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Wood Ash Management for Biomass CHP Plants in the UK

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Wood Ash Management for Biomass CHP Plants in the UK Towards Circular Economy: Wood ash management for biomass CHP plants in the UK Étienne Joseph Marcel BASTIEN Master of Science Thesis KTH School of Industrial Engineering and Management Energy Technology: TRITA-ITM-EX 2020:559 Division of Heat & Power Technology SE-100 44 STOCKHOLM Master of Science Thesis in Energy Technology TRITA-ITM-EX 2020:559 Towards Circular Economy: Wood ash management for biomass CHP plants in the UK Étienne Joseph Marcel Bastien Approved Examiner Supervisor at KTH 2020-10-27 Miroslav Petrov - KTH/ITM/EGI Miroslav Petrov Commissioner Supervisor at industry Estover Energy Ltd. Florian Gerbier Abstract In response to climate change, the United Kingdom has committed to reach net zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. To reach the set target, the Committee on Climate Change is planning a notable increase of bioenergy up to 15% in the national energy mix and thus an increase of the amount of ash produced. Nowadays, ash is rarely recycled or reused but mostly landfilled, which is both costly for the industry and unsustainable. In parallel, agricultural land and forestry suffer both from soil acidification and nutrient depravation due to the intensive land utilization practices. This study reviews the potential of a circular economy of wood ash for application on land and forestry through a case study based on the ash generated by two biomass-fired CHP plants in the UK. It summarizes the general ash characteristics, the factors influencing its quality, and the optimal composition sought for application to land and forestry. The study also aims at defining the main concerns with regards to potential contamination of the environment and dangers to human health. Eventually, the process to evaluate and establish recycling of the ash for both plants was analysed in light of the above. The study found that ash is a remarkably variable co-product, depending mainly on the fuel input and combustion conditions. Ash is a good replacement for agricultural lime and conserves a notable part of the biomass fuel nutrients. It was estimated that ash could cover a significant part of the liming and fertilising demand in the UK by 2050, and deliver a substantial financial value to a power plant. However, contamination concerns are present, especially heavy metals, which could lead to damage on the environment and reduction of the growth rate. The study found that ash recycling in the UK is currently a challenging process, that should not be overlooked when designing a biomass project. When they exist, procedures are demanding with regards to testing, which can financially deter power plants to engage in ash recycling processes. SAMMANFATTNING Som ett svar på klimatförändringarna har Storbrittanien åtagit sig målet att nå nollutsläpp av växthusgaser till år 2050. För att nå det uppsatta målet planerar utskottet en anmärkningsvärd ökning av bioenergi upp till 15% i den nationella energimixen och därmed en ökning av mängden producerad aska. Numera återvinns eller återanvänds aska sällan men deponeras mest, vilket är både kostsamt för industrin och ohållbart. Parallellt lider jordbruksmark och skogsmark både av markförsurning och näringsämnesförlust på grund av det mycket intensiva lantbruket. Denna studie granskar potentialen för en cirkulär ekonomi av träaska för applicering på jordbruks- samt skogsbruksmark genom en fallstudie baserad på askan som genereras av två vedfliseldade kraftvärmeverk i Storbritannien. Den sammanfattar de allmänna askegenskaperna, de faktorer som påverkar dess kvalitet och den optimala sammansättningen som eftersträvas för applicering på mark och skog. Studien syftar också till att definiera de viktigaste problemen med avseende på potentiell miljöförorening och faror för människors hälsa. Slutligen analyseras processen för att utvärdera och etablera återvinning av askan för båda kraftverken med tanke på de ovanstående utmaningarna. Studien visade att aska är en anmärkningsvärt variabel biprodukt, beroende främst på bränsletypen och förbränningsförhållandena. Askan är en bra ersättning för jordbrukskalk och innehåller en anmärkningsvärd del av de ursprungliga biomassans näringsämnen. Uppskattningsvis skulle askan kunna täcka en betydande del av efterfrågan på kalkning och gödning i Storbritannien till år 2050 och samtidigt leverera ett betydande ekonomiskt värde till kraftverken. Det finns emellertid kontamineringsproblem, särskilt p.g.a. tungmetaller, som kan leda till skador på miljön och minskning av tillväxttakten. Studien bevisar att askåtervinning i Storbritannien för närvarande är en utmanande process, som inte bör förbises när man utformar ett biobränsleprojekt. När de existerar är procedurerna mycket krävande när det gäller testning, vilket kan avskräcka kraftverken ekonomiskt för att delta i askåtervinningsprocesser. Contents 1 ASH RECYCLING: A GREAT POTENTIAL ............................................................................. 1 1.1 Motivation ..................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Objectives ..................................................................................................................................... 1 1.3 Methodology ................................................................................................................................ 1 1.3.1 Literature Survey and current practices ............................................................................ 1 1.3.2 Case study and practical application ................................................................................. 1 1.3.3 Delimitations ........................................................................................................................ 2 1.4 Background ................................................................................................................................... 2 1.4.1 Energy Planning and Implications .................................................................................... 2 1.4.2 Nutrient Depletion & Soil Acidification Problem .......................................................... 2 1.4.3 Ash Disposal Problem ........................................................................................................ 4 1.4.4 A Potential for Circular Economy .................................................................................... 5 2 THE CASE STUDY ........................................................................................................................... 7 2.1 The Combined Heat and Power Plants .................................................................................... 7 2.1.1 CHP Plant A ........................................................................................................................ 7 2.1.2 CHP Plant B ....................................................................................................................... 12 2.2 The Ash Situation ...................................................................................................................... 14 3 ASH SPREADING ON LAND: TECHNICAL REVIEW OF OPPORTUNITIES .......... 15 3.1 Characterisation of the Ash ...................................................................................................... 15 3.1.1 General characterization of wood-ash ........................................................................... 15 3.1.2 Factors influencing ash quality ........................................................................................ 17 3.2 Properties for Ash Application to Soil ................................................................................... 19 3.2.1 On agricultural land........................................................................................................... 19 3.2.2 On forestry ......................................................................................................................... 21 3.3 Evolution of the framework .................................................................................................... 23 4 ASH STRATEGY: SOLVING THE ASH OFFTAKE ISSUE ................................................ 24 4.1 Plant A ......................................................................................................................................... 24 4.1.1 SEPA Waste Exemption Process ................................................................................... 25 4.1.2 Current Situation ............................................................................................................... 27 4.2 Plant B ......................................................................................................................................... 27 4.2.1 Logistics and Transport Costs ......................................................................................... 28 4.2.2 European Waste Classification ........................................................................................ 30 4.2.3 Desulphurization and lime injection ............................................................................... 32 -i- 4.2.4 Ash testing and re-classification ...................................................................................... 33 4.2.5 Plant B ash characteristics ................................................................................................ 34 4.2.6 Spreading to land ..............................................................................................................
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