Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants
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Spotted Salamander (Ambystoma Maculafum)
Spotted Salamander (Ambystoma maculafum) RANGE: Nova Scotia and the Gaspe Peninsula to s. On- BREEDINGPERIOD: March to mid-April. Mass breeding tario, s. through Wisconsin, s. Illinois excluding prairie migrations occur in this species: individuals enter and regions, toe. Kansas andTexas, and through the Eastern leave breeding ponds using the same track each year, United States, except Florida, the Delmarva Peninsula, and exhibit fidelity to breeding ponds (Shoop 1956, and s. New Jersey. 1974). Individuals may not breed in consecutive years (Husting 1965). Breeding migrations occur during RELATIVE ABUNDANCEIN NEW ENGLAND:Common steady evening rainstorms. though populations declining, probably due to acid pre- cipitation. EGG DEPOSITION:1 to 6 days after first appearance of adults at ponds (Bishop 1941 : 114). HABITAT:Fossorial; found in moist woods, steambanks, beneath stones, logs, boards. Prefers deciduous or NO. EGGS/MASS:100 to 200 eggs, average of 125, laid in mixed woods on rocky hillsides and shallow woodland large masses of jelly, sometimes milky, attached to stems ponds or marshy pools that hold water through the sum- about 15 cm (6 inches) under water. Each female lays 1 to mer for breeding. Usually does not inhabit ponds con- 10 masses (average of 2 to 3) of eggs (Wright and Allen taining fish (Anderson 1967a). Terrestrial hibernator. In 1909).Woodward (1982)reported that females breeding summer often wanders far from water source. Found in in permanent ponds produced smaller, more numerous low oak-hickory forests with creeks and nearby swamps eggs than females using temporary ponds. in Illinois (Cagle 1942, cited in Smith 1961 :30). -
The Natural History, Distribution, and Phenotypic Variation of Cave-Dwelling Spring Salamanders, Gyrinophilus Spp
Marshall University Marshall Digital Scholar Theses, Dissertations and Capstones 2005 The aN tural History, Distribution, and Phenotypic Variation of Cave-dwelling Spring Salamanders, Gyrinophilus spp. Cope (Plethodontidae), in West Virginia Michael Steven Osbourn Follow this and additional works at: http://mds.marshall.edu/etd Part of the Aquaculture and Fisheries Commons, and the Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Commons Recommended Citation Osbourn, Michael Steven, "The aN tural History, Distribution, and Phenotypic Variation of Cave-dwelling Spring Salamanders, Gyrinophilus spp. Cope (Plethodontidae), in West Virginia" (2005). Theses, Dissertations and Capstones. Paper 735. This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Marshall Digital Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses, Dissertations and Capstones by an authorized administrator of Marshall Digital Scholar. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Natural History, Distribution, and Phenotypic Variation of Cave-dwelling Spring Salamanders, Gyrinophilus spp. Cope (Plethodontidae), in West Virginia. Thesis submitted to The Graduate College of Marshall University In partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Master of Science Biological Sciences By Michael Steven Osbourn Thomas K. Pauley, Committee Chairperson Daniel K. Evans, PhD Thomas G. Jones, PhD Marshall University May 2005 Abstract The Natural History, Distribution, and Phenotypic Variation of Cave-dwelling Spring Salamanders, Gyrinophilus spp. Cope (Plethodontidae), in West Virginia. Michael S. Osbourn There are over 4000 documented caves in West Virginia, potentially providing refuge and habitat for a diversity of amphibians and reptiles. Spring Salamanders, Gyrinophilus porphyriticus, are among the most frequently encountered amphibians in caves. Surveys of 25 caves provided expanded distribution records and insight into ecology and diet of G. -
Subterranean Reproduction of the Southern Two-Lined Salamander (Eurycea Cirrigera) from Short Mountain, Tennessee
Herpetological Conservation and Biology 2(2):106-112. Submitted: 15 April 2007; Accepted: 7 July 2007 SUBTERRANEAN REPRODUCTION OF THE SOUTHERN TWO-LINED SALAMANDER (EURYCEA CIRRIGERA) FROM SHORT MOUNTAIN, TENNESSEE 1,2 1 MATTHEW L. NIEMILLER AND BRIAN T. MILLER 1Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, Tennessee 37132, USA 2Corresponding author/Present Address: Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA, e-mail: [email protected] Abstract.—The Southern Two-lined Salamander, Eurycea cirrigera, typically inhabits the margins of small, rocky streams, springs, and seeps in forested areas. The species is found only occasionally in subterranean habitats and, consequently, is considered a cave visitor (accidental or trogloxene). However, we discovered egg clutches in the deep cave zone of a subterranean stream during January and February 2005, indicating that some individuals are adapted to reproduce in caves. Eggs were attached singly to form monolayer masses on the undersurfaces of submerged rocks; females were found attending three of nine clutches. We determined the total number of eggs/clutch, mass surface area, egg and embryo size, and stage of development using digital images of each clutch. Embryo length correlated positively with developmental stage. Duration of embryonic period ranged from 35-42 days; consequently, eggs were laid from early to mid-January and larvae hatched from late February to early March. Adult males and females migrated into the cave to breed during late autumn. Males exited the cave after mating; whereas, females brooded their eggs and exited the cave only after eggs hatched. Larvae drifted downstream and out of the cave following heavy winter and early spring rains. -
Northern Spring Salamander Fact Sheet
WILDLIFE IN CONNECTICUT STATE THREATENED SPECIES © COURTESY D. QUINN © COURTESY Northern Spring Salamander Gyrinophilus p. porphyriticus Background and Range The northern spring salamander is a brightly-colored member of the lungless salamander family (Plethodontidae). True to its name, it resides in cool water springs and streams, making it an excellent indicator of a clean, well- oxygenated water source. Due to its strict habitat and clean water requirements, it is only found in a handful of locations within Connecticut. The Central Connecticut Lowlands divide this amphibian's range into distinct populations. Litchfield and Hartford Counties support the greatest populations of spring salamanders. This salamander is listed as a threatened species in Connecticut. In North America, the spring salamander occurs from extreme southeastern Canada south through New England, west to Ohio, and south down the Appalachians as far as northern Georgia and Alabama. Description This large, robust salamander ranges in color from salmon to reddish-brown to purplish-brown, with a translucent white underbelly. The snout appears “square” when viewed from above and the salamander has well-defined grooves near its eyes to its snout. The tail is laterally flattened with a fin-like tip. Young spring salamanders are lighter in color and have small gills. Their coloration does not have deeper reddish tints until adulthood. Total length ranges from 5 to 7.5 inches. Habitat and Diet Spring salamanders require very clean, cool, and well-oxygenated water. They can be found in streams, brooks, and seepage areas. Preferred habitat lies within steep, rocky hemlock forests. This species is intolerant to disturbances. -
AMPHIBIANS of OHIO F I E L D G U I D E DIVISION of WILDLIFE INTRODUCTION
AMPHIBIANS OF OHIO f i e l d g u i d e DIVISION OF WILDLIFE INTRODUCTION Amphibians are typically shy, secre- Unlike reptiles, their skin is not scaly. Amphibian eggs must remain moist if tive animals. While a few amphibians Nor do they have claws on their toes. they are to hatch. The eggs do not have are relatively large, most are small, deli- Most amphibians prefer to come out at shells but rather are covered with a jelly- cately attractive, and brightly colored. night. like substance. Amphibians lay eggs sin- That some of these more vulnerable spe- gly, in masses, or in strings in the water The young undergo what is known cies survive at all is cause for wonder. or in some other moist place. as metamorphosis. They pass through Nearly 200 million years ago, amphib- a larval, usually aquatic, stage before As with all Ohio wildlife, the only ians were the first creatures to emerge drastically changing form and becoming real threat to their continued existence from the seas to begin life on land. The adults. is habitat degradation and destruction. term amphibian comes from the Greek Only by conserving suitable habitat to- Ohio is fortunate in having many spe- amphi, which means dual, and bios, day will we enable future generations to cies of amphibians. Although generally meaning life. While it is true that many study and enjoy Ohio’s amphibians. inconspicuous most of the year, during amphibians live a double life — spend- the breeding season, especially follow- ing part of their lives in water and the ing a warm, early spring rain, amphib- rest on land — some never go into the ians appear in great numbers seemingly water and others never leave it. -
Spring Salamander (Gyrinophilus Porphyriticus) in Canada, Prepared Under Contract with Environment Canada
COSEWIC Assessment and Status Report on the Spring Salamander Gyrinophilus porphyriticus Adirondack / Appalachian population Carolinian population in Canada Adirondack / Appalachian population – THREATENED Carolinian population - EXTIRPATED 2011 COSEWIC status reports are working documents used in assigning the status of wildlife species suspected of being at risk. This report may be cited as follows: COSEWIC. 2011. COSEWIC assessment and status report on the Spring Salamander, Adirondack / Appalachian and Carolinian populations Gyrinophilus porphyriticus in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. xiv + 52 pp. (www.sararegistry.gc.ca/status/status_e.cfm). Previous report(s): COSEWIC. 2002. COSEWIC assessment and status report on the Spring Salamander Gyrinophilus porphyriticus in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. vi + 16 pp. Bonin, J. 1999. COSEWIC status report on the Spring Salamander Gyrinophilus porphyriticus in Canada in COSEWIC assessment and status report on the spring salamander Gyrinophilus porphyriticus in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. 1-16 pp. Production note: COSEWIC would like to acknowledge Anaïs Boutin for writing the status report on the Spring Salamander (Gyrinophilus porphyriticus) in Canada, prepared under contract with Environment Canada. This report was overseen and edited by Ronald J. Brooks, Co-chair of the COSEWIC Amphibians and Reptiles Specialist Subcommittee For additional copies contact: COSEWIC Secretariat c/o Canadian Wildlife Service Environment Canada Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3 Tel.: 819-953-3215 Fax: 819-994-3684 E-mail: COSEWIC/[email protected] http://www.cosewic.gc.ca Également disponible en français sous le titre Ếvaluation et Rapport de situation du COSEPAC sur le salamandre pourpre population des Adirondacks et des Appalaches et population carolinienne (Gyrinophilus porphyriticus) au Canada. -
Amphibian and Reptile Checklist
KEY TO ABBREVIATIONS ___ Eastern Rat Snake (Pantherophis alleghaniensis) – BLUE RIDGE (NC‐C, VA‐C) Habitat: Varies from rocky timbered hillsides to flat farmland. The following codes refer to an animal’s abundance in ___ Eastern Hog‐nosed Snake (Heterodon platirhinos) – PARKWAY suitable habitat along the parkway, not the likelihood of (NC‐R, VA‐U) Habitat: Sandy or friable loam soil seeing it. Information on the abundance of each species habitats at lower elevation. AMPHIBIAN & comes from wildlife sightings reported by park staff and ___ Eastern Kingsnake (Lampropeltis getula) – (NC‐U, visitors, from other agencies, and from park research VA‐U) Habitat: Generalist at low elevations. reports. ___ Northern Mole Snake (Lampropeltis calligaster REPTILE C – COMMON rhombomaculata) – (VA‐R) Habitat: Mixed pine U – UNCOMMON forests and open fields under logs or boards. CHECKLIST R – RARE ___ Eastern Milk Snake (Lampropeltis triangulum) – (NC‐ U, VA‐U) Habitat: Woodlands, grassy balds, and * – LISTED – Any species federally or state listed as meadows. Endangered, Threatened, or of Special Concern. ___ Northern Water Snake (Nerodia sipedon sipedon) – (NC‐C, VA‐C) Habitat: Wetlands, streams, and lakes. Non‐native – species not historically present on the ___ Rough Green Snake (Opheodrys aestivus) – (NC‐R, parkway that have been introduced (usually by humans.) VA‐R) Habitat: Low elevation forests. ___ Smooth Green Snake (Opheodrys vernalis) – (VA‐R) NC – NORTH CAROLINA Habitat: Moist, open woodlands or herbaceous Blue Ridge Red Cope's Gray wetlands under fallen debris. Salamander Treefrog VA – VIRGINIA ___ Northern Pine Snake (Pituophis melanoleucus melanoleucus) – (VA‐R) Habitat: Abandoned fields If you see anything unusual while on the parkway, please and dry mountain ridges with sandier soils. -
Federal Register/Vol. 76, No. 55/Tuesday, March 22, 2011
Federal Register / Vol. 76, No. 55 / Tuesday, March 22, 2011 / Proposed Rules 15919 before the test, per the regulation. provided by the roof crush standard. safety argument. Instead, its arguments Furthermore, it is not apparent how the NTEA stated that its statistics show that are based primarily on overstated modifications generally made by a final- the vast majority of multi-stage vehicles certification risk. As such, we believe stage manufacturer will create are rated above 6,000 pounds. NTEA that this rule should continue to include compliance difficulties with FMVSS No. noted that FMVSS No. 216a excludes those vehicles with an intact, compliant 216a. Moreover, as we explained in the trucks other than ones built on chassis- roof structure, whether they are multi-stage certification rulemaking, if cabs (and incomplete vehicles with a delivered to the dealership or the final- final-stage manufacturers identify full exterior van body), meaning that the stage manufacturer. particular areas where compliance with agency excluded approximately one- FMVSS No. 216a is a problem, they, or third of multi-stage vehicles with a IV. Conclusion NTEA on behalf of its members, can GVWR of 6001 pounds to 10,000 For the reasons discussed above, we petition for a temporary exemption pounds. NTEA also said that chassis deny the petition for reconsideration under 49 CFR part 555.78 with a GVWR of over 10,000 pounds submitted by NTEA. In our Further Response, we stated constitute 94.5 percent of the entire Authority: 49 U.S.C. 322, 30111, 30115, that in analyzing the 2006 GMT–355 market of chassis rated above 6,000 30166 and 30177; delegation of authority at IVD, which is for a body-on-frame pounds. -
Tennessee-Alabama-Georgia (TAG) Cave Teaching and Learning Module
Tennessee-Alabama-Georgia (TAG) Cave Teaching and Learning Module K. Denise Kendall, Ph.D. Matthew L. Niemiller, Ph.D. Annette S. Engel, Ph.D. Funding provided by 1 Dear Educator, We are pleased to present you with a TAG (Tennessee – Alabama – Georgia) cave-themed teaching and learning module. This module aims to engage Kindergarten through 5th grade students in subterranean biology, while fostering awareness and positive attitudes toward cave biodiversity. We have chosen cave fauna for this teaching module because students have a fascination with atypical organisms and environments. Moreover, little attention has been given to subterranean biodiversity in public outreach programs. Many students will likely be intrigued by the unique fauna and composition of subterranean landscapes. Therefore, we hope these lessons enable teachers to introduce students to the unique organisms and habitat below their feet. The module presents students with background information and outlines lessons that aim to reinforce and discover aspects of the content. Lessons in this module focus primarily on habitat formation, biodiversity, evolution, and system flows in subterranean landscapes. We intend for this module to be a guide, and, thus, we have included baseline material and activity plans. Teachers are welcome to use the lessons in any order they wish, use portions of lessons, and may modify the lessons as they please. Furthermore, educators may share these lessons with other school districts and teachers; however, please do not receive monetary gain for lessons in the module. Funding for the TAG Cave module has been graciously provided by the Cave Conservation Foundation, a non-profit 501(c)3 organization dedicated to promoting and facilitating the conservation, management, and knowledge of cave and karst resources. -
Key to the Identification of Streamside Salamanders
Key to the Identification of Streamside Salamanders Ambystoma spp., mole salamanders (Family Ambystomatidae) Appearance : Medium to large stocky salamanders. Large round heads with bulging eyes . Larvae are also stocky and have elaborate gills. Size: 3-8” (Total length). Spotted salamander, Ambystoma maculatum Habitat: Burrowers that spend much of their life below ground in terrestrial habitats. Some species, (e.g. marbled salamander) may be found under logs or other debris in riparian areas. All species breed in fishless isolated ponds or wetlands. Range: Statewide. Other: Five species in Georgia. This group includes some of the largest and most dramatically patterned terrestrial species. Marbled salamander, Ambystoma opacum Amphiuma spp., amphiuma (Family Amphiumidae) Appearance: Gray to black, eel-like bodies with four greatly reduced, non-functional legs (A). Size: up to 46” (Total length) Habitat: Lakes, ponds, ditches and canals, one species is found in deep pockets of mud along the Apalachicola River floodplains. A Range: Southern half of the state. Other: One species, the two-toed amphiuma ( A. means ), shown on the right, is known to occur in A. pholeter southern Georgia; a second species, ,Two-toed amphiuma, Amphiuma means may occur in extreme southwest Georgia, but has yet to be confirmed. The two-toed amphiuma (shown in photo) has two diminutive toes on each of the front limbs. Cryptobranchus alleganiensis , hellbender (Family Cryptobranchidae) Appearance: Very large, wrinkled salamander with eyes positioned laterally (A). Brown-gray in color with darker splotches Size: 12-29” (Total length) A Habitat: Large, rocky, fast-flowing streams. Often found beneath large rocks in shallow rapids. Range: Extreme northern Georgia only. -
Distribution and Relative Abundance of Tennessee Cave Salamanders (Gyrinophilus Palleucus and Gyrinophilus Gulolineatus) with an Emphasis on Tennessee Populations
Herpetological Conservation and Biology 3(1):1-20. Submitted: 18 September 2007; Accepted: 28 December 2007 DISTRIBUTION AND RELATIVE ABUNDANCE OF TENNESSEE CAVE SALAMANDERS (GYRINOPHILUS PALLEUCUS AND GYRINOPHILUS GULOLINEATUS) WITH AN EMPHASIS ON TENNESSEE POPULATIONS 1,2 1,3 BRIAN T. MILLER AND MATTHEW L. NIEMILLER 1 Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, Tennessee 37132, USA 2 Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] 3 Present Address: Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA, e-mail: [email protected] Abstract.—The Tennessee Cave Salamander complex (Gyrinophilus palleucus and G. gulolineatus) consists of three obligate cave-dwelling taxa inhabiting subterranean waters of east and central Tennessee, north Alabama, and northwest Georgia. Although ranges of these taxa are poorly understood, their populations are reportedly small and declining. The IUCN lists G. gulolineatus as "Endangered" and G. p. necturoides as "Vulnerable"; whereas, NatureServe lists G. gulolineatus (G1) and G. p. necturoides (G2G3T1) as Critically Imperiled. To better determine the distribution and relative abundance of extant populations, we searched 113 cave streams in middle and east Tennessee, seven in northwest Georgia, 13 in north Alabama and two in southern Kentucky. We found 1183 salamanders, including 63 G. gulolineatus, 681 G. palleucus, and 439 G. porphyriticus (Spring Salamanders), during 229 surveys of 135 caves. Gyrinophilus palleucus and G. gulolineatus were observed in more caves (30) than G. porphyriticus (17 caves). Members of the complex were found at 52% (12 of 23) of historic caves and at 16% (18 of 110) of non-historic caves. We extended the known distribution of G. -
Standard Common and Current Scientific Names for North American Amphibians, Turtles, Reptiles & Crocodilians
STANDARD COMMON AND CURRENT SCIENTIFIC NAMES FOR NORTH AMERICAN AMPHIBIANS, TURTLES, REPTILES & CROCODILIANS Sixth Edition Joseph T. Collins TraVis W. TAGGart The Center for North American Herpetology THE CEN T ER FOR NOR T H AMERI ca N HERPE T OLOGY www.cnah.org Joseph T. Collins, Director The Center for North American Herpetology 1502 Medinah Circle Lawrence, Kansas 66047 (785) 393-4757 Single copies of this publication are available gratis from The Center for North American Herpetology, 1502 Medinah Circle, Lawrence, Kansas 66047 USA; within the United States and Canada, please send a self-addressed 7x10-inch manila envelope with sufficient U.S. first class postage affixed for four ounces. Individuals outside the United States and Canada should contact CNAH via email before requesting a copy. A list of previous editions of this title is printed on the inside back cover. THE CEN T ER FOR NOR T H AMERI ca N HERPE T OLOGY BO A RD OF DIRE ct ORS Joseph T. Collins Suzanne L. Collins Kansas Biological Survey The Center for The University of Kansas North American Herpetology 2021 Constant Avenue 1502 Medinah Circle Lawrence, Kansas 66047 Lawrence, Kansas 66047 Kelly J. Irwin James L. Knight Arkansas Game & Fish South Carolina Commission State Museum 915 East Sevier Street P. O. Box 100107 Benton, Arkansas 72015 Columbia, South Carolina 29202 Walter E. Meshaka, Jr. Robert Powell Section of Zoology Department of Biology State Museum of Pennsylvania Avila University 300 North Street 11901 Wornall Road Harrisburg, Pennsylvania 17120 Kansas City, Missouri 64145 Travis W. Taggart Sternberg Museum of Natural History Fort Hays State University 3000 Sternberg Drive Hays, Kansas 67601 Front cover images of an Eastern Collared Lizard (Crotaphytus collaris) and Cajun Chorus Frog (Pseudacris fouquettei) by Suzanne L.