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Hsgcfellowshipbooklet V24 SU14-S15.Pdf Summer 2014 – Spring 2015 HSGC Report Number 15-24 Compiled in 2015 by HAWAI‘I SPACE GRANT CONSORTIUM The Hawai‘i Space Grant Consortium is one of the fifty-two National Space Grant Colleges supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). Material in this volume may be copied for library, abstract service, education, or personal research; however, republication of any paper or portion thereof requires the written permission of the authors as well as appropriate acknowledgment of this publication. This report may be cited as Hawai‘i Space Grant Consortium (2015) Undergraduate Fellowship Reports. HSGC Report No. 15-24. Hawai‘i Space Grant Consortium, Honolulu. Individual articles may be cited as Author, A.B. (2015) Title of article. Undergraduate Fellowship Reports, pp. xx-xx. Hawai‘i Space Grant Consortium, Honolulu. This report is distributed by: Hawai‘i Space Grant Consortium Hawai‘i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa 1680 East West Road, POST 501 Honolulu, HI 96822 Table of Contents Foreword………………………………………………………………………………… i REPORTS RADIO FREQUENCY OVER OPTICAL FIBER DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION FOR THE EXAVOLT ANTENNA …………………………….……………………….. 1 James L. Bynes III University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa DIGITAL IMAGERY AND GEOLOGIC MAP OF CHEGEM CALDERA, RUSSIA …9 Christina N. Cauley Unversity of Hawai‘i at Hilo DESIGN OF A WIRELESS POWER TRANSFER SYSTEM UTILIZING MICROWAVE FREQUENCIES ……..……………………………………..………… 17 Steven S. Ewers University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa MULTI-WALLED CARBON NANOTUBE NANOFORESTS AS GAS DIFFUSION LAYERS FOR PROTON EXCHANGE MEMBRANE FUEL CELLS…..…………….25 Kathryn Hu University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa CORRECTING SPECTRAL DATA FROM EXTRAGALACTIC STAR-FORMING REGIONS FOR ATMOSPHERIC DISPERSION………………………………………34 Casey M. Jones University of Hawai‘i at Hilo DEVELOPMENT OF SAMPLE MOUNTING FOR STARDUST INTERSTELLAR CANDIDATES ………………………………………………………..…..…………….40 Logan K. Magad-Weiss University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF A SUSPENSION SYSTEM USED IN ROUGH- TERRAIN VEHICLE CONTROL FOR VIBRATION SUPPRESSION IN PLANETARY EXPLORATION …………………………...…………...………………47 Arvin R. Niro University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa ESTIMATION OF DAYTIME SLEEPINESS IN SPACEFLIGHT SUBJECTS.............56 Roberto F. Ramilo Jr University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa DEVELOPING A SOFTWARE TOOL TO ENABLE CREATION OF COMMAND SCRIPTS FOR A SATELLITE MISSION .......………………………………………...64 Erik K. Wessel University of Illinois at Urban Champaign AN EMBEDDED MICROPROCESSOR DESIGN FOR THE PULSE SHAPE DISCRIMINATION OF A PLASTIC SCINTILLATING NEUTRON DETECTOR ……………...………………………………………………………………………….....72 Marcus J. Yamaguchi Kaua‘i Community College STUDY OF THE MOST HARMFUL SOLAR ENERGETIC PARTICLE FOR SHEILDING NEXT HUMAN SPACE FLIGHTS…..……...…………...………………80 Bryan K. Yamashiro University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa SUMMER 2014 REPORTS NASA MARSHALL SPACE FLIGHT CENTER - INTERNSHIP PROGRAM MODELING OF H2O ADSORPTION ON ZEOLITES ………………………….…….88 David H. Harris University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa NASA WALLOPS FLIGHT FACILITYAND PACIFIC MISSLE RANGE FACILITY - INTERNSHIP PROGRAM LOW DENSITY SUPERSONIC DECELERATOR ……………………………………98 Kolby M.K. Javinar University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa LOW DENSITY SUPERSONIC DECELERATOR ….…………………………….....105 Jacob J. Matutino University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa Foreword This volume contains fourteen reports from Hawai‘i Space Grant Undergraduate Fellows at the University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, the University of Hawai‘i at Hilo, and Kaua‘i Community College. The students worked on their projects during the Summer 2014, Fall 2014, and Spring 2015 semesters under the guidance of their faculty mentors and supervisors. We congratulate all of the students for their outstanding reports and warmly thank their faculty mentors and supervisors for generously supporting the Hawai‘i Space Grant Consortium Undergraduate Fellowship & Internship Programs. The Hawai‘i Space Grant Consortium is supported by NASA through its National Space Grant College and Fellowship Program with matching funds from the University of Hawai‘i. The goal of the program is to strengthen the national capabilities in space-related science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) and to prepare the next generation of space scientists. All of the students’ projects are related to the goals of NASA’s Strategic Plan. For more information about the Fellowship Program, please visit our website: http://www.spacegrant.hawaii.edu/fellowships.html Edward R.D. Scott Associate Director, Fellowships i RADIO FREQUENCY OVER OPTICAL FIBER DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION FOR THE EXAVOLT ANTENNA James Lamar Bynes III Department of Physics University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa Honolulu, HI 96822 ABSTRACT The ExaVolt Antenna (EVA) is a planned ultra-high energy (UHE) particle observatory under development for NASA's suborbital super-pressure balloon program in Antarctica. EVA will use an antenna array to capture UHE events from deep space then transfer this information to a payload. In order to reduce weight and mitigate signal attenuation, RF signals will be transmitted across the balloon over an RF over optical fiber link to the payload, in place of traditional coaxial cables. A fiber transmitter and receiver pair is evaluated within this report in order to determine whether or not it will be reliable for the crucial mission in which it will partake within EVA. The design and implementation of three tests boards allow careful evaluation of the fiber transmitter and receiver pair. It was concluded that with careful microwave circuit design and modulation of the Fabry-Perot laser used within the transmitter will be sufficient enough to send data within EVA to a payload. This project is currently under review for NASA’s suborbital super-pressure balloon program and also complies with NASA objective 1.6 with an overall goal of understanding the distance sources of UHE particles. 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Motivation EVA is a planned NASA balloon-borne particle observatory capable of measuring the absolute flux levels and energy spectral characteristics of the UHE cosmogenic neutrino flux [1]. UHE neutrinos contain energies in the Exavolt range (1018 eV or higher) and can propagate through vast galactic distances without attenuation. Studying the universe by looking at these particles will open the door to understanding the behavior of distant sources, allowing breakthroughs currently not possible by particle accelerators, such as: discovering the origins of the universe, as well using this knowledge to further our understanding beyond the Standard Model of particle physics. Two methods of detection by EVA are of interest: the Askaryan effect due to UHE neutrino interaction with the Antarctic ice, and gyrosynchrotron emission due to UHE cosmic rays interacting with the atmosphere [2]. Both methods portray information with radio waves, thus an antenna array will be the implemented on EVA. EVA will employ a suborbital super-pressure balloon (SPB) 115-meters in diameter, which is currently under consideration for a NASA SPB Figure 1 EVA full-scale model of SPB. mission in Antarctica [3]. An RF reflective layer 10- meters high will be mounted on the outer membrane 1 of EVA and positioned in such a way which will allow a synoptic view of the Antarctic ice sheet during its flight. An inner feed antenna, supported by tendons hanging from the inside of the balloon, shall act as a focal point for the outer RF reflective band. Figure 1 shows a full-scale model of the SPB with the RF reflective band and an inner feed antenna array. Power will be provided by strategically placed photo-voltaic panels on the balloon. 1.2 Radio Frequency over Optical Fiber In order to transfer the RF signals to a payload, the use of standard coaxial cables cannot be used due to weight constraints. Instead, a network of internal RF over optical fiber (RFoF) links shall be implemented. The Avago AFBR-1310Z fiber transmitter and AFBR-2310Z fiber receiver from Avago Technologies were chosen for evaluation for possible use on EVA [4][5]. The Avago fiber pair was chosen because it incorporates a linear wide bandwidth InGaAsAl/InP Fabry-Perot laser diode (FLD) and a floating monitor photodiode (MPD) for closed loop operation, and it is also able to operate in a non-stable temperature environment while maintaining optimal performance. A number of channels utilizing the RFoF system will be implemented within the balloon, thus creating strict power and weight constraints. 2 SETUP & METHODS 2.1 Design & Fabrication of Evaluation Boards This project began with just the bare components of the Avago AFBR-1310Z fiber transmitter and AFBR- 2310Z fiber receiver shown in Figure 2. The FLD accepts a laser bias in milliamps which is then used to maintain a steady optical power output of a signal containing data which is modulated over the fiber pigtail, where the transmitted power is expressed Figure 2 Avago fiber pair. Fiber Receiver in dB (Figure 3). The MPD (left), fiber transmitter (right) which is adjacent to the FLD outputs a current which is proportional Figure 3 Equation used for transmitted power. to the optical power of the FLD. Figure 4 shows the schematic diagram of the internal circuitry of the transmitter. The first step in characterizing the Avago fiber optic pair was to design and fabricate boards that will be suited for such tasks. The required circuit boards were designed with Mentor Graphics PADs. Three boards were fabricated: A controller, a transmitter, and a receiver. The controller board contains all the necessary components which monitored the current in milliamps from the MPD as well as providing the laser bias for the FLD. In order to determine the current from the MPD, a transimpedance amplifier circuit allowed conversion from current-to- voltage. The voltage was then read to an on-board dsPIC Figure 4 Internal circuitry of Avago AFBR- microcontroller (MCU) through an external analog-to- 1310Z fiber transmitter. digital converter (ADC) chip. The MCU also provides a current to the FLD using a digital-to- 2 analog (DAC) chip then through a voltage-to-current converter circuit. The MCU communicated with both chips via the SPI protocol where all embedded software was written in C.
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