MYCOLENS (71) century. century. th . 1998). However, . 1998). However, 4 a; corresponding author a; author corresponding ta Catarina (UFSC), Catarina ta equivalent to Fauna and Flora. This to Fauna equivalent s. In an informal meeting held during held during meeting an informal s. In f pertinent terminologies. of As a result f pertinent geographical and terms areas. Alternative Fungi , which in turn derives from the the from derives , whichfungus turn in To our knowledge, the first image knowledge, first of the our To The only Greek-Latin deity exclusively deity exclusively The only Greek-Latin a Greek-Latin deity evidently related to deity evidently a Greek-Latin page title of on the is found mushrooms of mushrooms the on work Schaeffer’s 1774; (Schaeffer Palatinate and the Bavaria Fig. 1). Thisimagereference is an obvious equivalent goddess (Latin to the Diana Ephesian its by of Artemis) inspired was counted whose temple representation, ancient of the wonders seven the among ArtemisEphesian the The cult of world. and breeding, fertility, was related to herbs, word Greek σφογγος‘sponge’. (sphongos) for related to a fungal god was the entity Robigo,Robigus variant his female (or Etymologically source). on the depending “Robigus rusts, to the related also was regarded gods as those among whom it is they deflectthe so that a duty to placate the us or from away malign influences Gellius of Aulus words the in harvests” rituals took 2010). These place (Woodard Robigalia the gamesduring which involved et al (Beard and sacrifices of Robigus relationship the fungal to the fungi, since is anachronistic, kingdom not recognised where rusts, the including The absence times. modern as until a group be to fungi of a mythological may reference as mushrooms of classification due to the 20 the a view held well into plants, , and Donald Pfister H. 3 2008) Ainsworth & Bisby’s & Bisby’s Ainsworth . 2012). Ovid’s mention mention . 2012). Ovid’s (V.193-212) gives evidence (V.193-212) et al rsity evolve there is a need for a term for the kingdom kingdom for the is a needrsity for a term there evolve Fasti Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, CC 495, 5000 Córdoba, Argentin Nacional Universidad that Flora is a variant of the Greek deity of the is a variant Flora that Χλωρίς in already mentioned (Chloris), 1857). (Crusius and others work Homer’s χλωρός the modern Thisrelatedgreek is to The “green”. colour to the refering (Chloros), also is of classic mythological Fauna word goddess, wife, the to a Latin origin refering source) on the (depending or sister daughter the of equivalent This is a Latin of Faunus. 1922). (Murley (Pan) Greek Πάν ancient origins term of this Although alternative (1996) and Servius suggestedwere Varro by etymologies(1881), their probably were word The sense. coined a metaphorical in and is times recent appeared in has Funga is not found classical It antecedents. without edition of 10th the in have appeared referring to mythological appeared referring have and/or literary beings. origin, Of Latin as such texts, ancient in can be found Flora referred and others, Lactantius Macrobius, to as fertility a plants, goddess of flowers, (Seyffert and youth 1895). The spring origin probable to cultmost of this dates the which inhabitated cultures Sabine the of Rome foundation before long the Latium (Hornblower in of Flora al. et (Kirk Fungi Dictionary of the although already been it had applied by is an artificial (2001). It Dörfelt & Jetschke analogous clearly linguistic construction, and Flora, based and Latin on the to Fauna , Elisandro Ricardo Drechsler-Santos Ricardo , Elisandro 2 (Linnaeus (Linnaeus , Giuliana Furci

1 Flora Lapponica Flora con mycota servation, mycobiota,

Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA Cambridge, 02138, USA 22 Divinity Avenue, Biology, University, Harvard of Organismic and Evolutionary Department Fundación Fungi, José Zapiola 8240 E, Zapiola La Reina, Santiago José 7860292, Chile Fungi, Fundación de San Federal Biologia Universidade Algas de Botânica em de Pós-Graduação (PPGFAP), Departamento de Fungos, Programa e Plantas Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (CONICET-UNC), (CONICET-UNC), de Biología Vegetal Multidisciplinario Instituto Key words: need is considered to be urgent in order to simplify projects oriented toward implemention of educational and conservation goal of educational simplifyneed to implemention order in to be is considered urgent toward projects oriented o search an extensive idea of clarifying initiated the de Micología matter this IX authors, the the by Congreso Latinoamericano es.the proposal purpos Thisthe supports for these of term and encompassing be as employed an accurate Funga word the and reviews, propose discussions that we these highlight of particular to macrorganism and Funga, of these Flora parallel Fauna, terminology treatments to Fs, referring three proposals acknowledged are and discussed. Florianópolis, Santa Catarina 88040-900, Brasil Catarina Florianópolis, Santa As public policies and conservation requirements for biodive Abstract: As public policies requirements and conservation e-mail: [email protected] 1737) was, in the words of Candolle (1813), of Candolle words the in 1737) was, Since Flora”. genre of the prima “opera the and Flora Fauna words classical the times, We propose that the word Funga be used Funga word the propose that We of the treatments systematic for descriptive, fungi a particular of area. Thisusage parallels and Flora and Flora. Fauna of Fauna that of time the since use been standard in have whose Linnaeus, ETYMOLOGY The desirability of having a collective a collective The desirabilityhaving of for all in to use fungi the term present and flora,a region, to fauna equivalent come to be increasingly has recognized conservation in amongst mycologists active suggestions as to an Various movements. to be been used term made, have appropriate (2000), but Hawksworth by summarized amongst been has consensus no overall there mycologicalthe as which to community should for general be We use. commended IX the recognized during problem this de Micología Congreso Latinoamericano to 2017, and undertook in Lima,in Peru, concluded that analyze We options. the and term, appropriate most was the Funga of adoption for the arguments our present here. term that INTRODUCTION 4 2 3 Francisco Kuhar Francisco 1 Flora & Funga proposal (FF&F) Funga proposal Flora & diversity of fungal communities: the Fauna, the Fauna, communities: fungal of diversity Delimitation of Funga as a valid term for the term for a valid as of Funga Delimitation VOLUME 9 · NO. 2 this is in clear contrast to the other classical concepts of this goddess, which depict her as a hunter (Fleischer 1973). The cult the the Ephesian Artemis was widespread and even the New Testament remarks on the embrace of this belief among the people even in the first century (Acts 19 v. 35). MYCOLENS Schaeffer’s “Diana-Funga” (in our words) can be interpreted as a pre-romantic re- creation that attempts to include the study of mushrooms in the framework of a classic tradition, furthermore the animals present in the tapering pillar of the Ephesian statue were replaced by chanterelles (ubiquitous and very appreciated in Bavaria and the Palatinate) and some agarics or boletes. Also included in this depiction are figures of cherubs collecting mushrooms around the goddess.

Fig. 1. A. Diana “Funga” as depicted on the cover of Schaeffer (1774).B. Reproduction by the Brazilian artist BIBLIOGRAPHICAL Claudio Toscan jr. REFERENCES fungi. Use of the term Mycoflora is a source Hawksworth (2000). Indeed, as a suffix, Originally coined by Gravesen (2000), of confusion for teaching purposes due to -mycota remains the termination to be used the term Funga was applied to delimit the non-correspondence of the roots of the for phyla applied to all organism treated and define the fungal taxa occurring in word. Funga provides a purely myco-based as fungi for the purposes of nomenclature, a certain region (Knudsen & Vesterholt term and follows the pattern of recent years and so can be applied to non-fungal 2008, Eyjólfsdóttir 2009, Knudsen 2012, to eliminate plant-based terminology and eukaryotic organisms such as Oomycota Kunttu et al. 2012) or associated with food is in accord with the recommendation that (Arx 1967), Myxomycota (Alexopoulos et (Decker & Nielsen 2005, Filtenborg et fungarium be use rather than herbarium al. 1996), and has even in the past been al. 1996) or building materials (Gravesen (Hawksworth 2010). used for some prokaryotes not regulated 2000). This infrequent but appropriate More recently, significant changes under the ICN , such as Actinomycota use of the term provides a solid base on were made during the XVIII International (Copeland 1956). The usage of this which to build on the concept of such Botanical Congress held in Melbourne, suffix therefore makes this option more works and, thus, allowing an unequivocal Australia, in 2011. One of the most ambiguous and potentially misleading than transmission of scientific knowledge. We important changes was to rename the Code: the terminology derived from the Latin think that the use of the word Funga, International Code of Nomenclature for fungus that has not been used to indicate a referring to the taxonomic composition algae, fungi, and plants (ICN; Turland et al. particular taxonomic rank. of a fungal community, would be in 2018). This formally recognized organisms Finally, the term Mycobiota has also harmony with the tradition promoted by treated as fungi as distinct from and at the been applied to the fungal components of a Linnaeus’ Flora. Although first discussed same level as plants. community and can be considered a synonym by Hawksworth (2000) in a neutral way, The word Mycota has been widely of Funga. Although entirely correct, we commending “mycobiota” if a term was used in technical literature to refer to think that the educational and governmental required at all, in the light of the movement what we are calling Funga. However, it is sectors would better accept a latinized to transition to an independent fungal considered by many authors (e.g. Allaby term in accordance with Fauna and Flora. terminology, as “myco-” was perhaps not 2012) to be a taxonomic synonym of The neo-Greek composition Mycobiota as immediately recognized as equivalent Fungi, the name of the kingdom, and thus also would present orthographic variations to fungi by naturalists in general, he later its use as an alternative is misleading and (e.g. Micobiota in Spanish) which would considered Funga had much to commend it not completely accurate. The term Fungi sound strange to the public from different (Hawksworth 2010). is not a good alternative for Funga, just as linguistic origins, as it happens with biology Similar concepts to Funga are delimited Viridiplantae is not an alternative for Flora, – biología. As a response to an inquiry made also by the composite artificial, Greek- nor Animalia for Fauna. Further, “-mycota” to the Real Academia Española, the word rooted terms Mycoflora, Mycobiota is a suffix used to indicate the rank of ‘hongos’ (Spanish for fungi) was suggested or Mycota. Mycoflora is a Greek-Latin phylum of all organisms treated as fungi to complete the trilogy of the three mostly composition that was introduced with the under the ICN (Turland et al. 2018), as in macroscopic Kingdoms of life (Cesar Marín, recognition that fungi were not plants. Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, so its use at pers. comm.). Unlike Fauna and Flora, the use Since fungi are now recognized as separate the rank of kingdom could be misleading of this term would be restricted to Spanish- from the plant kingdom it is illogical to as to the intended rank; this was the speaking readers, and translations would be apply the term flora to treatments including principle reason this was not favoured by needed for every other language. This would

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. IMA IMA ). International . Amsterdam: . Amsterdam: Oxford: Oxford 104: 1283. Regensburg: H.G. Basidiomycota (eds) (2018) Atlas Florae Europaeae Florae Atlas . Menasha, WI:. Menasha, G. Banta. International Journal of Food of Food Journal International 10: 74–80. edn. Wallingford: CAB edn. Wallingford: th edn. 2 vols. Copenhagen: nd Mycological Research Mycological 1: 9. Distribution of Vascular Plants in Europe. Plants of Vascular Distribution w tten: Botanical Koeltz Books. edn. London: W. Glaisher. Glaisher. edn. London: W. . 2 rd Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants fungi, algae, for of Nomenclature Code Nineteenth by the adopted (Shenzhen Code) Shenzhen, Congress Botanical International 159.] No. Vegetabile 2017. [Regnum July China, Glashu Publishing.Benjamins Vol. 3. Vol. in foodin spoilage. Microbiology 33: 85–102. is new overview and interesting? An – What of Edinburgh, in August selected presented papers 1999. Indoor Air funga? Fungus Press. University Press. Cambridge: University Cambridge genera. and cyphelloid agaricoid, boletoid Copenhagen: Nordsvamp. boletoid, and gastroid clavarioid, cyphelloid genera Oxford Classical Dictionary. Classical Oxford Hawksworth DL,Hawksworth et al. International. and regional biologicalnational records for Finnish to the 2. Contributions Finland funga ( aphyllophoroid et Flora Fauna pro Societatis Memoranda 88: 61–66. Fennica Salomonem Schouten. inscriptions in the Medio del la Ley Bases 19.300 sobre Generales . Santiago:Ambiente Biblioteca del Congreso de Chile. Nacional icones Ratisbonam circa nascuntur Palatinatu expressae. coloribvs nativis Zunkel. MA:Medford, BG Teubner. and mythology,Antiquities: religion, literature art. 3 Nordsvamp. Dictionary & Bisby’s (2008) Ainsworth JA . 10 Fungi of the . Amsterdam: John John MT (1996) De lingua. Amsterdam: latina Varro Filtenborg O, Frisvad JC, Thrane U (1996) Moulds JC,(1996) U Thrane Frisvad O, Filtenborg S (2000) Microbiology Air99 Gravesen on Indoor or mycota DL (2000) Mycobiota, Hawksworth and fungarium. DL (2010) Funga Hawksworth J (1988) Suominen J, Jalas Nordica: J (2008) Funga H, Vesterholt Knudsen agaricoid, Nordica: H (2012) Funga Knudsen Hornblower S, Spawforth A, S, E (2012) The Spawforth Eidinow Hornblower Turland NJ, Wiersema JH, Barrie FR, Greuter W, FR, JH, Barrie W, Wiersema NJ, Greuter Turland Kunttu P, Kulju M, Kotiranta H (2012) New H (2012) New M, Kotiranta Kulju P, Kunttu Lapponica C (1737) Flora Linnaeus as seen Gaul Cisalpine of Cults JC (1922) The Murley República (2010) Ley de Chile 20.417 que modifica et in Bavaria qui Schäffer JC (1774) Fungorum comentarii. carmina Servius Vergilii MH (1881) In Seyffert O (1895) A Dictionary of Classical Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers Stalpers DW, Minter PF, PM, Cannon Kirk .

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Finally, we suggest that the the suggest we that Finally, VOLUME 9 · NO. 2 public policy (República 2010: de Chile hasthe 4, Arts. 37–38). This given Par. of plants, protection effective country countries’ and fungi,animals, other but and Flora only Fauna legislation mentions microorganisms, or refers and sometimes to equates to “wildlife” – which to many omission of fungi, the these By vertebrates. maintenance organisms to the so critical Species on a global conservation scale macroscopic to living refers commonly the and Flora, with organisms as Fauna total omission of fungi microscopic or any like countries organisms. Nevertheless, towards steps pioneering taken have Chile through an ecosystem view of nature of kingdom incorporation the IMPORTANCE OF IMPORTANCE TERMINOLOGY FOR CONSERVATION The word Funga, standing beside Fauna Fauna Funga,beside standing word The be a feminine considered and Flora, must the in substantive singular nominative the declension.almost Despite Latin first as most in singular, the in use exclusive singular the as genitive nouns, collective must forms nominative plural well as the as plurals been it has used the be in Fungae, 1988, for the & Suominen (e.g.Florae Jalas (e.g. & Barbour singular genitive) or Faunae the 1994, for & Brid Loveridge 1928, Yeates nominative). plural GRAMMATICAL GRAMMATICAL CONSIDERATIONS be out of line with the aim of universality in the of line with be out language.scientific of fungiincorporation educational, in wouldpolitical and conservation contexts be meaningful more through and effective which Flora, and Funga” “Fauna, phrase the would beof a wide intelligible for readers range of linguistic origins and sociocultural “FF&F”sectors. is The abbreviation also of short era current the in appropriate large represent that communications also will the 3Fs of The concept concepts. incorporation the in decisionassists makers everyof fungi into aspect of a countries’ adoption the enable and to nature reference largerof policy three these incorporates that kingdoms. macroscopic Woodard RD (2010) Indo-European Sacred Space: Vedic and Roman cult. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press. Yeates GW, Brid A (1994) Some observations on the influence of agricultural practices on the nematode faunae of some South Australian soils. Fundamental and Applied Nematology 17: MYCOLENS 133–145.

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