The Catholic University of America, Columbus School of Law CUA Law Scholarship Repository Scholarly Articles and Other Contributions Faculty Scholarship 1987 Rendering Unto Caesar: Legal Responses to Religious Nonconformity in the Armed Forces Michael F. Noone Jr. The Catholic University of America, Columbus School of Law Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.edu/scholar Part of the Military, War, and Peace Commons, and the Religion Law Commons Recommended Citation Michael F. Noone, Rendering Unto Caesar: Legal Responses to Religious Nonconformity in the Armed Forces, 18 ST. MARY’S L.J. 1233 (1987). This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Faculty Scholarship at CUA Law Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Scholarly Articles and Other Contributions by an authorized administrator of CUA Law Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact
[email protected]. RENDERING UNTO CAESAR: LEGAL RESPONSES TO RELIGIOUS NONCONFORMITY IN THE ARMED FORCES MICHAEL F. NOONE, JR.* I. Introduction ............................................ 1234 II. Accommodating Religious Dissent Within the Judicial System ................................................. 1237 A. The Military Experience: Courts-Martial Before 1950 ............................................... 1237 1. The British Tradition ........................... 1237 2. American Military Justice Before the Uniform Code of Military Justice ........................ 1240 B. The Civilian Experience: Development of Free Exercise Doctrine .................................. 1241 C. The Military Experience: Courts-Martial Since 1950 ......................................... 1243 D. The Civilian Experience: Judicial Review of Military Decisions Affecting Members of the Armed F orces ............................................. 1246 1. Judicial Review of Courts-Martial .............. 1246 2. Judicial Review of Military Administrative D ecisions ...................................... 1248 E. Federal Courts and Military Free Exercise Rights .. 1252 III.