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Ho-Po, Ho-Pao "Pouch" = Turkic Qap, Xap

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Ho-Po, Ho-Pao Ho-po, ho-pao "pouch" = Turkic qap, xap Henry Serruys, c. i. c. m. In an article entitled "Remains of Mongoi Customs during the Early Ming• published in 1957, I madeabrief remark on the Turko-Mongoi origin of the word ho-po 111, later ho-pao l!J, in China 1• The ho-po ( .._ pao) was an ornamental pouch banging on the belt. The term ho-po entered China as a loan word during the Yüan period, but the custom itself of wearing ornamental pouches is much oider. Long before the Yüan, the T'ang and the Sung knew similar customs, dating back in fact to antiquity. The Han called those ornamental pouches by such expressions as p' an­ nang 13 or 41, p'ang-nang 161, ch'i-nang 161, and shou-nang 1712 ; after the Han we find the expression tzu-ho 181 which will be briefly discussed at the end of this paper; the T'ang and the Sung knew the yü-tai 191 "fish-pouch attached to the belt". Allkinds of articles or vaiuabies used to be carried in them s. It is after the Mongoi conquest that the word ho-po entered China. Long before the conquest of China the Mongois were used to carry a pouch or bag with them, but it was more a utility bag than an ornament. The Mongois no doubt were only following an age-old Centrai Asian custom. Jean DE JOIN­ VILLE who accompanied (1248-1254) St Louis of France, speaking of the "Tartars" says that "they put the raw meat between their saddles and the lappets of their clothing, and when the blood is well pressed out, they eat it quite raw. What they cannot eat, there and then, they throw into a leather 1 Monumenta Serica 16 (1957}, pp. 160-161. z Chin-shu (po-na pen ed.) 25. 14a. See Ilse MARTIN, •uber die Ho-pao und ihre Technik mit Beschreibung von 25 Exemplaren aus der Sammlung Hammer", in Folklore Studies 4 (1945}, pp. 291-318; Lien-sheng YANG, "Marginalia to the Yüan tien-chang•, HJAS 19 (1956), p. 48. 3 R. des RoTouns, Traite des Fonctionnaires et Traite de l'Armee, Leyde, 1947, pp. 167, 466; J. GERNET, Daily Life in China on the Eve of the Mongoi Invasion, 1250- 1276, translated by H. M. Wright, New York, 1962, p. 132; E. A. KRACKE, Civil Service in Early Sung China, 960-1061, Cambridge, Mass., 1953, p. 82; I. MARTIN, op. cit., p. 294; CH'EN Yüan-lung (1111, Ko-chih ching-yüan (8ZJ (1735) 30. 29a-31a. ( 1 ) ~~ ( 2) ~ ( 3 ) \t ( 4 ) ~- ( 5 ) 1~ ( 6 ) ~ (7) t&: ( 8) ~:m ( 9 ) ffi..~ (61) ~5Gfm (62) ~f(jlffl{ 135 bag; and when they are hungry they open the bag and always eat the oldest bi ts first . and when he opened his bag we held our noses, for we could 4 not bear it, because of the stinkthat came out of his bag" • It was William of RuBRUCK who about the sametime described the bag carried by the Mongois and noted its name: "if he cannot eat it all he carries it oft with him, or gives it to his servant if hebe present, who keeps it; otherwise he puts it away in his caplargac, which is a square bag whkh they carry to put such things in, in which they store away bones when they have no time to gnaw them weil, 44 so that they can gnaw them later and that nothing of the food be Jost 5• If, as we shall see, this utility bag was later largely displaced by a moreornamental variety, the old functional bag did not entirely disappear, and W. W. RocK­ HILL in a note quotes from the report of a Dutch ambassador who in 1654 in Peking attended an imperial banquet tagether with some Mongoi visitors 44 who "filled their leather pouches or skins with the hair still on • Undoubtedly, those bags were used to store other things than food; or special bags may have been used for food and other bags for more refined purposes. As to Rubruck's caplargac, most modern dialects and dictionaries have qablaya (in its written form, disregarding modern pronunciations) 6 , or qablarya 7• A question which will be left unanswered is whether the final clusile in Rubruck's caplargac is correct; whether Ruhruck hirnself actually wrote it that way. Atany rate, it is interesting that at least one dialect, Ordos, has the form with -r-, so that Rubruck's -r- cannot be called into question. Evidently, qablaya .._. qablarya is an expanded form derived from qab, or in Turkic qap, or xap, having the general meaning of "bag, purse, pouch" 8• -tarya as an element of derivation in Mongoi seems tobe very rare; I found only qanlarya "lien qui retient quelquechose, qui l'empeche de pencher, de tomber" 9• -laya is better represented: we have such words as untaya "error, illusion" 1 ciylaya "lien qui sert a tirer a soi QUa retenir" j naltaya "viscosite" j kütege II tourtereile"; keltege II crucian (fish) ", kernlege "bones near the hoof". A few other words where final-laya, -lege of the written word yields -t'ä, -t'e in the spoken dialects probably are of different origin. 4 Memoirs of the Grusades by VILLEHARDOUIN and DE JOINVILLE, translated with an Introduction by Sir Frank T. Marzials, New York, 1958, p. 258. 5 A. VAN DEN WYNGAERT, Sinica Franciscana, I, Quaracchi-Firenze, 1929, p. 177; W. W. RocKHILL, The Journey of William of Ruhruck ... 1253-1255, (London, 1900) Reprint Peking 1941, pp. 65-66; Chr. DAwsoN [ed.], The Mongoi Mission. Narra­ tives ... translated by a Nun of Stanbrook Abbey, New York, 1955, p. 98. 6 Et. ~OWALEWSKI, Dict. Mongoi Russe Francais, Kasan, 1844-1849, p. 760a. G. J. RAMSTEDT, Kalmückisches Wörterbuch, Helsinki, 1935, p. 167a; A. LuvsANDENDEV, Mongol'sko Russkii Slovar', Moscow, 1957, p. 494a. 7 A. MosTAERT, Dict. ordos, Peking, 1941-1944, p. 282b. 8 For the Turkic forms see A. von GABAIN, Alttürkische Grammatik, Leipzig, 1950, p. 326; C. BROCKELMANN, Mitteltürkischer Wortschatz, Budapest- Leipzig, 1928, p. 145; N. PaPPE, Mongol'skii Slovar' Mukaddimat al-Adab, Moscow, 1938, p. 372b; N. PaPPE, "Remarks on the Salar Language", HJAS 16 (1953), p. 443. 9 Dict. ordos, p. 334a. 136 Another expanded form derived from qap is qapcuq appearing only in 10 some Turkic languages • As may be expected, pouches carried by the Mongois are mentioned in Yüan sources. The Chineseho-po is a transcription of qab, an abbreviation of qabtaya .._ qabtarya, or possibly for Turkic qap which may well have been borrowed by the Mongois from some Turkic dialect. The earliest reference, I believe, occurs in the Yüan tien-chang 1101 where we read that Mongois con­ victed of some crime had their pouches, ho-po, taken away from them 11 • It is evident that the Yüan tien-chang regulations concern ornamental pouches the wearing of which constituted a mark of distinction; it was no Ionger the foul utility bag described by Joinville and RubrU<:ic. But the term ho-po 1111 appears in the .Yüan-shih, too: at the capital of the empire there was a government installation, called ho-po-chü 1121 where pouches were manufactured 12 • The compilers of the Yüan-shi, in another place, speak­ ing of the tribe of the Qamqanas or Qabqanas, derive this tribal name from the word for "cloth-bag" 13, but PELLlOT doubted that qab was the origin of the name Qabqanas, and, instead he proposed a derivation from Tu. qabqan ....._ Mo. qabqa "piege a attraper les oiseaux et les renards" 14 • An author of the end of the Yüan period, T'Ao Tsung-i 1131, says that boots and stockings, as well as pouches (ho-po 1141), worn at the imperial burial ceremonies, were made of white fen-p~i 1151, sheep skin the hair of which had been removed 15 • Since ritual and regulations for solemn ceremonies are likely to be conservative, the ho-po described by T'ao Tsung-i, probably is of a particular type from an earlier period. We may mention in passingthat the Mongois of the Golden Horde in South Russia wore ornamental pouches just like their congeners in Mongolia 10 W. RADLOFF, Versuch eines Wörterbuches der Turkdialecte, 's Gravenhage, 1960, II, 430; L. LIGETI, "Un Vocabulaire Sino-ouigour des Ming", Acta OrientaHa Hung. 19 (1966), pp. 161, 305 (II 7a); N. PaPPE, Mukaddimat al-Adab, p. 141b. See also K. GRI2lNBECH ; Komanisches Wörterbuch, Kopenhagen, 1942, p. 193: qapuc. 11 Yüan tien-chang 39.9b. This passage has been translated by P. RATCHNEVSKY, Un Code des Yuan, Paris, 1937, p. 318. The corresponding text in the Yüan-shih 103.10a employs the word nang "bag, pouch" instead of ho-po. 12 Yüan-shih 89.14a; 90.3b. 13 Yüan-shih 63.35b; see Fr. W. CLEAVES, "Qabqanas -v Qamqanas" in HJAS 19 (1956), p. 401: "Han-ho-na (Qamqana) is like saying pu-nang (cloth-bag) ... " 14 P. PELLIOT, Notes critiques d'Histoire Kalmouke, Paris, 1960, p. 58, n. 42. 15 Cho-keng-lu (63) 30. 7b. The term fen-p'i appears in the Yüan-ch'ao pi-shih 3. 23b (§ 114) and in the Yüan-shih 78.10a. For an explanation of this expression see Ant. MosTAERT, "Remarques sur le Paragraphe 114 de l'Histoire Secrete des MongolsH, in Central Asiatic Journal 2 (1956), p. 3. Fen-p'i occurs also in the Ming Shih-lu as late as 1441: see my The Tribute System and Diplomatie Missions: 1400-1600, Brus­ sels, 1967, p.
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