Energy Resources Climate OCTOBER 2013

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Chinese O&G firms ‘go global’ must rely on market forces rather than administrative fiat. MIIT issued new regulations to expedite consoli- China University of Petroleum’s Wang Zhen dation and structural upgrade—which should reduce 王震 announces Chinese O&G firms as the industry to five or six large firms. Irrational product globally competitive ‘state-owned multinationals’. Hu mixes, overreliance on exports, and unbalanced tech- 胡卫平 Weiping China Overseas Development Associ- nological development remain key structural prob- ation is less sanguine. Chinese O&G investments over- lems says Chinese consultants Zero Power Intelligence. seas are concentrated in politically unstable regions, They praise the new NDRC and MIIT industry support were recently acquired at high cost and lack technical policies, but caution that timely delivery of promised know how. Bilateral investment protection mecha- subsidies is key to the survival of many PV generators. nisms, greater familiarity with international laws and conventions, and coordinated government policies at Surviving the doldrums in wind power home would help. Curtailed wind power led to more than C¥10 Dependency on foreign oil—how much is too much? billion in economic losses in 2012. Xiamen University’s Lin Boqiang 林伯强 says grid inadequacies China must harness new technologies in cause over-capacity in northern wind-rich areas— extraction, energy saving, coal liquefac- better to restrict wind power installation where coal- tion and gasification, and renewable energy to reduce fired power dominates. Xinjiang Goldwind chairman oil dependency, says Xu Hongcai 徐洪才 China Centre Wu Gang 武钢 says the industry has been responsive for International Economic Exchanges. Chen Liuqin 陈 to the NEA’s March measures on wind power grid inte- 柳钦 China Institute of Energy Economics also recom- gration. Transmission systems are improved, investors mends strategic energy diplomacy, gaining influence more discerning, and weaker companies eliminated. in the global oil pricing system and developing better overseas transportation systems. Still too much coal Major action plan for air pollution control announced Yang Jintian 杨金田 Chinese Academy for Environ- mental Planning advocates disaggregated, The new ‘Atmospheric pollution prevention and binding coal reduction targets for all levels control action plan’ for Beijing is an integrated of local government. The coal sector must continue to approach to environmental and developmental consolidate despite ambiguous SOE property rights issues—meeting targets, however, will not be easy. Li and local interest conflicts says Xing Lei 邢雷 Central Zhiqing 李志青 Fudan University Centre for Environ- University of Finance and Economics. mental Economics Studies praises a proposed total cap on emissions, targeting the full pollution ‘life-cycle’, EIAs for public buildings granting oversight powers to municipal environmental protection bureaus, and raising the status of environ- Beijing municipal judicial official Fu Jin 付金 mental protection in provincial performance criteria. highlights the lack of mandatory environmental Ministry of Environmental Protection (MEP) Depart- impact assessment for public buildings that can allow ment of Pollution Prevention and Control’s Wang Jian schools to be sited next to toxic sites. He urges new 汪键 a major contributor to the action plan, says MEP regulations which clearly stipulate both indoor and will directly supervise data collection andlocal govern- surrounding environment standards. ments will sign liability agreements to ensure reduced coal use in the mega-city regions. The sun never sets on nuclear power?

Light at the end of the tunnel for PV industry? Nuclear power is relatively cheap and reduces coal reliance says Zhang Guobao 张国宝 National New NDRC 20-year tariff and subsidy policies are Energy Commission (NEC) Expert Advisory Committee. welcomed by the PV industry—though they will Since the Fukushima accident, new plants in China not encourage distributed power generation on private were submitted to rigorous safety inspections—and buildings. China General Certification Centre’s Qin now meet or exceed international standards. This Haiyan 秦海岩 says, in the long run, the PV industry ‘sunrise industry’ ought to steadily develop.

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CHEN LIUQIN 陈柳钦 b.1969, CCP member Chen’s expertise is in energy economics, international trade, urban economics, and financial theory. He directs Centres for Strategic Studies and Petroleum Studies at the China Institute of Energy Economics Research, and advises the Tianjin municipal government. A low-carbon economy, he suggests, requires more transparent carbon trading and setting up entities like the Green Climate Fund supporting investment in low carbon technology, green buildings and vehicles. A ‘low carbon economic zone’ in eastern China would be a good way of testing these ideas.

Hu Weiping 胡卫平 b. 1951 Expert in oil and gas exploration and pipelines, liquefied natural gas development, and shale oil and gas development, Hu is a career technocrat. Joining the State Planning Commission (now NDRC) in 1991, he retired from the NEA’s Oil and Gas Division in 2012. China Overseas Development Association secretary general from 2013, Hu advises companies investing abroad. Investments and acquisitions overseas help enterprises enhance their own operational and management capabilities, he believes. Hu dislikes the pursuit of prestige projects by some firms, oblivious to commercial feasibility.

Wang Zhen 王震 b.1969 Wang Zhen is China University of Petroleum (Beijing) Academy of Chinese Energy Strategy executive dean. Alert to overseas investment and mergers and acquisitions, Wang frequently comments on the international oil market. Given that fossil fuels will be fundamental to meeting energy needs in the foreseeable future, Wang urges deepening energy diplomacy. State-owned O&G companies, having imbibed the operational standards of Western O&G multinationals, act increasingly as ‘state-owned MNCs’. A PhD in Finance from Peking University, Wang was a Fulbright scholar at the University of Virginia.

Wu Gang 武钢 b.1958 Wu Gang is chairman and CEO of Xinjiang Goldwind Science & Technology Co Ltd the third largest wind turbine manufacturer in the world. Convinced wind will be indispensable in China’s sustainable development, Wu has led his company to become one of the most successful players in the global wind industry. In 2010, Wu was found to have illegally provided C¥100 million credit guarantees to construct a wind farm in Cyprus without releasing any public statement to shareholders. But his stature in the industry was such that he survived the episode largely unscathed.

Xu Hongcai 徐洪才 b.1964 Xu Hongcai, China Centre for International Economic Exchanges Information Department deputy director, an international economist, he now focuses on energy and environmental economics. Green credit, bonds and insurance products are crucial for eco-friendly growth, says Xu. Banks should not issue loans to high-polluting enterprises. Naturally pro-market, Xu argues government must simplify bureaucratic procedures, reduce direct intervention in micro-level economic activities and provide credit guarantees to encourage private entry to the energy and environmental sectors.

The ERC Policy Record is created by China Policy, Beijing 2 record energy resources climate OCTOBER 2013 organisations 环保部污染防治司 In charge of the inspection and regulation of environmental Ministry of Environmental Protection pollution ranging from air, water and soil to noise, chemi- Department of Pollution Prevention and cals and vehicles, the Department conducts comprehensive Control analyses of environmental conditions across the country, and proposes and monitors the implementtion of pollution control plans. It assesses corporate environmental behaviour and regulates domestic application of international environmental treaties. Standing at the frontline of tackling PM2.5, the Department contributed to drafting and regulating the implementation of the September 2013 ‘Air pollution prevention and control action plan’.

中国产业海外发展和规划协会 China Overseas Development Association (CODA), a GONGO China Overseas Development Association founded in 2004, helps to facilitate the ‘going global’ strategy (CODA) by offering consultation and legal services to Chinese enterprises pursuing overseas investment and development. It publishes targeted investment information in monthly peri- odicals and co-organises the annual China Overseas Invest- ment Fair. CODA reports directly to the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC).Its current President Zhang Guobao 张国宝 was an NDRC vice chairman and National Energy Administration director. A close collaborative relationship with government ministries, embassies and chambers of commerce stationed abroad allows CODA to facilitate commu- nication between the authorities and the corporate sector.

环境保护部环境规划院 Chinese Academy for Environmental Planning (CAEP), a policy Chinese Academy for Environmental Planning planning institute under the Ministry of Environmental Protec- (CAEP) tion, provides technical support and policy proposals to the central and provincial governments on environment-related issues. In May 2013, CAEP’s four-year study delivered four potential models for environmental tax law pilots to the State Administration of Taxation. The Academy has developed an air pollution forecasting model and an emergency plan for severe pollution days in Hebei, and is currently developing an implementation plan for Tuoketuo circular economic industrial park in Inner Mongolia.

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WANG Zhen 王震 energy 能源 Hexun Online 和讯网 resources 自然资源 24 September 2013 oil 石油 http://news.hexun.com/2013-09-24/158276827.html going global 走出去

China University of Petroleum’s Wang Zhen 王震 describes the various investment models employed by the Chinese O&G industry overseas over the past 20 years. Wang believes that Chinese O&G firms are now becoming ‘state-owned multinationals’, operating in ways similar to Western MNCs. Wang urges Chinese firms to complete the transition and prioritise commercial objectives.

Wang Zhen: Oil industry overseas investment 王震：石油企业海外投资已与加拿大 already mirrors the Canadian model 模式类似

... Wang Zhen, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), China ……中国石油大学（北京）中国能源战略研究 Energy Strategy Institute vice president, stated... 院常务副院长王震表示…… ... …… ... After 20 years of going global, we have seen great change in ……我们走出去的20年海外投资的经营模式 China’s overseas investment business models. The first model 发生了很大的变化。第一种是苏丹的模式…… can be described as the Sudanese model… typified by a host 苏丹模式是在当时的东道国也就是苏丹工业基 country with a weak uncompetitive industrial base, and rela- 础相对薄弱竞争不是很充分，劳工政策不是十 tively lax labour policies. In this context, Chinese oil companies 分严苛，这种模式下发挥中国石油经济的组织 can fully leverage their advantages in organisational expe- 经验、服务队伍和装备优势。第二种模式是伊 rience, work force, and equipment. The second model is the 拉克的模式，我们知道战后的伊拉克为了迅速 Iraqi model. As we know, in order to speed up the recovery of 地恢复石油工业，通过公开招标的方式为全球 its post-war oil industry, Iraq provided opportunities for global 各类石油公司提供了机会，我们说尽管它的竞 oil companies through public tenders. While the competition 争很充分，但是我们知道伊拉克仍然处在一个 was robust, we also saw that Iraq remained in turmoil, and its 动荡之中，政治环境也无法给全球的服务公司 political circumstances also could not possibly provide a fully 提供充分的竞争环境，加上经过长期的国内的 competitive environment for global service companies. On 不稳定状态具备高技能的劳工供给也不是很充 top of this, long-term instability in Iraq had resulted in high- 分。为发挥我国石油企业综合一体化优势提供 skilled labour shortage. These conditions made it possible for 了可能。第三种就是类似于像加拿大、澳大利 Chinese oil enterprises to exploit their advantages of compre- 亚这种发达的经济体模式……在发达的市场经 hensive integration. The third model is similar to the models 济体制下，资源国政府有完善的法律体系， of Canada, Australia, and other developed economies... the 有严苛的劳工与服务提供商的条件，这些国家 governments of these resource-rich countries have fully devel- 的高技能员工供给充分，在这样的经营下我国 oped legal systems, strict labour regulations and service provi- 的石油企业可以与跨国的石油公司是完全意义 sion requirements, and an ample supply of high-skilled labour. 上的同台竞技。所以纵观过去20年可以发现 Under such conditions, China’s oil companies can compete in 现在的经营活动实际上是在三种经营环境模式 the full sense on a level playing field with foreign multinational 下的重叠。特别是过去的2012年可以发现石 oil companies. A survey of the past 20 years reveals that China’s 油企业海外的并购活动、投资活动已经完全扩 current overseas business operations are a combination of all 展到这三种经营模式中的第三种。 three models. In particular, in 2012 the overseas acquisition and investment activities of the oil industry have completely shifted into the third of the three models. From this perspective, China’s multinational oil investment has 从这个意义来讲，我们的跨国石油投资进入了 entered a new phase... National oil companies merely pursuing 新的阶段……这样由单重追求资源的国家石油 natural resources are transforming into state-owned MNCs 公司，向具有投资属性的国家拥有的跨国石油 investing internationally. 公司转变……

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... Originally [Chinese firms] behaved more as national oil 我们原来更多以国家石油公司的身份更多是追 companies primarily interested in pursuing natural resources; 求资源的拥有，现在实际上转变成既为国家的 they have now changed into multinationals that contribute not 石油安全保障，但同时在全球的竞争中以一种 only to securing the nation’s oil supply, but also able to hold 跨国公司的身份在商务竞争中立于不败之地， their own in global business competition—this is probably 这样的话可能更重要。所以我把这种情况叫做 more important. Hence my calling them state-owned multi- 国家拥有的跨国石油公司……但是我们在很多 national oil corporations… but they are also operating increas- 的商务操作方面越来越按照跨国石油公司一系 ingly in accordance with the operational and management 列的标准来经营和管理。所以我们作为投资与 standards of [typical] multinational oil corporations. In making 并购的时候我们的目的就要像投资商一样，实 investment and acquisition decisions, therefore, our objective 现商业价值的增加成为最重要的目的…… must be like that of an investor, whose top priority is increasing the value of his business...

HU Weiping 胡卫平 energy 能源 China Energy News 中国能源报 oil and gas 油气 26 September 2013 going global 走去出 http://www.cnenergy.org/yw/201309/t20130926_248945.html

Hu Weiping 胡卫平 China Overseas Development Association, says Chinese O&G investments overseas are concentrated in politically unstable regions, were recently acquired at high cost and face technical barriers. Bilateral investment protection mechanisms, greater familiarity with international law, and coordinated government policies at home would help.

Hu Weiping: 60 percent of oil and gas overseas 胡卫平：油气“走出去”60%集中在 investments are concentrated in high risk areas 高风险地区

……我国石油企业从上世纪90年代开始 “走 …China’s oil companies started going global in the early 1990s. 出去”，真正开始成规模收购海外项目，还是 But overseas acquisitions of any scale began only in 2004… 2004年以后…… ……和国外大石油公司相比，中国石油公司的 ...compared with large foreign oil companies, Chinese oil 海外油气产量在公司油气产量中的占比比较 companies derive only a small proportion of their total produc- 低，基本都在30%以下…… tion from overseas oil and gas production, generally amounting to less than 30 percent… ……油气企业“走出去”……主要面临三个问 ...There are three major problems facing the oil and gas compa- 题。一是海外资产结构和布局抗风险能力弱。 nies ‘going global’. First, asset structure and composition have 海外资产过于集中在地缘政治或社会安全风险 poor risk-resistance. Overseas assets are too concentrated in 较高地区，所在投资比重约60%左右。 areas with high geopolitical or social stability risks. Such areas account for about 60 percent of total investments. The second problem facing Chinese oil companies overseas 资产获取价格较高，油价下行盈利能力变差是 is the relatively high acquisition costs and the vulnerability of 油气“走出去”面临的第二个问题。我国石油 profit margins to drops in the price of oil. Chinese oil compa- 企业海外资产大都是近年来油价高企后收购 nies’ overseas assets were generally acquired in the last few 的，项目经济效益对油价敏感性强，如国际油 years after the rise in oil price. The economic efficiency of these 价下行，可能将面临亏损的风险。 projects is therefore very sensitive to fluctuations in the price of oil; a fall in the global price of oil would put them at risk for losses. Another issue is the relatively high technical barriers involved 再有一个问题是，由于石油天然气勘探开发专 in oil and gas exploration, due to the high level of technical 业性强，有较高技术壁垒…… specialisation required…

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In addition to the problems above, what other constraining 除了上述问题，油气企业“走出去”还存在哪 factors are faced by O&G enterprises in ‘going global’? 些制约因素？ ...... The first constraining factor is inadequate government ……第一个制约因素是政府统筹协调不够。海 planning and coordination. The policy system for overseas busi- 外业务政策体系不尽完善。与主要资源国的双 ness operations has many imperfections. Bilateral investment 边投资保护机制需要建立健全。 protection mechanisms with major host countries need to be improved. The second constraint is that China’s oil and gas companies are 第二个制约因素是我国油气企业不熟悉国际规 not yet familiar with international rules, nor have they much say 则，对国际规则的制定缺乏话语权。同时，缺 in formulating them. At the same time, they lack understanding 乏对投资项目所在国法律法规、国情民情、产 of the laws and regulations, national and social conditions, as 业政策熟悉和了解。 well as the industrial policies of the host nations where investment projects are located. The third constraint is a lack of policy guidance for SME partic- 第三个制约因素是对中小企业参与油气企业“ ipation in the ‘going global’ campaign of O&G enterprises. 走出去”缺乏政策引导。目前，我国实施由 Currently, China implements a domestic O&G development 央企主导的国内油气开发政策和原油进口配 policy and crude oil import quota system dominated by central 额制. 因此，地方企业和民营企业缺乏开展油 SOEs. As a result, local and private enterprises lack the initiative 气“走出去”项目的积极性。’ to ‘go global’ in the O&G sector. ...For Chinese O&G enterprises, ‘going global’ basically amounts ……中国油气企业“走出去”，基本上就是购 to oil and gas purchases... I would like to make a few clarifi- 买油气……关于大型油气资产并购和成为全球 cations regarding the relationship between the acquisition of 大型跨国公司的关系，我想说明几点。 major O&G assets and the building of major global multi-national corporations. ……开展大型并购项目是国际化的有效手 Carrying out large-scale mergers and acquisitions is an effective 段……提升了我国石油公司海外资产所占比 tool for internationalisation... It has increased the proportion 例，为全面转型成为国际石油公司打下了基 of Chinese O&G companies’ overseas assets, and has laid the 础。 foundation for the comprehensive transformation of Chinese oil companies into international corporations. …..通过实施并购项目提升了我国石油企业的 ...... Furthermore, these acquisitions have elevated the - oper 经营管理能力…… ational and management capabilities of Chinese O&G- enter prises...

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XU Hongcai 徐洪才 energy 能源 China National Radio Online Finance 中国广播网财经 resources 自然资源 22 September 2013 oil 石油 http://finance.cnr.cn/txcj/201309/t20130922_513651946.shtml

China must harness technological advances in extraction, energy saving, coal liquefaction and gasification, and renewable energy to reduce oil dependency, says Xu Hongcai 徐洪才 China Centre for International Economic Exchanges.

Xu Hongcai: A multi-pronged approach needed to 徐洪才：应多管齐下降低我国石油对 reduce China’s dependence on foreign oil 外依存度

China is depending more and more on foreign oil; what are the 我国的石油对外依存度越来越高，主要原因是 major reasons? 什么？ Xu Hongcai: First of all, the country’ s economic growth poten- 徐洪才：第一个就是中国经济增长潜力，过 tial. The economy has developed rapidly over the past 30 years. 去30年发展很快，未来新的四化：农村城市 The new ‘four modernisations’—rural urbanisation, industrial- 化、工业化、信息化还有农业现代化仍然要 isation, informatisation, and agricultural modernisation—will 发展，未来经济仍然有可持续发展的潜力，因 continue to develop. In the future, the economy still has poten- 此对能源的需求还是很大的。第二，我们的产 tial for sustainable development, hence demands on energy 业结构不尽合理，第三产业不发达，第二产业 will still be very large. Secondly, our industrial structure is not 比重过高，再加上我们实施出口导向型的经济 yet completely rational: tertiary industry is not developed, and 模式，加工贸易占了很大的比重，中国作为世 the proportion of secondary industry is too high. Coupled with 界工厂产生了很大的能源需求。第三，技术水 the current export-oriented economic model, overweighted 平总体上不高，单位GDP产出、能源消耗偏 with processing trade, being the world’s factory creates a huge 高。第四，我国石油资源总量虽然比较丰富， demand for energy. Thirdly, the overall technological level is 但是主要还是在沿海大陆下，包括在南海地 not high; while energy consumption per GDP unit remains high. 区，这些地方有很多石油，但由于技术现在还 Fourthly, although China’s total oil resources are abundant, the 不成熟，每年原油产量还难以满足国内经济发 majority is buried beneath the continental shelf, including that 展对石油的需求。 in the South China Sea region. However, due to current technological limitations, annual oil production is unable to meet the demand to sustain domestic economic growth. 应该如何摆脱对石油进口的过度依赖，维护国 How should we break away from excessive dependence on oil 家能源安全？ imports in order to safeguard national energy security? 徐洪才：一是要通过技术的进步，提升我国石 Xu: First, we should use technological advances to boost our 油开发的能力。第二，要通过采用先进节能环 oil extraction capability. Second, by adopting advanced ener- 保的技术，降低我国目前能源消耗总体水平。 gy-saving and environmental protection technologies, we can 第三，我们中国煤炭资源很丰富，因此要大力 reduce overall energy consumption levels. Third, given our 发展煤制油、煤制气的技术，扩大这方面的应 abundant coal resources, we should vigorously develop lique- 用，调整能源结构。第四，要发展一些绿色能 faction and gasification technologies, expanding their appli- 源，可再生能源，像太阳能、风能、潮汐能、 cation and adjusting the energy structure. Fourth, we must 生物能源等等，要大力的发展。最后，要通过 develop green energy and renewable energy resources such as 技术的进步促进页岩油气、可燃冰的商业化开 solar energy, wind energy, tidal energy, bio-energy, etc., vigor- 采和应用。总体而言，我们要采取多管齐下的 ously. Finally, through technological advancements we should 办法，降低我国对石油过渡进口的依赖。 promote commercial extraction and exploitation of shale oil and gas, as well as combustible ice. Overall, we have to adopt a multi-pronged approach to reduce our over-dependence on oil imports.

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CHEN Liuqin 陈柳钦 energy 能源 China Energy News 中国能源报 resources 自然资源 09 September 2013 oil 石油 http://www.cnenergy.org/nypl/201309/t20130905_243888.html energy conservation 节能

Chen Liuqin 陈柳钦 China Institute of Energy Economics says that, to reduce oil dependence, China should focus on energy diversification, efficient consumption and an oil reserve system at home; and on strategic energy diplomacy, gaining influence in the global oil pricing system and developing better overseas transportation abroad.

Chen Liuqin: A rational look at foreign oil 陈柳钦：理性看待石油“对外依存 dependence 度”

... A foreign oil dependency ratio of 50 percent is not an invi- …… 石油对外依存度超过50%也并非不可逾 olable red line. As every country has its own unique set of 越的红线。各国的国情各异，发展阶段和自身 circumstances and stage of development, their needs are also 需求有所不同 …… different...... …… ... High foreign oil dependence will bring certain adverse effects …… 石油对外依存度高对我国经济确实会带 to China’s economy... If domestic oil demand is allowed unre- 来一定的不利影响 …… 如果任凭国内的石油 strained growth, the amount of imported oil will certainly 需求无限制增长，石油从国外进口的量就会大 increase significantly. Oil supply in the international market is 幅度上升。国际市场供应的石油是有限度的， limited. Expanding imports means China is likely to pressure 中国扩大进口就有可能挤压其他国家石油的进 other countries that import oil, thus generating economic and 口，这将产生经济的、政治的矛盾，是一个非 political conflicts. This is a very dangerous trend. Hence...devel- 常危险的趋势。因此， …… 制定一个石油需 oping an oil demand growth ‘ceiling’ as the basis for China’s 求增长的“顶板”作为未来我国能源政策的基 future energy policy is very important. If handled and regulated 础十分重要。只要处理调控得当，石油进口量 properly, oil imports and import dependence will not effect the 和进口依赖度不会影响我国经济和世界经济的 development of China’s economy or the world economy. On 发展，相反会成为推动我国加快经济发展方式 the contrary, they will become an important force in promoting 转变和世界石油工业发展的重要动力。 the transformation of China’s model of economic development and the development of the global petroleum industry. …… 我们要 …… 深入思考加速自身能源多元 ... We have to... consider speeding up China’s own strategy for 化战略 …… 加快石油战略储备体系的建立和 energy diversification in depth...as well as speeding setting up 完善 …… 积极开展能源外交 …… 构建综合性 and improving a strategic oil reserve system... China should 的石油危机应对机制 ……提升中国在世界石 actively conduct its energy diplomacy... and build a - compre 油定价机制中的话语权 …… 建立多元化石油 hensive response system to any future oil crisis... We should 运输网络，加快海外运力建设 …… 切实解决 elevate China to a position of influence in the global oil pricing 石油消费增长过快的顽症，努力提高能效，控 system... [We should also] establish a diversified oil transpor- 制能源消费总量，调整能源需求结构 …… 加 tation network, and accelerate the development of our over- 大新能源的开发利用力度，积极推动替代能 seas transport capacity... The chronic problem of excessive 源的发展 …… 实现能源供给与节能减排相协 oil consumption growth should be dealt with effectively, and 调，从而达到减少能源对外依赖度的目标。 efforts need to be made to improve energy efficiency, control aggregate energy consumption and adjust energy demand structures... We should also increase exploration and utilisation rates of new energy sources, and actively promote the development of alternative energy… Energy supply, energy conservation, and emission reduction should be well coordinated, in order to achieve the goal of decreasing foreign energy dependence.

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CHAI Fahe, ZHANG Yuanhang, YANG Jintian air 空气柴发合、张远航、杨金田 environmental protection 环保 People’s Daily 人民日报 pollution 污染 13 September 2013 http://www.people.com.cn/24hour/n/2013/0913/c25408-22906194.html

The ‘Atmospheric pollution prevention action plan’ is not just a pollution control plan, but an holistic approach to environmental protection and development. It will be a challenge to meet the targets.

Disperse haze and bring back blue skies 驱散雾霾唤回蓝天

... …… The ‘Atmospheric pollution prevention and control action plan’ “千万不要把行动计划（《大气污染防治行动 should not be taken as a mere pollution control measure; it is, 计划》）仅仅当成是污染防治对策，它实际上 in actuality, an important measure in optimising economic and 是以大气污染为导引，优化经济社会发展的重 social development using pollution control as a lead-in.’... 要举措。”…… Chinese Academy of Environmental Sciences vice president 中国环境科学研究院副院长柴发合……认 Chai Fahe... asserts, the 35 specific measures outlined in the 为，“国十条”十大类35项具体措施，反映 Plan’s ‘Ten articles’ reflect an accurate analysis of the causes of 的是对大气污染成因的准确分析，而针对性的 air pollution, and the comprehensive measures can be taken as 综合措施可以说是对不合理不可持续发展方式 a rethinking of certain irrational and unsustainable models of 的反思。 development. …… ...... According to Peking University School of Environment ……北京大学环境学院教授张远航告诉记者， Professor Zhang Yuanhang, all previous plans had approached 以往的污染防治规划都是在原有的经济结构、 pollution prevention and control issues within the context 产业发展等规划的背景下考虑污染防治问题， of pre-existing economic structures, strategies for industrial 而今是在环境质量改善的目标下，综合考虑整 development, etc. Now, however, under the overall target of 个发展的问题。 improving environmental quality, China is taking a comprehensive approach to the development issue. Ministry of Environmental Protection Academy for Environ- mental Planning chief engineer Yang Jintian, long involved 长期参与国家各项环保规划制定的环境保护部 in environmental protection planning, remarked that as all 环境规划院总工程师杨金田表示，以往的环保 previous environmental planning fell under the purview of a 规划，因为是由环保单一部门制定，有很多局 single department, there were many limitations. The current 限。行动计划以更高视角认识环境保护，是多 action plan approaches environmental protection from a higher 部门合作参与的结果，起点不一样，其措施的 perspective, and combines the efforts of several departments. 导向性、约束性都大大增强。 Its starting point is different, its measures offering much more …… guidance and constraint...... ‘This is a tough objective...’ says Chai. ……柴发合表示，“这是非常艰难的目标” ，…… ... Zhang Yuanhang states that while current technology can easily support the plan’s targets, development issues pose a ……张远航表示，从目前情况看，技术层面基 larger problem. Only if all measures are implemented will 本可以支撑目标的实现，但是比技术问题更重 targets be met. 要的，是发展观的问题。只有所有措施都到位，目标才有实现的可能。 ‘Setting goals involves working both across and within departments’. .. “目标的制定是各部门合作的过程，同时也是上下互动的过程。”…… ……计划的实行会不会影响经济发展速度？对 ... Will setting the plan in motion affect the speed of economic 此，杨金田表示，……“虽然一些措施可能短 growth? On this point, Yang Jintian states...’Some measures 期内会对经济发展带来一定影响，但是从长远

The ERC Policy Record is created by China Policy, Beijing 9 record energy resources climate OCTOBER 2013 may have short-term impacts on economic development, but 看，从社会综合效益看，‘大手术’一定会大 in the long term, the broad social benefits brought by the 有裨益。”…… measures make this major change worthwhile’. ... …… ... ‘In key regions, detailed measures have already been “在重点区域，根据行动计划制定的实施细则 synchronised according to the action plan, including some of 已经同步完成，包括了更细致更有针对性的措 the intricate, targeted ones. Hebei Province, for example, has 施。比如，河北已经制定50条措施来应对国 already developed 50 measures in response to the national 家颁布的行动计划。”柴发合这样告诉记者。 action plan’, says Chai Faihe. ‘The action plan can be seen as a guiding plan. Measures “行动计划可以说是一个纲领，纲领中涉及的 outlined in the plan can be taken word-for-word and translated 措施都将逐字逐句被分解成任务，各部门主动 into specific agency tasks. They then need to propose practical 承担，尽快拿出可以操作的办法和细则，这是 operations and detailed rules; this is a basic principle’, Yang 一个基本原则。”杨金田说…… Jintian said...... …… ‘The action plan embodies the idea of integrated environ- “行动计划体现了环境综合管理的思想，共识 mental management. Only with a consensus understanding 共治才有共赢的结局。”张远航说。 and collective efforts can we create a win-win situation’, said Zhang Yuanhuang.

LI Zhiqing 李志青 air 空气 Fudan University News Culture Net 复旦新闻文化网 environmental protection 环保 09 September 2013 pollution 污染 http://news.fudan.edu.cn/2013/0909/34172.html pollution

Li Zhiqing 李志青 Fudan University Centre for Environmental Economics Studies deputy director welcomes devel- opments in the new Atmospheric pollution prevention action plan for Beijing—a cap on total emissions, pollution regulations from source to emission, directs all departments to support implementation by the Beijing Municipal Environmental Protection Bureau and ‘one vote veto’ appraisal system.

Li Zhiqing: ‘Declaring war on PM2.5’—the sword “向PM2.5宣战”剑指改革突破口 points at reform breakthrough ... Beijing’s ‘Ten articles’ targeting atmospheric pollution ……本次在京落地的“大气版国十条”实施细 contains many new ideas for detailed implementation, 则有着诸多新意，颇具为全局改革进行试水之 intending to test the waters for wider reforms. 意图。 (1) A ‘hard cap’ replaces ‘flexible advance’. ... Until the 18th Party 第一，“总量倒逼”取代“弹性推进”。…… Congress, China still adhered in fact to the basic line of ‘flexible 实际上，一直到十八大之前，都还秉承着“ advancement’. ‘Proportionally’ binding targets were used to 弹性推进”的基本路线，具体表现为以相对 judge performance in environmental governance. ...In practice, 的“比例性”约束目标来评判环境治理的绩 when balancing development and environmental protection, 效，……其实质是在平衡发展与环境保护的关 it favoured the former. But... this kind of policy created the 系中侧重于前者，……但……这样的路线存在 potential for relatively major problems down the road. That is, 较大的后患，那就是资源利用和环境污染屡屡 resource use and environmental pollution frequently exceeded 突破我国现有的生态环境承载力……。由此， what China’s current ecological environment could bear. Hence 以“总量控制”取代“比例调节”来保护生态 a cap on total emissions instead of ‘proportional adjustments’ 环境已经迫在眉睫。…… to protect the environment is a necessity....

The ERC Policy Record is created by China Policy, Beijing 10 record energy resources climate OCTOBER 2013

(2) ‘All-round management’ replaces ‘partial breakthrough’.... 第二，“综合治理”取代“局部突破”。…… Limited by institutional mechanisms and other factors, past 事实上，针对生态环境保护，限于机制体制等 environmental protection work suffered from a ‘fear of diffi- 各种主客观因素，以往的工作在一定程度上存 culty’... ‘Partial breakthrough’ became the set pattern for past 在“畏难”情绪，……“局部突破”也就成为 environmental protection reforms. But that was far from the 以往生态环境保护的改革思路，……但这与生 ‘systematic’ response required for environmental protection. 态环境保护工作本身的“系统性”要求则相去 Beijing’s ‘Action Plan’ means air pollution must be controlled 甚远……。北京的《行动计划》表明，大气污 from the source to the very end of pollution. 染的治理必须从排污的源头、过程一直到末端进行全局控制……。 (3) ‘Unified authority’ replaces ‘segmentation’ ...Under Beijing’s 第三，“事权统一”取代“条块分割”；…… ‘Action plan’…, not only does environmental protection come 北京的《行动计划》……不仅将直接隶属于生 directly under the jurisdiction of the Beijing Environmental 态环境的领域收归环保局治下，更是将生态环 Protection Bureau, but environmental regulation becomes a 境的治理作为推进改革的抓手，其中便有多处 lever to advance other reforms. The plan also stipulates that 提及北京环保局要求包括发改委（北京），公 Beijing’s Municipal Commission for Development and Reform, 安局，交通局，交管局和质监局等“其他部 Public Security Bureau, Transport Bureau, Traffic Regulation 门”甚至是“其他重要部门”予以完成或配合 Bureau, the Quality and Technology Supervision Bureau and 完成的任务，……在中国环保史上实属罕见， ‘other major agencies’ are to help the Environmental Protec- 从中也可见中央在统一“环保事权”……上的 tion Bureau carry out the plan. This is quite rare in environ- 巨大决心……。 mental protection in China. The central government’s great determination to ‘unify authority over environmental protection’ can be glimpsed from it. (4) ‘One vote veto’ replaces ‘fuzzy assessment’.... Within the 第四，“一票否决”取代 “模糊考核” endlessly complex and bulky assessment and organisation 。……在纷繁复杂的庞大考核和组织体系中， system, the most effective method by far is an ‘accountability 最为有效的办法无疑便是“一票否决”的“问 system’ of ‘one vote veto’....given the enormous challenges of 责制”。……面对生态环境恶化的巨大挑战和 environmental degradation and strategic demands to build a 建设美丽中国的战略诉求，“一票否决”的考 beautiful China, a ‘one-vote veto’ appraisal system will continue 核制度仍将继续发挥其重要作用，即用环保上 to play an important role in replacing the previous fuzzy assess- 的一票否决替代之前过于强调经济而忽略环保 ment system which overemphasised economy at the cost of 的模糊考核…… the environment. …… ...

The ERC Policy Record is created by China Policy, Beijing 11 record energy resources climate OCTOBER 2013

DU Ximeng, HAN Meng 杜希萌，韩萌 air 空气 China National Radio 中国广播网 pollution 污染 12 September 2013 energy 能源 http://china.cnr.cn/xwwgf/201309/t20130912_513585226.shtml coal 煤炭

Ministry of Environmental Protection official Wang Jian 汪键 stresses that the east coast mega-city regions are to achieve negative coal use growth. Enterprises will be directly supervised to ensure data reliability and local governments are to sign liability agreements.

China aims to dispel heavy atmospheric pollution 汪键：我国力争5年内消除重污染天气 and achieve negative growth for coal usage within 煤炭消费将负增长 five years

... China’s first national air pollution control plan...the ‘Atmo- ……我国第一份全国性的空气污染治理规 spheric pollution prevention and control action plan’ has finally 划……《大气污染防治行动计划》终于面 emerged... 世…… ... The industry is calling the ‘Action plan’, composed of ten arti- ……全文共十项35条措施，也因此被业内成 cles and thirty-five measures, the ‘Ten articles’ for improving 为“大气国十条”。参与编制《行动计划》的 air pollution. According to Ministry of Environmental Protec- 环保部污染防治司副司长汪键认为，这份方案 tion (MEP) Department of Pollution Prevention and Control 最有价值的内容之一，是明确划定了我国未来 deputy director Wang Jian, a participant in the formulation of 五年大气治理目标。 the ‘Action plan’, one of the most valuable parts of the plan is its clear delineation of atmospheric governance objectives for the next five years. Wang Jian: ... By 2017... inhalable particles in cities at the 汪键：……具体目标是到2017年……全国地 prefecture level and above are to be reduced with PM 10 levels 级及以上城市可吸入颗粒物，PM10浓度比 reduced by over 10 percent from 2012 levels. Levels of PM 2.5 2012年下降10%以上；京津冀、长三角、珠 are to be reduced by 25 percent in Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei, 三角等区域细颗粒物，PM2.5浓度分别下降 by 20 percent in the Yangtze River Delta, and by 15 percent 25%、20%、15%左右，北京PM2.5年均浓度 in the Pearl River Delta region, and in Beijing specifically, the 控制在60微克。 M 2.5 annual average concentration level will be limited to 60 micrograms. ... …… Wang Jian: ... as current air pollution is still primarily caused by 汪键：……现在大气污染主要还是烧煤造成 coal burning, the ‘Action plan’, therefore, proposes for the first 的，所以首次提出了消费总量控制这个概念， time the concept of aggregate consumption control. Beijing, 京津冀，长三角，珠三角要实现煤炭负增长 Tianjin, and Hebei (BTH), as well as the Yangtze River delta, and 的。再一个我们提出的多污染物控制，把整个 Pearl River delta regions are to achieve negative growth in coal 污染物的水平降下来。环保门槛明显的加大。 usage. The Plan also proposes many pollutant controls aiming to reduce overall pollutant levels. In general, environmental protection standards have been clearly enhanced. Compliance with the plan will lower coal use in the BTH region 按照计划要求，仅京津冀一个区域煤炭减量就 alone by 80 million tons, amounting to a reduction of over 高达8000万吨煤，换算为污染物，则可以少 950,000 tons of sulphur dioxide emissions and 750,000 tons of 排放95万吨二氧化硫和75万吨以上的烟尘， soot, thus effectively reducing the PM 2.5 level. 能够有效降低PM2.5的指数。 In Wang Jian’s opinion, these measures if carried out in full can 在汪键看来，这些措施只要全部落实，就可以 alleviate the problem of cities ‘besieged by smog’... 缓解“雾霾围城”的困扰…… Wang Jian: ... We want to establish direct supervision in cities, 汪键：在考核上……我们专门要在城市设立我 thus guaranteeing the data collected is reliable. These assess- 们的直管点，保证我们的数据可靠。考核不仅 ments are not solely for penalising enterprise violations. We 是对企业的违法加大处罚，而且对于地方政府 will also collaborate with the Party’s Organisation Department 不认真落实国十条，我们要联合组织部门，监 and other supervisory authorities to monitor local implemen- 察部门对地方落实国十条做出考察。我们还专

The ERC Policy Record is created by China Policy, Beijing 12 record energy resources climate OCTOBER 2013 tation if local governments fail to take the ‘Ten articles’ seri- 门为京津冀编制了细则，比如说脱硫要多少装 ously. For the BTH region, stipulated reductions in sulphur 机，钢铁产能要压多少以责任书的方式明确， dioxide and steel production capacity have been drawn up and 这个责任书也要向社会公开公布。 clarified in the form of liability agreements, which should be released to the public. According to Chinese Academy of Environmental Sciences 中国环境科学院副院长柴发合认为……这些举 deputy dean Chai Fahe...the measures focus not only on pollu- 措重点不仅是针对了污染的消减，而且是从发 tion abatement, but also on adjustments to current develop- 展方式的调整，产业结构的调整，能源结构的 ment models. Industrial, energy and other sectors will undergo 调整等都动了大手术，他是一个以大气环境质 major changes in order to improve atmospheric environmental 量改善为导引的、优化社会经济发展的非常重 quality that are a major part of optimising socio-economic 要的举措。 development. Speaking of the general concern that measures reducing coal 而对于社会上普遍关注的压煤减碳，压缩产能 production and carbon emissions would create some difficul- 等措施可能会给区域经济发展带来一定困难的 ties for regional economic development, Wang Jian maintains 说法，汪键认为……总体下来十条对经济发展 that... carrying out the ‘Ten articles’ can only positively impact 应该是正面的影响。 overall economic development.

PAN Shaojun 潘少军 electricity 电力 People’s Daily 人民日报 energy 能源 26 September 2013 solar 太阳能 http://finance.people.com.cn/n/2013/0926/c1004-23037448.html

New tariff and subsidy policies to last 20 years are welcomed by the PV industry, but are still not sufficiently attractive to encourage distributed power generation on private buildings according to China General Certification Centre’s Qin Haiyan 秦海岩. In the long run the PV industry must rely on market forces rather than administrative fiats.

Economic focus: will new electricity prices be the 经济聚焦：新电价能否让光伏业柳暗 light at the end of the tunnel for the photovoltaic 花明 Industry? ... …… The NDRC’s recently issued ‘Notice on the use of price lever- 日前发布的《国家发展改革委关于发挥价格杠 aging to promote the robust development of the photovol- 杆作用促进光伏产业健康发展的通知》，将全 taic (PV) industry’ divides the country into three solar power 国分为三类太阳能光资源区，分别执行每千瓦 regions, with benchmark PV on-grid power tariffs of C¥0.9 per 时0.9元、0.95元、1元的光伏电站标杆上网电 kWh, C¥0.95 per kWh and C¥1 per kWh respectively. Distrib- 价，分布式光伏发电项目实行每千瓦时0.42元 uted [e.g. roof-mounted] PV power generation projects will 的电价补贴标准。 receive a standard price subsidy of C¥0.42 per kWh. ... …… These policies are headed in a clear direction. ‘In general, there 此次出台的上网电价和补贴政策，导向性明 is a reduction in the benchmark on-grid power tariff in western 显。“总体而言，调低了西部地区地面电站标 regions and an increase in electricity price subsidies for distrib- 杆上网电价，调高了东部地区分布式发电的电 uted energy generation in the eastern regions’. Dai Cunfeng, 价补贴。”中节能绿洲(北京)太阳能科技有限 CECEP Solar Energy Technology executive vice director, sees 公司执行董事代存峰表示，这些调整实质上要 these adjustments essentially leading to planned and controlled 在西部地区有计划、有控制地发展大型地面电 development of desert-based, large-scale PV power stations 站(荒漠式电站)，在东部地区鼓励发展分布式 in the west. In the east, however, they should encourage the 发电。 development of distributed energy generation. ... ……

The ERC Policy Record is created by China Policy, Beijing 13 record energy resources climate OCTOBER 2013

‘What is especially exciting is that [the new notice] mentions “尤其令人振奋的是，其中第一次提到了‘光 for the first time that both benchmark on-grid power tariffs 伏发电项目自投入运营起执行标杆上网电价 and standard energy subsidies for PV power generation will, 或电价补贴标准，期限原则上为20年。”代 in principle, last for 20 years from the date a project begins 存峰表示，这个“20年不变”给出了明确信 operations’. Dai maintains that stipulating ‘20 years without 号，给了大家极大的信心，许多开发商将会由 changes’ sends out a clear signal and fills everyone with great 观望等待变为积极行动。 confidence. Many developers can now go from waiting on the sidelines to actively taking action. ... …… In response to this new PV power pricing policy, industry 对于此次光伏电价新政，业界的意见主要集中 complaints centre mainly on distributed energy generation. 在分布式发电方面，认为每千瓦时0.42元的电 Insiders see failure to differentiate between rooftop solar 价补贴不分商业、工业、个人、民用等建筑屋 panels installed on commercial, industrial, residential or private 顶，搞“一刀切”不合适。 buildings when applying the C¥0.42 electricity price subsidy as inappropriate. Qin Haiyan, China General Certification Centre director, claims [北京鉴衡认证中心主任]秦海岩表示，对于个 that for distributed power generation from solar panels on the 人屋顶和民用屋顶的分布式发电……“除非政 roofs of private or residential buildings...’unless the govern- 府实行强制性办法，要求相关屋顶都要安装， ment implements mandatory measures requiring panels to be 否则仍然无法推动。” installed, it will still be very hard to promote.’ ‘In Beijing, for example, according to current subsidy standards “以北京为例，按照现在的补贴标准，不算设 and excluding equipment maintenance and other additional 备维修等额外成本，如果全部自发自用，个人 costs, solar panels for private generation and use require eight 屋顶发电约需8年才能收回投资成本，吸引力 years for investment cost recoupment. This is not a very attrac- 不大。”代存峰表示。 tive proposition,’ argues Dai Cunfeng. ... …… ‘This policy on PV price leveraging is only a basic policy; it cannot “光伏电价只是一项基础性政策，并不能解决 solve all energy problems. Relying on market forces rather 所有问题。依靠市场推动而不是行政推动，才 than administrative fiat is the only way to promote the healthy 能使光伏产业得以良性发展。”秦海岩表示， development of the PV energy industry’. Qin Haiyan stresses 比如要解决并购重组、优化结构、产能过剩、 that when dealing with issues such as acquisitions and reor- 淘汰落后等问题，就需要政府与市场厘清边 ganisation, structural optimisation, excess production capacity 界。地方政府出于推动当地经济发展的考虑而 and eliminating backward processes, boundaries between 深度介入，并不利于光伏产业发展。 the government and the market must be clarified. While local governments tend to intervene extensively in order to promote the local economy, this is not conducive to the development of the PV industry. “此外，光伏产业的技术创新也应得到鼓励和 ‘In addition, technological innovation in the PV energy industry 支持。”秦海岩表示……“今后，生产企业要 needs encouragement and support,’ Qin Haiyan maintains... ’In 靠技术进步来实现设备成本的降低，再走上规 future, the manufacturing industry will need to rely on tech- 模、压利润、降成本这条老路子已经不太可 nological innovation to lower equipment costs. The old road 能。” of increasing scale, squeezing profit and lowering costs is no longer feasible.’

The ERC Policy Record is created by China Policy, Beijing 14 record energy resources climate OCTOBER 2013

LIAO Tingting, HUANG Mei 廖婷婷, 黄玫 electricity 电力 Xinhua Net 新华网 energy 能源 24 September 2013 solar 太阳能 http://news.xinhuanet.com/fortune/2013-09/24/c_117488243.htm

Ministry of Industry and Information Technology issued ‘Regulatory conditions for photovoltaic manufacturing industry’ to expedite industry consolidation and accelerate transformation of the PV industry. Experts expect to see a wave of consolidation, which will likely leave five or six large firms in the sector.

Ministry of Industry and Information Technology 工信部下发规范条件提高“光伏门 issued ‘Regulatory Conditions’ to raise the 槛” 行业整合潮将至 ‘photovoltaic industry threshold’. Industry consolidation on the way.

Recently, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology 近日，工信部发布《光伏制造行业规范条件》 (MIIT) issued a set of ‘Regulatory conditions for the PV manu- ，在生产布局与项目设立、生产规模和工艺技 facturing industry’, setting out thresholds in areas such as 术、资源综合利用及能耗等多个方面划定门 production composition and project establishment, the scope 槛，严格控制新上单纯扩大产能的光伏制造项 of production and manufacturing technology, comprehensive 目，加强光伏制造行业管理，规范产业发展秩 utilisation of resources, and energy consumption, etc. The new 序，加快推进光伏产业转型升级。 regulations were issued in order to strictly limit new PV manufacturing projects that simply expand production capacity, strengthen management of the photovoltaic manufacturing industry, regulate orderly industry development, and accelerate the advance and transformation of the industry. ... …… The ‘Regulatory conditions’ also explicitly stipulate the 《规范条件》还明确规定了对现有及新建企业 manufacturing conditions that products of existing and new 及项目产品需满足的生产条件以及光伏制造项 businesses and projects must meet, and energy and water 目能耗、水耗的指标，其废气、废水排放应符 consumption standards for photovoltaic manufacturing proj- 合国家和地方大气及水污染物排放标准和总量 ects. Waste water and gas emissions should comply with local 控制要求，不符合标准的企业及项目，其产品 and national air and water pollution emission standards and 不得享受出口退税和国内应用扶持等政策支 limits on total emissions. Products from non-compliant compa- 持。 nies and projects are not entitled to export tax rebates, subsidies for domestic utilisation, and other supporting policies. ... …… Data from CIConsulting shows that presently, China’s photo- 来自中投顾问产业研究中心的数据显示，目 voltaic module production capacity and output accounts for 60 前，我国光伏组件的产能和产量占全球６０％ percent of global capacity, and polysilicon production capacity ，多晶硅产能和产量占全球４０％，产能过剩 and output accounts for 40 percent—clearly indicating a 明显。同时，由于欧美双反及全球需求趋缓， production capacity surplus. In addition, the anti-dumping and 靠低价竞争占领市场的出口模式已走不下去。 anti-subsidy measures adopted by the US and Europe, as well as slowing global demand all mean that the old export model of relying on price competition to capture market share will no longer be effective. Insiders say that in order for the photovoltaic industry to 业内人士表示，光伏行业若要彻底走出低迷 completely come out of a downturn, mergers and restructuring 期，兼并重组、行业整合不可避免。 and industry consolidation are inevitable. ... CIConsulting energy industry researcher Ren Haoning said: ……中投顾问能源行业研究员任浩宁说：“今 ‘In the first half of 2013, the operating rate of polysilicon enter- 年上半年，多晶硅企业的开工率非常低……大 prises is very low...most of them are almost ‘half dead’.’ 多企业几乎是‘半死不活’。” ... ……

The ERC Policy Record is created by China Policy, Beijing 15 record energy resources climate OCTOBER 2013

‘In the future, polysilicon company bankruptcies and reor- “未来，多晶硅的破产重组还将继续，预计现 ganisation will continue: It is expected that 90 percent of the 有的五六十家多晶硅企业，将有９０％的被淘 existing fifty to sixty polysilicon businesses will be eliminated, 汰出局，最终形成五六个多晶硅企业集团。” ultimately leaving five or six,’ Ren said. 任浩宁说。 Experts hold that this launch of ‘regulatory conditions’ will 专家认为，此次《规范条件》出台，给光伏行 ‘tighten the screw’ and standardise PV industry management. 业的规范化管理拧紧了螺丝钉，企业将各凭本 Firms will have to rely on their skills and fight to get on the 事，争取进入“白名单”，必然给行业带来 ‘white list,’ inevitably bringing the industry some growing 一段阵痛期。此外，除了行业自身调整中的 pains. In addition to growing pains from the industry’s intrinsic 阵痛，还要警惕外来威胁可能引发的“外伤感 adjustment, it also has to guard against external threats that 染”。 can potentially trigger an ‘infection’. Many insiders feel the PV industry is experiencing both internal ……广东省太阳能协会常务副会长郑乐朋等专 and external problems and that industry consolidation should 家表示，国家应鼓励重点企业在技术研发、结 proceed by tightening the rules on one hand and giving guid- 构调整等方面下工夫。 ance on the other. Experts like Guangdong Solar Energy Asso- ciation executive vice president Zheng Lepeng say the country should encourage key companies to refocus on technology research and development and structural adjustment. China Chamber of Commerce for Import and Export of 中国机电产品进出口商会太阳能光伏分会秘书 Machinery and Electronic Products (CCCME) solar energy and 长孙广彬表示，虽然我国在欧美传统市场受 PV branch secretary-general, Sun Guangbin says, while China 挫，但凭借中欧价格承诺及对美的反制措施， has suffered setbacks in the traditional markets of Europe and 仍保留了在传统市场上的基础份额。数据显 the US, it still retains a base share of these markets by virtue 示，我国光伏组件在新兴市场的增幅明显，对 of the China-Europe price guarantee and counter-measures 日本、印度、非洲的综合增速达２００％。 against the US. Data shows that the growth rate of China’s PV modules in emerging markets is pronounced, with a combined growth rate in Japan, India, and Africa of 200 percent.

Zero Power Intelligence 中研普华 electricity 电力 China Industry Research Net 中国行业研究网 energy 能源 14 September 2013 solar 太阳能 http://www.chinairn.com/news/20130914/114205732.html

Industry consulting firm Zero Power Intelligence cites irrational product mixes, overreliance on exports, and unbalanced technological development as key structural problems in China’s PV industry. Their report praises NDRC and MIIT industry support policies, but cautions that timely dispensation of promised subsidies is key to the survival of many PV generators.

China’s photovoltaic industry recovery has yet to 中国光伏产业全面复苏还须面对三大 face three major issues 问题

... …… ... Data shows that in 2012, global photovoltaic (PV) overca- ……数据显示，2012年全球光伏产能过剩达 pacity reached 22 gigawatts, with China’s PV module produc- 到22吉瓦，而中国光伏组件的产量占据全球 tion accounting for over 60 percent of world aggregate. 60%以上。 ... …… According to a State-Owned Assets Supervision and Adminis- 光伏业的产能过剩已经成为了国家部委的案头 tration Commission (SASAC) official, PV industry overcapacity 难题，国资委人士曾经告诉笔者，希望引导光

The ERC Policy Record is created by China Policy, Beijing 16 record energy resources climate OCTOBER 2013 is a headache for national ministries, and SASAC is hoping to 伏业过剩产能有序退出。但是在民营资本主导 guide the orderly withdrawal [of some firms] in the PV industry 的光伏业，行政命令显然收效甚微。目前，工 in order to tackle overcapacity. Yet, as the industry is dominated 信部在负责产能过剩问题，笔者获得的信息显 by private capital, SASAC’s executive orders obviously have 示，工信部希望通过减少行政审批、提高准入 little effect. Currently, the Ministry of Industry and Information 门槛等手段来解决产能过剩问题。然而这些办 Technology (MIIT) is taking responsibility for the overcapacity 法只能抑制增量，却无法消纳存量。若没有行 issue. According to information obtained by the author, MIIT 之有效的退出机制，光伏业产能过剩的问题在 hopes that it can be solved by such means as reducing adminis- 未来两年内难以有效缓解。 trative reviews and approvals and increasing entry thresholds. However, these approaches can only limit new additions, not eliminate existing stocks. Without an effective exit mechanism, the industry overcapacity problem will be difficult to alleviate within the next two years. …… ... China’s PV industry structure currently has three major issues: 当前中国光伏产业结构存在三大问题： 1. An irrational product structure. High-end raw material and 产品结构不合理。高端原料、装备测试仪器设 testing equipment manufacturers are still small in scale and 备制造企业规模、数量小，多晶硅仍有50%左 few in number. Approximately 50 percent of the polysilicon, 右、银浆100%、装备20%等需要进口，绝大 100 percent of the silver and 20 percent of the equipment 多数测试设备仪器依赖进口;低端太阳能电池 must be imported; an overwhelming majority of the needed 片和组件产能占全世界的60%，95%的产品需 testing equipment also. The production of low-end solar cells 要出口。 and modules constitutes 60 percent of total world production, but 95 percent of it must be exported. 市场结构不合理。中国是世界光伏产业大国， 2. An irrational market structure. The global PV industry’s 但国内消费不到10%，国内光伏发电的总装机 largest producer, China produces less than 10 percent for 量仅占全球装机总量的1%，产品严重依赖出 domestic consumption. With a total installed capacity for PV 口。 power generation accounting for just 1 percent of global total, the industry depends heavily upon exports. 技术结构不合理。中国最具优势的是电池片和 3. An irrational technical structure. China is dominant in 组件技术，以及其他新兴电池的开发上，但装 solar cell and module technology and development of other 备技术和原材料技术并没有真正掌握，基本上 new solar cells, but has no real grasp on equipment and raw 都是控制在发达国家手中;中国是光伏制造大 material technology, which is essentially controlled by devel- 国，而不是制造强国，目前赚的只是加工费。 oped nations. The world’s largest PV producer, China is not an advanced manufacturing power, deriving current income …… processing fees only. ... ……近日有消息称，最新的光伏发电补贴方案 ... Recent reports suggest the latest PV electricity generation 将于今年年底出台，对大型光伏发电站发电和 subsidy program is to be released at the end of this year. This 分布式发电分别制定相关上网电价和补贴。此 will differentiate between on-grid power tariffs and subsidies 外，相比于3月份的版本，方案在上网电价和 for large-scale and distributed PV power generation. Addi- 补贴方面均有所上浮，这让光伏企业看到了政 tionally, in comparison to similar proposals released in March, 策利好。 the new proposal increases both subsidies and on-grid power tariffs, generating favourable policies for the industry. Finally, delayed subsidy payments are a major threat to the 最后，光伏业拖欠补贴的痼疾没有得到根治， industry’s funding chain; the problem has yet to be resolved. 对于企业的资金链始终是一个巨大的威胁。以 PV power plant investment, for example, can easily reach tens 光伏电站为例，投资动辄几千万元的光伏电站 of millions of Chinese yuan, 20 percent of which much often 往往需要企业自筹20%资金，银行贷款80%。 be raised by the firms themselves, with the other 80 percent 但由于电网公司发放给企业的上网电费需要经 coming from bank loans. However, because the on-grid tariffs 过发改委和财政部门的严格审核，等到发放到 provided to the PV industry by electricity companies are 电站企业手中，往往需要6个月以上的时间， subject to strict NDRC and Ministry of Finance audits, it often 让电站经营的资金捉襟见肘。 takes more than 6 months before the money arrives, resulting in serious cash flow problems for power generators.

The ERC Policy Record is created by China Policy, Beijing 17 record energy resources climate OCTOBER 2013

Lin Boqiang, Qin Haiyan 林伯强秦海岩 electricity 电力 China National Radio Online 中国广播网 energy 能源 10 September 2013 wind 风能 http://china.cnr.cn/news/201309/t20130910_513552491.shtml

New data suggests that curtailed wind power reached 20 billion Kwh in 2012, translating to more than C¥10 billion in direct economic losses. Xiamen University Energy Research Centre director Lin Boqiang argues that over-ex- pansion in wind power capacity is the main cause and recommends restrictions on wind power in areas rich in coal-fired power.

Qin Haiyan and Lin Boqiang: Last year China 林伯强秦海岩:我国去年弃风电200亿 curtailed 20 billion kilowatt-hours of wind power, 度直接损失超100亿元 causing direct losses of over C¥10 billion

Experts argue there is a need to restrain the building of large 专家认为，要抑制在一些火电资源丰富的地区 scale wind power plants in areas rich in coal-generated elec- 大规模地的上风电。 tricity. Wind energy curtailment refers to a situation where a variety of 弃风是指由于某些原因不能让风电上网，只能 reasons hinder the connection of wind-generated power to the 让风机停止发电的情况。中国可再生能源学会 grid, forcing turbines to stop power generation. China Renew- 风能专业委员会秘书长秦海岩： able Energy Society’s Wind Energy Specialisation Committee secretary-general, Qin Haiyan, stated, ‘According to current national coal usage calculations for thermal generation, more 秦海岩：以目前国家火电煤耗计算，200亿度 than 20 billion kilowatt-hours of electricity is equivalent to 电相当于多烧了600多万吨煤。－－按照上网 the burning of more than 6 million tonnes of coal. In terms of 电价计算直接经济损失超过100亿元。 power tariff calculations, this is more than C¥10 billion in direct economic losses.’ NEA data shows that compared to areas in north-east China 能源局数据显示，相对于风力条件比较好的东 and Inner Mongolia that are rich in wind resources, regions 北内蒙古地区，风资源并不太好的云南和上海 such as Yunnan and Shanghai have a higher rate of grid inte- 等地风电上网比重却较高。厦门大学能源研究 gration despite poorer wind resources. Xiamen Universi- 中心主任林伯强： ty’s Energy Research Centre director, Lin Boqiang, ‘The most fundamental reason is that the wind power has expanded too quickly. Current large-scale wind power plants are all in North, 林伯强：最根本的原因就是风电上的太快。风 Northeast and Northwest China. These places themselves have 电目前比较大规模上的都在“三北”。这些地 excess thermal power production capacity, and local market 方本身火电的产能就是过剩的，本地市场它无 demand is far below supply. Therefore, generated electricity 法消纳，所以它生产的就需要输出，它对电网 needs to be transported outside of the region, provoking heavy 的依赖肯定就大。 reliance on the grid.’ Data shows that China’s wind power grid integration has, thus 数据显示，截至目前国家电网调度范围并网风 far, increased by 87 percent for the past six years; in 2011 电连续六年增速达87%；其中2011增速更是 growth rate even reached 96 percent, much higher than power 达到96%，大大超过电网建设速度。 grid construction speed. The NEA report also noted that the large amount of curtailed 能源局报告还指出，大量弃风限电暴露的是能 wind power reveals energy management issues. 源管理的问题。…… Lin Boqiang: ‘The government must consider how to suppress 林伯强：也就是说政府必须要考虑如何抑制在 the development of wind energy in areas rich in coal-fired 一些火电资源很丰富的地方大规模地上风电。 power. Wind energy project approvals should be based on 要针对某个地区的用电情况、电源的现状在风 both a region’s electricity usage and sources. Meanwhile, it 电审批上把关；如何对其它地方的分布式的小 is useful to consider how to subsidise distributed small-scale 规模的风电补贴，使得它具有经济性 wind energy projects so as to make them economically viable.

The ERC Policy Record is created by China Policy, Beijing 18 record energy resources climate OCTOBER 2013

WU Gang 武钢 electricity 电力 21st Century Business Herald 21世纪经济报道 energy 能源 24 September 2013 wind 风能 http://epaper.21cbh.com/html/2013-09/24/content_77990.htm?div=-1

Xinjiang Goldwind Science & Technology Co Ltd board chairman, Wu Gang predicts that in 2015 China’s wind industry will witness rapid growth once again due to supportive government policies, and a rationalised investment market. Despite this, Wu highlights that frequently-delayed government subsidies continue to put pressure on company cash flows.

Wu Gang: in 2015 wind power will return to a high 武钢:风电将在2015年重归快速发展轨 speed development path 道

... …… Xinjiang Goldwind Science & Technology Co Ltd Chairman of the ……金风科技董事长武钢……强调，此次回暖 Board, Wu Gang....emphasised this time recovery is not tran- 并非短暂现象，而是企业进行实质性调整及国 sient, rather, it is the result of substantial enterprise restruc- 家政策突破若干瓶颈后的结果……虽然严峻 turing and the overcoming of bottlenecks for state policy... . 的行业竞争态势仍将持续一年多，但中国的 Although industry competition will remain challenging for 风电产业已经重新步入良性发展阶段，并将在 more than a year, China’s wind power industry has already 2015年再次迎来风电产业的快速增长。 re-entered a positive development stage and 2015 will witness rapid growth for the industry once again. ... …… In March 2013, the NEA published its ‘Notices on ensuring 针对我国“三北”等地区弃风限电严重的瓶 wind power grid integration in 2013’ to counter the bottleneck 颈问题，2013年3月，国家能源局颁布了《关 problem of curtailed wind power generation and electricity 于做好2013年风电并网和消纳相关工作的通 shortages in China’s north, north-east and north-west. These 知》，明确提出政府相关部门及能源企业需更 ‘Notices’ instruct government agencies and energy companies 加注重风电的消纳和利用，把提高风电利用率 to place more emphasis on wind power integration and utilisa- 作为做好能源工作的重要标准。 tion, and make increasing the utilisation rate a major criterion of success in energy operations. While wind power development is decelerating, power transmission is rapidly speeding up...and the NEA has investigated 在风电建设降速的同时，电力输送的步伐在加 integration measures that include using wind power to provide 快……国家能源局探索了风电供暖、风电直供 heat, and the direct supply of wind-generated power to thermal 厂用电等消纳措施。 power plants, etc. The state has also sped up the pace of approval for wind power projects, ensuring newly increased installation capacity. 其次，国家加快了审批风电的速度，保证了市场新增容量…… ... …… In addition to supportive policies, the wind power market...has become more rational....and investors are also more rational 除政策支持外，风电市场……更加理性了…… about the relationship between price and quality. They them- 目前投资商对价格与质量的关系认识的更加理 selves do a great deal of testing and comparison, calculating 性，他们自己也做了大量的检测、对比，并计 maintenance fees in the total costs of all turbines, comprehen- 算各价位风机的维修费用占比，综合看待投资 sively weighing up returns on investment. This is quite unlike 收益，而不像前几年更多地关注价格本身。 the previous few years, when price was the primary concern. In order to avoid wind power curtailment limiting electricity 为避免弃风限电，投资商的风电开发布局也发 generation, investors have also modified the pattern of wind 生了变化，从最初的更加注重风资源转变为更 energy development, switching their focus from initially 加注重并网消纳。发电商逐步把风电开发转移 emphasising wind resources to now emphasising integration 至低风速、沿海甚至高海拔地区，因为在那里 with the grid. Generation companies are gradually shifting 并网消纳更加理想。

The ERC Policy Record is created by China Policy, Beijing 19 record energy resources climate OCTOBER 2013 wind power development to low wind speed, coastal and high altitude areas because of more ideal grid integration in these places. Regarding wind turbine manufacturing firms, the whole 对于整机制造商而言，整个行业从拼价格转为 industry has switched from competing on price to quality. They 比质量，并随着市场变化而变化，细分市场， are following market changes, pursuing market segmentation, 相继推出适合低风速、海上、高海拔、内陆等 and have successively introduced suitable wind turbines for 地区的风电机组。 low wind speed, coastal, high altitude and inland areas. Finally, during the market downturn, the wind power industry 最后，在市场低迷时，风电行业进行了实质性 proceeded to substantially cull weaker firms and reduce 淘汰及去产能过程，风电整机厂商虽然仍过 capacity. While there is still a surplus of wind power turbine 剩，但数量已经下降很多，目前在20多家。 manufacturers, the number has already fallen a great deal; at present there are around 20. ... …… In the wind industry, because state renewable energy elec- 行业内存在应收账款无法按时、足额到位的现 tricity subsidies are not promptly paid to investors, the timely 象，给企业的现金流带来很大压力。主要原因 arrival of full funding cannot be guaranteed, which puts great 是国家的可再生能源电价补贴不能及时拨付投 pressure on company cash flow. Thus, a chain where investors 资商，从而形成投资商欠整机设备商，整机商 owe money to wind turbine manufacturers, who in turn owe 欠零部件供应商的链条 money to component suppliers occurs.

YANG Jintian 杨金田 energy 能源 21st Century Business Herald 21世纪经济报道 coal 煤炭 16 September 2013 air 空气 http://biz.21cbh.com/2013/9-16/2MNDE3Xzc2NjM2MA.html pollution 污染

Ministry of Environmental Protection Academy for Environmental Planning deputy chief engineer Yang Jintian 杨金田 advocates disaggregated, binding coal reduction targets for all levels of local government, to be adopted first in areas of heavy pollution and eventually nationwide.

Yang Jintian: Roadmap for limiting total coal 杨金田：应尽快明确煤炭消费总量控 consumption needs clarification as soon as 制的路线图 possible

Rapidly growing coal consumption has led to significant 我国……煤炭消费增长迅速导致巨大的污染物 pollutant discharge...with an ill-distributed consumption 排放负荷……煤炭消费空间分布不均衡引发区 pattern causing compounded regional atmospheric environ- 域性复合型大气环境问题……煤炭消费结构 mental issues... The irrational coal consumption structure has 不合理加剧了城市煤烟型污染……煤炭利用与 exacerbated urban coal-smoke pollution... and extensive coal 污染控制技术水平较低导致污染物排放绩效偏 utilisation and the relatively low level of pollution control tech- 高。 nology has led to relatively high pollutant emissions. ... ……

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With the 12th five-year plan, China should have begun imple- 从“十二五”开始，我国就应开始实施区域煤 menting regional aggregate coal consumption control, espe- 炭消费总量控制，尤其是在空气污染严重的京 cially in areas of severe pollution like the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei 津冀、长三角和珠三角三大重点区域，以煤炭 (BTH) area, the Yangtze River Delta, and the Pearl River Delta. 消费总量控制推动经济转型，为节能减排和空 Coal consumption controls that promote economic restruc- 气质量达标创造条件；“十三五”及以后应结 turing should now be used to bring about the conditions for 合国家大气污染防治战略，将煤炭消费总量控 energy conservation, emission reduction and attainment of 制范围扩大到其他大气污染防治重点区域，并 air quality standards. In the 13th five-year plan period, coal 结合温室气体排放控制需求，择期在全国范围 consumption control should be combined with national air 内全面推行煤炭消费总量控制。从控制模式上 pollution control strategies and expanded to include other key 看，近期建议采取区域控制与行业控制相结合 regions of air pollution control. This should also be integrated 的控制模式，中长期应根据温室气体排放控制 with greenhouse gas emission control requirements, paving the 需求，将国家总量控制提上议事日程。 way for a nationwide coal consumption control regime to be set in place at an appropriate time. As regards control methods, in the short run, combining regional and industry-based control is recommended; and in the long run, a nationwide aggregate control based on greenhouse gas emission control requirements should be placed on the agenda. …… ... ……在煤炭消费总量控制区内，要将煤炭消费 ... In areas where aggregate coal consumption control is in 总量控制指标逐级分解……要建立煤炭消费总 place, disaggregated consumption targets should be assigned 量控制目标责任制，加强监督考核……并向社 for all levels of administration...with a target responsibility 会公开。 system established to strengthen supervision and evaluation... The information should further be released to the public. ... [We need to] optimise the spatial distribution of coal ……优化煤炭消费空间布局，重点地区增加天 consumption, and increase, in key areas, natural gas and elec- 然气和电力输入量在产业发展规划和重大项目 tricity input in both industrial development planning and major 布局方面，要充分考虑地区环境容量、资源禀 project positioning. Factors such as regional environmental 赋等因素，将煤炭消费总量控制指标作为重点 capacity and resource endowments should be taken fully into 区域建设项目审批的前置条件，严格项目准 consideration. Aggregate coal consumption control indicators 入…… should be taken as preconditions for approving construction projects in key areas, thus tightening project approval requirements… ……调整燃料煤消费结构，降低小型燃煤设施 ... Coal consumption structures need adjustment, and the 煤炭消费比例……建议应用高效洁净的燃煤技 proportion of coal consumption by small coal-fired facilities 术，减少单位煤炭消费的污染物产生量 need to be reduced... High efficiency clean coal technology should be utilised, reducing pollutant output of per unit of coal consumption.

The ERC Policy Record is created by China Policy, Beijing 21 record energy resources climate OCTOBER 2013

XING Lei, LIU Ye 邢雷刘晔 energy 能源 Phoenix Finance 凤凰财经 coal 煤炭 02 September 2013 industrail policy 产业政策

The aftermath of Shanxi coal industry 山西煤炭业整合遗患：“国进民退” consolidation: ‘Expanding the state sector at 助推产能过剩 the expense of the private’ responsible for overcapacity

Xing Lei 邢雷 Central University of Finance and Economics says recent government-directed coal industry consolidation in Shanxi is a start, the coal sector must consolidate further, despite ambiguous SOE property rights and local interest conflicts.

Liu Ye, Shanxi Academy of Social Sciences Institute of Energy 山西省社科院能源经济研究所副研究员刘 Economics research associate...asserts … 晔……表示，…… From a macro-level policy making perspective, expanded 从宏观决策角度，主要是因投资增长过快和政 domestic coal production capacity, is mainly due to excessive 府参与产业投资的强烈冲动；从市场角度，主 investment growth and the government’s overzealous involve- 要是生产要素定价机制不合理和市场价格信号 ment in industrial investment. From a market perspective, 的错误导向。 misleading market price signals and irrational pricing mechanisms for the factors of production are responsible. ‘Lacking a robust market exit mechanism, the market’s capacity “由于缺乏健全的市场退出机制，削弱了市场 adjustment function is undermined, making it difficult to solve 调节产能功能，导致产能过剩问题难解. “再 the problem of excess production capacity. This, coupled with a 加上产业集中度较低，导致企业为竞争市场份 relatively low industrial concentration, leads firms to compete 额争相扩大产能。”刘晔表示。 with each other in expanding production capacity in order to capture market share’, Liu Ye explains. ... …… Xing Lei, Central University of Finance and Economics China 中央财经大学中国煤炭上市公司研究中心主任 Coal Research Centre director...argues:...Due to local govern- 邢雷……表示：……由于地方政府保税收和费 ment interest in maintaining revenues from taxes and fees, 用的考虑，部分国企、特别是地方国企有扩大 some SOEs—especially local SOEs—are motivated to expand 产能的动力。 capacity. ... …… The consolidation and restructuring of coal enterprises in Shanxi 邢雷认为，山西煤炭企业兼并重组是在政府的 was completed under government direction, asserts Xing Lei. 主导下完成的，尽管有一定的合理性，但由于 There was a certain amount of rationality to the process, but 兼并主体的选择和兑价上，基本上是由政府决 due to the fact that the selection of acquisition partners as well 定的，所以它基本上不是市场行为，而且民营 as transaction prices were essentially decided by the govern- 企业基本已经丧失了影响力。 ment, it was not, at base, a market process. Private firms have moreover basically lost influence. …… ... ……仅仅减免税费只是治标之策，邢雷认为真 ...According to Xing, tax and fee reductions merely treat the 正要约束产能，…… symptoms without getting to the causes. Xing believes that in order to curtail capacity effectively, industrial concentration must be increased, …. ……在国内煤炭所有制暂时不会发生大的变化的情况下，可以通过对现有煤矿进行进一步的 As no major changes can be made in domestic coal ownership 整合，并同用煤企业达成参股或者长期协议的 in the short run, the over-capacity problem can be addressed 方式来避免产能过剩。 by further consolidation of existing coal mines, as well as

The ERC Policy Record is created by China Policy, Beijing 22 record energy resources climate OCTOBER 2013 cross-ownership arrangements or long-term contracts with the coal-consuming enterprises. 但是即使这些措施也很难推行，因其中涉及到 But even these measures are difficult to implement, as they 地方政府的利益，和国有产权分属不明的问 involve local government interests, as well as uncertainties 题。 over the ownership of state-owned properties. 从提高产业集中度方面考虑，山西省可以将现 From the perspective of increasing industrial concentration, 有煤炭企业再度整合，比如通过央企来兼并地 Shanxi coal firms might undergo another round of consolida- 方企业……，但是因为央企产权属于国资委、 tion, for example through the acquisition of local enterprises 地方国企产权属于地方政府，双方不能进一步 by central SOEs...But as central SOEs are owned by SASAC, 的整合，即使放眼全国，也鲜有煤炭企业跨省 whereas local SOEs are owned by local governments, further 整合的案例。…… integration may not be feasible. Examples of coal enterprise mergers across provinces are few, even at national level. …… ...

FU Jin 付金 pollution 污染 Beijing Daily 北京日报 environmental protection 环保 25 September 2013 http://bjrb.bjd.com.cn/html/2013-09/25/content_111366.htm

Beijing municipal judicial official Fu Jin 付金 says there is no mandatory environmental impact assessment for public buildings such as schools. New regulations should clearly stipulate both indoor and surrounding environment standards.

Fu Jin: Public buildings should enforce compulsory 付金：公益建筑应推行强制环评 environmental impact assessments The Environmental Impact Assessment Law provides only that... 根据环境影响评价法规定……建设单位仅需要 construction work units must prepare assessment reports on 对可能造成重大环境影响的建设项目编制包括 issues like impacts on surrounding environment for projects 周围环境影响的评估报告，而对于类似于学校 that may cause significant environmental impact. But, for 这样的公益性建筑并没有设置强制环境评估制 public buildings such as schools, no mandatory environmental 度。 assessment system is stipulated. Provisions for a responsibility system for the environmental 在现行环境影响评价法中应增加公益性建筑环 testing and evaluation of public buildings either should be 境测评责任制规定，或另行出台部门规章全面 added to the existing Environmental Impact Assessment law. 细致规定公益性建筑环境测评责任制度。 Alternatively ministerial regulations with detailed and comprehensive provisions should be separately issued. Assessment and evaluation should not only include self-eval- 评测内容不仅要进行公益性建筑室内环保指标 uation of the environmental standards of public construction 自评，还要测评新建公益性建筑周边环境指 interiors, but should include assessments of the environmental 标，保证自身建设所带来的环保隐患及周边工 standards in the surrounding areas, to ensure that poten- 厂等固有污染指数“公示”于先，预防环保 tial environmental hazards caused by construction, as well as 事件发生。如上海2012年1月实施了全国首部 existing pollution from nearby sources such as factories, are 关于中小学、幼儿园安全管理的强制性地方标 released to the public beforehand, in order to prevent envi- 准，明确规定校区与医院传染病房等场所、垃 ronmental events from occurring. For example, in January 圾处理场所、高压变配电站等可能危害学校安 2012 Shanghai set in place the country’s first compulsory local 全场所的安全距离，从源头上减少不安全因 standards for school and kindergarten safety management. It 素。 clearly demarcated safe distances between school campuses and nearby potential hazards such as hospital infectious disease wards, waste disposal sites, high voltage transformer and distribution stations, etc., thus reducing risks from the source.

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Evaluation criteria should clearly define both indoor and outdoor environmental requirements for public buildings. 测评标准应分别明确公益性建筑室内外环境要 For indoor environmental standards, reference can be made 求。室内环保指标可以参照适用国家质量监督 to the 2002 ‘Indoor air quality standards’ jointly approved 检验检疫总局、国家卫生部、国家环境保护总 and released by the General Administration of Quality Super- 局2002年批准发布的《室内空气质量标准》 vision, Inspection and Quarantine; the Ministry of Health; 。建筑周边一定范围内的空气环保指标，可以 and the State Environmental Protection Administration. For 参照适用国家环境保护局1996年批准发布的 surrounding environmental air quality standards, reference can 《大气污染物综合排放标准》。 be made to the ‘Air pollutant emission standards’ issued by the State Environmental Protection Administration in 1996. For those with no capacity for civil action, where personal 无民事行为能力人在校学习、生活期间受到人 injury is sustained at school, school authorities bear respon- 身损害的，校方的责任承担方式为过错推定原 sibility according to the principle of presumed fault. In other 则，即学生在受到人身损害时，法律推定校方 words, when personal injuries are sustained by a student, it is 承担过错责任，而只有校方举证证明其已经尽 legally presumed that school authorities are at fault; they must 到教育、管理责任才能为己免责。限制行为能 convincingly demonstrate that they had fulfilled their educa- 力人在校学习、生活期间受到人身损害的，校 tional and management duties to be absolved of responsibility. 方的责任承担方式为过错责任原则，即学生在 For those with limited capacity for civil action, where personal 受到人身损害时，学生举证证明校方未尽到教 injury is sustained at school, school authorities bear responsi- 育、管理责任才能够要求校方予以赔偿。 bility according to the principle of responsible fault. In other words, when personal injuries are sustained by a student, the student must prove that school administrators had failed to fulfil their educational and management duties in order to demand compensation from the school. If the school and surrounding factories are both responsible for 如果校方及周边工厂等对污染所造成的损害后 damages caused by pollution, and the same damage is caused 果均具有过错，二人以上分别实施侵权行为造 by two or more violators acting separately, and the actions 成同一损害，每个人的侵权行为都足以造成全 of each are sufficient to cause the totality of the damage 部损害的，行为人承担连带责任。也就是说， sustained, the perpetrators assume joint and several liability. 受害学生家长可向校方或周边工厂任何一方主 In other words, the parents of injured school children can 张权利，要求其承担全部赔偿责任。 sue either the school authorities or surrounding factories for complete compensation and liability.

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QI Fang 齐芳 electricity 电力 Guangming Daily 光明日报 energy 能源 24 September 2013 nuclear 核能 http://politics.gmw.cn/2013-09/24/content_8989885.htm

Chinese nuclear power experts assure the public that Chinese nuclear power stations are safe and emphasize the safety and cost-effectiveness of nuclear power. Nuclear power, they insist, is still a ‘sunrise industry’ and China should continue to pursue a stable, balanced development strategy to become a world leader in nuclear power.

Whither nuclear power development in China? 中国核电该怎么建？

‘In Guangdong, for example, the on-grid power tariff for coal- “以广东为例，燃煤火电厂上网电价是4毛8 fired power is 48 cents. The power tariff at the Daya Bay 分钱，大亚湾核电站是4毛3分钱，比火力发 Nuclear Power Station is 43 cents, 5 cents lower than thermal 电便宜了五分钱。”……国家能源专家咨询委 power.’ ... Zhang Guobao, Expert Advisory Committee of the 员会委员张国宝认为，未来，核电的成本优势 National Energy Commission (NEC) member, argues that the 将进一步凸显——对我们这样一个能源资源比 cost advantage of nuclear power will be further highlighted in 较短缺的发展中大国而言，在节能减排、加强 the future. For China, a major developing country with a rela- 生态文明建设的大环境下，发展核电将是必然 tive shortage of energy resources, the development of nuclear 的选择。 power becomes an inevitable choice when considering energy conservation, emission reduction, and strengthening the building of ‘ecological civilisation’. Nuclear power in China is already in a new stage of active and 中国核学会理事长、中国工程院院士李冠兴介 steady development according to Li Guanxing, Chinese Nuclear 绍，我国核电已经进入积极稳妥发展的新时 Society president and academician of the Chinese Academy 期，当前商运核电机组17台，装机容量1474 of Engineering. There are currently 17 nuclear power reactor 万千瓦；在建核电机组28台，装机容量3056 units in commercial operation with an installed capacity of 万千瓦。根据核电发展相关规划，2020年核 14.74 million kilowatts; and another 28 nuclear reactors under 电运行装机容量将达到5800万千瓦，在建 construction, with an installed capacity of 30.56 million kilo- 3000万千瓦。 watts. According to the nuclear power development plan, by 2020 the operating installed capacity of nuclear power will reach 58 million kilowatts, with 30 million more kilowatts in the pipeline. ‘The nuclear industry, whether speaking in terms of interna- 中国核学会副理事长、国防科工局系统工程二 tional or national scope, is a sunrise industry. Furthermore, it 司司长王敏正说：“无论在世界范围还是对我 is now entering an important period of golden opportunities’, 国来讲，核工业依然是朝阳产业，并且现在正 claims Wang Minzheng, Chinese Nuclear Society vice president 在迎来重要的黄金机遇期。” and State Administration of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defence Department of Systems Engineering II director. ... …… After Japan’s 2011 Fukushima nuclear disaster, China carried 2011年日本福岛核事故之后，我国对在建和 out extensive safety inspections in nuclear plants either under 将建的核电站开展了安全大检查，结果证明， construction or in planning, the results confirming these plants 我国核电站是安全的…… are safe... The new generation of nuclear power plants is being designed 新一代核电站在设计上将更注重安全性。国家 with increased emphasis on safety. A brief overview of China’s 核电技术公司副总经理魏锁介绍了我国第三代 third-generation nuclear power technology CAP1400 comes 核电CAP1400的情况。“CAP1400从设计上 from Wei Suo, State Nuclear Power Technology Corporation 基本消除了大规模放射性释放的可能性，其安 deputy manager. ‘The design of CAP1400 basically eliminates 全性和经济性均好于国际、国内在建和研发的 the possibility of any large scale radioactive release. Safety 同等功率水平的核电机组。” levels and economic efficiency are superior to both domestic

The ERC Policy Record is created by China Policy, Beijing 25 record energy resources climate OCTOBER 2013 and foreign nuclear power plants with equal levels of capacity either under construction or in development’. Preliminary design of the CAP1400 has already passed the 他介绍，CAP1400初步设计已经通过了 NEA-organised expert approval process, Wei states. Construc- 国家能源局组织的专家论证，示范工程计 tion of a pilot project will begin in April 2014, connecting to the 划2014年4月开工建造，2018年底并网发 grid and generating power by the end of 2018. ‘The CAP1400 电。“CAP1400完全符合世界核电发展的新 is fully compliant with new international nuclear power devel- 要求，随着CAP1400自主创新研发成功及示 opment requirements. With the success of this independent 范工程建成并批量建设，我国不仅将成为核电 innovation and the completion of the pilot project andits 大国，也将成为核电强国。” mass construction, China will not only become a major nuclear power but also a leader in the international nuclear industry’. ... …… Nuclear power development policy will be more disciplined 哈尔滨电气股份有限公司副总裁韩建伟则希 and have more continuity, hopes Han Jianwei, Harbin Electric 望核电发展的政策应该更有规划、更有连续 Company’s vice president. ‘I hope China’s approach to it is rela- 性。“希望中国有一个相对高速、稳定平衡的 tively high-speed yet steady and balanced, rather than volatile 核电发展思路，别像坐过山车。这几十年来我 like a rollercoaster. My heart has not coped well with these 觉得自己的心脏都受不了了。”他说，如果核 previous decades’. If the nuclear industry downturn continues, 产业持续低迷，好不容易建立起来的核电人才 Han says, the wealth of nuclear power talent China has built – 队伍就保不住了。 and only with much difficulty – cannot be retained. …… ...

The ERC Policy Record is created by China Policy, Beijing 26