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Turbine Water-Wheel Tests Water-supply and Irrigation Ps.pf? Nu. 180 Serm M, General Hydrographic Investigations, 18 DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CHARLES D. WALCOTT, DlKECTO» TURBINE WATER-WHEEL TESTS AND POWER TABLES BT ROBERT E. HORTON WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1906 Water-Supply and Irrigation Papef No. 180 Series M, General Hydrographic Investigations, 18 DEPARTMENT OF THE INTEEIOK UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CHARLES I). WALCOTT, DIRECTOR TURBINE WATER-WHEEL TESTS AND POWER TABLES BY ROBERT E. HORTON WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1906 CONTENTS. Page. Introduction.............................................................. 7 Principal types of water wheels.............................................. 7 Vertical water wheels.................................................. 8 Classes of turbines..................................................... 9 Tangential outward flow turbines Barker's mill...................... 9 Radial outward-flow turbines the Fourneyron turbine................. 9 Parallel downward-flow turbine the Jonval turbine................... 12 Radial inward-flow turbines the Francis turbine...................... 13 Mixed-flow turbines................................................ 13 Scroll central-discharge wheels.................................. 14 American type of turbines...................................... 14 Types of turbine gates and guides....................................... 16 Mechanical principles of the turbine.......................................... 17 Horsepower and efficiency of turbines........................................ 19 Turbine testing............................................................ 22 General review........................................................ 22 Centennial tests....................................................... 24 Tests by James Emerson, and the Holyoke hydrodynamic experiments....... 30 Tests by Holyoke Water Power Company................................ 36 General discussion................................................. 36 Detailed tests..................................................... 41 McCormick turbines........................................... 41 Hercules turbines.............................................. 60 Samson turbines............................................... 66 New American and Swain turbines............................... 71 The use of the turbine as a water meter...................................... 76 Reliability of Holyoke tests as to turbine discharge........................ 77 Variation in discharge for different wheels of same pattern.................. 78 Variation in discharge for different wheels of the same type................. 79 Variation of turbine discharge with speed................................. 80 Variation of turbine coefficients with variation in head..................... 81 Methods of turbine setting and arrangement.................................. 82 Turbine plants for varying head............................................. 85 Conditions governing economy in size and number of turbines used.............. 85 Manufacturer's tables of power, speed, arid discharge........................... 87 General discussion..................................................... 87 Rating table for Fourneyron turbines................................ 94 McElwain.................................................... 94 Rating tables for scroll central-discharge turbines. ..................... 95 John Tyler................................................... 95 Reynolds..................................................... 95 Carley helical................................................. 96 Perfection.................................................... 96 Jones Little Giant............................................. 97 3 4 CONTENTS. Manufacturer's tables of power, speed, and discharge Continued. Page. General discussion Continued. Rating tables for Jonval turbines.................................... 98 McElwain.................................................... 98 Bloomingdale, or Wait's Champion.............................. 98 Dix.......................................................... 99 Osgood....................................................... 99 Bodine....................................................... 99 Chase........................................................ 100 Rating tables for register-gate turbines............................... 101 Gates Curtis.................................................. 101 Eclipse double................................................ 101 Helmcr's patent Rome......................................... 101 Case National................................................. 102 Wetmore..................................................... 102 Flenniken.................................................... 103 Humphrey standard IXL....................................... 103 Humphrey standard XLCR..................................... 104 Burnham's new improved...................................... 104 Balanced gate................................................. 105 Alcott's high duty............................................. 105 Lesner's improved............................................. 106 Risdon....................................................... 107 Rating tables for pivot-gate turbines................................. 108 Crocker...................................................... 108 Camden horizontal............................................. 108 Camden vertical............................................... 109 Camden steel double ........................................... 109 United States................................................. 109 Cole Dominion................................................ 110 Bradway..................................................... 110 Bartley water-tight............................................ Ill Canada....................................................... Ill Elmer........................................................ 112 Eureka....................................................... 112 Smith improved Success....................................... 113 Smith new Success............................................. 114 American..................................................... 114 New American................................................ 115 Poole & Hunt Letfel........................................... 116 Trump model.............---.-...--..----..-....-..-......... 117 Leffel........................................................ 117 Leffel Samson................................................. 119 Rating tables for cylinder-gate turbines............................... 119 Rochester..................................................... 119 Swain........................................................ 120 Dolan's Little Giant............................................ 120 Dolan's Improved Little Giant.................................. 121 Hunt Standard, new pattern.................................... 122 Hercules...................................................... 122 McCormick...'................................................ 123 McCormick's New England...................................... 123 Taylor sleeve-gate............................................. 124 Victor........................................................ 124 Victor high-pressure............................................ 125 CONTENTS. 5 Page. Literature................................................................ 126 Historical............................................................. 126 Descriptive........................................................... 126 Vertical water wheels................................................... 127 Turbines............................................................. 127 Turbine design.................................................... 127 American type of turbine........................................... 128 Mathematical theory of turbines..................................... 128 Turbine governing................................................. 129 Impulse water wheels.................................................. 130 Index.................................................................... 131 ILLUSTRATIONS. PLATE I. A, Recent American type of water-wheel runner; B, Dynamometer, Hoi- yoke testing flume.............................................. 14 II. A, Turbines on horizontal shaft; B, Pair of turbines on horizontal shaft. 82 FIG. 1. Section of Fourneyron turbine........................................ 10 2. Plan of Fourneyron turbine.......................................... 10 3. Double Fourneyron turbine at Niagara Falls........................... 11 4. Section of guides and buckets, Niagara Fourneyron turbine.............. 12 5. Section of Francis center-vent turbine.................................. 13 6. Section of runner of Francis center-vent turbine........................ 13 7. Schiele turbine..................................................... 14 8. Cross section of early turbine with deep bulging buckets, pivot gates, and an adjustable step bearing............... ......_... _............... 14 9. Diagram illustrating principle of reaction.............................. 17 10. Diagram showing impulse against curved vanes......................... 18 11. Diagram illustrating theory of moving vanes........................... 18 12. Diagram showing interference and eddies in a turbine................... 22 13. Diagram
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