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Why Regional Parties?: Clientelism, Elites, and the Indian Party System Adam Ziegfeld Index More Information Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-11868-3 - Why Regional Parties?: Clientelism, Elites, and the Indian Party System Adam Ziegfeld Index More information Index 2014 election (India) Argentina Bharatiya Janata Party and, electoral success clientelism in, 120 of, 189–90 Peronist Party in, 68 coalition era after, durability of, 188–9 regional parties in, 11, 33 regional parties after, 189–90 Asom Gana Parishad (AGP), 38, 40 SPM government following, 187–90 as opportunistic faction, 230 regional support for, 94 Aam Aadmi Party (AAP), 31, 48–9 Assam (state) programmatic politics and, 89–90 opportunistic factions in, 223–4 African party systems, 19 regional parties in, 98, 180, 214 agrarian national parties. See Janata Dal Australia, regional parties in, 33 Akali Dal. See Shiromani Akali Dal autonomist parties. See regionalist parties All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK), 38–9, 182 backward caste. See Other Backward Classes Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar) and, Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP), 20, 31, 48, 161 107 clientelistic strategies of, 63 All India Communist Party, 161–2 electoral success of, 180 All India Forward Bloc (AIFB), 44–5, 163 programmatic politics and, 88–9 All India Indira Congress (Tiwari), Scheduled Caste voters and, 87 43, 177 Bandhopadhyay, Debabrata, 110 All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen Banerjee, Mamata, 186–7 (AIMIM), 25, 47 Bangla Congress (BAC), 43, 162, 186–7 All India N. R. Congress (AINRC), 49 Berhampore, 110–11 All India Trinamool Congress (AITC), 43, 199, bhadralok castes, 247–8, 250 233 Bhajan Lal. See Haryana Janhit Congress All India United Democratic Front (AUDF), Bharati, Uma, 161–2 47–8 Bharatiya Jana Sangh (BJS), 157, 165, 222–4 Andhra Pradesh (state) Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), 20 ideological factions in, 218–21, 227–8 clientelistic strategies of, 63, 86–7 regional parties in, 214 electoral strike rate of, 188–9 Anti-Defection Law, 153, 193–4 under Modi leadership, 1 Anushilan Samiti, 108–9 as opportunistic faction, 229–33 Apna Dal (AD), 47–8 organization of, 165 277 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-11868-3 - Why Regional Parties?: Clientelism, Elites, and the Indian Party System Adam Ziegfeld Index More information 278 Index Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) (cont.) clientelism programmatic politics and, 88–9 African party systems influenced by, 19 2014 election and, electoral success of, alternative hypotheses to, 137–42 189–90 in Argentina, 120 vote winning by, 86 assumptions about, 119–21 Bharatiya Janshakti Party (BJSP), 161–2, 233 Bahujan Samaj Party and, 63 Bharatiya Kranti Dal (BKD), 229–33 benefits to voters under, 59–60 Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh (BBM), 47–8 Bharatiya Janata Party and, 63, 86–7 Bhati, Devi Singh, 104–5. See also Rajasthan in Brazil, 245–6 Samajik Nyaya Manch contingent exchange of goods and services, Bhutto, Zulfikar Ali, 252 54 Bihar (state) cross-national data on, 82–3 opportunistic factions in, 221–4 decentralized vote-winning and, 115, 121–3 regional parties in, 214–15 defined, 14–15, 52–6 Biju Janata Dal (BJD), 41 democracy and, 4, 15 Binner, Hermes, 33 Democratic Accountability and Linkages Bodoland People’s Front (BPF), 49 Project (DALP) data, 82–3 Brazil distribution of goods and, 53 clientelism in, 245–6 elites and, 75–8, 207 Law 9096 in, 245–6 ethnographic accounts of, 121 party system in, 245–6 face-to-face transactions as part of, 115 party-switching in, 246 as fixed political feature, 120–1 political elites in, 245–6 incumbency and, 81 regional parties in, 7, 245–6 in India, 80–3 Indian National Election Study (INES), 82–5 cartel parties, 122 institutions and, 129, 137–9 castes in Italy, 54–5 bhadralok, 247–8, 250 national parties and, 115–31 EBCs, 42 in Pakistan, 252 Ezhavas, 248–9 party types, 64–5 Kshatriya Mahasabha, 155–7 permissive institutions and, 142 Kutch Rajput Sabha, 155–7 personalistic appeals in, 55–6 OBCs, 41–2, 93, 200–2, 241–2 political exchange involving, 63–4 politicization of, 200–2 programmatic politics compared to, 53 Rajput, 104–5 regional parties and, 4, 14–16, 58–71, regional parties supported by, 40, 42, 200–2, 115–31, 142, 145–50 241–2 state capacity and, 53 Scheduled Castes, 40, 87, 190, 248–9 as vote-winning strategy, 54–5 Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar) and, 108 clientelistic democracies, 4, 15, 56–7. See also Telugu Naickers, 102–3 India causality, direction of, 177–81 alternative hypotheses for explaining, centralization, of government 137–42 fiscal, 74 likelihood of benefits to voters in, 61–4 horizontal, 12, 138 national parties in, 69–71 Chakraborty, Manoj, 110–11 party success in, 65–7 Chaudhuri, Tribid, 109–11 party systems in, 72–3 Chota Nagpur Santhal Parganas Janata Party party type and, 67 (CNSPJP), 156 political exchange and, 63–4 Chiranjeevi, 42–8 regional parties in, 69–71, 133–4 Chowdhury, Adhir Ranjan, 110–11 voter benefits in, 59–60 Chowdhury, Saifuddin, 161–2 voter indifference in, 69–71 Christian democratic parties, 77 voter preferences in, 58–9, 69–71 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-11868-3 - Why Regional Parties?: Clientelism, Elites, and the Indian Party System Adam Ziegfeld Index More information Index 279 coalition governments. See also single-party contested elections majority governments cross-regional laws for, 139 benefits to politicians under, 181–4 in India, absence of cross-regional rules for, causality and, 177–81 153 Council of Ministers in, 182 by political factions, 209–10 durability of, 188–9 Council of Ministers, 182 elite behavior in, 184–7 Country Liberal Party, 33 increased support for regional parties under, cross-regional contestation laws, 139 182–3 in India, 175–9 Dalal, Karan Singh, 81 Janata Dal in, 176 Dange, S. A., 161–2 during 1990s, 173–5 decentralization, of government as political shift, 170–1 constitutional amendments and, 191 President’s Rule under, 183–4 fiscal, 117–18, 138, 152, 191–3 regional parties and, 171–3, 181–4 horizontal, 117–18, 138 regional party success and, 17 in India, 152 regionalist parties and, 184–5 party system nationalization influenced by, seat-sharing agreements and, 180–1 12–13 Colombia, regional parties in, 33 political, 137 communist parties, 77, 247–50. See also Left regional parties as result of, 190–1 parties decentralized vote-winning organizational advantages of, 248–50 clientelism and, 121–3 political elites and, 247–8 in India, 154–6 Scheduled Castes and, 248–9 programmatic politics and, 122–3 Communist Party of India (CPI), 31, 44–5 decentralized voting, 115 electoral mobilization by, 165 democracy. See also clientelistic democracies; electoral success of, 158, 174 programmatic democracies as ideological faction, 220–1, 226–7 clientelism and, 4, 15 splintering of, 161–2 in India, overview of, 254–5 VFI scores of, 161 internal party, 126, 215 Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPM), political accountability and, 6 24–5, 31 political factions in beginning stages of, electoral success of, 158, 174 208–9 organization of, 126 Democratic Accountability and Linkages VFI scores for, 161 Project (DALP), 82–3 Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Desai, Morarji, 182 (Liberation) (CPI(ML)(L)), 44–5 Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam concentrated minorities, 140 (DMDK), 42–8 concentration of power dismissal of state governments. See President’s horizontal centralization and, 12 Rule party system nationalization influenced by, distribution of goods, 53 12–13 Downs, Anthony, 58 Concurrent List, 190 Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK), 38–9, confessional parties, 57, 76–7 101–2, 185 Congress. See Indian National Congress as ideological faction, 219–20, 227 Congress (I), 176 Self-Respect Movement and, 165 Congress (O), 43, 159, 175–6, 186–7, 224 Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar) as Congress (R), 159, 175–6 political ally, 106–7 Congress (S), 176 Dravidar Kazhagam (DK), 219–20 Congress (U), 43, 159–60, 175–6 Congress Socialist Party (CSP), 221, EBCs. See Extremely Backward Castes 248–9 ECI. See Election Commission of India © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-11868-3 - Why Regional Parties?: Clientelism, Elites, and the Indian Party System Adam Ziegfeld Index More information 280 Index economic disparity, regional party success and, sustainability of, 212–13 141, 145, 197–200, 207, 238–41 at time of democratization, 208–9 An Economic Theory of Democracy (Downs), variation in sorting patterns across Indian 58 states, 216–24 Election Commission of India (ECI) federalism classification of political parties by, 31–2 in India, 11 Congress (I) recognition by, 176 political decentralization and, 137 Lok Sabha and, 32 fiscal centralization, 74 new parties and, classification of, 184 fiscal decentralization, 117–18, 138, 152, party registration with, 153 191–3 Vidhan Sabha and, 32 fiscal transfers, 39 electoral feudalism, 251 Forward Bloc. See All India Forward Bloc electoral thresholds, 138, 152–3 Fourth Front, 186 elites, political in beginning stages of democracy, 208–9 Ganatantra Parishad, 155–7 in Brazil, 245–6 Gandhi, Indira, 128, 175–6 clientelism and, 75–8, 207 Gandhi, Rajiv, 176, 179 in coalition governments, 184–7 Gandhi Kamaraj Congress (GKC), 43 communist parties and, 247–8 Ghosh, P. C., 157 defined, 57 Gopalasamy, V., 101–3 fiscal centralization and, 74 Telugu Naickers and, 102–3 ideological factions among, 206, 225–8 Gorkha Janmukti Morcha (GJM), 49 ideology of, 72 Gowri Amma, K. R., 161–2 in Japan, 69 Gujarat (state) in national parties, 68–9 opportunistic factions in, 221–4 party systems influenced by, 67–9, 71–6 regional parties in, 214–15 party type influenced by, 67–9, 76–8 Gujarat Parivartan Party (GPP), 161–2, 233 predictions for, 211–14 regional parties and, 4, 16–18, 68–9, 73–5, Haryana (state) 224–30 opportunistic factions in, 223–4 regional party formation and, 207–14 regional parties in, 214–15 sorting patterns for, 215–16, 224–31 Haryana Janhit Congress (Bhajan Lal) in Taiwan, 69 (HJCBL), 44 ethnic party, 9.
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