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IV. Some Particulars of the Natural History of Fishes Found in Cornwall

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IV. Some Particulars of the Natural History of Fishes Found in Cornwall IV. Some Particulars of the -!atural History of Fishes foicnd in Cornwall. By Mr. Jonathan Couch. Communicated by Sir James Edward Smith, M.D. F. R.S. Pres. L.S. Read February 19, 1822. SEVERALyears have passed since I began to collect informa- tion respecting the Fishes which have been met with in the Cor- nish waters ; and my materials, drawn principally from personal investigation, became so considerable, that I announced my in- tention of speedily submitting them to the public attention. But circumstances, over which I have little control, have hitherto frustrated the design ; and not seeing a probability of its being soon put in execution, I desire to lay the following sketch before the Linnean Society. I omit an account of those habits and instincts of the subjects of this communication, which are ge- nerally known, that I may not trespass unnecessarily on the attention of the Society. - APODAL FISHES. MURIE NA. Eel. M. Anguil1a.-The Eel may be considered as a inigra- tory fish. The joung ones as soon as they are produced (which in the sphere of my observation is always within the reach of the tide) begin to advance up the river; and to accomplish this object, overcome difficulties of an extraor- dinary 70 Mr. COUCHon the NaturaZ,History dinary kind. I have seen them, at the fall of a river, dive below the moss, that hung from above into the water, and worm themselves upward through the fibres by the side of the stream, resting at intervals as if to recover strength ; and at last, when at the top, exert their utmost activity to stem the rapid current and reach a place of safety. In getting up the little cataract that pours over a sloping rock, they prefer those places which are only moistened by the droppings from above ; but those which quit the moisture altogether, as I have seen some do, are obliged to alter their course, and proceed to places more easy for them to travel in. The motive for this migration, which is general among young Eels, I have not been able to discover. Some among them I have observed to be so diaphanous that the vertebrae may be counted; and, taking advantage of an opportunity of this kind, I ascertained that when in a state of activity, and not alarmed, the pulsations of the heart were forty in a minute. Conger. &I. Conger.-This fish frequents rocky ground, and is frequently found concealed in holes of rocks. When hooked on a long line moored in the sea, it will sometimes escape by twisting its body round until the hook is wrenched from the jaws or the cord broken. It uses the same expedient when it seizes its enemy, and thus sometimes inflicts a very dangerous wound. It will draw itself overboard by the help of its tail ; but is disabled by a blow on the vent. XI PHI AS. Swordfish. X. GZrdius.-I have not seen this fish taken, but it is often met with by fishermen. A M M o D TT E s . of Fishes found in -Cornroall. 71 AM31 o DYT E s . Launce. A, Tohianus.-This fish is gregarious ; it keeps in deep water in winter, but in summer .and autumn frequents sandy bays, where it is preyed on by many kinds of fish. The fleshy process that points the lower jaw is excellently adapted to enable it to bury itself in the sand, which is the method it takes to escape its pursuers. It is common to see in the little companies that are moving along near the sur- face, one that is much larger than the others, which seems to act as captain, and leads the advance. JUGULAR PISHES. CALLIONYMUS. ])ragonfish. C. Lyra.-This fish is extremely rare, and has never fallen within the reach of my observation. Skulpin. C. Dracuncu1us.-I have given the common English name of this fish, because I in general prefer it to that which is arbitrarily bestowed by naturalists. It keeps at the bottom in stony places, and is sometimes found to take a bait. The skin is always besmeared with a large quan- tity of tenacious mucus. TRACHINUS. Greater Weever. T.Draco.-I have known such effects to arise from the puncture of the spine on the gill-covers of this fish, as can only be accounted for on the supposition of its conveying some venomous quality. In three men who were wounded by one fish, the pain and tension proceeded from the hand to the shoulder in a few minutes. GADUS. 72 Mr. COUCHon the Natural History GADUS. § Cirri at the Mouth. Haddock. G. EgZeJinus.-This fish appears to be continually changing its quarters. It comes into season at the begin- ning of winter, at which time it is taken in more consider- able numbers than before. Cod. G.Morhua.-It is taken through the year, but is more plentiful in winter than at other times, being then also in season. This fish, with probably others of this genus, pos- sesses filaments between the teeth and lips, that seem de- signed to enable it to discover and select its prey. And how well they are able to fulfill their object, appears from the instance of a Codfish, which was taken on a line near this place (Polperro) a few years since. It was distinguished by the striking peculiarity of wanting both eyes. The sockets contained no eye-ball ; and I am convinced that they never had existed, the common opake skin covering the sockets in a curiously reticulated manner. Yet the fish was large, and in good condition. 33ib. G.Luscus.--It frequents rocky places, and, though com- mon, is rarely taken in great numbers. This fish has a sin- gular faculty of distending the transparent covering of the eyes when taken; the fins also are often similarly blown up. 1)oor. G.minutus.-The habits of this fish resemble those of the Bib. It comes into season in the spring, at which time it abounds. The two last named species are equal in deli- cacy as food to any of the genus, Ling. G.&IoZua.-'T'his fish is common at all seasons ; but in .January and February it approaches the rocky ground near the land in order to deposit its spawn ; at which time it is taken in great numbers. 'J'he Ling is one of the most pro- lific of a prolitic genus; I have known a roe weighing seven pounds of Fishes found in Cornwall. 73 pounds taken from a fish whose weight was about forty pounds. Rock-Ling. G.n/lz~steZa.-'rhis fish makes a near approach to the genus Bknniris, which in habits it very milch resembles. It has no air-bladder ; and not being endued with strength of fin, for the absence of which the air-bladder is a compen- sation, it continues at the bottom, near the shore, among the rocks and weeds. The variety of this fish which pos- sesses five barbs has been supposed to be a distinct spe- cies ; but from attentive examination I am convinced that this is a mistake: both varieties are common, frequent- ing the same places, and having no other marks of diffe- rence. Both of them are subject to great varieties af co- lour, from a light yellow with brown spots, to an uniform reddish-brown. Nor is the number of cirri an objection to this supposition, as I have seen the common Ling with two cirri at the throat. All the species of the genus Gadics that are furnished with barbs are found to keep near the bottom, from whence they principally take their food ; the sea egg (Echinus) and various species of crabs are found in their stomach ; and the Ling is even found to devour the picked dog, Squa- Zus spinux. Of the use of the ciliated membrane on the back of the Rock-Ling I am able to form no opinion ; but I have remarked it to be always in motion in the water, even when the other fins are at rest. 4% No Barbs. Whiting. G.-MerZangus.-It is found through the year, is gre- garious, and frequents sandy ground. Whiting Pollack. G,PoZ!achius.-This is a solitary fish, is com- mon at all times, and at all times is equally good. Rauning Pollack or Coalfish. G.Carbonarius.-This fish has VOL. XIV. I4 acquired 74 Mr. Coucir on the Natural History acquired its common trivial name from its extreme rapacity, rmining being the Cornish pronunciation of ravening. It is sometimes found in great numbers, and is in season from the end of summer to the spring; but when it has depo- sited its spawn it becomes emaciated in an extraordinary degree. It is coarse food. In a fine summer evening large sculls of the young of this fish are seen in the coves and sandy bays sporting in all the luxuriancy of youth; whilst Cuttlefishes are employed in making that havock among them, which when fully grown they make among other fish. Hake. G..iflfehcim.---This fish seems to wander much through the ocean. When l’ilchards make their appearance, it does not fail to accompany them, and is then taken in consider- able numbers. In spring it drops its spawn in sandy ground, and at this season does not commonly take a bait. It is not much esteemed as food. Those of this genus which have no barbs at the mouth swim at a higher elevation than the others, and take their food principally as it swims.
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