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ETF Danev.Indd „MENNYI JOBBÁGYA ÉS MENNYI PORTIÓJA” ERDÉLYI TUDOMÁNYOS FÜZETEK 286 ISSN 2068-309X ERDÉLYI TUDOMÁNYOS FÜZETEK 286 DÁNÉ VERONKA „MENNYI JOBBÁGYA ÉS MENNYI PORTIÓJA” TORDA VÁRMEGYE BIRTOKOS TÁRSADALMA A 17. SZÁZAD ELSŐ FELÉBEN Kolozsvár, 2016 „MENNYI JOBBÁGYA ÉS MENNYI PORTIÓJA” A kutatást és a kézirat elkészítését az MTA Bolyai János Kutatási Ösztön- díj támogatt a. A kötet megjelenését a Communitas Alapítvány, a Nemzeti Kulturális Alap, a Bethlen Gábor Alap és a Magyar Tudományos Akadémia támogatt a. © Erdélyi Múzeum-Egyesület, 2016 © Dáné Veronka, 2016 © Erdélyi Múzeum-Egyesület, 2016 Felelős kiadó BIRÓ ANNAMÁRIA Lektorálta JAKÓ KLÁRA SIPOS GÁBOR A térképeket készített e NAGY BÉLA Korrektúra KEREKES GYÖRGY Borítóterv BODÓ ZALÁN Nyomdai munkálatok IDEA, Kolozsvár Felelős vezető NAGY PÉTER Descrierea CIP a Bibliotecii Naţionale a României DÁNÉ, VERONKA „mennyi jobbágya és mennyi portiója”. Torda vármegye birtokos társadalma a 17. század első felében / Dáné Veronka. - Cluj-Napoca : Societatea Muzeului Ardelean, 2016 Conţine bibliografi e Index ISBN 978-606-739-069-8 94(498.4) 4 TARTALOM TARTALOM Bevezetés ..............................................................................................................7 Előzmények ...................................................................................................9 Források és korlátok ...................................................................................13 Korszakhatár, módszerek .........................................................................21 I. Torda vármegye birtokosai a 16. század második felében ......................29 I. 1. A nagybirtokok possessorai ..............................................................38 I. 2. A középbirtokosok ..............................................................................40 I. 3. A kisbirtokosok ...................................................................................42 II. A birtokos társadalom a 17. század első felében ......................................55 II. 1. A fi scalis uradalmak „metamorphosisa” .......................................60 II. 2. A nagybirtokok possessorai .............................................................66 II. 3. A középbirtokok possessorai ..........................................................80 II. 4. A kis birtokkal rendelkezők ...........................................................107 II. 5. A portával nem rendelkező birtokosok ........................................147 III. Az 1616–1657/58 között i korszak új birtokosai .....................................161 Végszó ...............................................................................................................163 Levéltári és kéziratt ári források ....................................................................165 Irodalomjegyzék .......................................................................................167 Mellékletek .......................................................................................................177 Rezumat ............................................................................................................288 Abstract .............................................................................................................292 Névmutató .......................................................................................................296 5 „MENNYI JOBBÁGYA ÉS MENNYI PORTIÓJA” 6 BEVEZETÉS BEVEZETÉS Az 1990-es évektől a lényegesen kedvezőbb, azaz szabadabb kutatási körülmények, feltételek között megújuló és részben meg is fi atalodó erdé- lyi és Erdély történeti kutatások eredményeként napvilágot látott munkák bevezető soraiban refrénszerűen ismétlődő, már-már toposszá vált megál- lapítás – Trócsányi Zsoltra való hivatkozással vagy anélkül –, hogy a na- gyobbrészt ismertnek és feltárnak vélt fejedelemség jog-, kormányzat-, közigazgatástörténete – az általánosságokon túlmenően – csaknem terra incognita. Sőt a helyzet mondhatni romlott . Romlott abból a szempontból, hogy az újabb kutatások fényében ma már egyre nyilvánvalóbb: mindaz, amit csak a felsorolt területeken Trócsányi elévülhetetlen érdemű munká- jában feltárt, az sok esetben csupán a jéghegy csúcsa, a további kutatási irányok kijelölése. Az egyes fejezetek végén ezt amúgy maga is többször hangsúlyozta, a szakma azonban évtizedekig a kérdést legalábbis nagy- részt – csak részben kényszerűségből – megoldott nak tekintett e. Nem vé- letlenül említett ük ezeket a területeket. Jakó Zsigmond kezdeményezésé- re, hathatós támogatásával és féltő, de kérlelhetetlenül kritikus irányításával ugyanis az erdélyi fejedelmek királyi könyveinek, az erdélyi/gyulafehér- vári káptalan és a kolozsmonostori konvent, valamint – már Kiss András „társ-tutorságával” – a vármegyei jegyzőkönyvek kiadásra való előkészí- tésével itt indultak meg a kett ős „haszonnal” kecsegtető új alapkutatások.1 1 Még a kutatócsoportok felállása előtt az idősebb nemzedék kutatásainak eredményeként látott napvilágot az erdélyi várostörténet szempontjából kiemelkedő jelentőségű két forráski- advány: Torda város tanácsi jegyzőkönyve 1603–1678. Bev. tan., jegyz. közzéteszi Wolf Ru- dolf. (Erdélyi Történelmi Adatok VI. 1.) Kolozsvár 1993.; Gyulafehérvár város jegyzőkönyvei. Gyulafehérvár városkönyve 1588–1674. Gyulafehérvár város törvénykezési jegyzőkönyvei 1603–1616. Bev. tan., jegyz. közzéteszi Kovács András. (Erdélyi Történelmi Adatok VI. 2.) Kolozsvár 1998. 7 „MENNYI JOBBÁGYA ÉS MENNYI PORTIÓJA” Egyrészt a munka befejeztével egy olyan forrásbázis készül el, melyre – Jakó Zsigmond szavaival élve – „a múlt rekonstrukciója szilárdan ráépít- hető lesz”.2 Másrészt a forráskiadó munka „melléktermékeként” itt szüle- tett meg néhány hiánypótló, korszerű intézmény- és jogtörténeti monográfi a,3 illetve tanulmány. Ezek adatainak felhasználása nélkül – vé- leményünk szerint – a fejedelemség kori Erdély története alapvető kérdé- seinek, de akár a „jelentéktelenebb” részletproblémáknak a tárgyalása is az ideiglenesség veszélyét hordozza magában. A vármegyei jegyzőkönyvek kiadásra való előkészítése folyamán – lé- vén hogy a vármegye egyszerre közigazgatási, igazságszolgáltatási intéz- mény, de társadalmi „egység” is – nyilvánvalóvá vált, hogy az intézmény- történeti és a megye bíráskodási gyakorlatát bemutató feldolgozások mellett , után nehezen magyarázható és jóvátehetetlen mulasztás lenne a társadalomtörténeti vonatkozások mellőzése. A kutatás ebben a pontban találkozott a Jakó Zsigmond által még az 1940-es évek elején megindított al, amelyet azonban az első, Belső-Szolnok és Doboka vármegyékre vonatko- zó eredmények közlése után,4 az osztályharcos ideológia teremtett e körül- mények között kényszerűségből abbahagyott . (Sajnálatosabb, hogy mun- kája a jelek szerint a szakmai köztudatból is kihullott , holott használatával az egyes erdélyi famíliák származásával, ide vezető útjával, hovatartozásá- val kapcsolatos tévedések elkerülhetőek lennének.) Így 1976-ban Trócsá- nyi is csupán azt állapíthatt a meg, hogy „A 16–17. századi erdélyi birtok- megoszlás kérdése (a fejedelmi korszak rendiségének alapkérdése) egyelőre megoldásra vár.”5 A kérdés fontosságát jól jelzi, hogy 1980-ban immár más szemszögből, a központi kormányzat tisztségviselőinek származását vizs- gálva újra visszatért rá: „Kérdés, hogy mennyit segítene rajtunk e téren a 16–17. századi erdélyi nemesi birtokmegoszlás teljes feltárása? A rendelke- zésünkre álló források ismeretében bizonyos, hogy a néhány telkes kisne- mesi réteget egy ilyen feldolgozása nem tudná megfogni, a már eleve értel- miségi sorban élőket és a polgárokat szintén nem. De az arisztokrácia és a 2 Adatok a dézsma fejedelemségkori adminisztrációjához. Bev., jegyz. közzéteszi Jakó Zsigmond. (Erdélyi Történelmi Adatok V. 2.) Kolozsvár 1945. 3. 3 Kronologikus sorrendben: Dáné Veronka: „Az Őnagysága széki így deliberála”. Torda vár- megye fejedelemségkori bírósági gyakorlata. (Erdélyi Tudományos Füzetek 259.) Debrecen– Kolozsvár 2006.; Bogdándi Zsolt: A kolozsmonostori konvent a fejedelemség korában. (Erdélyi Tudományos Füzetek 274.) Kolozsvár 2012.; Gálfi Emőke: A gyulafehérvári hiteleshely levél- keresői (1556–1690). (Erdélyi Tudományos Füzetek 283.) Kolozsvár 2015. 4 Jakó Zsigmond: Belső-Szolnok és Doboka magyarsága az újkorban. In: Szolnok-Doboka magyarsága. Szerk. Szabó T. Att ila. Dés–Kolozsvár 1944. 71–130. 5 Trócsányi Zsolt: Az erdélyi fejedelemség korának országgyűlései. (Adalék az erdélyi ren- diség történetéhez). (Értekezések a Történeti tudományok köréből. Új sorozat 76.) Bp. 1976. 26. 17. jegyz. (Kiemelés az eredetiben.) 8 BEVEZETÉS megyei nemesség vonatkozásában rendet teremthetne. Ki milyen vagyoni erővel rendelkezik az erdélyi főrendek közt, hogy erősödik vagy gyengül meg egyes családok vagyoni potenciálja – erre a kérdésre, ha nem is kevés kutatás árán, de talán határozott abb választ kaphatnánk.”6 A vármegyei protokollumok egyértelművé tett ék, hogy ugyan fokoza- tosan haladva, széles körű forrásfelhasználással, eleve elfogadva, hogy a részleges eredményekhez is hosszú évek munkája szükséges, de a határo- zott abb válasz megfogalmazható. Jelen munka tehát – a Torda megyei bir- tokos társadalom mintegy nyolc évtizednyi történetének, fejlődésének fel- vázolásával – a felé a teljes feltárás felé vezető, Jakó Zsigmondét követő második, szerény lépés, amely éppen a kisbirtokosok tekintetében – a for- rásoknak köszönhetően – túlteljesítheti Trócsányi várakozásait. Előzmények A Mohács utáni Magyar Királyság birtokmegoszlására vonatkozó ku- tatásait a máig gyakran idézett Acsády
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