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Etude Multi-Locus Des Pressions Évolutives S'exerçant Sur Les Etude multi-locus des pressions évolutives s’exerçant sur les bivalves marins en situation d’hybridation : cas des moules hydrothermales du genre Bathymodiolus des dorsales médio-Atlantique et est-Pacifique Jean-Baptiste Faure To cite this version: Jean-Baptiste Faure. Etude multi-locus des pressions évolutives s’exerçant sur les bivalves marins en situation d’hybridation : cas des moules hydrothermales du genre Bathymodiolus des dorsales médio- Atlantique et est-Pacifique. Ecosystèmes. Montpellier II, 2008. Français. tel-01112819 HAL Id: tel-01112819 https://hal.sorbonne-universite.fr/tel-01112819 Submitted on 3 Feb 2015 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Avertissement Au vu de la législation sur les droits d'auteur, ce travail de thèse demeure la propriété de son auteur, et toute reproduction de cette oeuvre doit faire l'objet d'une autorisation de l'auteur. (cf Loi n°92-597; 1/07/1992. Journal Officiel, 2/07/1992) UNIVERSITE MONTPELLIER II SCIENCES ET TECHNIQUES DU LANGUEDOC T H E S E pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR DE L'UNIVERSITE MONTPELLIER II Discipline : Biologie des Populations et Ecologie Ecole Doctorale : Systèmes Intégrés en Biologie, Agronomie, Géoscience, Hydroscience, Environnement présentée et soutenue publiquement M. Baptiste FAURE Le 19 septembre 2008 _______ Etude multi-locus des pressions évolutives s’exerçant sur des bivalves marins en situation d’hybridation : cas des moules hydrothermales du genre Bathymodiolus des dorsales médio- atlantique et est-pacifique. ______ Devant le jury composé de : Pr. Xavier VEKEMANS, Univ. Lille I Rapporteur ; Président Pr. Grant POGSON, Univ. Calif. Santa Cruz Rapporteur Dr. François BONHOMME, CNRS - Univ. Montpellier II Directeur de Thèse Dr. Didier JOLLIVET, CNRS - Station Biologique de Roscoff Examinateur Dr. Nicolas BIERNE, CNRS - Univ. Montpellier II Examinateur Dr. Pierre BOUDRY, Ifremer Examinateur G ! S # $ $ S % $ & ' ( )* + , - . / 0 S / 0 S S 1 S & ' S - # 2& #3 G GS 5 6 7 8 S 0 7 - 6S # # S S 5 0 S S 0# / # ' # # & , ! / # S # #G S $ 0 S S $S S - 5 0 6 & # : 0 # % 6 0 S $ # S & S $ G 5 $ ' S;%2551 S $ & S & ! 5 < S /! ! # # # 0 S S & &5 = ! $ .S # # 56S -! >$ S # S # S $S $ # G 0 , 8 ! 0 0 # % E F 6 0! 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SB 8 # 0 ' K < < B 7 : ! 0 < 2 3 S $ B S # 0 S 6 S# 0 : S R # / : 3 Sommaire Introduction ..........................................................................................................................- 1 - 1. Notion d’espèce et spéciation.........................................................................................- 1 - 2. Mécanismes d’isolement reproductif .............................................................................- 1 - 3. Modes de Spéciation ......................................................................................................- 5 - 4. Théorie de la coalescence...............................................................................................- 7 - 5. Comportement des gènes en condition d’hybridation :..................................................- 9 - 6. Intérêt des bivalves marins pour la génétique ..............................................................- 11 - 7. Les environnements marins réduits..............................................................................- 14 - 8. Un milieu contrasté, riche en microhabitats et potentiellement favorable à la sélection diversifiante......................................................................................................................- 19 - 9. Le peuplement associé aux sources hydrothermales....................................................- 21 - 9.1. Les polychètes.......................................................................................................- 24 - 9.2. Les bivalves...........................................................................................................- 25 - 9.3. Le milieu hydrothermal: un milieu fragmenté et instable.....................................- 29 - 10. Dispersion larvaire dans le milieu hydrothermal. ......................................................- 30 - 11. Zones d’étude et objectifs de la thèse.........................................................................- 35 - 11.1. La dorsale est pacifique.......................................................................................- 35 - 11.2. La dorsale Atlantique ..........................................................................................- 39 - 12. Objectifs de la thèse ...................................................................................................- 42 - 13. Déroulement du manuscrit .........................................................................................- 42 - Chapitre I. Matériel et Méthodes Générales ...................................................................- 45 - I.1. Stratégie d’échantillonnage........................................................................................- 45 - I.1.1. Préparation des échantillons. ..............................................................................- 46 - I.1.2. Choix des marqueurs génétiques. .......................................................................- 47 - I.1.3. Informations sur les gènes étudiés ......................................................................- 49 - I.2. Amplification, marquage/recapture, clonage et séquençage......................................- 52 - I.2.1. Amplification des marqueurs..............................................................................- 54 - I.2.2. Traitement des séquences avant analyse.............................................................- 57 - I.2.3. Alignement et correction des séquences.............................................................- 57 - I.2.4. Correction des jeux de données ..........................................................................- 58 - I.3. Méthodes d’analyse ...................................................................................................- 59 - I.3.1. Méthodes
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