The Paradoxical Co-Existence of Submissiveness and Subversiveness in the Theology of Yu-Ming
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Protestants in China
Background Paper Protestants in China Issue date: 21 March 2013 (update) Review date: 21 September 2013 CONTENTS 1. Overview ................................................................................................................................... 2 2. History ....................................................................................................................................... 2 3. Number of Adherents ................................................................................................................ 3 4. Official Government Policy on Religion .................................................................................. 4 5. Three Self Patriotic Movement (TSPM) and the China Christian Council (CCC) ................... 5 6. Registered Churches .................................................................................................................. 6 7. Unregistered Churches/ Unregistered Protestant Groups .......................................................... 7 8. House Churches ......................................................................................................................... 8 9. Protestant Denominations in China ........................................................................................... 9 10. Protestant Beliefs and Practices ............................................................................................ 10 11. Cults, sects and heterodox Protestant groups ........................................................................ 14 -
Christian History & Biography
Issue 98: Christianity in China As for Me and My House The house-church movement survived persecution and created a surge of Christian growth across China. Tony Lambert On the eve of the Communist victory in 1949, there were around one million Protestants (of all denominations) in China. In 2007, even the most conservative official polls reported 40 million, and these do not take into account the millions of secret Christians in the Communist Party and the government. What accounts for this astounding growth? Many observers point to the role of Chinese house churches. The house-church movement began in the pre-1949 missionary era. New converts—especially in evangelical missions like the China Inland Mission and the Christian & Missionary Alliance—would often meet in homes. Also, the rapidly growing independent churches, such as the True Jesus Church, the Little Flock, and the Jesus Family, stressed lay ministry and evangelism. The Little Flock had no pastors, relying on every "brother" to lead ministry, and attracted many educated city people and students who were dissatisfied with the traditional foreign missions and denominations. The Jesus Family practiced communal living and attracted the rural poor. These independent churches were uniquely placed to survive, and eventually flourish, in the new, strictly-controlled environment. In the early 1950s, the Three-Self Patriotic Movement eliminated denominations and created a stifling political control over the dwindling churches. Many believers quietly began to pull out of this system. -
Chinese Protestant Christianity Today Daniel H. Bays
Chinese Protestant Christianity Today Daniel H. Bays ABSTRACT Protestant Christianity has been a prominent part of the general religious resurgence in China in the past two decades. In many ways it is the most striking example of that resurgence. Along with Roman Catholics, as of the 1950s Chinese Protestants carried the heavy historical liability of association with Western domi- nation or imperialism in China, yet they have not only overcome that inheritance but have achieved remarkable growth. Popular media and human rights organizations in the West, as well as various Christian groups, publish a wide variety of information and commentary on Chinese Protestants. This article first traces the gradual extension of interest in Chinese Protestants from Christian circles to the scholarly world during the last two decades, and then discusses salient characteristics of the Protestant movement today. These include its size and rate of growth, the role of Church–state relations, the continuing foreign legacy in some parts of the Church, the strong flavour of popular religion which suffuses Protestantism today, the discourse of Chinese intellectuals on Christianity, and Protestantism in the context of the rapid economic changes occurring in China, concluding with a perspective from world Christianity. Protestant Christianity has been a prominent part of the general religious resurgence in China in the past two decades. Today, on any given Sunday there are almost certainly more Protestants in church in China than in all of Europe.1 One recent thoughtful scholarly assessment characterizes Protestantism as “flourishing” though also “fractured” (organizationally) and “fragile” (due to limits on the social and cultural role of the Church).2 And popular media and human rights organizations in the West, as well as various Christian groups, publish a wide variety of information and commentary on Chinese Protestants. -
P020110307527551165137.Pdf
CONTENT 1.MESSAGE FROM DIRECTOR …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 03 2.ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 05 3.HIGHLIGHTS OF ACHIEVEMENTS …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 06 Coexistence of Conserve and Research----“The Germplasm Bank of Wild Species ” services biodiversity protection and socio-economic development ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 06 The Structure, Activity and New Drug Pre-Clinical Research of Monoterpene Indole Alkaloids ………………………………………… 09 Anti-Cancer Constituents in the Herb Medicine-Shengma (Cimicifuga L) ……………………………………………………………………………… 10 Floristic Study on the Seed Plants of Yaoshan Mountain in Northeast Yunnan …………………………………………………………………… 11 Higher Fungi Resources and Chemical Composition in Alpine and Sub-alpine Regions in Southwest China ……………………… 12 Research Progress on Natural Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) Inhibitors…………………………………………………………………………………… 13 Predicting Global Change through Reconstruction Research of Paleoclimate………………………………………………………………………… 14 Chemical Composition of a traditional Chinese medicine-Swertia mileensis……………………………………………………………………………… 15 Mountain Ecosystem Research has Made New Progress ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 16 Plant Cyclic Peptide has Made Important Progress ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 17 Progresses in Computational Chemistry Research ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 18 New Progress in the Total Synthesis of Natural Products ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… -
Textile School Catalog, 1925-1926
:.:, : \ .> is.'.-: : W* THE PENNSYLVANIA MUSEUM AND SCHOOL OF INDUSTRIAL ART FORTY- NINTH SEASON wmmm «SIEH£»>% CIRCULAR OF THE PHILADELPHIA TEXTILE SCHOOL BROAD AND PINE STREETS PHILADELPHIA 1925-1926 FORTY-SECOND SEASON SACO-LOWELL SHOPS LARGEST MANUFACTURERS OF TEXTILE MACHINERY IN AMERICA Worsted (French & Bradford Systems) Cotton—Spun Silk Also Complete Waste Reclaiming MACHINERY EXECUTIVE OFFICES 1 Federal St., BOSTON, MASS. SHOPS AT Biddeford, Me. Newton Upper Falls, Mass. Lowell, Mass. Pawtucket, R. I. Southern Office, Charlotte, N. C. Branch Southern Office, Greenville, S. C. CANADIAN AGENTS Whitehead, Emmans, Ltd., 285 Beaver Hall Hill, Montreal JACQUARD CARD MACHINES Complete equipment for cutting, lacing and re- peating'. Special features for quick duplicating. A variable speed electric motor drive. For any size, any index of card. vvrite for detailed information. JOHN ROYLE & SONS, Paterson, N.J. Cost Cutters for the Textile Industry AMERICAN J PRESSED STEEL * ^ BEAM HEADS "American" Pressed Steel Warper and Slasher Beam Heads—strong, light and durable. "American" Pressed Steel Shaft Hangers, strong, rigid, true. "American" Steel Split Pulleys. Special literature explaining each product awaits your request THE AMERICAN PULLEY CO. Manufacturers of STEEL SPLIT PULLLEYS, PRESSED STEEL SHAFT HANGERS, and PRESSED STEEL SHAPES 4200 Wissahickon Ave., Philadelphia PRESSED STICL HANGERS I PULLEYS (bmplete Equipment tton Machinen Built by Specialists Cotton Opening, Convey- ing, and Picker Room Machinery, Revolving Top Flat Cards, Drawing, Stubbing, Inter, and Rov- ing Frames. W00NS0CKET MACHINE & PRESS CO., Inc. WOONSOCKET, R. I. Ring Spinning Frames, Ring Twisters for Cot- ton, Wool, Worsted, Silk, Linen, Jute and Novelty Yarns. PALES & JENKS MACHINE CO., Pawtucket, R. I. -
A Study of Bishop Ting Kuanghsün's Theological Reconstruction in China
A Study of Bishop Ting Kuanghsün’s Theological Reconstruction in China A thesis submitted to the University of Manchester for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Humanities. 2012 An Chu Tee School of Arts, Histories and Cultures Contents List of Abbreviations 4 Abstract 6 Declaration 7 Copyright Statement 8 A Note on Romanization of Chinese Words and Places 9 Introduction 10 1 The last Anglican bishop in post-denominational China: K.H. Ting and the development of Three-Self theology 10 2 Promoting a theology with ‘Chinese characteristics’ 22 3 Ting’s theology in a Three-Self framework 30 4 Outline of the dissertation 37 Chapter One : Three-Self idea in Pre-1949 Chinese Theology 45 1 The original Three-Self idea 40 2 Early Three-Self efforts 49 3 Early independent churches 54 4 Towards an indigenous theology in pre-1949 China 64 Chapter Two: Three-Self idea in post-1949 Chinese theology 73 1 Three-Self as the slogan of patriotism 71 2 The establishment of Three-Self Patriotic Movement 77 3 Christians in the Cultural Revolution Era 94 Chapter Three: Retrospect and prospect of Three-Self Movement 101 1 The changing of the political climate 98 2 Defense of the necessity of Three-Self Movement in the 1950s 107_Toc166903682 Chapter Four: Towards a Chinese Theological Reconstructions 119 1 A synthetic model 115 2 An anthropological model 117 3 A praxis model 122 2 Chapter Five: Remarks of Ting’s Theological Reconstruction 145 1 Broaden the Three-Self theological range 140 2 Seeking the common ground 147 3 Hermeneutic tasks 153 Conclusion 169 Glossary of Chinese Terms 173 Glossary of Chinese Names Mentioned in the Text 17 6 Bibliography 179 Appendix 204 Inspirations from Liberation Theology, Process Theology and Teilhard de Chardin – K.H. -
Christianity
97 GLOBAL CHRISTIANITY Appendix C: Methodology for China Overview of Findings and Methods Published estimates of the Christian share of the Chinese population range from about 1% in some relatively small-sample public opinion surveys to about 8% in reviews of membership reports from churches and church leaders (including unregistered churches) within China. Given the size of China’s population, a difference of a single percentage point represents more than 10 million people. In light of such a wide range of estimates, this study carefully considered multiple sources of data – including public opinion surveys, church membership reports and Chinese government statistics – in an attempt to provide a reasonable estimate of the number of Christians in China. This methodology builds on the 2008 Pew Christians in China PERCENTAGE 26 Forum analysis of religion in China. Since OF 2010 ESTIMATED POPULATION its publication in May 2008, that analysis has POPULATION OF CHINA been well received by scholars at numerous Protestant 58,040,000 4.3% scientific and professional meetings in the U.S. Independent 35,040,000 2.6 and China.27 At these meetings, the Pew Forum Other Protestant 23,000,000 1.7 received feedback on the initial analysis as well Anglican < 1,000 < 0.1 Orthodox 20,000 < 0.1 as helpful input on its current estimate. Catholic 9,000,000 0.7 Other Christian < 10,000 < 0.1 There is general consensus among scholars of Total Christian 67,070,000 5.0 mainland China that its Christian population numbers somewhere in the tens of millions. Population estimates are rounded to the ten thousands. -
Lianjiang County – Christians
Refugee Review Tribunal AUSTRALIA RRT RESEARCH RESPONSE Research Response Number: CHN32261 Country: China Date: 27 August 2007. Keywords: China – Fujian – Lianjiang County – Christians This response was prepared by the Research & Information Services Section of the Refugee Review Tribunal (RRT) after researching publicly accessible information currently available to the RRT within time constraints. This response is not, and does not purport to be, conclusive as to the merit of any particular claim to refugee status or asylum. This research response may not, under any circumstance, be cited in a decision or any other document. Anyone wishing to use this information may only cite the primary source material contained herein. Questions 1. Please provide information on Christians in Huangqi Town and Fengcheng Town of Lianjiang County in Fujian and their treatment by the authorities. 2. Please provide information on Huangqi Broadcasting & TV Co (may be called Lianjiang Broadcasting & TV Co). RESPONSE 1. Please provide information on Christians in Huangqi Town and Fengcheng Town of Lianjiang County in Fujian and their treatment by the authorities. [This response includes an overview of the situation of Christians in Fujian Province at 1.2] Lianjiang (连江) is a county on the coast of Fujian Province, China, close to the provincial capital Fuzhou (administratively Lianjiang county is part of Fuzhou City). A map of the county is at Attachment 1. A short profile of the county from Wikipedia1 is attached (‘Lianjiang’ 2007, Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lianjiang – Updated 22 May 2007 – Accessed 27 August 2007 – Attachment 2). According to the profile, the county population is 620,000. -
Qin2020.Pdf (1.836Mb)
This thesis has been submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for a postgraduate degree (e.g. PhD, MPhil, DClinPsychol) at the University of Edinburgh. Please note the following terms and conditions of use: This work is protected by copyright and other intellectual property rights, which are retained by the thesis author, unless otherwise stated. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the author. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author. When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given. THE EVOLUTION OF EVANGELICAL SOCIO-POLITICAL APPROACHES IN CONTEMPORARY CHINA (1980S-2010S) Daniel Qin Doctor of Philosophy The University of Edinburgh 2019 DECLARATION I confirm that this thesis presented for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, has i) been composed entirely by myself ii) been solely the result of my own work iii) not been submitted for any other degree or professional qualification A revised version of chapter II is forthcoming in 2020 in Studies in World Christianity as ‘Samuel Lamb’s Exhortation Regarding Eternal Rewards: A Socio- Political Perspective.’ Daniel Qin _________ Date: ABSTRACT This thesis explores the evolution of Evangelical socio-political approaches in contemporary China, arguing that Evangelicals in both the Three-Self church and the house churches have moved towards an increasing sense of social concern in the period from the 1980s to the 2010s. -
Forming Christians Through Musicking in China
religions Article Forming Christians through Musicking in China Swee Hong Lim Emmanuel College, University of Toronto, 75 Queen’s Park Crescent, Toronto, ON M5S 1K7, Canada; [email protected] Academic Editor: Mark G. Toulouse Received: 4 January 2017; Accepted: 21 March 2017; Published: 31 March 2017 Abstract: In recent years, authorities in mainland China have renewed their call for the sinicization of Christianity through theological discourse. Given that Christianity is largely expressed in visible, worship-based ways, such as music (songs), rhetoric (sermons), rituals (sacraments), symbols (crosses, garments, banners, etc.), posture and gesture (genuflecting, lifting hands, etc.), one wonders at the implication of this development. Might there be an alternative approach to sinicization? This essay seeks to investigate the feasibility of sinicized Christianity from the ontology of musicking as purveyed through the practice of congregational song. Keywords: China; Asian; theology; worship; musicking; ideoscape; mediascape; congregational song; sinicization; contextualization Christianity now makes up the largest single civil society grouping in China. The party sees that. Terence Halliday Co-director, Center for Law and Globalization at the American Bar Foundation [1] Since the mid-20th century, Christianity in China has strived to be self-sustaining. Like other Asian Christianities, this shift is visible in its governance, financing, and ministry. For the Three-Self Patriotic Movement of the Protestant Church in China (TSPM), the government-sanctioned national church in the land, this aspiration is enshrined in its three-fold principle of self-government, self-support, and self-propagation. In recent years, mainland Chinese authorities have renewed the call for the sinicization of Christianity with greater urgency. -
Protestant Ecumenism and Theology in China Since Edinburgh 1910’
© Chow, A. (2014). ‘Protestant Ecumenism and Theology in China Since Edinburgh 1910’. Missiology: An International Review. 10.1177/0091829613501965 Protestant Ecumenism and Theology in China Since Edinburgh 1910 by Alexander Chow1 Ecumenical theology traditionally focuses on clarifying diverse opinions on core matters of the faith. But from its inception in China, ecumenism has been heavily influenced by its sociopolitical concerns. This article explores ecumenism’s goal of church unity in Chinese Protestantism since Edinburgh 1910. Two early attempts sought to speak to the concerns of foreign denominationalism and imperialism. In the 1980s, a third attempt occurred within the government-sanctioned church. This would be complicated by the prevalence of house churches and theological studies among secular academics. How does this trifurcation of Christian activity affect the goals of Chinese Protestant ecumenism? Introduction Robert Morrison was the first Protestant missionary to China in 1807. Though his efforts saw few converts, Morrison inaugurated an enterprise that came into full force during the so-called “Opium Wars” of the mid- to late-19th century. Missionaries would then enter China on the heels of war and conquest, and foreign powers began using bilingual missionaries and converts as translators. Hence, at an early stage, Christianity was seen as a partner of imperialism. In 1900, the Boxer Rebellion waged a war against imperialism and Christianity, leading to the death of several hundred foreign missionaries and tens of thousands of Chinese Christians – the latter of whom were treated as traitors (Latourette 1929:501-519). Since the Chinese government was unwilling and unable to control the situation, eight foreign nations brought military forces together and 1 Alexander Chow has written several articles on Christian theology in China and East Asia, and is the author of Theosis, Sino-Christian Theology and the Second Chinese Enlightenment, published through Palgrave Macmillan in 2013. -
Director's Address
NJG 02 Director’s Address Faith and Order from Today into Tomorrow (Director’s Address) I. China, Contextuality and Visible Unity As the WCC Commission on Faith and Order meets for the first time in mainland China, we remember with gratitude the witness of Alopen and other Assyrian Christians of the 7th century to what was then called in China the “Luminous Religion”, until Assyrian Christianity virtually disappeared under persecution centuries later; we remember the witness of Franciscan friars; the enlightened and inculturated ministry of the Jesuits; and the work of Orthodox missionaries, some of them later recognised as martyrs. We remember the witness of the first Protestant missionaries early in the 19th century and their concern for the translation of Scriptures, without losing sight of the tragic connection between the Protestant presence in China, colonialism, and the tragedy of opium addiction. The secular history of Christianity in China has been a history marked by fascination for this civilisation; by attempts at Western colonisation; by the search for an autonomous Chinese Christianity; and by much suffering. It imposes respect rather than quick judgement. Almost one hundred years ago, in May 1922, the Chinese Protestant churches held in Shanghai a National Christian Conference attended by one thousand people, half of them foreign missionaries, half of them Chinese. The theme of the conference was “The Chinese Church”. A “massive volume” published for the occasion was titled The Christian Occupation of China1. The Conference issued a message called “The United Church”. We Chinese Christians who represent the various leading denominations, the Conference message read, “express our regret that we are divided by the denominationalism which comes from the West”2.