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Royal Polis Policy in the Seleukid Heartland

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Royal Polis Policy in the Seleukid Heartland ROYAL POLIS POLICY IN THE SELEUKID HEARTLAND by Christopher Mark de L’isle A thesis submitted to Victoria University of Wellington in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Classics VICTORIA UNIVERSITY OF WELLINGTON ANNO DOMINI NOSTRI MMXIII ABSTRACT In the Hellenistic Period most of the Greek poleis (city-states) came under the control of the Greco-Macedonian kings. The ideology of the poleis, which stressed the importance of autonomy, conflicted with the reality of royal domination. In Western Asia Minor, this conflict was resolved by presenting the relationship between king and polis as one of free association, in which the poleis were allowed a large amount of autonomy. The kings used ideas of reciprocity to tie the poleis to them and worked to make their rule as amenable as possible, while the poleis of Western Asia Minor continued to aspire to complete independence. This was not the only possible resolution of the conflict between polis autonomy and royal dominance, however. In the Seleukid heartland of Syria and Mesopotamia the Seleukids founded and maintained new poleis. By means of names, myths, and symbols, the identities of these poleis were closely linked to the Seleukid dynasty. As a result, expressions of polis identity were expressions of loyalty to the dynasty, rather than of opposition. Their internal structures were based around an alliance between the royally- appointed epistatēs and the magistrates of the city, who represented a small civic elite. Royal support was thus important to the internal power structure of these poleis. The poleis of the Seleukid heartland did not pursue full independence, even when the Seleukid royal power collapsed at the end of the Hellenistic period because, entirely unlike the poleis of Western Asia Minor, submission to a higher power was a central part of their identities and internal structures. ΑΝΑΘΕΣΙΣ Σσγγραυέως Χριστουέροσ Νήσοσ γνώμη ἐπεὶ νὗηνη αἴηηνη πνιιῶλ κὲλ ἀξίζησλ νὐδὲ θαθῶλ νὐδελὸο η῅ο ρσξὶο η῅ο ηνχησλ ὠθέιεηαο ἀηειεπηήηνπ η῅ζδε η῅ο ζέζεσο, Ἁξξίεηή ηε ηῶλ Κεξξῶλ, ἥο ὁ ραξηεληηζκὸο θαὶ ηὸ θξφληκνλ ηῶη ἀιεζεῖ ηφπση πεξὶ η῅ο ζέζεσο θφβνπο ἐηίζεζαλ, θαὶ Αἰκίιηα ΢ίκσλνο, ἥο γελέζιηα ἄξηζησλ ἐλ ηῶη ἔηεη ἟κεξῶλ ἤλ, ηήλδε ὅιελ ζέζηλ ἐμαλαγλνῦζαη βνπιεχζαζαη πνιιὰ ἐκνὶ πεηζνκέλση πιεῖζηα, νἱ δὲ ἐθ ηνῦ Νίθεο ἐλ ἖ιιηγγηείᾳ ΢νθηζηεξίνπ ηῶλ ἀξραίσλ θηιφζνθνη: Καῖζαξ ηε Σάησλ ὁ ζνθψηαηνο ηνῦ πφλνπ δηδάζθαινο, θαὶ Ἰνῦδη Μνλνκαρνῦζα ἟ θηινγξάκκαηνο, θαὶ Μαηζαῖνο ὇πιίηεο (θαίπεξ νἰρφκελνο πξὸο ἀξθηηθά) Ἄξηεκίο ηε Κηξθαηαπφιεψο ἟ ἟κᾶο ἗ιιεληθὴλ δηδάμαζα θαὶ ΢ίκσλ Ἀπίνπ ὁ ἟κᾶο Ῥσκαηθὴλ δηδάμαο, θαὶ Μάξθνο Ἀλαθηίδεο ὁ ἑθαηέξαλ δηδάμαο θαὶ νἱ ηνῦ ΢νθηζηεξίνπ θαὶ η῅ο βηβιηνζήθεο ἄξρνληεο (πιὴλ νὐ ηῶλ θαθῶλ αἰηίσλ η῅ο ἔμσ η῅ο ζπξίδνο η῅ο ζνξπβψδνπο θαὶ δπζψδνπο ηῶλ αἰζρξῶλ ζηνῶλ πᾶλ ηὸ ὅινλ ἔηνο πνηήζεσο), νἱ δὲ ζπζρνιαζηαί ηε θαὶ ζπκπφηαη: Ἀιέμαλδξφο ηε Ϝηιηαθφο ὁ πνιχγισζζνο, Γαληήι ηε ΢θάπησλ ὁ πνιιὰ ινμηθὰ ζθψκκαηα θᾶο, Ἅλλα Ληζνπξγή ηε θαὶ Ινπιία ΢ίκσλνο θαὶ Κακέξσλ ΢ηάλησλ θαὶ ΢ακνπήι Γ῅ινο, ζὺλ νἷο ἀλαγηλψζθσ ἗ιιεληζηί ηε πνιιὰ θαὶ Ῥσκαηζηὶ κνπζνπνηῶ, ηνῦ ἐκνῦ δὲ γέλνπο, νἱ κέλ πάππνη: Αὔβξεο κέλ ηε θαὶ Μαξία Νήζνπ, Θσκᾶο δέ ηε θαὶ Γσξνζέα Μαπξῶλ, νἱ δὲ γνλεῖο: Μάξθνο ηε θαὶ Ἰὼ Νήζνπ, ὁ δὲ ἀδειθὸο Μαξηίλνο ηε Νήζνπ θαὶ ἟ αὐηνῦ θίιε Αἵδη Θδηνῦ, νἳ ἐλ ηῶη δαπέδση θαζεχδεηλ κε εἴσλ, νἱ δὲ ἀπὸ Αὐθιαληίδνο: ἄδεινο Ἰσάλλεο ηε Γξᾶληφο ηε Μάξθνο ηε θαὶ Ἀιεμάλδξα Νήζνπ, νἱ δὲ ἀπὸ η῅ο ἞νῦο η῅ο ρψξαο: Μαξηίλνο ηε Μίσθψ ηε Ξάλδξνο ηε θαὶ Οὐάιηεξ Μαπξῶλ κεγάισλ ηηκῶλ ἀμηῶληαη, ὅπσο ἐκὴλ ράξηλ γηγλψζθσζηλ θαὶ ηὴλ δηθαίαλ ηηκὴλ δέρσληαη, δέδνρζαί κνη ηνὺο ἀλαγξαθνκέλνπο κὲλ εὐραξηζηηθῶο ηηκᾶλ, ὑπηζρλεῖζζαη δὲ δψζεηλ ἑθάζηνηο μέζηελ ηηλὰ πίλνπ ἠ θχιηθά ηηλα νἴλνπ ἠ ὁπνίαο πφζεσο δέσζηλ, ἀλαγξαθ῅λαη δὲ ἐλ η῅ηδε ζρέδεη ηὰ αὐηῶλ ὀλφκαηα. ἔτοσς ‘γι καὶ τιλιοστοῦ ‘β μηνὸς Ξανθικοῦ ‘δ CONTENTS Abbreviations:.................................................................................................................viii Figures: One: Places Mentioned, Asia Minor.................................................................ix Two: Places Mentioned, Syria................................................................................x Three: Places Mentioned, Near East……………………………………………xi Four: Seleukid Genealogy……………………………………………………...xii Introduction……………………………………………………………………………....1 Chapter One: Kings and Cities in the Hellenistic Period……………………………..4 The Hellenistic King................................................................................................4 The Hellenistic Polis..............................................................................................12 The Relationship between Kings and Poleis in Seleukid Asia Minor...................21 Civic Status in Practice...........................................................................................26 Conclusion..............................................................................................................38 Chapter Two: The Seleukid Heartland & Reasons for Colonisation..........................40 Overview of the Heartland.....................................................................................40 Were the Foundations of the Heartland Poleis?.....................................................51 Role of the Foundations....................................................................................55 Coinage and Minting..............................................................................................69 Conclusion..............................................................................................................76 Chapter Three: The King & His Poleis..........................................................................78 Royal Interference in Polis Affairs........................................................................78 Epigraphic Evidence...............................................................................................83 Officials and Institutions within the Poleis............................................................89 The End of the Seleukid Kingdom.......................................................................103 Conclusion: The Seleukid Polis...................................................................................111 Appendix One: Inscriptions Used.................................................................................113 Appendix Two: Coins Used...........................................................................................162 Bibliography:..................................................................................................................172 vii ABBREVIATIONS AD: Sachs & Hermann Hunger. 1988. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen. BCHP: Finkel I. & R.J. van der Spek. Forthcoming. Babylonian Chronicles of the Hellenistic Period. BMC: Gardner, Percy. 1878. A Catalogue of Greek Coins: The Seleukid Kings of Syria in the British Museum. London: British Museum Press. ESM: Newell, Edward Theodore. 1938. The Coinage of the Eastern Seleucid Mints from Seleucus I to Antiochus III. New York, NY: American Numismatic Society. F. Amyzon: Robert Jeanne & Louis Robert. 1983. Fouilles d'Amyzon en Carie, I. Exploration, histoire, monnaies et inscriptions. Paris: De Boccard. GCS: Wroth, Warwick William. 1899. Catalogue of the Greek Coins of Galatia, Cappadocia and Syria. London: British Museum Press. Hefzibah: Landau, Y.H. 1966. ―A Greek Inscription Found near Hefzibah.‖ Israel Exploration Journal 16(1): 54-70. I. Erythrae: Engelmann, Helmut & Reinhold Merkelbach. 1973. Die Inschriften von Erythrai und Klazomenai. Bonn: Rudolf Habelt Verlag. I. Priene: Fredrich, C. et al. 1906. Inschriften von Priene. Berlin: Verlag von Georg Reimer. IGLS: Jalabert, Louis, René Mouterde et al. 1870-1970. Inscriptions Grecques et Latines de la Syrie. Paris: Libraire Orientaliste Paul Geuthner. Inscription d’Iran: Robert, Louis. 1949. ―Inscriptions Séleucides de Phrygie et d‘Iran.‖ Hellenica 7: 5-29. OGIS: Dittenberger, W. 1903-1905. Orientis Graeci Inscriptiones Selectae. Leipzig: Herzel. P.Dura: Perkins, Ann. 1959. The Excavations at Dura-Europos: Final Report V Part I: Parchments and Papyri. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. RC: Welles, Charles Bradford. 1966. Royal Correspondence in the Hellenistic Period. Rome: ―L‘Erma‖ di Bretschneider. SEG: Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum. SC: Houghton, Arthur & Catharine Lorber. 2002. Seleucid Coins: A Comprehensive Guide. New York, NY: American Numismatic Society. SdT: Le Rider, Georges. 1998. Séleucie du Tigre: Les Monnaies Séleucides et Parthes. Florence : Casa Editrice Le Lettere. Syll3: Dittenberger, W. 1915-1924. Sylloge Inscriptionum Graecarum. 3rd Ed. Leipzig : Herzel. WSM: Newell, Edward Theodore. 1941. The Coinage of the Western Seleucid Mints from Seleucus I to Antiochus III. New York, NY: American Numismatic Society. All other abbreviations conform to those used by the 4th edition of the Oxford Classical Dictionary. viii FIGURE ONE: PLACES MENTIONED, ASIA MINOR Thrace F Chersonese J H Bithynia N E C T R P I K Iōnia D X A L Karia Pisidia S Q M G B O (base map sourced from http://commons.wikimedia.org/ Near_East_topographic_map-blank.svg) A: Alabanda H: Lampsakos X: Priēnē B: Aspendos I: Lebedos O: Rhodes C: Chios J: Lysimacheia P: Sardis D: Ephesos K: Magnēsia Q: Selgē E: Erythrai L: Milētos R: Smyrna F: Hērakleia Pontikē M: Pednelissos S: Stratonikeia G: Kōs N: Pergamōn T: Teōs ix FIGURE TWO: PLACES MENTIONED, SYRIA Kommagēnē Sōphēnē P Cilicia X L G B A K O M C D F J
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