Function of Tcp Ip Protocol Suite
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DE-CIX Academy Handout
Networking Basics 04 - User Datagram Protocol (UDP) Wolfgang Tremmel [email protected] DE-CIX Management GmbH | Lindleystr. 12 | 60314 Frankfurt | Germany Phone + 49 69 1730 902 0 | [email protected] | www.de-cix.net Networking Basics DE-CIX Academy 01 - Networks, Packets, and Protocols 02 - Ethernet 02a - VLANs 03 - the Internet Protocol (IP) 03a - IP Addresses, Prefixes, and Routing 03b - Global IP routing 04 - User Datagram Protocol (UDP) 05 - TCP ... Layer Name Internet Model 5 Application IP / Internet Layer 4 Transport • Data units are called "Packets" 3 Internet 2 Link Provides source to destination transport • 1 Physical • For this we need addresses • Examples: • IPv4 • IPv6 Layer Name Internet Model 5 Application Transport Layer 4 Transport 3 Internet 2 Link 1 Physical Layer Name Internet Model 5 Application Transport Layer 4 Transport • May provide flow control, reliability, congestion 3 Internet avoidance 2 Link 1 Physical Layer Name Internet Model 5 Application Transport Layer 4 Transport • May provide flow control, reliability, congestion 3 Internet avoidance 2 Link • Examples: 1 Physical • TCP (flow control, reliability, congestion avoidance) • UDP (none of the above) Layer Name Internet Model 5 Application Transport Layer 4 Transport • May provide flow control, reliability, congestion 3 Internet avoidance 2 Link • Examples: 1 Physical • TCP (flow control, reliability, congestion avoidance) • UDP (none of the above) • Also may contain information about the next layer up Encapsulation Packets inside packets • Encapsulation is like Russian dolls Attribution: Fanghong. derivative work: Greyhood https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Matryoshka_transparent.png Encapsulation Packets inside packets • Encapsulation is like Russian dolls • IP Packets have a payload Attribution: Fanghong. -
A Secure Peer-To-Peer Web Framework
A Secure Peer-to-Peer Web Framework Joakim Koskela Andrei Gurtov Helsinki Institute for Information Technology Helsinki Institute for Information Technology PO Box 19800, 00076 Aalto PO Box 19800, 00076 Aalto Email: joakim.koskela@hiit.fi Email: andrei.gurtov@hiit.fi Abstract—We present the design and evaluation of a se- application, that can be deployed without investing in dedi- cure peer-to-peer HTTP middleware framework that enables cated infrastructure while addressing issues such as middlebox a multitude of web applications without relying on service traversal, mobility, security and identity management. providers. The framework is designed to be deployed in existing network environments, allowing ordinary users to create private II. PEER-TO-PEER HTTP services without investing in network infrastructure. Compared to previous work, scalability, NAT/firewall traversal and peer From its launch in the early 1990s, the HyperText Transfer mobility is achieved without the need for maintaining dedicated Protocol (HTTP) had grown to be one of the most popular servers by utilizing new network protocols and re-using existing protocols on the Internet today. It is used daily for everything network resources. from past-time activities, such as recreational browsing, gam- I. INTRODUCTION ing and media downloads, to business- and security-critical Peer-to-peer (P2P) systems have been popular within net- applications such as payment systems and on-line banking. work research during the past years as they have the potential The success of HTTP has clearly grown beyond its original to offer more reliable, fault-tolerant and cost-efficient network- design as a simple, easy to manage protocol for exchanging ing. -
I.L. 40-614A 1 1. INTRODUCTION the Basic Interface to Remote Terminal, Or BIRT, Is an INCOM Network Master. BIRT Gives Users An
I.L. 40-614A 1. INTRODUCTION 3. DESCRIPTION The Basic Interface to Remote Terminal, or BIRT, is 3.1. Power Requirements an INCOM Network Master. BIRT gives users an economical way of getting information from their Range: 48 Vdc to 250 Vdc and 120 Vac INCOM-compatible devices since it connects directly between a user’s external MODEM or personal com- Burden: 3.5 W @ 48 Vdc puter and the INCOM network. 9 W @ 250 Vdc 5 W @ 120 Vac BIRT can directly replace Westinghouse MINTs, talk- ing to all INCOM-based communication devices. 3.2. Temperature Range BIRTs also include a special high-speed mode for communicating with SADIs – allowing users to collect For Operation: 0˚ to +55˚ C data from other manufacturer’s relays more rapidly For Storage: -20˚ to +80˚ C than ever before. 3.3. Physical Dimensions BIRTs are built to handle the abuse of substation environment; their “hardened” RS-232 serial port can The BIRT enclosure dimensions are identical to the handle surges and sustained high voltages that ERNI and SADI, as shown in figure 1. would destroy ordinary serial ports, and BIRTs can run on a wide range of voltages, from 48 to 250 Vdc Dimensions and weight of chassis or even 120 Vac, with no jumpers or adjustments needed. Height: 5.26” (133.6) mm) Width: 3.32” (84.3) mm) Depth: 5.92” (150.4) mm) 2. FEATURES Weight: 2.0 lbs (0.9 kg) BIRT is designed to be very flexible in its RS-232 External Wiring: See figures 2 and 3. -
User Datagram Protocol - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia Página 1 De 6
User Datagram Protocol - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Página 1 de 6 User Datagram Protocol From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The five-layer TCP/IP model User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is one of the core 5. Application layer protocols of the Internet protocol suite. Using UDP, programs on networked computers can send short DHCP · DNS · FTP · Gopher · HTTP · messages sometimes known as datagrams (using IMAP4 · IRC · NNTP · XMPP · POP3 · Datagram Sockets) to one another. UDP is sometimes SIP · SMTP · SNMP · SSH · TELNET · called the Universal Datagram Protocol. RPC · RTCP · RTSP · TLS · SDP · UDP does not guarantee reliability or ordering in the SOAP · GTP · STUN · NTP · (more) way that TCP does. Datagrams may arrive out of order, 4. Transport layer appear duplicated, or go missing without notice. TCP · UDP · DCCP · SCTP · RTP · Avoiding the overhead of checking whether every RSVP · IGMP · (more) packet actually arrived makes UDP faster and more 3. Network/Internet layer efficient, at least for applications that do not need IP (IPv4 · IPv6) · OSPF · IS-IS · BGP · guaranteed delivery. Time-sensitive applications often IPsec · ARP · RARP · RIP · ICMP · use UDP because dropped packets are preferable to ICMPv6 · (more) delayed packets. UDP's stateless nature is also useful 2. Data link layer for servers that answer small queries from huge 802.11 · 802.16 · Wi-Fi · WiMAX · numbers of clients. Unlike TCP, UDP supports packet ATM · DTM · Token ring · Ethernet · broadcast (sending to all on local network) and FDDI · Frame Relay · GPRS · EVDO · multicasting (send to all subscribers). HSPA · HDLC · PPP · PPTP · L2TP · ISDN · (more) Common network applications that use UDP include 1. -
Hotspot Feature for Wi-Fi Clients with RADIUS User Authentication on Digi Transport
Application Note 56 Hotspot feature for Wi-Fi clients with RADIUS User Authentication on Digi TransPort. Digi Support November 2015 1 Contents 1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 4 1.1 Outline ......................................................................................................................................... 4 1.2 Assumptions ................................................................................................................................ 4 1.3 Corrections .................................................................................................................................. 4 2 Version .................................................................................................................................................5 3 Configuration .......................................................................................................................................5 3.1 Mobile Interface Configuration .....................................................................................................5 3.2 Ethernet Interface Configuration ................................................................................................. 6 3.2.1 ETH 0 Configuration ................................................................................................................. 6 3.2.2 ETH 12 Logical Interface Configuration .................................................................................... -
Introduction to Peer-To-Peer Networks
Introduction to Peer-to-Peer Networks The Story of Peer-to-Peer The Nature of Peer-to-Peer: Generals & Paradigms Unstructured Peer-to-Peer Systems Sample Applications 1 Prof. Dr. Thomas Schmidt http:/www.informatik.haw-hamburg.de/~schmidt A Peer-to-Peer system is a self-organizing system of equal, autonomous entities (peers) which aims for the shared usage of distributed resources in a networked environment avoiding central services. Andy Oram 2 Prof. Dr. Thomas Schmidt http:/www.informatik.haw-hamburg.de/~schmidt The Old Days NetNews (nntp) Usenet since 1979, initially based on UUCP Exchange (replication) of news articles by subscription Group creation/deletion decentralised DNS Distributed delegation of name authorities: file sharing of host tables Name “Servers” act as peers Hierarchical information space permits exponential growth Systems are manually configured distributed peers 3 Prof. Dr. Thomas Schmidt http:/www.informatik.haw-hamburg.de/~schmidt SETI@home: Distributed Computing Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI) Analyse radio sig- nals from space Globally shared computing res. Idea 1995 First version 1998 2002 ≈ 4 Mio clnt E.g. Screensaver From Anderson et. al.: SETI@home, Comm. ACM, 45 (11), Nov. 2002 http://setiathome.berkeley.edu/ - ongoing 4 Prof. Dr. Thomas Schmidt http:/www.informatik.haw-hamburg.de/~schmidt SETI@home (2) http-based client-server model No client-client communication Data chunks: load & return N-redundancy for fault detection Attacks: bogus code From Anderson -
Network Connectivity and Transport – Transport
Idaho Technology Authority (ITA) ENTERPRISE STANDARDS – S3000 NETWORK AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS Category: S3510 – NETWORK CONNECTIVITY AND TRANSPORT – TRANSPORT CONTENTS: I. Definition II. Rationale III. Approved Standard(s) IV. Approved Product(s) V. Justification VI. Technical and Implementation Considerations VII. Emerging Trends and Architectural Directions VIII. Procedure Reference IX. Review Cycle X. Contact Information Revision History I. DEFINITION Transport provides for the transparent transfer of data between different hosts and systems. The two (2) primary transport protocols in the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) suite are the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the User Datagram Protocol (UDP). II. RATIONALE Idaho State government must be able to easily, reliably, and economically communicate data and information to conduct State business. TCP/IP is the protocol standard used throughout the global Internet and endorsed by ITA Policy 3020 – Connectivity and Transport Protocols, for use in State government networks (LAN and WAN). III. APPROVED STANDARD(S) TCP/IP Transport: 1. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP); and 2. User Datagram Protocol (UDP). IV. APPROVED PRODUCT(S) Standards-based products and architecture S3510 – Network Connectivity and Transport – Transport Page 1 of 2 V. JUSTIFICATION TCP and UDP are the transport standards for critical State applications like electronic mail and World Wide Web services. VI. TECHNICAL AND IMPLEMENTATION CONSIDERATIONS It is also important to carefully consider the security implications of the deployment, administration, and operation of a TCP/IP network. VII. EMERGING TRENDS AND ARCHITECTURAL DIRECTIONS The use of TCP/IP (Internet) protocols and applications continues to increase. Agencies purchasing new systems may want to consider compatibility with the emerging Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6), which was designed by the Internet Engineering Task Force to replace IPv4 and will dramatically expand available IP addresses. -
Peer-To-Peer Networks
Peer-to-Peer Networks 14-740: Fundamentals of Computer Networks Credit to Bill Nace, 14-740, Fall 2017 Material from Computer Networking: A Top Down Approach, 6th edition. J.F. Kurose and K.W. Ross traceroute • P2P Overview • Architecture components • Napster (Centralized) • Gnutella (Distributed) • Skype and KaZaA (Hybrid, Hierarchical) • KaZaA Reverse Engineering Study 14-740: Spring 2018 2 What is P2P? • Client / Server interaction • Client: any end-host • Server: specific end-host • P2P: Peer-to-peer • Any end-host • Aim to leverage resources available on “clients” (peers) • Hard drive space • Bandwidth (especially upload) • Computational power • Anonymity (i.e. Zombie botnets) • “Edge-ness” (i.e. being distributed at network edges) • Clients are particularly fickle • Users have not agreed to provide any particular level of service • Users are not altruistic -- algorithm must force participation without allowing cheating • Clients are not trusted • Client code may be modified • And yet, availability of resources must be assured P2P History • Proto-P2P systems exist • DNS, Netnews/Usenet • Xerox Grapevine (~1982): name, mail delivery service • Kicked into high gear in 1999 • Many users had “always-on” broadband net connections • 1st Generation: Napster (music exchange) • 2nd Generation: Freenet, Gnutella, Kazaa, BitTorrent • More scalable, designed for anonymity, fault-tolerant • 3rd Generation: Middleware -- Pastry, Chord • Provide for overlay routing to place/find resources 14-740: Spring 2018 6 P2P Architecture • Content Directory -
Application Protocol Data Unit Meaning
Application Protocol Data Unit Meaning Oracular and self Walter ponces her prunelle amity enshrined and clubbings jauntily. Uniformed and flattering Wait often uniting some instinct up-country or allows injuriously. Pixilated and trichitic Stanleigh always strum hurtlessly and unstepping his extensity. NXP SE05x T1 Over I2C Specification NXP Semiconductors. The session layer provides the mechanism for opening closing and managing a session between end-user application processes ie a semi-permanent dialogue. Uses MAC addresses to connect devices and define permissions to leather and commit data 1. What are Layer 7 in networking? What eating the application protocols? Application Level Protocols Department of Computer Science. The present invention pertains to the convert of Protocol Data Unit PDU session. Network protocols often stay to transport large chunks of physician which are layer in. The term packet denotes an information unit whose box and tranquil is remote network-layer entity. What is application level security? What does APDU stand or Hop sound to rot the meaning of APDU The Acronym AbbreviationSlang APDU means application-layer protocol data system by. In the context of smart cards an application protocol data unit APDU is the communication unit or a bin card reader and a smart all The structure of the APDU is defined by ISOIEC 716-4 Organization. Application level security is also known target end-to-end security or message level security. PDU Protocol Data Unit Definition TechTerms. TCPIP vs OSI What's the Difference Between his Two Models. The OSI Model Cengage. As an APDU Application Protocol Data Unit which omit the communication unit advance a. -
Secure Shell- Its Significance in Networking (Ssh)
International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management (IJAIEM) Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: [email protected] Volume 4, Issue 3, March 2015 ISSN 2319 - 4847 SECURE SHELL- ITS SIGNIFICANCE IN NETWORKING (SSH) ANOOSHA GARIMELLA , D.RAKESH KUMAR 1. B. TECH, COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING Student, 3rd year-2nd Semester GITAM UNIVERSITY Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh India 2.Assistant Professor Computer Science and Engineering GITAM UNIVERSITY Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh India ABSTRACT This paper is focused on the evolution of SSH, the need for SSH, working of SSH, its major components and features of SSH. As the number of users over the Internet is increasing, there is a greater threat of your data being vulnerable. Secure Shell (SSH) Protocol provides a secure method for remote login and other secure network services over an insecure network. The SSH protocol has been designed to support many features along with proper security. This architecture with the help of its inbuilt layers which are independent of each other provides user authentication, integrity, and confidentiality, connection- oriented end to end delivery, multiplexes encrypted tunnel into several logical channels, provides datagram delivery across multiple networks and may optionally provide compression. Here, we have also described in detail what every layer of the architecture does along with the connection establishment. Some of the threats which Ssh can encounter, applications, advantages and disadvantages have also been mentioned in this document. Keywords: SSH, Cryptography, Port Forwarding, Secure SSH Tunnel, Key Exchange, IP spoofing, Connection- Hijacking. 1. INTRODUCTION SSH Secure Shell was first created in 1995 by Tatu Ylonen with the release of version 1.0 of SSH Secure Shell and the Internet Draft “The SSH Secure Shell Remote Login Protocol”. -
Multiple Internet Connections by Balancing Traffic and Managing Failover with Zeroshell
Multiple Internet Connections by Balancing Traffic and Managing Failover With Zeroshell The purpose of this document is to describe the creation of a router to access a network that uses multiple Internet connections in order to balance the outgoing LAN demand and to obtain network access redundancy, managing fault situations for one or multiple lines. To reach our objective, we shall use the Net Balancer module by Zeroshell. Lastly, we shall examine the possibility of aggregation (Bonding) of VPN aimed at increasing the bandwidth for point-to-point connection between remote locations via the Internet. Is it really possible to increase the Internet connection bandwidth? The answer to this question is not, "yes, absolutely." It depends on what you mean by increasing the Internet connection bandwidth. In essence, the Net Balancer distributes requests originating from the LAN by round-robin (weighed) policy over multiple Internet gateways. In other words, if at a given point in time there is only one LAN user making only one TCP connection (e.g. he executes only one download from the web), his traffic will flow from a single gateway, thus it would not benefit from balanced connections. Instead, if the LAN is crowded with users, each executing multiple requests at the same time, as a whole, their connections will have access to a higher bandwidth, equal to the sum of the single-access bandwidths. We then conclude that a single connection may never have more bandwidth than what offered by a single link, while multiple simultaneous connections will, on average, altogether have access to a greater bandwidth, which will stretch to the sum of the bandwidths of all the Internet links being balanced. -
Linksys E800 Router User Guide
User Guide Linksys E800 Linksys E800 Contents Contents Product overview How to find your network on the Internet 14 How to clone a MAC address 15 Package contents 1 How to connect to your corporate office using a VPN 15 Features 1 Back view 2 How to optimize your router for gaming and voice 16 Bottom view 2 How to remotely change your router settings 17 How to enable Voice over IP on your network 18 Setting Up: Basics How to configure UPnP 19 How to create a home network 3 How to use a router as an access point 19 What is a network? 3 How to put your new router behind an existing router 21 How to set up a home network 3 To add your router to an existing router or gateway 21 Where to find more help 3 To share an Internet connection 21 To extend your network 23 How to set up your router 3 How to start Cisco Connect 4 How to expose a device to the Internet 23 How to improve your wireless connection speed 5 How to test your Internet connection speed 5 Improving Security How to connect devices to your network 6 How do I know if my network is secure? 25 How to connect a computer to your network 6 How to connect a printer 8 Network security following a manual setup 25 How to connect other devices 8 How to set up wireless security using Wi-Fi Protected Setup 26 How to change your router’s name and password 10 Wi-Fi Protected Setup activity light 26 Connecting a device using the Wi-Fi Protected Setup button 26 How to connect a device using its Wi-Fi Protected Setup PIN 27 How to connect a device using the router’s Wi-Fi Protected Setup PIN 27