organisations and exclusion in European cities Edited by Justin Beaumont and Paul Cloke FAITH-BASED ORGANISATIONS AND EXCLUSION IN EUROPEAN CITIES Edited by Justin Beaumont and Paul Cloke First published in Great Britain in 2012 by The Policy Press University of Bristol Fourth Floor Beacon House Queen’s Road Bristol BS8 1QU UK t: +44 (0)117 331 4054 f: +44 (0)117 331 4093 [email protected] www.policypress.co.uk North American office: The Policy Press c/o The University of Chicago Press 1427 East 60th Street Chicago, IL 60637, USA t: +1 773 702 7700 f: +1 773 702 9756 [email protected] www.press.uchicago.edu © The Policy Press 2012 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book has been requested. ISBN 978 1 84742 834 9 hardcover The right of Justin Beaumont and Paul Cloke to be identified as editors of this work has been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved: no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior permission of The Policy Press. The statements and opinions contained within this publication are solely those of the editors and contributors and not of the University of Bristol or The Policy Press. The University of Bristol and The Policy Press disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any material published in this publication. The Policy Press works to counter discrimination on grounds of gender, race, disability, age and sexuality. Cover design by The Policy Press Front cover: image kindly supplied by www.alamy.com Printed and bound in Great Britain by MPG Book Group The Policy Press uses environmentally responsible print partners. Contents Acknowledgements Notes on contributors Foreword by Ram A. Cnaan one Introduction to the study of faith-based organisations and exclusion in 1 European cities Justin Beaumont and Paul Cloke Part I: Defining relations of faith-based organisations two State–religion relations and welfare regimes in Europe 37 José Luis Romanillos, Justin Beaumont and Mustafa Şen three Spaces of postsecular engagement in cities 59 Agatha Herman, Justin Beaumont, Paul Cloke and Andrés Walliser four Faith-based organisations, urban governance and welfare state 81 retrenchment Ingemar Elander, Maarten Davelaar and Andrés Walliser five Radical faith praxis? Exploring the changing theological 105 landscape of Christian faith motivation Paul Cloke, Samuel Thomas and Andrew Williams six Ethical citizenship? Faith-based volunteers and the ethics of providing 127 services for homeless people Paul Cloke, Sarah Johnsen and Jon May Part II: Sectoral studies seven Changing policies: how faith-based organisations participate in 155 poverty policies Danielle Dierckx, Jan Vranken and Ingemar Elander eight Moralising the poor? Faith-based organisations, the Big Society and 173 contemporary workfare policy Andrew Williams nine A shelter from the storm: faith-based organisations and providing 199 relief for the homeless Maarten Davelaar and Wendy Kerstens ten Turkish Islamic organisations: a comparative study in Germany, the 219 Netherlands and Turkey Jürgen Friedrichs, Jennifer Klöckner, Mustafa Şen and Nynke de Witte eleven Convictional communities 243 Samuel Thomas twelve Conclusion: the faith-based organisation phenomenon 265 Paul Cloke and Justin Beaumont Index 279 iii Acknowledgements The research presented in this book was funded by the EU 7th Framework Programme (7FP) FACIT project (‘Faith-based organisations and exclusion in European cities’, Grant agreement no 217314). Along with the various partners of the consortium we are very grateful for the support aand the work that made both the research and this volume happen. One of the chapters contained in the volume has appeared in print elsewhere, albeit with a different introduction and some minor textual changes. We would like to thank the editorial board and referees at Geoforum for their role in the production of Cloke, P., Johnsen, S. and May, J. (2007) ‘Ethical citizenship? Volunteers and the ethics of providing services for homeless people’, Geoforum, vol 38, pp 1089-01, which became Chapter Six in this volume. Thanks also go to Elsevier Publishing for granting permission to reproduce the original article. Two of the contributions to the book (Chapters Two and Three) would not have come to fruition if it had not had been for the enthusiasm, diligence and professionalism shown by Agatha Herman and José Luis Romanillos, who came into the process late in the day as short-term contract researchers. Thanks go to colleagues at the Personnel and Organisation Department of the University of Groningen, the Netherlands, for making their contracts a reality against the odds. Due to a series of issues relating to the completion of the project and the difficulties of reconciling diverse epistemologies of researching the ‘f’ word in faith-based organisations (FBOs), it took a tremendous amount of time and effort to submit the final typescript. We would like to thank, in particular, Commissioning Editor, Emily Watt, along with her colleagues, Laura Vickers and Rebecca Tomlinson, at The Policy Press, for their understanding, forbearance and support. Justin, on a personal note, would like to thank the continued and unconditional love and support of his family in the UK, without which none of the work contained here would have come about or have had any significance or meaning. The same applies for Nell, Albert and others close to him in the delightful northern Dutch city of Groningen. Pepe and Dunya – his two cats! – kept the process very much grounded in what really matters, and where always great fun. Paul, as always, would like to thank his wonderful family – Viv, Liz and Will (and Ringo the dog) for their amazing context of love, support, agape and caritas, which is the foundation for his participation in this and other research. Heartfelt thanks also to Andy and Samwise, for being such excellent companions on this particular research journey, and to Mike and Peter for friendship that has helped make sense of the ‘f’ word in different postsecular and psychogeographical contexts. v Faith-based organisations and exclusion in European cities Notes on contributors Justin Beaumont is assistant professor in the Department of Spatial Planning and Environment at the University of Groningen, the Netherlands. He has developed new enquiries on social interventions within postsecular cities, as well as faith-based organisations, and on social justice in urban areas. He is currently undertaking research on problems of the postsecular and the ethical turn in urban theory. He is co-editor of Exploring the postsecular: The religious, the political and the urban (Brill, 2010), Postsecular cities: Space, theory and practice (Continuum, 2011) and Spaces of contention: Spatialities of social movements (Ashgate, 2012). Paul Cloke is professor of human geography at the University of Exeter, UK. Over the last decade he has been involved in research that takes a new look at the geographies of ethics, focusing in particular on responses to homelessness, the new politics of ethical consumption and the growing significance of ‘theo-ethics’ in contemporary society. He is currently engaged in research on postsecularism and faith-based interventions in a range of social and caring arenas. His latest books (co-authored) include Swept up lives? Re-envisioning the homeless city (Wiley- Blackwell, 2010) and Globalizing responsibility: The political rationalities of ethical consumption (Wiley-Blackwell, 2011). Ram A. Cnaan is professor and senior associate dean at the University of Pennsylvania, School of Social Policy and Practice, USA. He is director of the Program for Religion and Social Policy Research and past president of ARNOVA (Association for Research on Nonprofit Organizations and Voluntary Action). He received his doctorate from the School of Social Work at the University of Pittsburgh, and his bachelor’s degree in social work and master’s in social work from the Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel. Professor Cnaan has published numerous articles in scientific journals on a variety of social issues and serves on the editorial boards of nine academic journals. He is the author or editor of eight books, including: The other Philadelphia story: How local congregations support quality of life in urban America (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2006). He is considered an international expert in the areas of volunteering, re-entry, faith-based social care and social policy. He lectures widely and teaches regularly in four countries. Maarten Davelaar is researcher at the Verwey-Jonker Instituut in Utrecht, the Netherlands, with a background in political science. His research interests cover urban policy and governance, with a particular focus on issues concerning homelessness, the participation of socially excluded people, the role of the voluntary sector in general and of faith-based organisations in particular. Much of his research has been pursued in a comparative European context, including involvement in a number of cross-national research projects. He has been vi Notes on contributors involved in cross-national research on urban policy and citizen participation and on local social policy and participated in the EU-FACIT project on faith-based organisations and social exclusion in cities. He is research adviser for the European Observatory on Homelessness (linked to FEANTSA, the European Federation of National Organisations working with the Homeless). Before joining the Verwey- Jonker Institute he worked as a campaigner and project manager in the faith-based and voluntary sector, supporting local and national networks working on issues like social exclusion, homelessness, integration and immigration and sustainable urban development. Nynke de Witte works at the Audit Office of the Dutch government in The Hague, the Netherlands.