INTRODUCTION TO

MDM SITI FARHANA BINTI ZAINAL BAKRI

LECTURER 1 FACULTY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY CHAPTER 3:

3.1 HAZARD DEFINE

2 What is HAZARD??

“unsafe act or unsafe condition (UAUC) which can cause illness / injury / damage / harmful effect towards human, property and environment ”

3 Classification of Hazards

• There are many ways to classify hazards. However, following are the FIVE most common classifications:

Physical Hazard Chemical Hazard

Biological Hazard

Ergonomic Hazard 4 Psychosocial Hazard Physical Hazard • Any hazard that comes from environmental factors. • Example of physical hazard:

Radiation

Pressure Vibration

Temperature

Excessive levels of Electricity noise.

Mechanical 5 Physical Hazard

• In the process industries, workers face numerous physical hazards. • Physical hazards can occur when an employee work near or around the following: • Equipment that produces high levels of noise. • Exposed steam pipes with high temperatures, or cryogenic equipment with extremely low temperatures (both can cause burns). • Pressurized tanks, vessels, or equipment. • Energized equipment (electric, pneumatic, hydraulic). • Unshielded radiation or radioactive sources from processes, instrumentation and testing. 6 Chemical Hazard

• Any hazard that comes from a solid, liquid or gas element, compound, or mixture that could cause health problems or pollution. Cytotoxic Drugs

Anesthetic Disinfectant Gas

Solvent

Acid / Alkaline 7 Chemical Hazard

• Workers can be exposed to chemical hazards in a variety of ways: • Using chemicals to degrease equipment. • Working with leaking pump, valve, or other piece of equipment. • Taking samples. • Breaking piping or hose connections. • Chemicals take three basic forms: • Solid: particulates, dust, fibers, fumes. • Liquid: mist (liquid droplet) 8 • Gas: vapour Biological Hazard

• A living or once-living organism that have a potential to poses a threat to human health. Pathogenic Organism

Parasite Fungus

Bacteria

Virus Vectors

9 Biological Hazard

• The most likely places or process worker would encounter biological hazards would be like the following examples: • Coming into contact with bacteria (e.g: Legionella which causes Legionnaires’ disease) through improperly treated cooling towers. • Encountering a brown recluse or black widow spider in warehouse. • Handling bodily fluids and used first-aid materials

that could contain a blood-borne pathogen such 10 as hepatitis or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Ergonomic Hazard

• Hazards that can create physical and psychological stresses because of forceful or repetitive work, improper work techniques, or poorly designed tools and workspaces.

Lifting Musculoskele Weight tal Injury

Static Motion

11 Repetitive Motion Ergonomic Hazard • Can produce or aggravate musculoskeletal (muscle, joint, and bone) injuries or conditions. • Involve physical stresses placed on the body, either through a one-time task (e.g: lifting a heavy box), repetition of the same task (e.g: typing) or a combination of tasks. • Four main types of process industry that expose worker to Ergonomic hazard: • Manual material handling – moving heavy / bulky objects w/o using appropriate equipment or tools. • Poor posture – awkward position moving incorrectly 12 • Improper use of tools – using wrong tools • Repetitive motions Psychosocial Hazard

• Aspects of the work environment and the way that work is organised that are associated with psychiatric, psychological and/or physical injury or illness.

Drugs and Substances Addiction Depression Violation at / Anxiety / Workplace Stress

Bully

Sexual 13 Harassment Sources of Hazards 5MILE

Manpower Unsafe acts. Machinery Installation, layout and design of equipment. Materials Substances such as chemicals and gases use in the workplace. Method The way people carry out their work. Media Workplace condition i.e. air quality, ventilation, lighting, noise, vibration, etc. Information Lack of info. Logistics Unclear @ absence of organization & arrangements, infrastructure deficient. Environment Micro & macro environment (noise, vapors, 14 fumes, dust, light, heat).

Factors for Determining Chemical and Biological Hazards • The following factors determine whether a substances is hazardous: • Toxicity – how much of the substance is required to cause harm. • Route of Entry – how the substance enters body. • Dose – how much enters body. • Duration – the length of time the body is exposed. • Interaction – other substances to which the body is exposed. • Response – how the body reacts to the substance. • Sensitivity – how one person reacts to the substance compared to the reactions of other people. 15 • Frequency – how often a person is exposed to the substance. 16