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Future of Electrochemistry in Light of History and the Present Conditions Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry https://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-020-04585-3 FEATURE ARTICLE Future of electrochemistry in light of history and the present conditions György Inzelt1 Received: 26 March 2020 /Revised: 26 March 2020 /Accepted: 29 March 2020 # The Author(s) 2020 General thoughts would not be financed or financed properly, the development of science and consequently that of the technology will stop or We may agree with the saying which is attributable to Niels at least will slow down. The decision makers want an imme- Bohr who said: “It is difficult to make predictions, especially diate success for the money of the taxpayers. The applied about the future.” Nevertheless, the past can give ideas in this research and especially the innovation phase needing the cap- respect and the present circumstances set the course. ital also for buildings and machines want orders of magnitude However, the great breakthroughs cannot be predicted. higher money than the grant for some thousand researchers at Without any exaggeration, we may declare that electro- the universities and institutes. chemistry has played, plays, and will play an important role The support of the basic research is not a wasted money, in the scientific and technological advancement, and conse- and it underlies the future. I would like to draw the attention to quently the quality of life of the people. We cannot imagine another important point: it is the proper education. The well- the everyday life without electricity. We have had electric prepared and competent researchers are essential for the prog- current for 220 years since Volta constructed his pile. The year ress in the future. It is true in all cases, i.e., independently 1800 was the birth of electrochemistry because beside the whether we are talking about basic or applied research, or production of the first electrochemical power source, electrol- even serendipity. The curiosity of scientists, the intuition, or ysis experiments were also executed. the fantasy are of the utmost importance, however, the re- Nowadays, I see some problem concerning the desired ra- searchers need a solid knowledge, as well. “They have made tio between the fundamental and applied research. I agree that up the solution of something they knew about, said Poirot.” people are happy with small batteries in their cellular phone or in their pacemaker. It is also good that the research is directed to pollution control. The easy monitoring of glucose level in About the road to the discovery blood is also a real success. These are important achieve- ments, and the production of things that make the life better Let me illustrate my view using several examples. Two actual is the ultimate goal of the science. Unfortunately, it is often examples are the history of the achievements in electrochem- forgotten that all these successes have started decades or even istry that deserved the Nobel Prize in the twenty-first century. centuries earlier when a researcher discovered a new material Because the conducting polymers have been the object of my or a novel property of matter. Afterwards, during an extended research for decades, I intend to elaborate this area in a little period of time, others clarified the theoretical basis which gave more detail. a new impetus, and many discoveries eventually lead to the The story of the Li-ion batteries has started more than new product which usually will be improved again and again 200 years ago. The steps were as follows. In 1817, J. A. for decades. The problem is that if the fundamental research Arfvedson discovered Li in petalite. H. Davy produced the metal by using melt electrolysis (1818). Several researchers including R. W. Bunsen clarified its chemical properties in the * György Inzelt nineteenth century. In 1913, G. N. Lewis determined the stan- [email protected] dard potential of Li+/Li system by measuring dilute amalgams 1 Department of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös of Li (Those are still the best values. Nowadays, only a few Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, Budapest 1117, researchers work on the determination of fundamental quan- Hungary tities. It is difficult to have support for such enterprises.) Li J Solid State Electrochem batteries appeared in the 1960s, one of the most successful polymers is the potential-dependent variation of their charging was the Li│I2 – PVP battery invented by W. Greatbatch for state. It can be applied e.g., to remove ionic species from waste peacemakers. In 2019, the Nobel Committee has chosen three water via stripping, and release those by changing the charg- outstanding scientists for their role in the development of Li-ion ing state of the polymer layer. Similarly, it is possible to reg- batteries (https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/2019/ ulate the dosage of different medicines even in vivo. press-release/)[1, 2]. In the 1970s, Stanley Whittingham Conducting polymers with combination with other com- discovered that titanium disulfide cathode in a lithium battery pounds (embedded enzymes, polyelectrolytes etc.) can be can intercalate lithium ions. In 1979–1980, John B. used for specific purposes, e.g., in biosensors. Goodenough demonstrated that cobalt oxide with intercalated Nanocomposites, hybrid materials based on conducting poly- lithium ions can produce rather high potential. This was an mers certainly become and will be important materials in the important breakthrough and eventually led to powerful future. There is a high expectation concerning electroconducting batteries. The anode was partially made from metallic nanomaterials such as nanofibers, nanorods, and other nanostruc- lithium; however, the use of metallic lithium as an anode had tures based on the supramolecular self-assembly of conducting safety problems. Akira Yoshino created the first commercially polymers, e.g., in the enhancement of the photoluminescence viable lithium-ion battery in 1985. Rather than using reactive efficiency by utilization of the energy and charge transfer effect lithium in the anode, he applied a carbon material that can in surface resonance coupling. Manipulation of the microstruc- intercalate lithium ions. He used Li-salt dissolved in organic tures of polymers may improve the performances of both the solvent. The first Li batteries entered in the market in 1991. polymer-based transistors and electrochemical cells. There will However, the real success story of these batteries spanning be tasks for the chemists, electrochemists in the production, and from the use in the portable electronics to the long-range elec- characterization of new materials, for the theoreticians to explain tric cars has been started in the twenty-first century. the phenomena observed or will be observed and to predict new We should not forget the contribution of many other re- opportunities, and also engineers to give a final form of the searchers since W. Rüdorff started to investigate the intercala- devices. The conducting polymers are relatively cheap materials; tion processes among others that of lithium ions to graphite in however, the specially improved properties can give a further the late 1930s, or the solvent used was developed first by W. S. boost concerning the mass production, which makes the products Harris and was described in his Ph.D. thesis (supervisor: much less expensive. For instance, making ink from conducting Charles C. Tobias) in 1958. The development of polymer elec- polymers opens up new horizons for printing sensors, electronic trolytes and the suitable salts has to be also emphasized [2, 3]. circuits, solar cells, light emitting displays etc. The other story began in the 1970s, when, somewhat sur- Supercapacitors have become perhaps the most popular prisingly, a new class of polymers possessing high electronic topic as far as the number of the submitted papers is taken conductivity (electronically conducting polymers)inthepar- into account. Usually composites of conducting polymers tially oxidized (or, less frequently, in the reduced) state was with inorganic materials including new materials such as car- discovered. Three collaborating scientists, Alan J. Heeger, bon nanoparticles, nanofibers, graphene, and graphene oxides Alan G. MacDiarmid, and Hideki Shirakawa, played a major have been prepared and tested. The combinations of role in this breakthrough, and they received the Nobel Prize in conducting polymers with these materials and other com- Chemistry in 2000 “for the discovery and development of pounds (e.g., metal oxides) with high surface area and me- electronically conductive polymers” [4–9]. chanical stability seem to be a plausible choice. The twentieth century produced the polymers without All these achievements trace back to the last two centuries. those one cannot imagine the everyday life. The discovery In short, Dr. Henry Letheby (1862) observed that a bluish- or in a certain extent rediscovery of polymers possessing var- green precipitate was formed at the anode during electrolysis iable electronic conductivity launched a new field of research of aniline, which became colorless when it was reduced and about 40 years ago. Conducting (conductive) polymers have regained its blue color when it was oxidized again. F. F. Runge conquered a very wide field of electrochemical research, (1834) and C. J. Fritzsche (1840), who isolated aniline, also which led to numerous new applications in very different observed the appearance of a blue color during the oxidation areas such as the variation of the
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