The Environment
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background The Environment Cities across Canada and internationally are developing greener ways of building and powering communities, housing and infrastructure. They are also growing their urban forests, protecting wetlands and improving the quality of water bodies. The history of Saskatoon is tied to the landscape through agriculture and natural resources. The South Saskatchewan River that flows through the city is a cherished space for both its natural functions and public open space. Saskatonians value their environment. However, the ecological footprint of Saskatoon is relatively large. Our choices of where we live, how we travel around the city and the way that we use energy at home all have an impact on the health of the environment. The vision for Saskatoon needs to consider many aspects of the natural environment, from energy and air quality to water and trees. Our ecological footprint Energy sources Cities consume significant quantities of resources and Over half of Saskatoon’s ecological footprint is due to have a major impact on the environment, well beyond their energy use. As Saskatoon is located in a northern climate, borders. One way of describing the impact of a city is to there is a need for heating in the winter. As well, most measure its ecological footprint. The footprint represents Saskatoon homes are heated by natural gas. Although the land area necessary to sustain current levels of natural gas burns cleaner than coal and oil it produces resource consumption and waste discharged by that CO2, a greenhouse gas, into the atmosphere, making it an population. A community consumes material, water, and unsustainable energy source and the supply of natural gas energy, processes them into usable forms, and generates is limited. wastes. This is the ‘metabolism’ of the city and making this metabolism more efficient is essential to reducing the As the city grows, there will be a greater demand for city’s ecological footprint. Saskatoon’s ecological footprint energy. Currently, most of the electricity in Saskatoon is is smaller than those of Calgary, Edmonton and Regina derived from coal, which is currently plentiful although is a and is comparable to the Canadian footprint of 7.23 non-renewable resource. Burning coal also releases CO2. hectares per person. However, this still greatly exceeds the Currently, most of Saskatoon’s electricity is generated from Earth’s total available biospace per person. provincial coal-fired power plants, with a small amount generated from provincial hydro dams and wind farms. Over the past 50 years, low-density suburban development Although these energy sources are servicing current has played a significant role in increasing our ecological requirements, future growth, coupled with environmental footprint. Single-family homes that consume more land issues and a dwindling supply of non-renewable resources, than other dwelling types and occupy relatively larger lots may require a new approach to meeting our energy away from the central core dominate the physical form. needs. This may include improving efficiency and shifting Industrial parks, recreational facilities, and shopping malls to renewable energy sources, including wind, solar and with their adjacent parking lots are all commonly found geothermal. in suburbs. These types of developments all contribute to a need for more space and more energy consumption, which create higher infrastructure demands on municipal Green energy projects and other services including electricity, natural gas, water, sewer and transportation. could play a role in reducing the city’s reliance on non- renewable energy sources. 9.45 9.86 7.71 8.59 7.23 7.83 7.43 7.15 7.70 5.30 Edmonton Vancouver Saskatoon Calgary Regina Ottawa Halifax Winnipeg Montréal Ecological Footprint of Major Canadian Cities (hectares per capita) Toronto (source: Statistics Canada Labour Force Characteristics) 2 95.7 94.9 94.0 95.8 93.9 94.2 93.3 #6 5 3 # Edmonton # Saskatoon #1 Vancouver #2 #4 Halifax Winnipeg #7 Montréal Competitive Alternatives - Index and Ranking for Major Canadian Cities Toronto (source: Competitive Alternatives: KPMG’s Guide to International Bussiness Location 2010) 2.7km 19 minutes Centennial-Crowfoot variable, which in turn could have implications for local food security and export capacity. In Saskatoon, between 1990 and 2003, GHG emissions increased by 45%. In 2004, the City of Saskatoon joined the Partners for Climate Protection and committed to taking action on climate change. As part of this, the City adopted targets to reduce GHG emissions by 6% below 1990 levels by 2013 and 10% below 1990 levels by 2013 for the City’s corporate operations. The greatest increase in emissions for Saskatoon was from the industrial sector (165%) and transportation (31%), followed by residential (4%). The GHG emissions for the commercial sector dropped during this time (9%). Managing our waste Municipalities carefully manage their waste to reduce negative impacts on natural habitats, surface and groundwater, and air, soil and water quality generally. Landfi lls emit methane while incineration creates toxic substances. However, there are alternatives such as waste diversion programs through recycling and composting and courtesy fl ickr mojojo_jojo methane capture facilities on landfi ll sites. Greenhouse gas emissions Internationally, Canada is the highest in municipal waste There is growing evidence that climate change is generation, and Saskatoon compares with the national happening now. On a global scale, average surface average. The majority of garbage produced by Canadians temperatures rose 0.6 degrees over the 20th century. As is discarded in landfi lls. Landfi lls account for 38% of a high latitude country, Canada may be more affected methane emissions in Canada. However, approximately than some. Possible impacts could include more frequent 40% of the total amount of materials in landfi lls could be and more intense fl oods, droughts and storms. This would composted and another 40% could be recycled. result in soil moisture conditions that are much more In Saskatoon, just over half the waste going to the landfi ll is from residences. The amount of waste produced tends Residential Waste Industrial, Commercial and to increase as disposable income Composition Institutional Waste Composition increases, as this tends to lead to yard waste 28% wood 23% paper 22% paper 21% higher levels of consumption. The plastics 15% plastics 12% food waste 13% food waste 8% current residential waste diversion textiles and fabric 6% textiles and fabric 7% wood 5% ferrous metal 7% rate for Saskatoon is 23% with the city ferrous metal 3% yard waste 5% diapers 2% other inorganics 4% diverting 12,600 tonnes of recyclables other inorganics 2% diapers 2% other organics 1% electronic waste 2% from the landfi ll. This includes electronic waste 1% glass 1% glass 1% aluminum 1% material diverted through the depots, aluminum 1% other organics 0% SARCAN’s facilities, and through private collection service. Currently, Sources of Waste at Saskatoon Landfill all programs are available to single- (source: Saskatoon Waste and Recycling Plan 2007) family and multi-family households. residential commercial / residential industrial, commercial and institutional construction and demolition BACKGROUND INFORMATION SASKATOON SPEAKS 3 Southern Saskatchewan has a climate where precipitation is low resulting in a growing demand for expanded irrigation. In addition to agriculture, there are increased water demands from industrial use and communities. As water is returned to the river following agricultural, industrial, and domestic use there may be an increase in contaminants that can reduce the quality of the river. As the city grows, we need to consider how we meet our expanding water needs while maintaining the quality and quantity of the water What uses are responsible for the greatest flowing in the South Saskatchewan River. courtesy flickr global inheritance Canada is one of the largest consumers of water in the GHG emissions? world. Even though the average domestic water use has Recycling Plan dropped slightly from 335 litres in 2001 to 329 litres The City of Saskatoon has adopted the Saskatoon Waste in 2004, industry and agricultural irrigation requires and Recycling Plan, which lays the ground work to reduce large water sources and Canada is a largely resource 4,000,000 800 the amount of waste which must be dealt with at the based economy. Canada’s use of water has increased 3,500,000 landfill. The plan lays out a strategy for diverting organic considerably over the years. In 2008, the daily 700domestic material through composting, demolition material through water use per capita in Saskatoon was 290 litres per day. 3,000,000 600 a reuse program, and a household recycling program. The The drinking water supply for Saskatoon is of high quality. 2,500,000 City is currentlypcp in the process of implementing this plan The City is actively involved on the Board of the500 South and developingtarget programs to deal with these aspects. Saskatchewan River Watershed Stewards, whose role is 2,000,000 400 to protect the South Saskatchewan River Watershed. The 1,500,000 Maintaining a safe and adequate water supply Stewards are working to protect the quality and300 quantity The water supply for Saskatoon comes from the South of the water in our river through the implementation 1,000,000 200 Saskatchewan River, which is fed by three major of projects, providing education that focuses on best 500,000 tributaries: the Red Deer, Bow and Oldman rivers. The practices, and increasing awareness. 100 South Saskatchewan River water is primarily Rocky 0 0 Mountain water from melting snowpacks and precipitation, emissions residential employees (tonnes of eCO2) 1990 2003 with glacial melt making up a small percentage.commercial This industrial Health means that the impacts of climate change on snow and 2013 BAU 2023 BAU transportation 2013 typical community waste Management 2013 planned precipitation may increase or reduce the flow of the river.