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Compression Strength Perpendicular to Grain Characteristics of Impregnated Laminated Veneer Lumbers Exposed to Sea Water

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Compression Strength Perpendicular to Grain Characteristics of Impregnated Laminated Veneer Lumbers Exposed to Sea Water BALTIC FORESTRY COMPRESSION STRENGTH PERPENDICULAR TO GRAIN CHARACTERISTICS /.../ R. ESEN ET AL. Compression Strength Perpendicular to Grain Characteristics of Impregnated Laminated Veneer Lumbers Exposed to Sea Water *RAŞIT ESEN*, ŞEREF KURT AND CEMAL ÖZCAN Karabük University,Technical Education Faculty, Department of Furniture and Decoration Education, Karabük 78050, Turkey , *Corresponding author. Tel.: +90 370 433 82 00/1267 fax: +90 370 433 82 04 e-mail adress: [email protected] Esen,* R., Kurt, Ş. and Özcan, C. 2016. Compression Strength Perpendicular to Grain Characteristics of Impreg- nated Laminated Veneer Lumbers Exposed to Sea Water. Baltic Forestry 22(1): 132-138. Abstract The purpose of this study is to determine the compression strength perpendicular to grain of laminated veneer lumber exposed to sea water 3, 6, 9 and 12 months and obtained from Scots pine by using different adhesive and impregnating materials. While the highest compression strength perpendicular to grain is obtained from then unimpregnated samples, which are not exposed to sea wa- ter, with 39.56 N/mm2 the lowest compression strength perpendicular to grain is obtained from the unimpregnated samples exposed to sea water for 12 months with 10.94 N/mm2. Keywords: pine, compression strength perpendicular to grain, LVL, biodegradation, preservation Introduction brought about by fungi, bacteria, insects, and marine bor- ers (Becker 1974). Wood is a hygroscopic material, and its mass, dimen- Toxic preservatives function by disrupting the cel- sions, and density, as well as its mechanical, elastic, elec- lular organisation of microorganisms so that the organ- trical, thermal, and transport properties are affected by its ism dies. Thus, numerous organic salts of copper, zinc, moisture content. The moisture content of wood in the arsenic, and boron have been used as wood preservatives, living tree is always above the fiber-saturation point. The generally with added chromium compounds, to reduce cell walls in green wood are, therefore, in the fully satu- rapid leaching of the water-soluble compounds. Among rated condition and no hygroscopic shrinking or swelling organic compounds, coal-tar creosote and pentachloro- occurs, except that resulting from changes in fiber-satu- phenol are important toxic preservatives in wide commer- ration points already referred to, which are a function of cial use (Subramanian 1984). temperature (Skaar 1983). Decomposition of wood is an important part of the The use of composite products gained from wood carbon cycle of nature. Decomposition is caused by fungi, increase day by day. One of these composite products insects, and marine borers that use the wood as food or is laminated veneer lumbers. In our country, an increase shelter, or both. Lignin in wood provides a physical bar- in the use of laminated veneer lumbers in specific fields rier to enzymatic decomposition of cellulose and hemicel- is observed. With the use of laminated veneer lumbers, luloses. This barrier is breached mechanically by insects products in desired curve and shape can be produced. Nat- and marine borers, biochemically by white- and soft-rot urally, there is a need for curved trees in the production fungi, and possibly by small nonenzyme catalysts in the of wooden boat and yacht, and in our country existence of case of brown-rot fungi. Rapid strength loss occurs with these kinds of wood materials may not be continuous. As all decay fungi, but especially with brown-rot fungi. an alternative to these kinds of curved trees which can be Strength loss due to insect attack is roughly proportional used in the production of wooden boat and yacht, lami- to the amount of wood removed (Kirk and Cowling 1984). nated veneer lumbers may be suggested. It should be appreciated that every application of The biodegradation of wood, whether it is above wood in its natural or unprocessed state is affected po- ground, by soil contact, or in marine applications, is tentially by the tendency to a relatively large cross-grain 2016, Vol. 22, No. 1 (42) ISSN 2029-9230 132 BALTIC FORESTRY COMPRESSION STRENGTH PERPENDICULAR TO GRAIN CHARACTERISTICS /.../ R. ESEN ET AL. dimensional change whenever significant moisture con- Adhesives tent changes in service is expected. For example, the per- Polyvinylacetate (PVAc) adhesive is usually prefer- formance of every structural connection in wood, with the able for the assembly process in the furniture industry. possible exception of a glued joint, can be affected by dif- According to the producer’s recommendations, the adhe- ferent dimensional changes in the members. Even simple sive was applied in the amount of 180-190 g/m² to the glued joints, including those in laminated wood members, surfaces. Its viscosity was 16,000 ± 3,000 mPa·s at 25 ºC, show shrinkage or swelling stresses if the pieces put to- density 1.1 ± 0.02 g/ml at 20 ºC, and 20 minutes for cold gether do not have identical moisture response properties process is recommended at 6-15 % humidity. The TS 3891 (Bozkurt 1986). standard procedure was used for applying PVAc adhesive In focusing attention on wood bonding, we are deal- that supplied by a company (TSE 1983). ing with nature’s own unique material whose sophisticat- Manufacturer’s documentation describes Desmodur- ed structure and complexities are at the same time baf- VTKA as a polyurethane-based one-component solvent- fling and challenging. Thus there are several complicating free adhesive that is widely used for the assembly process factors in the study of wood as an adherend: the species; in the furniture industry. It is used for gluing wood, met- heartwood, sapwood, earlywood, latewood, surface planes als, polyester, stone, glass, ceramic, PVC, and other plas- in radial, tangential, longitudinal, or intermediate direc- tic materials. Its application is specially recommended in tions; pH, porosity, moisture content, and extractives are locations subjected to high-level humidity. The gluing all capable of modifying the bonding properties of wood process was carried out at 20 ºC and 65 % relative humid- (Blomquist 1983, Adhesive Bonding of Wood 1975). ity. According to the producer’s recommendations, the ad- Today, synthetic resins are being produced according hesive was applied in the amount of 180-190 g/m² to the to the wood materials used on dry and damp conditions. surfaces. Its viscosity was -14,000 ± 3,000 mPa·s at 25 ºC, They are also convenient for use in the workshops and the density was 1.11 ± 0.02 g/ml at 20 ºC, and it showed straight manufacturing. To prevent material scraps and resistance against the cold air (Polisan 1999). increase the quality, research studies have been carried The building blocks of PF are phenol and formal- on the development of glue and its new application areas dehyde. Phenol is derived from crude oil. A principal (Örs et al. 1999). feedstock of phenol is toluene and benzene. Toluene is The demand for engineered wood products such as converted into benzoic acid; benzene is combined with oriented strand board, glulam and laminated veneer lum- propylene into commune. Together with benzoic acid it ber, LVL, has increased due to a constant increase in the forms phenol. Phenol and formaldehyde are combined in global population. The grain of each layer of veneer as- a reactor into PF resin. It is commonly shipped to engi- sembled into LVL runs parallel with each adjacent ply neered wood product plants as a colloidal aqueous solu- (Badwin 1985). Being a homogeneous and dimensionally tion with a solid content between 30 % (for LVL) and 50 stable building material, LVL can be used where strength % (for HB and OSB). This liquid is odourless, of dark- and stability are required (Colak et al. 2004). brownish colour, and, of course, not flammable. LVL panels, like plywood, are manufactured using different synthetic resins depending on where they are Impregnation Chemicals used. Phenol formaldehyde resins are generally used as As impregnation chemicals; protim-paraffin, Tanal- a binder for exterior grade panel production (Pizzi 1993). ith-c (CCA) and creosote, were used. The mixture of pro- Main purpose of this research is to determine the re- tim and paraffin with the ratio equal 50 % concentrations sistance characteristics of laminated veneer lumbers both were used at 60 °C as solution. Tanalith-c with 4 % con- impregnated and bonded with different adhesives. For this centration and creosote without being diluted were used purpose, Scots pine wood was used. For the impregnation for the impregnation process. Features related to impreg- process, the mixture of protim-paraffin, Tanalith-c (CCA) nation materials have been shown in Table 1. and creosote were used. Table 1. Peculiarities of impregnation chemicals and test plan Materials Impregnation pH Density, g/ml Chemicals Wood Species BI AI BI AI Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) was chosen randomly Tanalith – C 2.36 2.58 1.62 1.68 from timber supplier of Ankara, Turkey. A special empha- Protim – Parafin 5 5.2 1.08 1.15 sis was put on the selection of the wood material. Accord- Creosote 5.88 5.78 1.12 1.15 ingly, non-deficient, whole, knotless, normally grown Notes: BI: Before impregnation, AI: After impregnation (without zone line, reaction wood, decay, insect or fungal infection) wood materials are selected. 2016, Vol. 22, No. 1 (42) ISSN 2029-9230 133 BALTIC FORESTRY COMPRESSION STRENGTH PERPENDICULAR TO GRAIN CHARACTERISTICS /.../ R. ESEN ET AL. Methods Md is the dry mass before impregnation, kg, V is the volume of the sample, m3, and Determination of density C, % is the concentration of the solution. The dry densities of the wood materials used for the preparation of treatment samples were determined ac- The characteristic features of the impregnation cording to TS 2472(1976). Accordingly, air-dried samples chemicals were determined before and after impregnation were oven dried up at 103 ± 2 °C until they reached con- processes.
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