Evolution of the Internet Protocol Suite
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User Datagram Protocol - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia Página 1 De 6
User Datagram Protocol - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Página 1 de 6 User Datagram Protocol From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The five-layer TCP/IP model User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is one of the core 5. Application layer protocols of the Internet protocol suite. Using UDP, programs on networked computers can send short DHCP · DNS · FTP · Gopher · HTTP · messages sometimes known as datagrams (using IMAP4 · IRC · NNTP · XMPP · POP3 · Datagram Sockets) to one another. UDP is sometimes SIP · SMTP · SNMP · SSH · TELNET · called the Universal Datagram Protocol. RPC · RTCP · RTSP · TLS · SDP · UDP does not guarantee reliability or ordering in the SOAP · GTP · STUN · NTP · (more) way that TCP does. Datagrams may arrive out of order, 4. Transport layer appear duplicated, or go missing without notice. TCP · UDP · DCCP · SCTP · RTP · Avoiding the overhead of checking whether every RSVP · IGMP · (more) packet actually arrived makes UDP faster and more 3. Network/Internet layer efficient, at least for applications that do not need IP (IPv4 · IPv6) · OSPF · IS-IS · BGP · guaranteed delivery. Time-sensitive applications often IPsec · ARP · RARP · RIP · ICMP · use UDP because dropped packets are preferable to ICMPv6 · (more) delayed packets. UDP's stateless nature is also useful 2. Data link layer for servers that answer small queries from huge 802.11 · 802.16 · Wi-Fi · WiMAX · numbers of clients. Unlike TCP, UDP supports packet ATM · DTM · Token ring · Ethernet · broadcast (sending to all on local network) and FDDI · Frame Relay · GPRS · EVDO · multicasting (send to all subscribers). HSPA · HDLC · PPP · PPTP · L2TP · ISDN · (more) Common network applications that use UDP include 1. -
Connecting to the Internet Date
Connecting to the Internet Dial-up Connection: Computers that are serving only as clients need not be connected to the internet permanently. Computers connected to the internet via a dial- up connection usually are assigned a dynamic IP address by their ISP (Internet Service Provider). Leased Line Connection: Servers must always be connected to the internet. No dial- up connection via modem is used, but a leased line. Costs vary depending on bandwidth, distance and supplementary services. Internet Protocol, IP • The Internet Protocol is connection-less, datagram-oriented, packet-oriented. Packets in IP may be sent several times, lost, and reordered. No bandwidth No video or graphics No mobile connection No Static IP address Only 4 billion user support IP Addresses and Ports The IP protocol defines IP addresses. An IP address specifies a single computer. A computer can have several IP addresses, depending on its network connection (modem, network card, multiple network cards, …). • An IP address is 32 bit long and usually written as 4 8 bit numbers separated by periods. (Example: 134.28.70.1). A port is an endpoint to a logical connection on a computer. Ports are used by applications to transfer information through the logical connection. Every computer has 65536 (216) ports. Some well-known port numbers are associated with well-known services (such as FTP, HTTP) that use specific higher-level protocols. Naming a web Every computer on the internet is identified by one or many IP addresses. Computers can be identified using their IP address, e.g., 134.28.70.1. Easier and more convenient are domain names. -
Internet Protocol Suite
InternetInternet ProtocolProtocol SuiteSuite Srinidhi Varadarajan InternetInternet ProtocolProtocol Suite:Suite: TransportTransport • TCP: Transmission Control Protocol • Byte stream transfer • Reliable, connection-oriented service • Point-to-point (one-to-one) service only • UDP: User Datagram Protocol • Unreliable (“best effort”) datagram service • Point-to-point, multicast (one-to-many), and • broadcast (one-to-all) InternetInternet ProtocolProtocol Suite:Suite: NetworkNetwork z IP: Internet Protocol – Unreliable service – Performs routing – Supported by routing protocols, • e.g. RIP, IS-IS, • OSPF, IGP, and BGP z ICMP: Internet Control Message Protocol – Used by IP (primarily) to exchange error and control messages with other nodes z IGMP: Internet Group Management Protocol – Used for controlling multicast (one-to-many transmission) for UDP datagrams InternetInternet ProtocolProtocol Suite:Suite: DataData LinkLink z ARP: Address Resolution Protocol – Translates from an IP (network) address to a network interface (hardware) address, e.g. IP address-to-Ethernet address or IP address-to- FDDI address z RARP: Reverse Address Resolution Protocol – Translates from a network interface (hardware) address to an IP (network) address AddressAddress ResolutionResolution ProtocolProtocol (ARP)(ARP) ARP Query What is the Ethernet Address of 130.245.20.2 Ethernet ARP Response IP Source 0A:03:23:65:09:FB IP Destination IP: 130.245.20.1 IP: 130.245.20.2 Ethernet: 0A:03:21:60:09:FA Ethernet: 0A:03:23:65:09:FB z Maps IP addresses to Ethernet Addresses -
Packet Processing at Wire Speed Using Network Processors
Packet processing at wire speed using Network processors Chethan Kumar and Hao Che University of Texas at Arlington {ckumar, hche}@cse.uta.edu Abstract 1 Introduction Recent developments in fiber optics and the new The modern day Internet has seen an explosive bandwidth hungry applications have put more stress growth of applications being used on it. As more and on the active components (switches, routers etc.,) of a more applications are being developed, there is an network. Optical fiber bandwidth is no longer a increase in the amount of load put on the internet. At constraint for increasing the network bandwidth. the same time the fiber optics bandwidth has However, the processing power of the network has not increased dramatically to meet the traffic demand, but scaled upto the increase in the fiber bandwidth. the present day routers have limited processing power Communication industry is looking forward for more to handle this profound demand increase. Hence the innovative ways of designing router1 architecture and networking and telecommunications industry is research is being conducted to develop a scalable, compelled to look for new solutions for improving flexible and cost-effective architecture for routers. A the performance and the processing power of the successful outcome of this effort is a specialized routers. processor called Network processor. Network processor provides performance at hardware speeds One of the industry’s solutions to the challenges while attaining the flexibility of software. Network posed by the increased demand for the processing processors from different vendors employ different power is programmable functional units grouped into architectures and the choice of a particular type of a processor called Application Specific Instruction network processor can affect the architecture of the Processor (ASIP) or Network processor (NP)2. -
Packet Processing Execution Engine (PROX) - Performance Characterization for NFVI User Guide
USER GUIDE Intel Corporation Packet pROcessing eXecution Engine (PROX) - Performance Characterization for NFVI User Guide Authors 1 Introduction Yury Kylulin Properly designed Network Functions Virtualization Infrastructure (NFVI) environments deliver high packet processing rates, which are also a required dependency for Luc Provoost onboarded network functions. NFVI testing methodology typically includes both Petar Torre functionality testing and performance characterization testing, to ensure that NFVI both exposes the correct APIs and is capable of packet processing. This document describes how to use open source software tools to automate peak traffic (also called saturation) throughput testing to characterize the performance of a containerized NFVI system. The text and examples in this document are intended for architects and testing engineers for Communications Service Providers (CSPs) and their vendors. This document describes tools used during development to evaluate whether or not a containerized NFVI can perform the required rates of packet processing within set packet drop rates and latency percentiles. This document is part of the Network Transformation Experience Kit, which is available at https://networkbuilders.intel.com/network-technologies/network-transformation-exp- kits. 1 User Guide | Packet pROcessing eXecution Engine (PROX) - Performance Characterization for NFVI Table of Contents 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................................................................ -
Security Model for TCP/IP Protocol Suite
JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 2, NO. 2, MAY 2011 87 Security Model for TCP/IP Protocol Suite M. Anand Kumar Department of Information Technology, Karpagam University, India [email protected] Dr. S. Karthikeyan Department of Information Technology, College of Applied Sciences Sultanate of Oman [email protected] Abstract—the Internet has instantly evolved into a vast Internet Protocol version 6 or IPv6 is an enhanced global network in the growing technology. TCP/IP Protocol version of the IPv4, which is a current version, and most Suite is the basic requirement for today’s Internet. Internet widely used Internet Protocol. IP enables data to be sent usage continues to increase exponentially. So network from one workstation to another in a network and is security becomes a growing problem. Even though IPv6 known as a connectionless protocol since there is no comes with build mechanism IPsec for security, it lacks continuous connection between the two communicating security in Application layer of TCP/IP protocol suite. IPv6 devices. Therefore when a message is sent by means of IP solves most of the security breaches for IPv4 with the use of it is broken up into packets, which may travel through a IPsec. But IPsec doesn’t have any security provision in the application layer. So there is a need for security mechanism. number of different routes to their final destination, and In this paper some of the security flaws of IPv6 are on arrival at their destination they are reassembled in identified and we present a new architecture for TCP/IP their original form. -
Function of Tcp Ip Protocol Suite
Function Of Tcp Ip Protocol Suite politically?Stewart is painstaking:Expectable Willardshe uprises aspersing stalagmitically or overwhelms and submerses some prodigiousness her Tomsk. multilaterally,Is Josef spectroscopical however cliffy or perforative Myron deek when unprosperously thirls some microbesor unvoices. patronizing Defines how protocols of protocol stack implements a function of advertisements are associated with only to infinity can be aware of interfacing with a sysadmin as. The unsuspecting hapless user may cause his application to crash or otherwise fail. But obscure protocol suite and ip makes sure that. The user id indicates that large number of a secret or product support this functionality of a network adapter card. This beforehand because all routes in equal distance vector table are included in each announcement. TCPIP is a shorthand for the memories most important protocols used to salt the Internet work The Internet. Therefore, MBGP can create routes for both unicast and multicast traffic. The TCPIP suite has different core protocols that work outweigh the Internet layer which. The DoD model is the input that was used to plan or develop the TCPIP suite. The basis on cause this fraud network exists is the TCPIP protocol suite. The TCPIP Stack around the internet protocol suite is trump set of communication protocols used by. Ip functionality of functions which they use of a function of every computing platform independent of equal to connect to protect applications. When tcp protocol suite and function at each level. Connections are made to the first host in the anycast address group to respond. What is OSI Model 7 Layers Explained Imperva. -
Lightweight Internet Protocol Stack Ideal Choice for High-Performance HFT and Telecom Packet Processing Applications Lightweight Internet Protocol Stack
GE Intelligent Platforms Lightweight Internet Protocol Stack Ideal Choice for High-Performance HFT and Telecom Packet Processing Applications Lightweight Internet Protocol Stack Introduction The number of devices connected to IP networks will be nearly three times as high as the global population in 2016. There will be nearly three networked devices per capita in 2016, up from over one networked device per capita in 2011. Driven in part by the increase in devices and the capabilities of those devices, IP traffic per capita will reach 15 gigabytes per capita in 2016, up from 4 gigabytes per capita in 2011 (Cisco VNI). Figure 1 shows the anticipated growth in IP traffic and networked devices. The IP traffic is increasing globally at the breath-taking pace. The rate at which these IP data packets needs to be processed to ensure not only their routing, security and delivery in the core of the network but also the identification and extraction of payload content for various end-user applications such as high frequency trading (HFT), has also increased. In order to support the demand of high-performance IP packet processing, users and developers are increasingly moving to a novel approach of combining PCI Express packet processing accelerator cards in a standalone network server to create an accelerated network server. The benefits of using such a hardware solu- tion are explained in the GE Intelligent Platforms white paper, Packet Processing in Telecommunications – A Case for the Accelerated Network Server. 80 2016 The number of networked devices -
TCP/IP Protocol Suite
TCP/IP Protocol Suite Marshal Miller Chris Chase Robert W. Taylor (Director of Information Processing Techniques Office at ARPA 1965-1969) "For each of these three terminals, I had three different sets of user commands. So if I was talking online with someone at S.D.C. and I wanted to talk to someone I knew at Berkeley or M.I.T. about this, I had to get up from the S.D.C. terminal, go over and log into the other terminal and get in touch with them. I said, oh, man, it's obvious what to do: If you have these three terminals, there ought to be one terminal that goes anywhere you want to go where you have interactive computing. That idea is the ARPANET." – New York Times Interview: December 20, 1999 Overview • Terminology • History • Technical Details: – TCP – IP – Related Protocols • Physical Media • Social Implications • Economic Impact 3 Terminology • Protocol – A set of rules outlining the format to be used for communication between systems • Domain Name System (DNS) – Converts an Internet domain into an IP address • Router – A computer or software package used in packet switched networks to look at the source and destination addresses, and decide where to send the packets • Uniform Resource Indicators – Uniform Resource Location (URL) • How to find the resource: HTTP, FTP, Telnet – Uniform Resource Names (URN) • What the resource is: Not as common as URL 4 History: Pre-TCP/IP • Networks existed and information could be transferred within • Because of differences in network implementation communication between networks different for each application • Need for unification in protocols connecting networks 5 History: TCP/IP Development • 1968: Plans develop for using Interface Message Processors (IMPs) • Dec. -
High Level Synthesis for Packet Processing Pipelines Cristian
High Level Synthesis for Packet Processing Pipelines Cristian Soviani Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2007 c 2007 Cristian Soviani All Rights Reserved ABSTRACT High Level Synthesis for Packet Processing Pipelines Cristian Soviani Packet processing is an essential function of state-of-the-art network routers and switches. Implementing packet processors in pipelined architectures is a well-known, established technique, albeit different approaches have been proposed. The design of packet processing pipelines is a delicate trade-off between the desire for abstract specifications, short development time, and design maintainability on one hand and very aggressive performance requirements on the other. This thesis proposes a coherent design flow for packet processing pipelines. Like the design process itself, I start by introducing a novel domain-specific language that provides a high-level specification of the pipeline. Next, I address synthesizing this model and calculating its worst-case throughput. Finally, I address some specific circuit optimization issues. I claim, based on experimental results, that my proposed technique can dramat- ically improve the design process of these pipelines, while the resulting performance matches the expectations of hand-crafted design. The considered pipelines exhibit a pseudo-linear topology, which can be too re- strictive in the general case. However, especially due to its high performance, such an architecture may be suitable for applications outside packet processing, in which case some of my proposed techniques could be easily adapted. Since I ran my experiments on FPGAs, this work has an inherent bias towards that technology; however, most results are technology-independent. -
Evaluating the Power of Flexible Packet Processing for Network Resource Allocation Naveen Kr
Evaluating the Power of Flexible Packet Processing for Network Resource Allocation Naveen Kr. Sharma, Antoine Kaufmann, and Thomas Anderson, University of Washington; Changhoon Kim, Barefoot Networks; Arvind Krishnamurthy, University of Washington; Jacob Nelson, Microsoft Research; Simon Peter, The University of Texas at Austin https://www.usenix.org/conference/nsdi17/technical-sessions/presentation/sharma This paper is included in the Proceedings of the 14th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI ’17). March 27–29, 2017 • Boston, MA, USA ISBN 978-1-931971-37-9 Open access to the Proceedings of the 14th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation is sponsored by USENIX. Evaluating the Power of Flexible Packet Processing for Network Resource Allocation Naveen Kr. Sharma∗ Antoine Kaufmann∗ Thomas Anderson∗ Changhoon Kim† Arvind Krishnamurthy∗ Jacob Nelson‡ Simon Peter§ Abstract of the packet header, perform simple computations on Recent hardware switch architectures make it feasible values in packet headers, and maintain mutable state that to perform flexible packet processing inside the net- preserves the results of computations across packets. Im- work. This allows operators to configure switches to portantly, these advanced data-plane processing features parse and process custom packet headers using flexi- operate at line rate on every packet, addressing a ma- ble match+action tables in order to exercise control over jor limitation of earlier solutions such as OpenFlow [22] how packets are processed and routed. However, flexible which could only operate on a small fraction of packets, switches have limited state, support limited types of op- e.g., for flow setup. FlexSwitches thus hold the promise erations, and limit per-packet computation in order to be of ushering in the new paradigm of a software defined able to operate at line rate. -
An Architecture for High-Speed Packet Switched Networks (Thesis)
Purdue University Purdue e-Pubs Department of Computer Science Technical Reports Department of Computer Science 1989 An Architecture for High-Speed Packet Switched Networks (Thesis) Rajendra Shirvaram Yavatkar Report Number: 89-898 Yavatkar, Rajendra Shirvaram, "An Architecture for High-Speed Packet Switched Networks (Thesis)" (1989). Department of Computer Science Technical Reports. Paper 765. https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cstech/765 This document has been made available through Purdue e-Pubs, a service of the Purdue University Libraries. Please contact [email protected] for additional information. AN ARCIITTECTURE FOR IDGH-SPEED PACKET SWITCHED NETWORKS Rajcndra Shivaram Yavalkar CSD-TR-898 AugusL 1989 AN ARCHITECTURE FOR HIGH-SPEED PACKET SWITCHED NETWORKS A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Purdue University by Rajendra Shivaram Yavatkar In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy August 1989 Il TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF FIGURES Vl ABSTRACT ................................... Vlll 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 BackgroWld... 2 1.1.1 Network Architecture 2 1.1.2 Network-Level Services. 7 1.1.3 Circuit Switching. 7 1.1.4 Packet Switching . 8 1.1.5 Summary.... 11 1.2 The Proposed Solution. 12 1.3 Plan of Thesis. ..... 14 2. DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGY 15 2.1 Components of Packet Switched Networks 15 2.2 Concept Of Internetworking .. 16 2.3 Communication Services .... 17 2.4 Flow And Congestion Control. 18 3. NETWORK ARCHITECTURE 19 3.1 Basic Model . ... 20 3.2 Services Provided. 22 3.3 Protocol Hierarchy 24 3.4 Addressing . 26 3.5 Routing .. 29 3.6 Rate-based Congestion Avoidance 31 3.7 Responsibilities of a Router 32 3.8 Autoconfiguration ..