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Pointing Analysis and Design Drivers for Low Earth Orbit Satellite Quantum Key Distribution Jeremiah A

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Pointing Analysis and Design Drivers for Low Earth Orbit Satellite Quantum Key Distribution Jeremiah A Air Force Institute of Technology AFIT Scholar Theses and Dissertations Student Graduate Works 3-24-2016 Pointing Analysis and Design Drivers for Low Earth Orbit Satellite Quantum Key Distribution Jeremiah A. Specht Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.afit.edu/etd Part of the Information Security Commons, and the Space Vehicles Commons Recommended Citation Specht, Jeremiah A., "Pointing Analysis and Design Drivers for Low Earth Orbit Satellite Quantum Key Distribution" (2016). Theses and Dissertations. 451. https://scholar.afit.edu/etd/451 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Graduate Works at AFIT Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of AFIT Scholar. For more information, please contact [email protected]. POINTING ANALYSIS AND DESIGN DRIVERS FOR LOW EARTH ORBIT SATELLITE QUANTUM KEY DISTRIBUTION THESIS Jeremiah A. Specht, 1st Lt, USAF AFIT-ENY-MS-16-M-241 DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE AIR UNIVERSITY AIR FORCE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE; DISTRIBUTION UNLIMITED. The views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the United States Air Force, Department of Defense, or the United States Government. This material is declared a work of the U.S. Government and is not subject to copyright protection in the United States. AFIT-ENY-MS-16-M-241 POINTING ANALYSIS AND DESIGN DRIVERS FOR LOW EARTH ORBIT SATELLITE QUANTUM KEY DISTRIBUTION THESIS Presented to the Faculty Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics Graduate School of Engineering and Management Air Force Institute of Technology Air University Air Education and Training Command In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Space Systems Jeremiah A. Specht, B.S.C.E 1st Lt, USAF March 2016 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE; DISTRIBUTION UNLIMITED. AFIT-ENY-MS-16-M-241 POINTING REQUIREMENTS AND ORBIT DESIGN FOR LOW EARTH ORBIT SATELLITE QUANTUM KEY DISTRIBUTION Jeremiah A. Specht, B.S.C.E. 1st Lt, USAF Committee Membership: Richard G. Cobb, PhD Chair Douglas D. Hodson, PhD Member Michael R. Grimaila, PhD, CISM, CISSP Member AFIT-ENY-MS-16-M-241 Abstract The world relies on encryption to perform critical and sensitive tasks every day. If quantum computing matures, the capability to decode keys and decrypt messages becomes possible. Quantum key distribution (QKD) is a method of distributing secure cryptographic keys which relies on the laws of quantum mechanics. Current implementations of QKD use fiber-based channels which limit the number of users and the distance between users. Satellite-based QKD using free-space channels is proposed as a feasible secure global communication solution. Since a free-space link does not use a waveguide, pointing a transmitter to receiver is required to ensure signal arrival. In this thesis, a scenario consisting of five ground sites is used to compare the amount of raw key material that can be received from four different orbits when perfect pointing is assumed. A second scenario utilizing one ground site is used to model the effect of pointing accuracy for the four orbits. The data from the first scenario indicates that lower altitudes produce higher key rates and sun-synchronous orbits don’t always produce the longest or most consistent keys. Data from the second scenario reveals a pointing bias of 1.3 µrad or less is most desirable and that with 1.3 µrad of pointing bias, a pointing jitter of 0.4 µrad will have no significant effect on key rates. iv Acknowledgments I would like to thank my faculty advisor, Dr. Cobb for his guidance and support through this effort. I would also like to thank Dr. Hodson, Dr. Grimaila, the rest of the AFIT QKD team and my sponsor, Dr. Baumgartner for sharing their expertise on quantum systems and explaining the many complicated aspects of QKD. Finally, I would like to thank my family for their support throughout the countless hours dedicated to this thesis. Jeremiah A. Specht v Table of Contents Page Abstract .............................................................................................................................. iv Table of Contents ............................................................................................................... vi List of Figures .................................................................................................................. viii List of Tables ..................................................................................................................... xi I. Introduction .....................................................................................................................1 Background...................................................................................................................1 Problem Description .....................................................................................................3 Research Questions ......................................................................................................4 Methodology.................................................................................................................4 Scope ............................................................................................................................5 Expected Contributions ................................................................................................7 Summary.......................................................................................................................8 II. Background .....................................................................................................................9 Chapter Overview .........................................................................................................9 QKD .............................................................................................................................9 QKD Quantum Channel Protocol ...............................................................................12 Quantum Link .............................................................................................................17 Computer Modeling....................................................................................................25 Previous Work ............................................................................................................31 Summary.....................................................................................................................33 III. Methodology ................................................................................................................35 Chapter Overview .......................................................................................................35 Selecting Constraints ..................................................................................................35 vi Model Assumptions ....................................................................................................48 System Parameters and Variables ..............................................................................50 Model Description ......................................................................................................57 Model Verification and Validation .............................................................................67 Summary.....................................................................................................................68 IV. Analysis and Results ....................................................................................................70 Chapter Overview .......................................................................................................70 System Performance Parameters ................................................................................70 Raw Key Rates ...........................................................................................................83 Orbit Comparison .......................................................................................................84 Summary.....................................................................................................................89 V. Conclusions and Recommendations ............................................................................90 Chapter Overview .......................................................................................................90 Conclusions of Research ............................................................................................90 Significance of Research ............................................................................................94 Recommendations for Future Research......................................................................95 Summary.....................................................................................................................98 Appendix A: Model Verification and Validation ..............................................................99 Model Verification .....................................................................................................99 Model Validation ......................................................................................................106 Appendix B: Additional Data ..........................................................................................114
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