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Mongolian Studies Towards the 21 Century

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Mongolian Studies Towards the 21 Century Mongolian Studies Towards the 21 st Century 3–4 July, 2013, Budapest Abstracts of the Hungaro-Korean-Mongolian joint conference Eötvös Loránd University, Department of Inner Asian Studies Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Ethnology, Research Centre for the Humanities Hankuk University of Foreign Studies Mongolian Embassy in Budapest Section 1 – Linguistics and Literature Some Pecularities of Synecdoche in the Mongolian Language D. Badamdorj Eötvös Loránd University, Department of Inner Asian Studies (Budapest) Synecdoche is a figure of speech in which a term for a part of something is used to refer to the whole of something. In my presentation I examine Mongolian ways of using synecdoche in relation to four kinds of subjects: 1. Referring to human beings by a term originally used for a part of the human body, such as xün ‘philtrum’, am ‘mouth’, gar ‘arm’, xöl ‘leg’. 2. Referring to animals by the name of a part of their body, such as erüü ‘jaw’. 3. Referring to plants by animal names, such as xurganii chix ‘lamb-ear’, noxoin xoshuu ‘dog- snout’. 4. Referring to whole things by names of their parts: such as dugui ‘wheel’ for bicycle, xana ‘wall’ but dörwön xanat ‘four-walled’ means a four-walled yurt, etc. Монгол хэлний ойролцоо утгын тогтолцоо Ж. Бат-ирээдүй МУИС, Монгол Судлалын Хүрээлэн (Улаанбаатар) Аливаа хэлний ойролцоо утга гэдэг бол нэг талаас хэлний хамгийн чухал судлагдахуун, нөгөө талаас бас хамгийн хэрэгцээтэй хэрэглэгдэхүүн байдаг. Монгол хэлний хувьд хэлний онолын талаас судалж байсан, хэрэглээний талаас ойролцоо утгатай үг хэллэгийн сан бүрдүүлж байсан их эртнийх биш ч хуучин уламжлал бий. Монгол хэлний ойролцоо утгын судалгаа 1990-ээд оны дунд хүртэл дайвар шинжтэй байсан бол сүүлийн жилүүдэд судлаачид энэ тал руу анхааран нэг сэдэвт зохиолын хэмжээнд хүртэл дорвитой судалгаа хийсээр хэд хэдэн нэг сэдэв зохиол зохиол туурвисан байна. Монгол хэлний ойролцоо утгын судалгааг ажиглавал дотоодын болон гадаадын монголч эрдэмтэн олон хүн судлан шинжилсний дотор, академич Ш. Лувсанвандан, М. Гаадамба, Т. Пагва, С. Лувсанвандан, Б. Сумьяабаатар, Ц. Өлзийхутаг, Ж. Төмөрцэрэн, Н. Б. Дугаров, П. Бямбасан, Д. Отгонсүрэн, Б. Пүрэв-Очир, М. Базаррагчаа, Ц. Сүхбаатар, Ц. Өнөрбаян, Д. Бадамдорж, Ж. Бат-Ирээдүй, Ж. Баянсан, Б. Мөнгөнцэцэг, Б. Идэрбаяр тэргүүтэн хэлбичиг, хэлшинжлэлийн талаас, Ц. Хасбаатар, С. Дулам, Д. Галбаатар, Г. Галбаяр тэргүүтэн утга зохиол шинжлэлийн талаас тус тус туурвиж бичсэн байна. Гадаад дотоодын эрдэмтэдийн судалгааны бүтээл ном сурах бичиг гарын авлага тэргүүтнийг нийтэд нь ажиглавал нэр томьёоны хувьд нэгдэн тогтоогүй, ойролцоо утгатай үг хэллэгийн судалгаа бусдаасаа түлхүү, бусад нэгжийн ойролцоо утгын судалгаа хоцорсон байдалтай, ойролцоо үг, хэллэгийн утгын бүрэлдэхүүн тооны хувьд янз бүр, утгын ангилалыг бүтцийн ангилалтай хольж хутгасан байх зэрэг олон учир дутагдал ажиглагдаж байна. 1 Тод үсэгт Ойрад аялгууны урт эгшгийг тэмдэглэсэн нь Б. Даваадорж Ховдын Их Сургуулийн Монгол Хэл, Утга Зохиолын Тэнхим (Ховд) Юмс үзэгдлийг хөдөлгөөнийх нь хамт нэрлэн илэрхийлэх үүргийг хэл тодорхой дуу, хөг аялгууны зохицлоор гүйцэтгэдэг. Эл хөг аялгуу, дуу нь хэлний авиа юм. Хэлэнд эгшиг, гийгүүлэгч авиа байх ба аль аль нь юм үзэгдэл, хөдөлгөөнийг ялган илэрхийлэх тэмдгийн үүрэгтэй байна. Авиа нь тэмдгийн үүргээр үгс утгыг ялган тодруулах үүргээ гайхамшигтайяа биелүүлдэг. Монгол бичгийн хэлнээ зөвхөн богино эгшгийг тэмдэглэх үсэг байгаа мэт боловч тэдгээр үсэг зурмаар тухайн үедээ өгүүлж байсан янз бүрийн үүрэгтэй богино эгшгийг тэмдэглэж байсан. Хэлний нэрлэн дохиолох үүргийн учир богино эгшгийн зэрэгцээ удаанаар дуудагдах урт эгшиг буй болсон нь юм үзэгдлийг нэрлэн илэрхийлэх өргөн боломжийг хэлэнд бий болгож улмаар хэлний үгийн сан арвижин баяжих нөхцөлийг бүрдүүлсэн. Урт эгшиг монгол хэлэнд хэрхэн бий болсон, урт эгшиг буй болох лугаа ямар үзэгдэл ямар шалтгааны учир буй болсон зэргийг лавтайяа тайлбарласан байдаг. Монгол хэлний эгшиг нь богино, уртаараа эсрэгцэн үгийн утгыг ялгадаг учраас урт эгшиг нь фонемийн үүрэгтэй. Энэхүү фонемийн үүрэгтэй урт эгшиг монгол хэлний бүх үеийн туршид байсан уу хэмээвээс энэ урт эгшиг нь эхэн үедээ гол үүрэг нь бас л утга ялгах үүрэгтэй байсан байна. Эл үүргээ богино эгшгийн хэлбэрээр, урт эгшгийн нийлцэд багтах богино эгшгийн байдлаар гүйцэтгэн хэрэглэгдэж, өгүүлэхүйн явцад илүү тод өгүүлэгддэг байснаар эдүгээгийн урт эгшиг үүсэх үндэс суурь нь болж, улмаар урт эгшиг үүсч бий болсон, үүсмэл урт эгшгийн гарал нь ийнхүү холбогддог. Орчин цагийн утга зохиолын хэлний аа, ээ, ий, оо, уу, өө, үү үндсэн долоон урт эгшиг нь үүсэх орон, өгүүлэгдэх байдлаар хэл оролцож бүтсэн, уруул оролцож бүтсэн хоёр зүйл байна. Үүнээс хэлний урт эгшгийг тодруулан авч үзье. New Perspectives in Mongolic Historical Linguistics – An Etymological Dictionary of the Buryat Language Kempf Béla University of Szeged, Klebelsberg Library, Oriental Collection (Szeged) The presentation will be an introduction to the workings carried out in the project An etymological dictionary of the Buryat language. The outcome of this project is planned to establish an historical- etymological survey of the Buryat lexicon, which highlights the origin, the morphological structure, the phonetic and semantic changes, and if possible the internal and the external connections of the lexical items. 2 Mongolic Elements in Yeniseian Languages Кhabtagaeva Bayarma University of Szeged, Department of Altaic Studies (Szeged) The topic of the presentation is the question of the possible linguistic connections between the Mongolic and Yeniseian languages. The relevance of this problem is well supported by the fact that this subject was not examined before. The Yeniseian linguistic material shows about 100 Mongolic loanwords, part of which were copied from different Turkic and Tungusic languages. The aim of the presentation is the characterization of these loanwords and introducing the linguistic criteria peculiar of the Mongolic elements in the Yeniseian languages. Generic Meaning of Nouns in Mongolian Lee Sungyoung, Lee Jongoh, Kim Kisun Hankuk University of Foreign Studies (Seoul) This study goes to answer why two forms of noun are used to express generic meaning in Mongolian in the light of generalized theories of a bare noun referring to a kind. Mongolian regards all nouns as substance contrary to western languages but similarly to Chinese and Korean. However, Mongolian is much more similar to Korean in the sense of having plural nominal suffixes, which are not attested in Chinese. Bare singular nouns and bare plural nouns are used sometimes equally or some other times complementarily to express generic meaning. Within the general linguistic framework, this study will give an account of the relation between generic meaning and noun forms bearing it in Mongolian through contrastive approaches with other languages such as western European languages, Chinese and Korean. Stable and Non-Stable /n/ of Word Stems in Mongolian Rákos Attila Eötvös Loránd University, Department of Inner Asian Studies (Budapest) The word final -n of nouns is a typical feature of Mongolian languages and words having its stable and non-stable variant form particular declension categories. This -n appears differently not only in historical aspect, but in various contemporary Mongolian dialects or languages, too, and it plays different roles even in one and the same language. In some cases -n acts as a noun case suffix, in other cases as a derivative suffix. It can behave as an integral part of the word stem, or as part of a certain suffix, too. Even the stable variants become non-stable and disappear before certain suffixes, mainly during word formation. The presence or lack of -n in certain words results in different meanings. When and under which conditions -n does belong to the word stem or to the suffix? Determining the roles and function of -n is a complex problem, which requires not only the thorough analysis of contemporary Mongolian texts and spoken language, but implies researches on the historical background, too. 3 On the Primary Roots for the First-Personal Pronouns in the Altaic Languages D. Tömörtogoo International Association for Mongolian Studies, secretary general (Ulaanbaatar) Pronouns in every language form a specific group of the most archaic and the comparatively constant in changes words of the basic lexica. Therefore, personal pronouns in the Altaic languages present a historical phenomena consisting a good system been formed during the long period of language evolution. In particular, passing the different formations of language development from the Pro-Altaic period up to present time in some cases they have kept the ancient peculiarities quite sustainably and in other cases they have changed greatly. So, we can see a number of cases when the new stems appeared for some pronouns as a result of phonetic processes, like alternation, assimilation and sound weakening. The diachronic study of the personal pronouns in the Altaic languages claims that they are not only closely related to root morphemes by the internal structure, to word stems by the external relations and to grammatical relationships by the peculiarities to be connected, but also represent themselves in general a specific morphological category directly related to a historical evolution of phonemes. In order to establish the original prototypes of roots for the personal pronouns in the Altaic languages it is necessary to compare the roots of the pronouns in the Turkic, Mongolian and Tungus languages in a historical aspect. The well-known turcologist A. Gabain
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