……...68 Epilogue…………………………………………………………………...………….……...73 Bibliography…………………………………………………………………………...……..74 Filmography Aliona van der Horst / Other………………………..………………………...77 4 Preface Utrecht, 27 mei 2019 Beste Aliona, Misschien herinner je me nog, maar misschien ook niet. Een aantal jaar geleden liep ik stage bij Zeppers Film. Je was in die tijd al bezig met Liefde is aardappelen, of Zes Vierkante Meter zoals geloof ik toen de werktitel was. Inmiddels kruis je mijn pad wederom, maar deze keer via een andere weg. Deze keer gaat het over mijn scriptie voor mijn master Film Studies aan de UvA, die ik heb gewijd aan jouw auteurschap. Ik was lang terughoudend je hierover te lichten, want wat betekent een analyse van auteurschap nu eigenlijk? Is dat niet juist hetgeen een regisseur in het ongewisse wil laten? Zou ik dingen niet op een andere manier hebben geïnterpreteerd dan dat ze zijn bedoeld? Maar ik kwam ook al vrij snel tot de conclusie: waarschijnlijk is juist dat de kracht van film. Dat het de films zijn, geboren uit het brein van een regisseur, die transformeren en zelf op zoek gaan naar betekenis, wanneer ze hun vleugels uitslaan in de wijde wereld. Een belangrijke reden waarom ik je werk wilde analyseren was dat het aansloot bij een periode in mijn leven die getekend is door een poëtische mix van elementen en thema’s die ik herken in jouw werk: naast dromerigheid, vrouwelijk auteurschap, de mijmering van associaties, zelfreflectie en kunst als troost, ook de betekenis én verschijningsvorm van herinnering. Want hoezeer ik mijzelf ook uit deze scriptie schrijf als academicus, toch vind ik dat ik open moet zijn over mijn persoonlijke betrokkenheid met je werk die hoe dan ook deze thesis heeft gekleurd. Ik heb niet voor niks herinnering als centraal aspect gekozen. Terwijl ik aan deze masterthesis werkte, ruimde ik de twee huizen van mijn jeugd uit. Het ene was het huis van mijn vader, een alleenstaande schapenboer in Gelderland, die heel plotseling overleed. Mijn zusjes en ik – toen 18, 19 en 22 - bezaten opeens een boerderij. Een huis vol herinneringen, relikwieën aan vroegere plattelandsfamilies en oude romances, schapenstiften, oude kaarten, boeken, een wei vol schapen en vooral een hoop troep. Ook mijn vader was een verzamelaar en ook nogal fan van Rusland. Uiteraard ben ik vernoemd naar Dokter Zhivago. Het was een stronteigenwijze academicus die eigenlijk het liefst zijn hele leven boer was geweest. Hij had het altijd gecombineerd, zijn schapen als uit de hand gelopen hobby naast zijn werk aan de Universiteit van Nijmegen. Het was een intellectueel die het boerenleven zag als utopie. Met het grootste gemak begaf hij zich onder zowel juristen als koeienboeren, met dezelfde mate van interesse– alleen wel met een ander accent. Ergens zie ik daarin een analogie met Ryzhy. We hebben het nooit over je werk gehad, maar ik denk dat hij Liefde is Aardappelen vooral heel mooi had gevonden. Eenvoudige boerenfamilies waren altijd zijn favoriete onderwerp in de kunst. Nog geen maand na zijn dood onderging mijn zusje, leverpatiënt vanaf dat ze klein is, haar eerste levertransplantatie. Een rare tijd waarin voor rouw geen plek was, maar eerder voor blijdschap dat ze het had overleefd. Helaas ging het niet lang goed en leefden we in spanning onder het oppervlak. Toch wilden we vooral ook gewoon normaal leven – ik ging verder met een documentaire researchstage bij Submarine voor een online documentaire-project over de oorlog in Syrië. Heen en weer was het leven tussen het ziekenhuis in Groningen en onze huizen in Utrecht – twee zusjes tegenover elkaar in hetzelfde appartementencomplex, allebei gingen we er op een andere manier mee om. 5 Werken ging me beter af dan een strijd alleen voor de computer. Ik legde mijn scriptie telkens weg; hoe kon ik bezig zijn met academisch gezever als zij aan het vechten was voor haar leven? Na een tweede levertransplantatie hing haar leven aan een zijden draadje. En toen herstelde ze zich na enkele maanden wonderlijk genoeg opeens. Niet volledig – en de toekomst blijft onzeker - maar de situatie is beter dan in jaren. Ze studeert, heeft weer wat energie en is niet meer geel. Dat heeft erin geresulteerd dat ik het afgelopen halfjaar écht aan mijn scriptie heb kunnen werken en nu eindelijk deze brief stuur. Dit terwijl ik nog een huis aan het uitruimen ben: dat van mijn moeder. Die heeft besloten eindelijk weer terug te gaan naar haar wortels: Vlissingen. De zee roept haar al jaren. Met de verkoop van haar huis, verlies ik voorgoed alle banden met mijn geboorteplek Druten, een klein dorpje in Gelderland aan de Waal. Ergens lach ik om hoe alles in het leven dan altijd samen lijkt te komen in momenten: vandaag lever ik de eerste versie van mijn scriptie in, terwijl de verhuisdozen van Druten naar Vlissingen gaan. Het is wederom een labyrint van herinneringen, verspreid over dozen en vastgekleefd in de muren en grond van het huis van mijn jeugd, waar ik me in onderdompel. Maar het markeert ook het einde van een best lastige periode waarin herinneringen ronddwaalden zonder huis. Misschien is het een metafoor voor een nieuw begin, bedenk ik me onder de appelboom, grinnikend in mijn schoot geworpen door het leven. Het schrijven over herinnering was niet alleen meditatief, het was ook noodzakelijk. Meer dan ooit is me duidelijk hoeveel herinneringen in ons hoofd bestaan door het werk van verhalenvertellers, waaronder documentairemakers zoals jij. Mijn beeld over Japan – Rusland- Iran - het zijn prothetische herinneringen die voelen als mijn eigen herinnering. Het heeft mijn eigen passie voor het vertellen van verhalen, in documentaire, maar ook in scenario en in literatuur, alleen maar versterkt. En dat is mede te danken aan jouw auteurschap. Het einde van deze scriptie was lang een blind einddoel: langzaamaan ga ik nu weer nadenken naar wat hierna komt, of dat documentaire research is, of misschien toch schrijven. Ik zie wel wat er het eerst op mijn pad komt. Momenteel zit ik in de laatste fase, eind juni lever ik mijn definitieve scriptie in, die ik je zal sturen als je dat leuk vindt. Het was niet per se mijn bedoeling om mijn hele familiegeschiedenis hier uit de doeken te doen, maar ach, soms ontkom je er niet aan. Maar ik denk dat het te wijten is aan wat jij hebt gedaan: de personages uit jouw films worden een spiegel waar je jezelf in ziet. Ik wilde je alleen vragen of je misschien – bij wijze van epiloog op deze masterscriptie – interesse hebt om een keertje een kopje koffie te drinken. Ik ben in het echte leven een stuk minder sentimenteel dan op papier. Lara 6 Introduction Over the past two decades, there has been a shift in the field of documentary studies towards the acknowledgement of the documentary director as an auteur. This might sound strange nowadays with a lot of famous documentary filmmakers, but for a long time ‘documentary’ was not easily linked to ‘authorship’. Fiction films are often associated with the notion of an auteur, whereas for documentary, it is a different story. Why? As documentary scholar Stella Bruzzi (2011) points out, “the intervention of an auteur disrupts the non-fiction film’s supposed allegiance to transparency and truthfulness”(112).
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