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White Guilt, Black Trauma Purpose of the Presentation Defining Terms 6/13/2016 Purpose of the presentation • Help participants to understand – to help participants understand the psychological and historical causes of racial/cultural identity emotional and physical violence related to microaggression. White Guilt, Black Trauma – Discussions will include racial identity models, microaggression, confirmation bias, cognitive dissonance theory , social identity theory, white guilt and Black Trauma. – Therapeutic implications of this presentations are PPA Presentation as follows: increasing participants awareness of the cultural identity and its influences on relating to cultural differences, expanding knowledge of cultural identity and the historical and current roots of emotional and physical violence relating to race, and developing counseling skills to address cultural and racial issues in therapy, interpersonally or the community at large. Defining terms Racism • • Clinician can build on the past by being aware of the effects of power vs. Racism powerless • Prejudice • Stereotype • What is Racism? – Isms” • Discrimination • What is Prejudice? • Microaggression • What is stereotypes? video Racism (Tatum, 1997) • A system of advantage based on race • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=76BboyrEl48 • System operates to the advantage of whites and to the disadvantage of people of color • Racism/ism‐ Prejudiced attitudes toward a • discuss how were the following terms shown in the video: particular race • Prejudice plus power • Racism • Discriminatory behavior that has institutional • Prejudice power behind it. • Stereotype • Discrimination • Example: Discriminate against Asians and be • Microaggression backed by institutions of power • Institutional component. 1 6/13/2016 Stereotype (Mio, Barker‐Hackett, Prejudice Tumaming, 2006) • Judgment about a group • Generalization about a group or its members on the basis of their categorization ( • Positive and negative, typically negative Cognitive process) • Can be a accurate reflection of a group’s norm • Example: Someone may be prejudiced against • Overgeneralization • Applying the norm to every member or not allowing for variation about the norm some Asians because they are collectivistic. • Inaccurate • are cognitive categorizations of people made on the basis of some demographic Prejudice towards African American for characteristic and do not necessarily convey positive or negative evaluations • Example: Africans tend to be more collectivistic than Whites is accurate various reasons… stereotype( accurate stereotype). All Africans are collectivistic(overgeneralization); Africans are not collectivistic . This is not a positive or negative assessment( cognitive component) • Prejudices are evaluative/affective component Discrimination microaggression • Negative behavior toward a group or its member on • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nrw6Bf5 the basis of their categorization. weTM • Unequal treatment of a different people based on the groups or categories to which they belong. • Example‐not selecting an African/African American for a job. Behavioral component of categorization Categories and Relationship of Racial Microaggressions Racial Microaggressions Microaggressions Commonplace verbal or behavioral indignities, whether intentional or unintentional, which communicate hostile, derogatory, or negative racial slights and insults. • Microaggressions are “brief, everyday exchanges that Microinsult Microassault Microinvalidation (Often Unconscious) (Often Conscious) (Often Unconscious) send denigrating messages” to a target group like Behavioral/verbal remarks or comments that Explicit racial derogations characterized Verbal comments or behaviors that convey rudeness, insensitivity and demean a primarily by a violent verbal or exclude, negate, or nullify the person’s racial heritage or identity. nonverbal attack meant to hurt the psychological thoughts, feelings, or people of color, women and Gays intended victim through name-calling, experiential reality of a person of avoidant behavior or purposeful color. • These microaggressions are often subtle in nature discriminatory actions and can be manifested in the verbal, nonverbal, Environmental Microaggressions visual, or behavioral realm and are often enacted (Macro-level) Racial assaults, insults and automatically and unconsciously (Solorzano, Ceja, & invalidations which are manifested on systemic and Ascription of Intelligence environmental levels. Yosso, 2000) Assigning a degree of intelligence to a Alien in Own Land person of Belief that visible racial/ethnic minority color based on their race. citizens are foreigners. Second Class Citizen Color Blindness Treated as a lesser person or group. Denial or pretense that a White person Pathologizing cultural does not see color or race. values/communication styles Myth of Meritocracy Notion that the values and communication Statements which assert that race plays a styles of people of color are abnormal minor role in life success. Assumption of Criminal status Denial of Individual Racism Presumed to be a criminal, dangerous, or Denial of personal racism or one’s role in 11 deviant based on race. its perpetuation. 12 2 6/13/2016 Social Psychology understanding of “isms”, discrimination, prejudice, microaggression Confirmation bias • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tZvDaPB Confirmation Bias‐ the tendency to notice and qAyg search for information that confirms one’s beliefs and to ignore information that disconfirms one’s beliefs. Confirmation Bias Cognitive dissonance Theory Implications for isms‐ • Conflicting thoughts cause psychological discomfort • How people rationalize their behavior so as to Contributes to stereotypes‐beliefs that associate bring their attitudes into line with their groups of people to certain trait actions. Relates to exposure, interaction with others • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=korGK0y GIDo • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bcyX7T8 Tq_I Social identity Theory • Is a person’s sense of who they are based on their group membership. Racial Identity Models – Can be impacted by confirmation bias and cognitive dissonance. Diversity counseling – Janet Helms and Cross explained the racial identity theory as a way of one might understand oneself based on group membership. 3 6/13/2016 Background RACIAL IDENTITY ASSUMPTIONS • 1. Racism is a basic and integral part of U.S. life and permeates all aspects of our culture and institutions. – These models acknowledge within‐group differences and have implications for treatment. • 2. Persons of color are socialized into U.S. society and, – therefore, are exposed to the biases, stereotypes, and racist The high failure‐to‐return rate of many clients attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors of the society. seems to be intimately connected to the mental health professional’s inability to assess the • 3. The level of racial identity development consciousness cultural identity of clients accurately. affects the process and outcome of interracial interactions. – These models also acknowledge sociopolitical influences in shaping minority identity. The Racial/Cultural Identity Model RACIAL IDENTITY ASSUMPTIONS (Sue & Sue, 1999) • 4. How people of color perceive themselves as racial beings • 1. Conformity seems to be strongly correlated with how they perceive and respond to racial stimuli. Consequently, race‐related reality represents major differences in how they view the world. • 2. Dissonance • 5. It seems to follow an identifiable sequence. There is an • assumption that people of color who are born and raised in 3. Resistance and Immersion the United States may move through levels of consciousness regarding their own identity as racial beings. • 4. Introspection • 6. The most desirable development is a multicultural identity that does not deny or negate one’s integrity. • 5. Integrative Awareness Self/Other Perceptions PHASE 1‐CONFORMITY 1. Attitude and Beliefs toward Self • Is marked by desire to assimilate and acculturate–buys into the melting pot analogy. 2. Attitudes and Beliefs toward Members of the Same Minority • Accepts belief in White superiority and minority inferiority. 3. Attitudes and Beliefs toward Members of Different Minorities • Unconscious and conscious desire to escape one’s own racial heritage. 4. Attitude and Beliefs toward Members of the Dominant Group • Validation comes from a White perspective. • Role models, lifestyles, and value systems all follow the dominant group. 4 6/13/2016 A girl like me CONFORMITY • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YWyI77Y h1Gg • Physical and cultural characteristics identified with one’s own racial/cultural group are perceived negatively, as something to be avoided, denied, or changed. • Physical characteristics (black skin color, “slant‐shaped eyes” of Asians), traditional modes of dress and appearance, and behavioral characteristics associated with the minority group are a source of shame. • There may be attempts to mimic what are perceived as White mannerisms, speech patterns, dress, and goals. • Low internal self‐esteem is characteristic of the person. CONFORMITY CONFORMITY • These individuals may have internalized the majority of White stereotypes about their group. In the case of Hispanics, for example, the person may believe • People believe that White cultural, social, institutional that members of his or her own group have high standards are superior. Members of the dominant group are rates of unemployment because “they are lazy, admired, respected, and emulated. White people are uneducated, and unintelligent.” believed to possess superior intelligence.
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