Late Quaternary Climate Change in Western Eurasia a Spatio-Temporal
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Late Quaternary Climate Change in Western Eurasia A spatio-temporal review of climate proxies A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Natural Sciences (Dr.rer.nat) to the Department of Earth Sciences Physical Geography of the Freie Universität Berlin Author Bostonalieva Zhyldyz Kubatalievna, M.Sc. Berlin, 2013 First Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Brigitta Schütt Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Geographical Sciences Physical Geography Second Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Elke Kaiser Freie Universität Berlin, Department of History and Cultural Studies, Institute of Prehistoric Archaeology Date of the defense: 10 March 2014 Acknowledgements. I would like to express my sincere and deepest gratitude to my supervisor Prof. Dr. Brigitta Schütt for providing the opportunity to write this thesis, thank you for her supervision, constructive and valuable advice, for giving fruitful discussions and scientific revision of my thesis and continuous encouragement throughout the entire work of this Ph.D. thesis. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Prof. Dr. Elke Kaiser, who has became the second supervisor of my thesis, thank for her helping me in the collection of factual material, for your support and also for her provision of an office. I also would like express my gratitude to Prof. Dr. Tilman Rost, Dr. Jan Krause and Dr. Tolkunbek Asykulov for valuable numerous consultations and for helping thesis. I express my deep gratitude to Dipl. Georg. Marlen Schloffel, Dr. Steffen Schneider for their help in the development of GIS software in the creation of palaeoclimatic cards, for creating a friendly atmosphere of mutual, friendly and open communication.I would like express my gratitude to all colleagues and friends from Physical Geography, Institute of Geography, Department of Earth Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin who have helped, supported me and gave comments on my thesis. Also sincerely gratitude for the tips and advice to colleagues from Russia and Ukraine Prof. Velichko A.A., Prof. Aleksandovski A.L., Dr. Borisova O.K., Dr. Ivanov M., Dr. Danukalova G., Nataliia Chub M.A. I would like express my deep gratitude to my family, husband Abai Niiazov and especially my parents Kubataaly Bostonaliev and Kymbat Ütürekeeva for everything that you have given me for your love and care understanding and support for all the efforts you have made for me, so that I could get a good education. This research is financially supported by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Germany) in the interdisciplinary collaborative project "Palaeo-genetic studies on Economic Innovations and Social Mobility in the Eurasian Steppes from 3500-300 BC; Section Archaeology” (01UA0809B) under the supervision of Prof. Dr. H. Parzinger and Prof. Dr. W. Schier. The PhD project is supervised by Prof. Dr. B. Schütt and Prof. Dr. E. Kaiser. Freie Universität Berlin Elsa-Neumann-Stipendium des Landes Berlin Promotionsstipendien gemäß Nachwuchsförderungsgesetz – NaFöG. I Content List of illustrations ................................................................................................................. IV List of Tables ......................................................................................................................... VII Abbreviations used in the text ............................................................................................ VIII Abstract ................................................................................................................................... IX Zusammenfassung ................................................................................................................... X 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 1 2 Late Quaternary palaeoenvironmenat researches in Western Eurasia. .......................... 4 2.1 Scope Holocene ............................................................................................................... 4 2.2 History of research on Holocene palaeoclimate and palaeolandscapes .................... 5 2.3 Human impacts on the palaeoenvironment ................................................................. 7 3 Physical - geographical researches in the regions of the Western Eurasis .................... 12 3.1 Zone I – Taiga ............................................................................................................... 13 3.1.1 The North-western taiga zone ................................................................................. 14 3.1.2 The North-eastern area of the taiga zone................................................................. 16 3.2 Zone II – Mixed Forest ................................................................................................ 18 3.2.1 The mixed forest of the Primor’e region ................................................................. 18 3.2.2 The mixed forests of the Belarusian-Valdai Lakeland ............................................ 19 3.2.3 The mixed forests of Predpolesia ............................................................................ 20 3.2.4 The mixed forests of the Polesia region .................................................................. 21 3.2.5 The mixed forests of the Central Russian zone ....................................................... 22 3.2.6 The mixed forests of Meshera ................................................................................. 23 3.3 Zone III – Forest-steppe .............................................................................................. 23 3.3.1 Forest-steppe of Volyn-Podolsky Upland ............................................................... 25 3.3.2 Forest-steppe of the Dnieper lowland ..................................................................... 26 3.3.3 Forest-steppe of Central Russian Uplands .............................................................. 26 3.3.4 Forest-steppe of Oka-Don lowland ......................................................................... 27 3.3.5 Forest-steppe of Volga upland ................................................................................ 27 3.3.6 Forest-steppe of lowland Transvolga ...................................................................... 28 3.3.7 Forest-steppe of High Transvolga ........................................................................... 29 II 3.4 Zone IV – Steppe .......................................................................................................... 29 3.4.1 Steppe of Black Sea lowland ................................................................................... 30 3.4.2 The Low-Don Steppe .............................................................................................. 31 3.4.3 The Steppe of lowlandTransvolga ........................................................................... 32 3.4.4 Steppe of High Transvolga ...................................................................................... 33 3.5 Zone V - Carpathian Mountains. ................................................................................ 33 3.5.1 The Precarpathian region ........................................................................................ 34 3.5.2 Transcarpathian area................................................................................................ 34 4 Sources and Methods .......................................................................................................... 36 4.1 Literature Compilation ................................................................................................ 36 4.1.1 Collection of literary sources .................................................................................. 36 4.1.2 Criteria for selection of references .......................................................................... 37 4.2 Structure of the database ............................................................................................. 38 4.3 Classification and statistics .......................................................................................... 40 4.3.1 Spatial classification/Geocoding ............................................................................. 40 4.3.2 Temporal classification ........................................................................................... 42 4.3.3 Proxy data classification .......................................................................................... 42 4.3.4 Climatic trend classification .................................................................................... 46 4.4 Statistics ......................................................................................................................... 46 4.5 Data visualization. ........................................................................................................ 46 5 Literature analysis ............................................................................................................... 48 5.1 The database ................................................................................................................. 48 5.1.1 Literature list ........................................................................................................... 48 5.1.2 14C dating ................................................................................................................. 49 5.1.3 Distribution of sites