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Home , Homo antecessor, Java Man, Orrorin, Paranthropus, Peking Man, Turkana Boy

Outline 22: Hominid Record

Human ancestors

A.=Australopithicus Assumed direct lineage to modern

Babcock textbook

Collecting hominid in East Africa Using Stratigraphy and Radiometric Dating of ash beds to date hominid fossils

A Hominid Jawbones from Ethiopia

Sahelanthropus tchadensis, 6.5 MY old tchadensis, 6.5 MY old

Gorilla – female on left, male on right; note the

Orrorin tugenensis – the sum total of specimens ramidus, 2009

Australopithecus anamensis The

• Ardipithecus: oldest definite bipedal ancestor, over 4 M.Y. old • : the gracile australopithecines • : the robust australopithecines

Fossil

• Ardipithecus ramidus: 4.4 MY, teeth, jaws and fragments suggest it is a hominid, not a pongid. • Australopithecus afarensis: 3.8-3.0 MY based on good fossils. Clearly a bipedal based on and fossil .

Bipedal Footprints of Australopithecus in Lithified Volcanic Ash 4 MY old from . Found by . Australopithecus couple making footprints in volcanic ash Jawbones of Australopithecus afarensis

Fossil remains of “”, the most complete specimen of Australopithecus afarensis.

An adult , A. afarensis of Australopithecus afarensis

Reconstruction of Australopithecus afarensis

Face-to-face with A. afarensis A troop of A. afarensis feeding on tubers in the forest.

A. afarensis family unit crossing the savannah.

Fossil Species

• Australopithecus africanus: 2.8-2.5 MY • Robust australopithecines: Paranthropus aethiopicus: 2.6-2.2 MY P. robustus: 2.0-1.2 MY P. boisei: 2.6-1.0 MY The , A. africanus

Skull of Paranthropus boisei

Paranthropus aethiopicus Paranthropus aethiopicus

Justus Erus found the fossil

Kenyanthropus platyops, 3.5 MY old from

Kenyanthropus rudolfensis or rudolfensis? Fossil Species

• : 2.5-1.6 MY • H. erectus: 1.8 MY- 25,000 yrs? man • H. sapiens: archaic vs. modern

Skull of Homo habilis

H. rudolfensis, H. habilis, and P. boisei. Hominids in East Africa around 2 MY ago. Phylogeny 2000

Homo erectus from ,

Skull of from Peking Man Skeleton of Homo erectus, from Kenya

H. erectus skull of Turkana Boy

The face of Homo erectus Homo erectus using fire to sharpen

Homo sapiens?

•Archaic H. sapiens or unique species? H. antecessor: 800,000 old H. heidelbergensis: 500,000 years old H. neandertalensis: 200,000-32,000 years old • Currently all thought to be unique species.

Homo antecessor from , 800,000 years old , 500,000 years BP

Neanderthal skull, Spain

Fleshing out a skull Neanderthal skeleton, Germany

Shanidar , Iraq: Neanderthal burial, 50,000 yrs. BP

Shanidar Cave, Iraq: Neanderthal burial, 50,000 yrs. BP Did Neandertals have naked skin like we do? What would the Theory of Neoteny say?

Reconstruction of Neanderthal child from Gibraltar, Spain, 30,000 years B.P.

How scientists recreated Neanderthal man

http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-19960748 2010: Genetic studies of Neanderthal bones indicates that between 1-4% of modern DNA is from Neandertals. Suggests interbreeding around 60,000 years ago.

30 ky

1%-4% DNA

500 ky

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8660940.stm

2010: Genetic studies of Neanderthal bones indicates that between 1-4% of modern human DNA is from Neandertals. Suggests interbreeding around 60,000 years ago.

Fig. 1 Samples and sites from which DNA was retrieved.

R E Green et al. Science 2010;328:710-722

Homo sapiens

• modern H. sapiens: first appearances East Africa: 195,000 years ago Middle East: 90,000 years ago Australia: 50,000 years ago : 32,000 years ago Americas: 20,000 years ago Homo sapiens, , 90,000 yrs BP FYI: Abraham lived only 4,000 yrs BP

Cro-Magnon man from France, Homo sapiens, 28,000 years old

Homo floresiensis, a hobbit-size human from Flores Island, Indonesia, 18,000 BP

Modern human Homo sapiens (Cro-Magnon people) drew the cave art in France and Spain about 17,000 years ago.

Lascaux, France, cave art Life in the late , which ended at different times on different continents.

The invention of farming, plus of , started civilization.

Evolution of Modern Humans

Two Theories: • Out of Africa: all modern humans descended from a single population. Racial differences have very recent origins. • Multiregional Theory: modern humans evolved from local populations of H. erectus at several places in the Old World. Accounts for the racial differences in modern humans. How far back in time did the modern races diverge from a common ancestor?

Tree DNA studies Diagram show the of Genetic Similarity common ancestor of all humans lived in Africa about 170,000 years ago Another tree diagram of genetic similarity; nearest neighbor method