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of (reconstitutedwhere necessary).Conservation codes used are those adoptedby the Depaftment ConservationandLandManagement(Seetheendofthisissuefordefinitionsofconservationcodes). Introducedtaxa are denotedwith an asterisk'

Taxonomictreatment

InformationpresentedhereforpreviouslydescribedSpeciesiSlestrictedtonewdataregalding paradoxum)' However' morphology,distribution and affinities (and typification in the caseof Lythrum Australia afuli aesciiptionof L wilsoniiisprovided, as recent collections of thisspecies from Westem (e.g.Hewson h"uee*pani"d th" ,angeof morphologicalvariation previously known for this taxon 1990,Highet & Wilson1991).

LythrumL., Gen.Pl.I:446 (1753).

SeeKoehne (1903) and Hewson (1990) for genedcdescriptions'

Key to the speciesof Lythrumin V'lestern Australia

I Inflorescencea single flower (very rarely some 2-flowered inflorescences mayoccur) 2 Hypanthiumwith pigmentedspots at base,petals 4-6 mm long' 10-12,5-6 includedand the remainder exserted' Sramens *L'junceum stoloniferousperennial ...... " 2' 2: Hypanthiumwithout pigm€nted spots at base,petals 2+ mm long Stamens4-6 andincluded, or rarely8-12 (with 4-6 includedand the remainderbarelyexseded)...... '..'''.... 1: Inflorescenceof (1)2-7flowers paradoxum 3 Stamens8-12, exserted. Plants glabrous...... " 3' L' 4' L' wilsonii 3: Stamens4-6, includedto exserted.Plants frequently minutely scabrous ""

1. *Lythrum hyssopifoliaL., Sp.Pl. 1:447 (1753)'

(1990:Figure 33 Illustftttions.Jessop (1986: Figrtre 461 B); Rye(1987: Figure 132 A-D); Hewson G-I); Jeanes(1996: Figure 185 J-I).

notesbelow' Descriptions.Jessop (1986); Rye (198?); Hewson(1990); Jeanes(1996) See also under

17 Nov' 1982' Selectedspecimens exQmined. WESTERN AUSTRALIA: OxbowLake' Warriup' Roadhouse' G.J.Keigiery 5117(PERTH);base of YellowdineRock, c 500m WNW of Yellowdine roadto Ravensthorpe' t Oec.iSSl , nJ. Zepsclri3854 (PERTH); 19 4 km ENE of Jerramungupon ofEsperanceon road 27 Oct.lggl,8.J.laischi &B.A-Fuhrer3732(CANB,PERTH);c' 29kmWNW GrassPatch on toMunglinup,2g O it. t997,B.t t"ptrhi & B.A'Fuhrer3807 (PERTH); 16 1kmSof km WNW of roadto-Scadian, 30 oct.1997, B.J.Lepschi & B.A.Fuhrer 3808 (AD, PERTH);c. 11.5 ptllv c 1 km NE of Shackleton,9 Feb. 1997,B.l. I'epscii & T R. 3392(AD, CANB, PERTH); s'n' HowatharraHill Reserve,21 miles[c. 34 km] N of Geraldton,22 Qct 1976'D' & N McFarlnnd (PERTH);Yanchep (PERTH04362497); Belleview fBellevue], 26 Nov 1953,R D' Royce4500 'uorssnJSrp d 'L requnJ roJ uoxel luql repun ees :sernl€eJ[€:og pue e,r4e1e8e,r;o JequJnuel.Jlrj'1rlldoss,q ? ruo{ sreJJrp '(sjel3u]?qr nuoslufi T elrrl/ o,rl lsJrJerl ur dEIJe^oeruos eq ,{uuteteq qSnoqtle)uoluesxo uaruels su J( Ila,ll sEJeqrunu ueru€ls pu? Je,trouur r?/ofdossq ? ruo4 sJeJJtpwmopotodwuqlfT tcugsrp,{1drue J( 'nuosllL '7 eJ€Ex€t e3rql [I? lnq puq wnxopa.ird 7 qtr,r pesn;uoJueeqserlDtlolldoss&1wntqlt7 u p 'Ienpr^rpurlad eJuJJseJoUur qcns e13utse ,(1uoq1r^\ ,{Ipnsn',$oI FJoAosp sr oyotldossttq'7;o stuuldpnpt,rrpur uo sscuecseJouur '(g97 'p719 'OLOZI '3'e) psre,\1.ou-o,\1.1Jo ,(cuanbe:; aql faq nuaSut2g stt7g luueleu uurl€Isnv '(9962 '2229 'Z0gZ '3 -€]lxe se lla.{1se rapaqA4 tuaq81aX sapg a) uuqeqsny uI pa^resqo ueeq sequorlrpuoc srrlJ sra.rou o^\lJo lsrsuoc,4lera ,&e,r,{eru rulplldossKU 'T u exuerseJouureql'(€06I) 'Je,\e,roH auqeo;q,4q pelou se slrxu3eal aq] ut auJoqJo^\olJ fu€lrlos ?;o Supsrsuocsu sercadsslql Jo '7 ecuecserouulaqt pro3ar(e^oqE ees) ernlEJetll u?JI€ISnV eql uDrtolldoss&t Jo suoqducsaq salop

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'sercedssqt go suoqelndodleuoDrppe lee^er plnoqs Jeuuns puu Suuds elul Suunp suor8ersplergplo8 u:e]sa,r puu 'Euncefioc-lapun .BeJ? llaqleeq,,!\uJelsEe eqt ur IJo,{\ plarJraqunJpu€ ol onp,{luleUec lsoule srsrql sHl '(e^oqe ;o eprslnosp:oce: ,{rljlEd ,{[uo qlr,r peurltnoEeJe aql ul) elsls eql Jo JeuJoclsaa-qlnos eql ul 'Je^a.roq'suoucelloc pelEJlueruoaeJ? eql (I emBrC)slrulsrp lElsEof,-JeeupuE l?lsuoJ qlnos urq']€d .r)BeJ€ ssergpue ecuaedsg s€JpJ sE puE'eurp,rollallsEallE ol lsEe'(uolpleJeCJoN uDt0Z €!"W?,,$oH 'elpls eq1se qgou:u; se Sulpuatxa slql ur puerdsepr,truou ,(lq€Jeprsuocsr lrlloldoss(\ '7'Ja^at oH '{JoI 'daqcuel 'urJu.r1snv .7 pue,{uuq1y ,{q ,(lalururxorddepepunoq ruelsa,1\ur ouolldoss&.1 lo 'tg6l .uopnE4slO uonnqulsrpp?lrlrtser ,{Ie^nrlet u a^r8 (066I uos.reg e,{U 3'a) stuerutea:1tne.ed '\av) 0L0zIs ps xa '€96I 'spue1q341 ,(lnf LI lurod aaluea alrsoddo IeluEC :yJIUghtV CO SAJVJS CgJINn '( d'uUd :CV)8EZ lta1' W, t96l.3nV 82,^oln:{rl^{l€eu :JI.IgndAUHlgZJ '('^u )v 'EL6l ',(eg ,arPlJeJ :qV) VZIS nyaSuog g E caq 11 ISuellDI,{ aleSsrueg :CNV.IVIIZ ldllN '((v) '^oN .eprutepv z88I rttlws't'J'0L6I I I '.@V) 'A 'LL6t .rpunl Jo gS url y :'1ueqa1uf11 Z09Zsawg qeC0Z :VnVUJSnV HJnOS ' .Ired \Hlicg] 996Zlapaq,M.A. t, I66t.re( 9l 'pd .1,t1.g,996y.ce( .{JEd puoqeg dnpu:o51-alodleld tnN :(y11ggg 961.moaSwttcg IZ leuoqeN

,qrsda.I .f( V/d ur 'l/rr{r{Z snuo8aql Jo .^{ener V 216 Nalhia Vol. 13, No. 2 (2000)

2. *LythrumjunceumBanks &Sol., in A. Russell,Nat. Hist. Aleppo,2nd edn '2:253 (1794)'

Illustrqtions.Jessop (1986: Figure 461 C); Hewson(1990: Figure 33 D-F); Jeanes(1996: Figure 185 G_TD.

Descriptions.References as for L hyssopfolia Seealso under notes below-

Selectedspecimens examined. WESTERN AUSTRALIA: EastPerth, Oct' 1902,C' Andrewss'n' (PERTH). SOUTHAUSTRALIA: Tantanoola,Nov 1991,R' Bates26328(AD); nearMclaren Vale,c' 25 km SSWof Adelaide,4Mar. 1956,R.M Oram s.n' (AD96413093;E' MEL' NSWn.v.)' VICTORIA: 10.5miles [c. 17km] NW ofPetersborough,21Jan. 1969,J Anderson34l (AD;MEL n'v ); condahSwamp area, Macarthur-Myamin road, 1l Feb.1969,A.C. Beauglehole &A.E. orchard3o52o (AD; MEL z.v.);Bridgewater Lakes, 21 Jan.1993, J.M. Dalby 93/06 (AD; MEL z v )'

Distribution.Known in WestemAustralia from a singleold collection. This species does not appear to havebecome established in westemAustralia, and should be excluded from theflola recoldfol the state. Naturalizedin SouthAustralia and Victoria, and also recorded flom New SouthWales and indigenousto the Queenslandon the basisof single,old specimens(Hewson 1990). Apparently Mediterraneanregion and south-western Europe, and widespread elsewhere (Holm et al.1979,Hewson 1990).

Notes.AswithL hyssopifolia,the ifilorescence in L janceamhas been described in theAustlalian literatureas a Solitaryflower in the axil of a leaf,but two-floweredinflolescences a-re occasionally produced(Koehne 1903, Webb 1968). Like L hyssopifolia,s\ch\nflorescences would appear to be rare,but havebeen observed in Australianmaterial (e.g. Bates 26328).

\N Lythrumjunceum can easily be distinguished from all otherLythrum species ln estemAusffalia by its stoloniferoushabit, the presence ofdark-pigmented spots at the base ofthe hypanthium and large Petals.

3. Lythrum paradoxum Koehne,Eol Jahrb.Syst.23Beibl. 56: 19( 1897) Typecitation: A\s]|l.^lia interior,in cl. Mitchellexpeditione collecta (vidi in Herb.cl. Martius[= BR; seeStafleu & Cowan 19791).Brisbane (numibicollecta?) comm. J.M. Bailey (vidiin museoreg. Berol. [=B]) ryper inspring 20 km SE of Arkaroola,South Australia, 16 April 1990,R. Bates22952 (neo: AD 9902615o;hete nominatedlisoneo: 1 n.v').

Illustrations.Koehne (1903: Figure 9 C); Hewson(1990: Figure 33 J-L).

Descriptions.Koehne (1897, 1903); Hewson (1990).

Specimensexamined. WESTERN AUSTRALIA: Fanny'sPeak [Mt Fanny],c' 85 km S of Giles MeteorologicalStation on roadto WarburtonMission, 29 Aug. 1913'B lay 865(AD' PERTH)' NORTHERNTERRITORY: Ross RiverTourist Resort,6 Apr. 1983,P.K.kttz9839 (CANB,DNA)l AmburlaStation, 1'8 Oct. l9T4,A S Mirchell166(DNA). SOUTHAUSTRALIA: McKinlayCreek E ofNepabunna,Gammon Ranges National Park, 16Apr. l99O,R.Bates22g7I(AD,CANB;MYn.v.);meeknearBalacanoonaHomestead'12Dec'L974' L.D. Williams6405 ( AD). '(6 'uotlDasryll 11 gg em8rg :966I) uos,,!'\oH 'tt ' (9917 p1a{uotS p y) euetnol'ds wn4ttI 'JC

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WESTERNAUSTRALIA e-_jk;#-r

Figure l. Disrriburion of Lythtun hyssopifoliaO, L paradotun L, andL. llrr'lsdniia in Westem Australia. The single early record of L. junceun is not mapped(see text) senrunruruocuongle8e^ sepoqJet€^\luaueuued ro prarueqdeJosurBJEu aql uo '(s,{EIc,(FueuluopeJd) .l 'urJullsnv qros druep,{Ierueu ualsEeur eBu?Jsercads aql Jo lseJeqt tnoq8no:qtpepJoroJ osoql '.J .totlqoH ol sl€llq€qrulruts ruo{ epetuueeq e^?q uurPrlsnv uJelsel&uroq rluoslt$ Jo suop]elloJ

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'rqcsd{ 'f'g y6u un\$l snue8 aql Jo ^\ar^ar V Nr)lJi,a Vol. 13, No. 2 (2000) recorded in Western Australia include herbland, samphile associations,shrubland and eucalypt woodland. This is again similar to what has beenrecorded in eastemAustralia' phenology. Flowering andfruiting hasbeen recorded during August, Novembel and April inwestem Australia. As with L paradoxum (above),eastem Australian populations of Z. wilsottii have been recordedflowering and fruiting in all months ofthe yeal, possibly in responseto rain. Once again' this may alsoapply to populationsinWestem Australia,but thereare insufficientcollections to confirm this.

Conservation statu$ While currently known from only a few Sitesin Westem Austlalia, L wilxonii is not consideredto be under threat. It occurswidely in easternAustalia, and, aswitl'tL, paradoxum, further surveysofsuitable habitatin arid and semi-aridareas of WesternAustralia arelikely to reveal additional populations.

Notes. Individuals of L. wilsonii from the camarvon area(e.g. cranfield 2183, Keighery & Gibson 203.7-2039)differ slightty in stamenmorphology from plants elsewherein the speciesrange. In 'typical' L. wil,ronii, the stamensare includedwithin the hypanthium (i.e. not exceedingthe pdmary sepals),with the filaments 0.6-1.6 mm long, while in plantsfrom the camarvon areathe stamensale exserted(i.e. exceedingthe primary sepalsand approximatelyleYel with the apicesof the accessory sepals),with the filaments2.6-3.2 mm long. Howevel, two collectionsftom nolthem SouthAustlalia (Badman 655,Iay 713) exhibit intermediatestamen mofphology. In theseplants the stamensale includedto barelyexserted, and the filaments are 2-2. 1 mm long. Plantsfromthe Camarvonaleacould potentially be afforded separatetaxonomic status,but this is not consideledappropdate at this stage, given the existence of apparently intelmediate individuals and the flequent plasticity of flolal morphologyin the Lythraceae(Hewson & Beesley1990). Variation in staminalmorphology (andalso stamennumber) is alsoknown to occur in L. hyssopifolia,lnwhich thele may be 4-6 includedstamens and occasionally4-6 additional (barely) exsefiedstamens (Koehne 1903, Hewson 1990). Further collectionsof t. tdlsonii, particularlyfrom WesternAustralia, would assistin clarifying this variation.

Lyrhrum wilsonii is superficially similar to L. hyssopifolia,and the two speciesare sometimes confused. Both taxa have a similar overall morphology, but L. wilsonii carlbe distinguishedmost readily by its inflorescence,which consistsof l-7 flowers, asopposed to l. hyssopifolia,'nwhrchthe inflorescenceusually consistsof a single flower (very rarely two flowers may be presentin some individuals). Single-floweredinflorescences ale not inflequent in L wilsonii, especiallyin young or depauperateplants, and some difficulty may be experiencedin separatingsuch individuals from L. hysiopifolia. However, plants of L. wilsonii generallybear at least two or three inflorescencesof twoormoreflowers, whereasinl. ,ys,roprlollatwo-flowered inflorescences arecomparativelyrare, and it is unusualto find more than one suchinflorescence per individual. Leaf shapeand (to someextent) stamen number also help to separateZ. wilsonii and L. hyssopifolia, althottgh there is some overlap in thesecharacters, Leaves in L. wilsonil arenarowly elliptic to elliptic, rarelynarrowly ovate,wheleas ln L. hyssopifulia leavestend to be narrowly oblong in overall shape(though occasionallynarowly ovate or iarely narowly elliptic). Lythrum wilsonii has 4-6 (usually 4) stamens, while L. hyssopfolia may have either 4-6 or rarely 8-12 stamens.

"minutely In her descriptions, Hewson (1990) records L. wilsonii as being scabrous", and L. hyssopifulia as"gtabrous". Examinationof herbariumcollections ofL ,yrroPl/olia by the present author have Shown tiat the vegetatiye and floral parts of this taxon are also frequently minutely scabrous,and asaresult tiis characteris notexclusively diagnosticfor Z. )tilsonii. Lythrum wilsonii andL. hyssopifuliaalsoexhibit somebroad ecologicaldifferences, with L wilsonil occurring around 'seytsnpul trlstugd Jo tuewrEds( pu€lsuoono I 'Id'p,(ol'I "ild 'ullqgne'Icl oql roJ uoder paqs{qndun looqpu?H erlqs su^1o(l{€ad (626I) I,'IH'seSpoH ?8 I ! '(urr0qurea 'glz.ou 'to^ 'ralSug 'auq3o) :uu?lrlet8u3t{ H) g|t I dd AI .. qtleluezuPudsB(,, ( pe) V .tI aEerEjqf'l (€061) a I '9€ '\ltouats(S 8I :L9 lptqleg tZ'alqdDlSoa]uazuDl:fdpltt 1llrttltsa'uazuDl:fd rU raqznqrqol 'u?qrn '3303!41,{'I 'auq3o) I aqxsluD1ogj e?upl^olz?los[rrrrdur! eeo?.paru? ee^ou eP]ueld Cpa) J r1l1 (/68I) A ( aprrlepv :reluud luaruure^o5) '168-688 !Z -l dd IoA..Errr4snvqlnos Jo ErolJ,,(spa) dH'uollool T dI'dossaf rr1 aeet?rq (9861)dI'doss.I ( eurnoqlet{ :sserd lelsl^\lug qDIuI) 116-606dd'€ IoA,,euot.I^Jo ErotC,,(spa) fI 4, CN'qsp,4\.r4 eeec?Jql,{'I19661) VI'soueof ( Ir?d elrolu^ :ErlEllsnvuelsolA Jo 'ppoo ' lsuasnol'I 'tueq8lot ' '.{assnH ,{t6rrosuofrotord lurld) ..'spea/durorsarrA,, (f66t) CS'pIot'I d, I C d C d C)flo^ ^reN :suos ?5, .Iq 'refteqraH'A 'oq.ued"I 'ttlloH {atr/A uqof) ., speel\dplloy'A Jo se11ypcrqderSooS y,, (6t6I) 1l6u)trnldT d I f '(i(euptrS :sserdsol?ld qrnos ,'\\eNJo {r6ra^Iun) '002-g6l 'Z '\epn-lH:ut dd to^ ,r'sapy'dqrnos ^leN Jo prolC,,Cpe) ID anrqt,{1 (1661) Dd'uoslliA T' I'loq8lH ('Ereque] :tt!^roS Sulqsllqndtueulure^oD ueflrrsnv) ZZ€'t0t-00t dd'81 lo^,,etl€llsnv lo ?rotg,,('po) SV'a8roo9 tul unll\q (0661) IH'uos^loH ( tr.up{S :sol!/A qlnos .^\eNJo err^res uollE^rosuoJ 't 'edroqllr{ 'g 'usqlnl,r{'1,,{ '!u?qSuluun:) Iros)..s51€/Aqlnos ^4oNuralsey'A Jo slu?td,,(1861) HI'q8lo'l T d / c

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'lqrsde'I VM u uru| I snue8aql Jo ^ror^orV I g NrJtri,a Vol, 13, No. 2 (2000)

Mitchel, A.S. (1976). A suffnary of the family Lyttuaceaein the Northem Territory (\'r'ith additional cotDmenton the Australian mate.ial). ,Iounnl of the Adelaidc Bomnic Gardens l'. 55-59. Rye, B.L. (1987). Lyt!trsr,eae.In: Marchant, N.G. et ol, "Floft of the Perth Region." Vol. I, pp. 366-367. (Westem Australian Departrnent of Agriculture: Perth.) Stafleu,F,A, & Cowan,R.S. (1981),Taxonomic Liieratue. Vol. 3, ReEnm Vegetobilc105t 1-980. "Flora Webb, D.A. (7968). Lythrum, In: Tutin, T.G. ?, al. (eds) Butopaes."Vol, 2, pp, 300-303. (CambridgeUniversity Press:cambridge.)