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A Guide to Finding Frosted Elfins Dave Mcelveen, Tall Timbers Research Station, Tallahassee FL November 2018

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A Guide to Finding Frosted Elfins Dave Mcelveen, Tall Timbers Research Station, Tallahassee FL November 2018 A Guide to Finding Frosted Elfins Dave McElveen, Tall Timbers Research Station, Tallahassee FL November 2018 /Users/davemcelveen/Documents/My Documents/Frosted Elfins/Our Publications/Finding FEs/Master Guide for all Host Plants/A Guide to Finding Frosted Elfins (all host plants) v4 master with 3 appendices 1-12-19.docx This is a “how to” guide based on experiences by Dean and Sally Jue, Virginia Craig and Dave McElveen in finding Frosted Elfins in north Florida, Maryland and east Texas. It is an iterative process, with no particular order implied, though some steps need to be done at certain times of the year. For more detail on the process see Dean’s 2017 and 2018 articles in American Butterflies: “Acting Locally to Help Globally Vulnerable Frosted Elfins”(Vol. 12, Number 2, pp. 4- 15); and “ A Frosted Elfin Survey in East Texas” (Vol. 26, Number 3, pp. 4-14). Frosted Elfins (Callophyrs irus) use various lupines (Lupinus sp.) and wild-indigos (Baptisia sp.) as their host plants. There are two recognized subspecies: C. irus irus and C. irus hadros. Which host plant is used varies in different parts of their range. This Guide presents methods for finding host plants and elfins. Appendices 1 and 2 present details on finding larvae on Lupinus perennis and Baptisia tinctoria. Appendix 3 presents how to tell Frosted Elfin and Gray Hairstreak larvae apart as they can sometimes be found on the same host plants. This Guide does not cover the details of survey methods, e.g., how many times to visit a site, how to traverse a given site and for what length of time on each visit. These should be designed and tailored to your specific circumstances. Find the Host Plants Identify possible sites This is about finding the host plants. These steps can be done at any time of year. • Search historical records for locations of host plant occurrence. Determine if historical sites are still suitable habitat by looking at satellite imagery or checking with others who are familiar with the area. You could try accessing iNaturalist for citizen scientist reports of host plant locations. • Poll Natural Heritage Program and university staff about their knowledge of the whereabouts of the host plant (and the elfins, as well, of course). • Use GIS data/satellite imagery to identify possible areas. In Florida, we used the Florida Natural Areas Inventory database to make maps of relict and historic sandhill sites. These maps were really instrumental in narrowing our search area and finding previously-unknown (aka “new”) sites. We concentrated on public lands, but private lands can be valuable habitat as well. 1 • Poll plant and butterfly enthusiasts for host plant sites. We found native plant society groups particularly helpful for this, but there may also be some locals that know of sites. • Poll public lands staff and staff of other agencies that work on the area, like state fish and wildlife biologists and wildlife officers, of potential sites. We found that sitting down with these staff generated a degree of gravitas and buy-in to the effort that was helpful. Try to get help from those who are on the ground, which tends to be the lower level staff like burn-team staff and equipment operators. • Poll citizens that live in the area and others who frequent areas of potential interest in early spring. We put photos of lupine in the hands of folks and asked “have you seen this plant?”, “please look for it as you use the area and call us”. Persons that own or live on inholdings can be helpful. We didn’t try this, but turkey hunters are in the woods at the right time. Your state chapter of the Wild Turkey Federation would be the place to start. We enlisted FL Department of Corrections K-9 teams that train their dogs in a national forest to help find sites – and they did! Search sites for host plant presence For lupine, this step is best done when it is in full bloom, but before everything else greens-up. • Conduct ground searches. This is the most time-consuming and difficult step. Most productive in FL was using the GIS maps. We used these to target search areas and drove/ walked/ biked them when lupine was in bloom. This was our most productive method. I found 50 sites this way over a 2-year period. The more people you have doing this the better. We initially targeted relatively undisturbed sandhills, but later unexpectedly found many lupine patches in open-canopied planted pines on sandhill sites. When you find a lupine site, search other sandhill areas in close proximity for other sites. GPS all sites. We used an inexpensive smartphone app to record location and basic data about each site that I can share with you. Find the Elfin Identify and search where it’s been seen before AND on “new” sites discovered during the initial host plant searches • Search historical records for locations of FE, and determine if historical sites are still suitable habitat. This can be done any time of year. • Poll any persons or groups not contacted under the “Find the Host Plants” section above about the whereabouts of the elfin. • Develop a survey methodology for that’s appropriate to your circumstances. You may want professional help with this task as there are many different methods. Which is best depends upon your situation and needs. • Conduct ground searches for adults. In north Florida this is in March and April. In the first year, search sites you identified in previous steps. Dean organized a diverse group of citizen scientists in east Texas for this. Individuals were assigned a particular site to 2 survey weekly during good weather during the timeframe adults were expected to be flying. Record all your search results. • Conduct ground searches for larvae. This can be VERY productive since larvae are present at a particular site for weeks while adults are elusive! We documented FE presence at 16% of our north Florida sites using larval presence alone. Begin larvae searches about 3 – 4 weeks after adults are first seen. This gives larvae a chance to get large enough to find them. There’s a knack to this but it’s very effective. • What to look for when doing larvae searches differs with different host plants. Appendix 1 (below) details procedures for lupine-feeders and Appendix 2 (below) for indigo-feeders. • Once you find a larvae, make sure it’s a Frosted Elfin. Other butterfly species, particularly Gray Hairstreaks, can co-occur and can be are difficult to distinguish from Frosted Elfins. See Appendix 3 (below) for help in this task. When in doubt, take high- quality close-up photographs and send them to an expert. 3 Appendix 1 Frosted Elfin Larvae Search Procedure on Lupine Dave McElveen and Virginia Craig, March 2018 The following describes the procedures used by our team to find Frosted Elfin (Callophrys irus) eggs and larvae on their host plant, sundial lupine (Lupinus perennis), in north Florida. We’ve developed and refined this process over the last three years to establish elfin presence at sites where adults have not been seen, to find larvae for larval studies, and now in 2018, to find egg cases for eDNA analysis. NOTE: in our very limited experience looking for Frosted Elfin larvae in Maryland, larvae there were much more frequently found on seed pods than what is described below for north Florida. Jennifer Selfridge, Maryland DNR, reports they seem to prefer seed pods, when available. Early Season - ~weeks 3 and 4 after 1st adult seen 1. Approach a given patch of lupine and look for plants with flower buds or immature flowers. Focus on these plants, searching buds for fresh or hatched eggs (egg cases) (Figures 1 and 2). Look closely down in-between the immature flower buds for eggs nestled therein. Fresh eggs are light green; egg cases have a tear and are white. Also, examine the stalk just below the bud (Figure 3). Handle carefully because early instars feed among these buds (Figure 4). 2. On plants with immature flowers, search the flower buds and sides of flowers for small round holes, which are evidence of likely elfin larval feeding (Figures 5 and 6). Check the edges of immature flowers and all along the flower stalk for eggs (Figures 7 and 8). Not seeing a larva doesn’t mean they’re not around (Figure 9)! 3. Check leaflet margins of all plants for eggs and egg cases (Figure 10). Check foliage for “window paneing” (Figures 11 and 12). Elfin larvae feed on leaves by scraping the epidermis from the undersides of leaflets leaving an opaque window. It is often a feeding sign of early instar elfin larvae, though other insects also do it (Figures 13 and 14). If found, carefully hold the leaf petiole between two fingers and roll it to examine the underside Figure 15). Check the underside of each leaf on the plant - larvae move around. 4. Finally, look at the terminal leaf buds and young leaves on all plants for signs of feeding. Look for missing leaflets or entire leaves (Figures 16, 17, 18, 19 and 20). Mid-Season – ~weeks 5 and 6 after 1st adult seen In addition to Early Season procedures, conduct the following: 5. Look at each plant and assess its overall health and vigor. If there’s significant Genista broom moth (Uresiphita reversalis) webbing present, move on to the next plant (Figure 21). 4 6. On plants with mature flowers, look for young petals eaten off. If so, check flower stalk and petal edges for egg cases and leaves for larvae.
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