INTRODUCTION A. Neo-Babylonian Legal and Administrative Texts
INTRODUCTION A. Neo-Babylonian Legal and Administrative Texts: Their Contents and Provenance The textual legacy of southern Mesopotamia during the seventh, sixth and fi fth centuries BCE stands out for its abundance. The vast majority of these texts pertain to legal and administrative, rather than literary, matters. Loans, contracts, sales, marriages, adoptions and other day-to-day affairs were recorded on clay tablets by scribes writing in cuneiform script. Thousands of these tablets are known to today’s scholars, while many more are believed to exist and await discovery or publication.1 Modern Assyriological scholarship refers to these texts as Neo-Babylonian legal and administrative texts. They offer pictures of many aspects of Mesopotamian socio-economic and legal institutions in the centuries immediately preceding the Common Era. From the point-of-view of political history, the term ‘Neo-Babylonian’ refers to a specifi c historical period, which begins with the rise of the Babylonian king Nabopolassar in 626 BCE,2 and lasts until the end of the reign of Nabonidus, when Cyrus and the Achaemenid Persians con- quered Babylonia in 539 BCE. However, because the cuneiform textual record continues unchanged for a considerable time after the Achaeme- nid conquest, for the purposes of studying cuneiform law there is no reason to distinguish between texts written before and after Babylonia came under Persian control. Thus, when the term ‘Neo-Babylonian’ is used to describe cuneiform texts, rather than a specifi c historical period, it can refer to texts written during the Achaemenid period and even to texts written later, during the Hellenistic period (after 330 BCE).3 1 For estimates of the actual numbers, see Michael Jursa, Neo-Babylonian Legal and Administrative Documents: Typology, Contents and Archives (Guides to the Mesopotamian Textual Record, 1) (Münster, 2005), p.
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