NNNATIONAL EEENERGY EEEFFICIENCY TTTECHNOLOGY RRROADMAP PPPORTFOLIO

MMMARCH 201 444

Enhanced PDF Functionality Functionality of the PDF version of this document has been enhanced in the following ways:  Bookmarks: Enabled PDF reader applications (i.e., Adobe Acrobat) can navigate this document using the Bookmark feature.  Embedded Links: The Table of Contents has been linked to the appropriate sections of the document.  “Back to Table of Contents”: In the footer of each evenly- numbered page is an embedded hyperlink back to the Table of Contents.  Control + F: As always, one can navigate through the document by searching for specific words or phrases by pressing the “Control” and “F” keys simultaneously. PROJECT TEAM & SUPPORT STAFF

Strategic Guidance and Support Facilitation & Logistics Support Terry Oliver, Chief Technology Innovation Officer, Bonneville Mark Rehley, Northwest Efficiency Alliance Administration James V. Hillegas-Elting, Bonneville Power Administration Ryan Fedie, Manager, Energy Efficiency Engineering,, Bonneville Power Maggie Bagan, Bonneville Power Administration (Sep. 2012) Administration Rob Penney & Jack Zeiger (Washington State University Energy Program) (Sep. Omar Siddiqui, Director, Energy Utilization, Research Institute 2012) Joshua Binus, Policy Strategist, Bonneville Power Administration R&D Program Research & Analysis Project Manager Sarah Inwood & Ben Clarin, Electric Power Research Institute James V. Hillegas-Elting, Bonneville Power Administration (Nov. 2012–Present) James V. Hillegas-Elting, Bonneville Power Administration Joshua Binus, Bonneville Power Administration (2009–Nov. 2012) Ibrahim Iskin, Portland State University Engineering and Technology Strategy Consultant Management Department Tugrul Daim, Portland State University Engineering and Technology Transcription, Fact Checking, & Content Review Management Department Portland State University Engineering and Technology Management Department (Ibrahim Iskin, Edwin Garces, Yulianto Suharto, Kelly Cowan, Workshop Facilitation Yonghee Cho, Kevin van Blommestein) James V. Hillegas-Elting, Bonneville Power Administration (Sep. 2012–Present) Washington State University Energy Program (Rob Penney, Jack Zeiger, Karen Joshua Binus, Bonneville Power Administration (2009–Sep. 2012) Janowitz, Carolyn Roos, Bill Wilson) Ellen Petrill, Electric Power Research Institute (Sep. 2012) Livingston Energy Innovations (Jonathan Livingston, Katie Elliot) Jan Brinch, Energetics Incorporated (2009) E Source (Peter Criscione, Katie Elliott, Mary Horsey, Bryan Jungers, Leland Keller, Ira Krepchin, Andrea Patterson, Essie Snell, Jay Stein, Tim Stout) Technical Support Jisun Kim, Volt Workforce Solutions (under contract to Bonneville Power Graphic Design Administration) Document editing and revision (Jan. 2012–Present): James V. Hillegas-Elting, Ibrahim Iskin, Portland State University Engineering and Technology Bonneville Power Administration Management Department Cover design/style sheet, 2012-2013: David Moody, Bonneville Power Rob Penney, Washington State University Energy Program Administration; 2010-2011: Carol Lindstrom, Bonneville Power Administration Jack Zeiger, Washington State University Energy Program Original graphics: Jaeyoung Jung, Freelance Designer (in consultation with Jonathan Livingston, Livingston Energy Innovations Jisun Kim)

i ■ M A R C H 2014 WORKSHOP PARTICIPANTS

1. Brad Acker University of Idaho Integrated Design Lab 38. Mike Eagen Trident Seafoods 2. Ahmed Abdullah San Diego Gas & Electric / Sempra Utilities 39. Lieko Earle National Lab 3. Jerine Ahmed Southern California Edison 40. Joan Effinger Portland , Inc. 4. Todd Amundson Bonneville Power Administration 41. Terry Egnor MicroGrid Inc. 5. Ammi Amarnath Electric Power Research Institute 42. Paul Ehrlich Building Intelligence Group 6. Gregg Ander Southern California Edison 43. Erin Erben Eugene Water & Electric Board 7. Ren Anderson National Renewable Energy Lab 44. Jennifer Eskil Bonneville Power Administration 8. Doug Avery Southern California Edison 45. Ryan Fedie Bonneville Power Administration 9. Amanda Ayoub Portland Energy Conservation, Inc. 46. Mark Firestone PAE Consulting Engineers 10. Michael Baechler Pacific Northwest National Laboratory 47. Brian Fortenbery Electric Power Research Institute 11. Bruce Baccei Sacramento Municipal Utility District 48. Suzanne Frew Snohomish County PUD 12. Mike Bailey Ecova (formerly Ecos Consulting) 49. Mark Fuchs Washington State Dept. of Ecology 13. Joe Barra Portland General Electric 50. David Geary StarLine DC Solutions 14. Pam Barrow Northwest Food Processors Assoc. 51. Jeff Gleeson Pacific Gas & Electric 15. Dave Baylon Ecotope 52. Kyle Gluesenkamp University of Maryland 16. Johanna Brickman Oregon Built Environ. & Sustainable Tech. Ctr. 53. Fred Gordon Energy Trust of Oregon 17. G.Z. (Charlie) Brown University of Oregon 54. Grant Grable SunOptics 18. Mark Brune PAE Consulting Engineers 55. Todd Greenwell Idaho Power Company 19. Jack Callahan Bonneville Power Administration 56. Charlie Grist NW Power & Conservation Council 20. Phoebe Carner Warren Seattle City Light 57. Robert Guglielmetti National Renewable Energy Lab 21. Lauren Casentini Resource Solutions Group 58. Rob Hammon Consol, Inc. 22. Mark Cherniak New Buildings Institute 59. Gary Hamer BC Hydro 23. Craig Ciranny Bonneville Power Administration 60. Gregg Hardy Ecova (formerly Ecos Consulting) 24. Terry Clark Finelite 61. Lew Harriman Mason-Grant Consulting 25. Chuck Collins Cascade Power Group 62. Jeff Harris NW Energy Efficiency Alliance 26. Dan Colbert U.C. Santa Barbara, Institute for E.E. 63. Reid Hart Pacific Northwest National Laboratory 27. Whitney Colella Pacific Northwest National Laboratory 64. Ray Hartwell Bonneville Power Administration 28. Corey Corbett Puget 65. Philip Haves Lawrence Berkeley National Lab 29. Chad Corbin Tendril 66. Kristin Heinemeier UC Davis Western Cooling Efficiency Ctr. 30. Ken Corum NW Power and Conservation Council 67. John Heller Ecotope Inc. 31. Charlie Ćurčija Lawrence Berkeley National Lab 68. Mike Henderson ConAgra Foods 32. Todd Currier Washington State University Energy Program 69. Dave Hewitt New Buildings Institute 33. Phil Degens Energy Trust of Oregon 70. Cathy Higgins New Buildings Institute 34. André Desjarlais Oak Ridge National Lab 71. A.J. Howard Energy Market Innovations 35. Tyler Dillavou Bonneville Power Administration 72. Mike Hoffman Pacific NW National Laboratory 36. Ron Domitrovic Electric Power Research Institute 73. Gregg Hollingsworth Topanga 37. Peter Douglas NY State Energy Research and Dev. Authority 74. Dave Holmes Avista Corporation

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ ii 75. Tom Hootman RNL Design 114. Paul Mathew Lawrence Berkeley National Lab 76. Bryan Hulsizer Optimal Energy 115. Chris McCalib Lakehaven (WA) Utility District 77. Marshall Hunt Pacific Gas & Electric Co. 116. Jim McMahon Better Climate 78. Rem Husted Puget Sound Energy 117. Igor Mezić University of Calif. Santa Barbara 79. John Jennings NW Energy Efficiency Alliance 118. Chris Milan Bonneville Power Administration 80. Gray Johnson Oregon Freeze Dry, Inc. 119. Mark Modera UC Davis Western Cooling Efficiency Ctr. 81. Karl Johnson Calif. Inst. for Energy and Environ. at UC Davis 120. Gordon Monk BC Hydro 82. Mark Johnson Bonneville Power Administration 121. Mark Monroe Energetic Consulting 83. John Karasaki Portland General Electric 122. Laura Moorefield Ecova (formerly Ecos Consulting) 84. Srinivas Katipamula Pacific Northwest National Lab 123. Carl Neilson Delta Controls 85. Gregg Kelleher Eugene Water & Electric Board 124. Kurt Nielson Light Doctor 86. Emily Kemper Portland Energy Conservation, Inc. 125. Levin Nock Bonneville Power Administration 87. David Kenney Oregon Built Environ. & Sustainable Tech. Ctr. 126. Bruce Nordman Lawrence Berkeley National Lab 88. Gary Keyes PCS UtiliData 127. Terry Oliver Bonneville Power Administration 89. Mukesh Khattar Oracle Corporation 128. Nick O’Neil Energy Trust of Oregon 90. Steve Knudsen Bonneville Power Administration 129. Laurence Orsini Portland Energy Conservation, Inc. 91. Bill Koran Quest 130. Aaron Panzer Pacific Gas & Electric 92. Hanna Kramer Portland Energy Conservation, Inc. 131. Kosta Papamichael University of California Davis 93. Hampden Kuhns LoadIQ LLC 132. Joeseph A. Paradiso Massachusetts Institute of Technology 94. Tony Lai Delta Electronics 133. Danny Parker Univ. of Central Florida, Florida Ctr. 95. Michael Lane Puget Sound Energy 134. Graham Parker Pacific Northwest National Lab 96. Jim Larsen Cardinal Glass Industries 135. Brian Patterson Armstrong World Industries / EMerge Alliance 97. Mark Ledbetter Pacific NW National Lab 136. Pete Pengilly Idaho Power Company 98. Pete Lepschat Henningsen Cold Storage Co. 137. Mike Penner Oregon State University 99. Carol Lindstrom Bonneville Power Administration 138. Rob Penney Washington State University Energy Program 100. Qingyue Ling Oregon State University 139. Jim Peterson Cold Solutions, LLC 101. Jon Linn Northeast Energy Efficiency Partnerships 140. Ellen Petrill Electric Power Research Institute 102. Michael Little Seattle City Light 141. Michael Poplawski Pacific Northwest National Lab 103. Bill Livingood National Renewable Energy Lab. 142. Gerald Rea Stray Light Optical 104. Jonathan Livingston Livingston Energy Innovations 143. Tom Reddoch Electric Power Research Institute 105. Nicholas Long National Renewable Energy Lab 144. Mark Rehley NW Energy Efficiency Alliance 106. Richard Lord Carrier Corp. 145. Irfan Rehmanji BC Hydro 107. Yung-Hsiang Lu Purdue University 146. Allie Robbins Mace Bonneville Power Administration 108. Michael Lubliner Washington State University Energy Program 147. Dave Roberts National Renewable Energy Lab. 109. Mark Lynn Simplot 148. Carolyn Roos Washington State University Energy Program 110. Bruce Manclark Fluid Marketing Strategies 149. Harvey Sachs American Council for an Energy-Efficient Econ. 111. Jorge Marques BC Hydro 150. Paul Savage Nextek Power Systems 112. John Marshall Northwest Food Processors Assoc 151. Steven Scott MetaResource Group 113. Eric Martinez San Diego Gas & Electric 152. Jared Sheeks MacDonald-Miller Facility Solutions, Inc

iii ■ M A R C H 2014 153. Martin Shelley Idaho Power Company 179. Paul Torcellini National Renewable Energy Lab 154. Omar Siddiqui Electric Power Research Institute 180. Greg Towsley Grundfos 155. Michael Siminovitch University of California Davis 181. Joe Vaccher Eugene Water & Electric Board 156. Eric Simpkins cell industry 182. Cory Vanderpool EnOcean Alliance 157. Dave Sjoding Washington State University Energy Program 183. Stephanie Vasquez Bonneville Power Administration 158. Paul Sklar Energy Trust of Oregon 184. Bruce Verhei MountainLogic, Inc. 159. Mary Smith Snohomish PUD 185. Pradeep Vitta Southern Company 160. Jeremy Snyder Rensselaer Polytech. Inst. Lighting Research Ctr. 186. Jim Volkman Strategic Energy Group 161. Sriram Somasundaram Pacific Northwest National Lab 187. Alecia Ward Weidt Group 162. B.J. Sonnenberg Emerson Network Power Energy Systems, USA 188. Xudong Wang Air-Cond., Htg., and Refrig. Institute 163. Mark Steele NORPAC Foods, Inc. 189. Carolyn Weiner Pacific Gas & Electric 164. Jay Stein E Source 190. Eric Werling U.S. Dept. of Energy Building America Program 165. Charlie Stephens Northwest Energy Efficiency Alliance 191. Theresa Weston Dupont Innovations 166. Eric Strandberg Lighting Design Lab 192. Mark Whitney Portland General Electric 167. Don Sturtevant J.R. Simplot, Co. 193. Geoff Wickes Northwest Energy Efficiency Alliance 168. Dennis Symanski Electric Power Research Institute 194. Sarah Widder Pacific Northwest National Lab 169. Juming Tang Washington State University 195. Marcus Wilcox Cascade Energy, Inc. 170. Nate Taylor San Diego Gas & Electric 196. Robert Wilkins Danfoss 171. Judy Thoet WA Assoc. of Wine Grape Growers 197. Juliana Williams Cascade Power Group 172. Brinda Thomas Carnegie Mellon University 198. Jennifer Williamson Bonneville Power Administration 173. James Thomas Glumac 199. Bill Wilson Washington State University Energy Program 174. David Thompson Avista Corporation 200. Jeremy Wilson PCS UtiliData 175. Kim Thompson Bonneville Power Administration 201. Chris Wolgamott Eugene Water & Electric Board 176. Randy Thorn Idaho Power Company 202. Jerry Wright Seattle City Light 177. John Thornton Northwest Food Processors Assoc. 203. Jack Zeiger Washington State University Energy Program 178. My Ton Collab. Labeling and Appliance Stds. Progr. 204. Brian Zoeller Bonneville Power Administration

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ iv SPECIAL THANKS

While the Bonneville Power Administration has funded and managed the needed to continue fine-tuning this portfolio. Without the help of overall development and maturation of the National (formerly Northwest) contractors from the Engineering and Technology Management Energy Efficiency Technology Roadmap Portfolio, the effort would not Department at Portland State University, the Washington State University have been possible without the active engagement of a diverse array of Energy Program, and Livingston Energy Innovations, this roadmap would subject matter experts from organizations and institutions throughout be much less robust than it is today. North America. Since the beginning of this roadmapping project in late 2009, more than 200 participants representing 119 organizations have Finally, a special thanks to our partners at the Electric Power Research contributed approximately 5,120 hours and $1,100,000 worth of Institute who brought their collective expertise to bear in 2012 to voluntary input. Their expertise is essential to this project. evaluate the current status of R&D projects and programs for this latest version. EPRI expertise and support was also essential in convening the Members of the Regional Emerging Technology Advisory Committee National Energy Efficiency Technology Roadmapping Summit in Portland (RETAC) played a key role the roadmap’s creation. Those members (Aug. 8 and Sep. 24–27, 2012). Since this event, EPRI and BPA have include representatives from Bonneville Power Administration, Northwest continued to together to communicate the value of this resource Power and Conservation Council, Northwest Energy Efficiency Alliance, and begin to build a broader collaboration for EE technology Electric Power Research Institute, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, roadmapping and R&D tracking. Washington State University Energy Program, Energy Trust of Oregon, Puget Sound Energy, Snohomish Public Utility District, Seattle City Light, There is still much collaborative work to be done to improve our Idaho Power, and Avista. RETAC member input was critical in laying the understanding of the current energy efficiency technology research groundwork for the Roadmap Portfolio and has been as important as the landscape but we are making strides in the right direction and we truly project has matured. appreciate the dedication and contributions of all who have been a part of this important endeavor. Thanks as well to the project team, who worked behind the scenes to plan, coordinate, analyze, evaluate, revise, and prepare everything

For more information about the James V. Hillegas-Elting National Energy Efficiency Technology Roadmap Portfolio, contact: [email protected], 503.230.5327

v ■ M A R C H 2014 FORWARD

Technology has played a central role in the Northwest’s development, There were two notable additions to the Roadmap Portfolio commencing from the Federal Columbia River Power System to technology giants like with the March 2012 version. We expanded the roadmaps into two Boeing, Microsoft and Intel to thousands of businesses, universities and important industrial product and service areas: Industrial Food laboratories. In the Northwest, irrigation is high tech. Processing and Combined and Power (CHP). We also created a new appendix of existing R&D programs (Appendix B) to provide expanded This savvy has allowed the region to meet half of its load growth through and updated information previously contained in the individual “R&D cost-effective investments in energy efficiency for more than thirty years. Program Summaries” pages. Beginning with the March 2013 version, the Through the leadership of the region’s utilities, labs, universities, energy residential and commercial sector R&D program summary pages identify organizations and private businesses, the Northwest has been able to key research questions for most R&D programs. successfully deliver energy efficiency as a reliable resource. Far more minds are needed to contribute; hence the document is public, The Northwest Power and Conservation Council’s Sixth Power Plan calls freely available for use by others in process, form, and content. As for roughly 85 percent of the region’s load growth to be met with energy always, we are distributing this draft with a request: Please evaluate efficiency by 2030. To meet these goals, we must find ways to increase these findings with a critical mind and send us your comments. We are the adoption rates of existing products and services. At the same time, especially interested in filling in any holes in regard to existing research we must also strategically target the region’s research and development and development programs. We are not interested in duplicating efforts resources into efforts that will produce the technologies needed to already underway elsewhere. enable the products of tomorrow. We will be collecting feedback on this draft on an ongoing basis. Any and In December 2009 thirty-five experts from twenty organizations pooled all comments can be sent directly to our project manager, James V. their efforts to develop an energy efficiency technology roadmap portfolio Hillegas-Elting ([email protected], 503.230.5327). that would define a research agenda for the Northwest. The results of the intensive ten-week effort have been expanded and refined through additional workshops and the integration of critical comments from Sincerely, experts beyond the region. Revised drafts of the National (formerly Northwest) Energy Efficiency Technology Roadmap Portfolio have been released in March and July 2010; March 2011; March, August, and September 2012; January and March 2013; and March 2014. The portfolio will always be a draft; it is intended as a living document, continuously refined as we move forward. Terry Oliver Chief Technology Innovation Officer

Bonneville Power Administration

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ vi TABLE OF CONTENTS

Project Team & Support Staff ...... i III. Electronics Roadmaps ...... 155 Workshop Participants ...... ii Direct Current (DC) Power ...... 156 Special Thanks ...... v Use and Virtualization ...... 170 Foreword ...... vi Component-Level Efficiency ...... 184 Complete Electronic System ...... 190 Introduction ...... viii Power Management Control and Communication ...... 196 Special Introduction: March 2014 ...... viii IV. Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning Roadmaps ...... 221 Purpose of the Roadmap Portfolio ...... ix Background to the Roadmap Portfolio ...... x Commercial and Residential Water Heating ...... 222 Fault Detection, Predictive Maintenance, and Controls ...... 240 Energy Efficiency Roadmaps & Strategy Documents ...... xiv Heat Recovery and Economizer Optimization ...... 270 Energy Efficiency Technology R&D Funding ...... xvii Heating & Cooling Production and Delivery ...... 276 Using the Roadmap Portfolio ...... xx HVAC Motor-driven Systems ...... 394 Disclaimer ...... xx Commercial Integrated Buildings ...... 300 Roadmap Portfolio "Swim Lane" Definitions ...... xx Residential HVAC ...... 316 Roadmap Diagram Key ...... xxii Modeling, Lab and Field Testing ...... 326 How to Interpret Roadmap Portfolio Pages ...... xxiv V. Sensors, Meters, and Energy Management System Roadmaps ...... 347 Roadmap Portfolio Organizational Chart ...... xxvi Smart Device-Level Controls Responsive to User and Environment ...... 348 Technology Area Definitions ...... xxvi Easy / Simple User Interface Controls ...... 358 I. Building Design/Envelope Roadmaps ...... 1 Energy Management Services ...... 366 Deep Retrofits for Residential and Commercial ...... 2 Low-Cost Savings Verification Techniques ...... 374 Retrofit and New Construction Labeling ...... 12 Real-Time Smart Electric Power Measurement of Facilities ...... 388 Solar/Smart Roofing ...... 20 Enterprise Energy and Maintenance Management Systems ...... 394 Retrofit Insulation ...... 26 VI. Industrial Food Processing Roadmaps ...... 413 New Construction Insulation ...... 30 Heating...... 414 Retrofit and New Construction Air / Water Management ...... 34 Cooling ...... 418 Zero Net Energy Buildings ...... 40 Mechanical ...... 426 Manufactured Housing / Modular / Pre Manufactured Systems / Offices ...... 58 Infrastructure ...... 438 Fenestration & Daylighting ...... 62 VII. Combined Heat and Power Roadmaps ...... 451 II. Lighting Roadmaps ...... 81 Production ...... 452 General Lighting ...... 82 Resources ...... 466 Solid State Lighting ...... 92 Delivery ...... 480 Task/Ambient Lighting ...... 110 Lighting Controls ...... 122 Luminaires ...... 136 Daylighting ...... 142

vii ■ M A R C H 2014 INTRODUCTION

Special Introduction : Marc h 201 4 Operational Definition of “Integrated System” The March 2014 version of the National Energy Efficiency Technology Roadmap Many subject matter experts who have participated in this roadmapping initiative Portfolio (Roadmap Portfolio) has been released as part of the BPA Technology have stressed the importance of pursuing energy efficiency with an integrated Innovation Office’s annual research proposal solicitation. Since 2009, more than systems approach rather than as a series of discrete “widgets.” A systems 200 experts representing nearly 120 research institutions, utilities, and vendors approach can foster synergistic innovation among a suite of technologies, while have contributed approximately 5,120 hours and $1,100,000 worth of voluntary the discrete approach can counteract efficiency gains if technologies work at input to develop and refine this resource. The Roadmap Portfolio includes forty- cross-purposes. A simple example of the latter case would be a building one technology roadmaps in seven product and service areas in the commercial, daylighting system not linked with lighting controls so that even though the residential, and industrial sectors, as Figure 1 identifies. building interior received more natural light, the electric lights remained at full power. Conversely, addressing this need using the integrated systems approach Building upon previous work, the March 2014 version revises and updates would entail coupling the daylighting system with lighting controls to increase or selected content throughout. It also takes another step toward the development decrease the amount of electric light provided based on the amount of daylight of a dedicated Integrated Systems Roadmap by identifying within each product available. and service area those R&D programs that explicitly address this concept. The March 2013 version of the Roadmap Portfolio was the first to identify cross-

cutting integrated systems. These were within the “Commercial Integrated

Buildings” pages of the HVAC roadmaps section. The current version expands

upon this by identifying throughout all of its roadmaps technology R&D programs

that explicitly address integrated systems (see the “Using the Roadmap Portfolio” section below to learn about how these systems are signified in the diagrams.) A critical first step in designating integrated systems as such was to specify an

operational definition of this concept:

Capability Gaps Gaps Capability Technology Characteristics Program R&D Descriptions Product & Service Area Roadmaps An integrated system is a product or service composed of technology characteristics developed with the express intention of optimizing the Building Design / Envelope 9 65 65 82 functionality, compatibility, and efficiency of two or more formerly distinct Lighting 6 68 52 69 features. The integrated systems approach: 1. can apply at the component, equipment, building, facility, or Electronics 5 43 49 64 campus scales; Heating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning 8 112 100 130 2. can pertain both to design tools and processes and/or to specific Sensors, Meters, EMS 6 46 51 46 products and services; and 3. only applies to products and services that use (including, Industrial Food Processing 4 49 82 56 however, integration of renewables into electrical systems). Combined Heat and Power 3 52 77 75 There are two broad and not exclusive categories considered in this definition. Totals 41 429 470 518 Applying the integrated systems approach to design means optimizing sub- systems that are potentially complementary or in conflict, such as developing Figure 1. Content of the Roadmap Portfolio. daylighting solutions to decrease the need for electric lighting or designing HVAC systems with operable windows in mind. Integrated systems at the level of

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ viii specific products and services can refer to two general categories. The first is the approach a best practice in the way it clearly connects key organizational drivers aggregation of two or more features, such as multi-service chilled beams. The with technology needs. second are energy management software and communications systems that track and optimize energy flows and applications within a building, facility, or The Roadmap Portfolio provides a snapshot of stakeholders’ current perspectives campus. on: 1. Key drivers (environmental/global, market, policy and regulatory, and For the technology areas covered in the Roadmap Portfolio, non-electrical technology innovation) affecting the nation in regard to energy products and services are generally to be considered outside of this definition. efficiency; Integrating building- or campus-scale renewable energy sources (solar, wind, etc.) into the electrical system is considered an integrated system within the Roadmap 2. Products/services needed to address identified drivers; Portfolio, but power generated from fuel sources that is not to be connected to an 3. Technologies needing development to bring non-existing products and electrical system is not. Thus, based on the operational definition above, services to the marketplace; and technologies involving fuel switching are not integrated systems, but a combined 4. Gaps in existing R&D programs designed to address identified photovoltaic and battery storage array connected to a building’s electrical system technology needs. is. Ultimately, the goal of identifying and prioritizing technology R&D gaps allows for As with all Roadmap Portfolio content, this operational definition is provisional a more rational allocation of limited funding and resources by organizations such pending additional research and further refinement from subject matter experts as the BPA, national labs, research universities, private businesses, and venture and project stakeholders. It is intended as a working definition to help frame the capitalists. content that follows and provide a starting point for further collaboration. With its focus on R&D programs that seek to address business challenges and opportunities in the five-to-twenty-year time horizon, the Roadmap Portfolio fulfills another important need. It is distinct from—but complementary to—the efforts of Purpose of the Roadmap Portfolio teams at BPA, the Northwest Energy Efficiency Alliance (NEEA), and elsewhere Technology roadmapping is a tool that enables organizations to manage time and whose work involves “emerging technologies.” This work tends to be focused resource investments more thoroughly and accurately in response to increasing more on the nearer-term time horizon (zero to three years) than the R&D complexity and the accelerated pace of change. The defining elements of the programs identified in the Roadmap Portfolio. roadmapping process are: BPA’s Energy Efficiency Emerging Technology (E3T) team and NEEA lead the 1. Solicit stakeholder expertise in a structured manner; Pacific Northwest’s efforts to coordinate regional emerging technology research. 2. Distill this expertise within an easy-to-navigate deliverable, such as a This collaboration was another recommendation of the Northwest Energy diagram, document or website; and Efficiency Taskforce in 2009 (more information below) and is also done in collaboration with national organizations such as the Consortium for Energy 3. Use the resultant deliverable to help guide planning. Efficiency and the California Emerging Technologies Coordinating Council. These The roadmapping approach is defined by some core elements but there is wide groups research and analyze products and services with the potential to deliver variation in how a given organization applies them. The result is that technology significant energy savings but that may be facing market, behavioral, regulatory, roadmaps come in an array of formats and are created for a range of purposes. or other barriers to large-scale introduction. The Roadmap Portfolio project team These variations reflect the different missions, cultures, and strategic goals of the further defines emerging technology as any technology that is already available in organization(s) developing a given roadmap. As long as the roadmap fulfills the the marketplace but that is facing one or more barriers to widespread adoption. purposes that stakeholders intended, it can be considered a useful tool. Both the Roadmap Portfolio and emerging technologies work strives to bridge The Roadmap Portfolio exists to define (and refine) a technology research agenda “chasms” that exist between an idea and its implementation as a proven energy- for the medium and long-term (five to twenty years) to guide institutional and efficient product or service within utility programs. Tracking R&D programs regional investment strategies. It does so by identifying the landscape of energy through the Roadmap Portfolio aids the efforts of emerging technologies teams efficiency R&D programs linked directly to desired technology characteristics and by enabling the more rapid identification of technologies with energy savings by tracking research needs that are already being addressed. This latter function potential; in turn, emerging technologies teams contribute to the work of utility provides confidence to BPA and other stakeholders that R&D project funding is programs staff by validating this potential and providing the necessary not redundant and that resources are optimized within a strategic plan. In 2013 quantitative data to determine if a given product or service is worth implementing the United Nations Framework Convention on deemed this or incentivizing.

ix ■ M A R C H 2014 Figure 2 on the following page illustrates how the Roadmap Portfolio project and Efficiency Technology Roadmap which, as its title indicates, was motivated by a emerging technology research are both necessary strategies to help “fill the scope that expressly incorporated the breadth of regional business challenges pipeline” of energy-efficient products and services for utility programs. This and opportunities. diagram also correlates this process with the Department of Energy’s Technology Readiness Levels (TRLs) and identifies two potential “chasms” that can be From its inception the project team has envisioned the portfolio as a live, working barriers to implementing energy-efficient technologies. document to be continually refined and revised to reflect stakeholder needs and the ever-evolving technology landscape. Northwest-focused editions of the Another important purpose of the Roadmap Portfolio that deserves mention is portfolio were published in 2010, 2011, and early 2012. The March 2012 version that it is focused on technology R&D programs. There are many other important included food processing and combined heat and power roadmaps and a new considerations that propel or hinder the widespread adoption of energy efficiency appendix (Appendix B) to track existing R&D projects identified in the roadmap products and services, such as market conditions, human behavior, regulations, pages. With the success of the project and increased interest from colleagues policies, standards, and education/training. Readers will find these non- outside of the region, in 2012 the project team expanded the scope by convening technology-related considerations in the Roadmap Portfolio primarily within the the National Energy Efficiency Technology Roadmapping Summit (more Driver or Capability Gap categories, but they generally do not fall within the information on this event below). purview of technology R&D programs. Other institutions have developed or are developing roadmaps that focus specifically on these other considerations. The In the process of identifying gaps in existing energy efficiency R&D programs, Roadmap Portfolio will include citations to and updates about these other roadmapping participants in 2010 also identified a list of products and services roadmaps as information becomes available. Examples include the American that were already available in the marketplace but not widely adopted due to National Standards Institute (ANSI) Energy Efficiency Standardization various technical and/or market barriers—the “emerging technologies” described Coordination Collaborative (EESCC) roadmapping project and the Alliance to Save above. While addressing this group of products and services was not the ’s energy efficiency policy recommendations of February 2013 listed purpose of the roadmapping endeavor, a workshop was held to articulate: below. 1. Barriers to the wider adoption of existing products/services; and 2. Necessary components to future market intervention programs and other initiatives to increase adoption rates for these targeted products/services. Background to the Roadmap The findings articulated by participants in this workshop can be found in Appendix Por tfolio A, specifically Appendix A4, “Workshop 3 (Market Interventions, Programs, Other Initiatives).” From the beginning, development of the Roadmap Portfolio has been a needs- BPA has served in a leadership role in the development and continued refinement driven, collaborative effort that reflects the input and expertise of a diverse range of the Roadmap Portfolio because of the important role the agency plays in of stakeholders. In 2008 and 2009 a group of executives representing regional conservation, marketing, transmission, and environmental stewardship; however, utilities and stakeholders convened as the Northwest Energy Efficiency Taskforce the agency does not “own” the process or the product. The portfolio would be of (NEET) to explore how to deliver electricity conservation savings more effectively significantly less value if it were not for the input, support, and critical feedback at and efficiently. Among NEET’s recommendations was that BPA and NEEA improve every stage of the process from each of the individuals and institutions identified coordination and collaboration on energy efficiency emerging technology in the “Support Staff” and “Workshop Participants” pages above. Since the research. beginning of this roadmapping project in late 2009, more than 200 participants As an initial step in this process, stakeholders formed a representative group of representing 119 organizations have contributed approximately 5,120 hours and subject matter experts as the Regional Emerging Technology Advisory Committee an estimated $1,100,000 worth of voluntary input. (RETAC). One of the RETAC’s first projects was to initiate the development of an BPA’s Office of Technology Innovation uses these roadmaps to guide its annual updateable energy efficiency technology roadmap that would describe the solicitation for proposals for energy efficiency R&D projects. This annual present landscape of research programs needed to enable technology solicitation occurs in March; proposals not linked to technology needs identified characteristics that fill capability gaps and, thereby, address key economic, in the roadmap are not eligible for awards. Because these roadmaps are shared social, environmental, regulatory, and other drivers. public resources, any organization can also use them to guide their own research BPA staff had created an agency-specific energy efficiency roadmap in the mid- efforts with some confidence that their work fits into a larger research agenda 2000s, but the RETAC’s charge was for BPA to broaden the scope of this effort. crafted and vetted by technical experts from across the country. This work helped inform the initial stages of the creation of the Northwest Energy [continued on p. xiii]

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ x

Basic Research Dashed: “Chasm” between emerging Optimal Cumulative technologies and utility Effect of Successive Applied programs Technologies Research “Chasm” between R&D and emerging technology programs Green: Adoption Rate of

Development Single Technology Rate of Technology Adoption Technologyof Rate

Time Iterative Process of Research, Field Tests, Commercial Commercial Commercial Maturity Commercial Decline Lab Tests, Engineering Pilot Projects Introduction Growth

Role of Emerging Technology Capacity Market Codes & Standards Technologies Research Demonstration Building Programs

U.S. Dept. of Energy 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Technology Readiness Levels (TRLs)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Bonneville Power Administration Measure Readiness Levels (MRLs) [DRAFT] Time to full ~3 to 20 years 0 to ~3 years Commercialized Commercialization

Emerging technologies R&D programs tracked in the Utility programs in the residential, programs such as BPA’s National Energy Efficiency commercial, and industrial sectors Technology Roadmap Energy Efficiency Emerging Portfolio Technology (E3T) team and the E3TNW.org database

Figure 2. Energy Efficient Technology Commercialization Process. Simplified schematic illustrating a broadly representative example of the process of bringing an idea for an energy- efficient product or service through the phases of research, development, design, testing, evaluation, pilot-scale implementation, and commercial introduction and maturity. For comparative purposes, this general process is roughly correlated with the phases of emerging technologies initiatives, the U.S. Department of Energy’s Technology Readiness Levels, and an ongoing effort at the Bonneville Power Administration to define a system of Measure Readiness Levels to guide the process of transferring products and services into full-scale utility programs implementation . (Adapted from a number of sources including: Institute for Building Efficiency, “Advancing Energy Efficiency Technology: California Helps Blaze the Trail: Insights from the Emerging Technologies Coordinating Council 2010 Summit,” n.d. (ca. Nov. 2010), http://www.institutebe.com/Building-Efficiency-Events/ettc-summit-2010.aspx; BPA Measure Readiness Levels currently under development; BC Hydro “Shaping the ET Future: Innovation in ET Programs,” n.d.; U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, “Technology Readiness Levels (TRLS),” http://www1.eere.energy.gov/manufacturing/financial/trls.html.)

xi ■ M A R C H 2014 By creating a regional technology roadmap portfolio that has expanded to be for most R&D programs listed in the Roadmap Portfolio. In so doing, workshop national in scope, the Northwest has taken an important step toward the goal of participants helped refine a resource used to optimize research and development creating continuity between its R&D efforts to bring non-existing technologies to investments by limiting redundant spending and identifying opportunities for market, ongoing work in emerging technologies, and present and future market inter-organizational collaboration. intervention strategies. In conjunction with the roadmapping workshops, EPRI organized four full days of Both the Roadmap Portfolio and the work of emerging technology organizations expert panel presentations on cutting-edge technologies. The two-fold purpose of are critically important in realizing energy savings: As recent studies from the these presentations was: 1) to convene a group of expert speakers to provide Energy Trust of Oregon and the Northwest Power and Conservation Council’s NW brief and informative highlights and overviews of noteworthy research and Resource Adequacy Forum conclude, regional energy efficiency targets will fall development efforts; and 2) to provide a venue in which national experts could short before 2020 without robust efforts to identify and bring to market a steady network with one another, share ideas and achievements, and gain inspiration stream of increasingly more efficient technologies. and insights that could be applied in the corresponding roadmapping workshop. At the national level, the Alliance to Save Energy’s February 2013 report Energy See Appendix A for Roadmapping Summit schedules, agendas, and workshop 2030: Doubling U.S. Energy Productivity by 2030 recognizes the critical role that minutes. For Summit presentations and videos, see http://online.etm.pdx.edu/ government plays in complementing private sector energy productivity and bpa_summit/home.html. market adoption of energy-efficient technologies. Because “private R&D budgets are small in many sectors related to energy productivity in part due to the While this roadmapping initiative commenced in the Pacific Northwest, expanding fragmented markets and industry structures and to the spillover of knowledge,” the collaboration beyond the region during 2012 was the first step in developing this report notes, a resource that will provide benefits to many other institutions and constituencies. Including the pre-Summit workshop held August 8, 2012, the government support both for R&D and for a wide range of deployment Summit brought together about 180 experts representing 101 organizations from programs has been critical to advances in energy productivity. Often these across the and British Columbia. Collectively, these participants programs have been most effective in concert: R&D support helps develop voluntary provided approximately 4,200 hours and $950,000 of in-kind technologies, technical assistance and incentives assist early market contributions to the EE technology roadmapping effort. introduction, information programs spur broad commercialization, and standards ensure that all consumers benefit and push markets forward toward further innovation (p. 22). Selected Sources The list below identifies sources for additional details on some of the background National Energy Efficiency Technology information provided above. Roadmapping Summit American National Standards Institute Energy Efficiency Standards Coordinating Collaborative, “Standardization Roadmap: Energy Efficiency in the Built The National Energy Efficiency Technology Roadmapping Summit convened in Environment,” Version 1.0, Jan. 2014, available at Portland, Oregon, September 24–27, 2012, with a preparatory workshop held http://www.ansi.org/standards_activities/standards_boards_panels/eescc/ August 8. Planning and implementing this event involved close collaboration overview.aspx?menuid=3. among BPA, the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), Portland State Alliance to Save Energy, Alliance Commission on National Energy Efficiency Policy, University Engineering and Technology Management Department, Washington Energy 2030: Doubling U.S. Energy Productivity by 2030, Feb. 7, 2013, State University Energy Program, and NEEA. Summit participants included http://ase.org/sites/default/files/full_commission_report.pdf. government entities, national laboratories, academic and other research institutions, public and investor-owned utilities, vendors, non-profit organizations, Cambridge University Institute for Manufacturing, “Roadmapping for Strategy and and others. (Names of Summit workshop participants have been integrated into Innovation” website, the list on the preceding pages.) http://www.ifm.eng.cam.ac.uk/resources/techmanworkbooks/roadmapping- for-strategy-and-innovation/. Subject matter experts volunteered their time to update and expand energy efficiency technology roadmaps within the residential and commercial sectors. "E3T: Energy Efficiency Emerging Technologies," http://e3tnw.org/. They further strengthened the roadmaps by articulating key research questions

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ xii Energy Trust of Oregon, "Briefing Paper: Energy Efficiency Programs," June 8, "NEET Report: Northwest Energy Efficiency Taskforce Report, Recommendations, 2012, http://energytrust.org/library/meetings/board/120608_Board_ Action Plan," Oct. 2009, http://www.nwcouncil.org/energy/neet/NEET%20 Strategic_Planning_Workshop.pdf. Report%20October%202009.pdf. Ryan Fedie, Gregg Ander, Jorge Marques, and Jonathan Livingston, “The View "Northwest Energy Efficiency Taskforce," http://www.nwcouncil.org/energy/neet/. from Here: A Utility Perspective on North American Emerging Technology Alignment,” 2012 ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings, NW Adequacy Forum, "Pacific Northwest Power Supply Adequacy Assessment for http://www.aceee.org/files/proceedings/2012/data/papers/0193- 2017, Final Report," Nov. 21, 2012, http://www.nwcouncil.org/news/2012/ 000183.pdf. 12/4.pdf. Ben Kroposki, Bobi Garrett, Stuart Macmillan, Brent Rice, Connie Komumua, "Regional Emerging Technology Advisory Committee," https://conduitnw.org/ Mark O’Malley, and Dan Zimmerle, “Energy Systems Integration: A Pages/Group.aspx?rid=29. Convergence of Ideas,” National Renewable Energy Laboratory Technical Technology Executive Committee of the United Nations Framework Convention on Paper TP-6A00-55649, July 2012, http://www.nrel.gov/esi/pdfs/55649.pdf. Climate Change, "Background paper on Technology Roadmaps," April, 2013, Jonathan Livingston, Jack Callahan, Ryan Fedie, Robert Penney, and Jack Zeiger, available through http://unfccc.int/ttclear/pages/home.html. “The E3T Framework: Fast-Tracking Emerging Technology Development in University of California Berkeley Center for the Built Environment, “Advanced the Pacific Northwest,” 2010 ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Integrated Systems” website, Buildings, http://www.aceee.org/files/proceedings/2010/data/papers/ http://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/research/ais.htm. 2041.pdf. U.S. Department of Energy Advanced Manufacturing Office, “Technology "National Energy Efficiency Technology Roadmapping Summit, September 24-27, Readiness Levels (TRLSs),” Dec. 2011, http://www1.eere.energy.gov/ 2012, DoubleTree Hotel, Portland, Oregon," http://online.etm.pdx.edu/bpa_ manufacturing/financial/trls.html. summit/home.html.

National Renewable Energy Laboratory, “Energy Systems Integration” website, http://www.nrel.gov/esi/.

xiii ■ M A R C H 2014 ENERGY EFFICIENCY ROADMAPS & STRATEGY DOCUMENTS

The lists below are intended to be broadly representative rather than exhaustive and will be updated as new information becomes available. Windows and opaque building envelope roadmaps (as of November 2012, these roadmaps were soon to be published at http://www.eereblogs.energy.gov/buildingenvelope/). Energy Efficiency Technology Roadmapping

Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) Energy Efficiency Standards Roadmapping Power Delivery and Utilization Sector Roadmaps, April 2012, http://mydocs.epri.com/docs/ American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Energy Efficiency Standardization CorporateDocuments/Roadmaps/PDU%20Roadmap_2012-04.pdf. Coordination Collaborative (EESCC) Through 2013 the ANSI EESCC worked with stakeholders to develop an energy Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) efficiency standardization roadmap. This roadmap provides an overview of the Research and Development Roadmap for Water Heating Technologies, prepared energy efficiency standardization landscape (including existing and in- by Navigant Consulting, Inc., Sep. 30, 2011, development standards, codes, guidelines, and conformance programs) and http://www.ornl.gov/ci/ees/etsd/btric/pdfs/ identifies perceived gaps in energy efficiency standardization and conformance WaterHeatingTechnologiesRoadmap_9-30-2011_FINAL.pdf. activities. In January 2014 the project team made available the first draft of this document for public comment. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) “Standardization Roadmap: Energy Efficiency in the Built Environment,” Version 1.0, Jan. 2014, available at High-Performance Data Centers: A Research Roadmap, July 2003, http://www.ansi.org/standards_activities/standards_boards_panels/eescc http://hightech.lbl.gov/ documents/ datacenters_roadmap_final.pdf. /overview.aspx?menuid=3. U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy (DOE) Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) Building Technologies Office Strategic Plans, Other Energy Efficiency Roadmapping http://www1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/residential/ba_strategic_plan.html. Solid-State Lighting Research and Development: Multi-Year Program Plan, International Energy Agency (IEA) prepared by Bardsley Consulting (and others), April 2012, The IEA has produced a series of energy efficiency roadmaps to “accelerate the http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/publications/pdfs/ssl/ssl_mypp20 development of low-carbon energy technologies in order to address the global 12_web.pdf. challenges of energy security, climate change and economic growth.” These Buildings R&D Breakthroughs: Technologies and Products Supported by the roadmaps represent “international consensus on milestones for technology Building Technologies Program, April 2012, development, legal/regulatory needs, investment requirements, public http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/publications/pdfs/corporate/rd_br engagement/outreach and international collaboration.” Included within them eakthroughs.pdf. are recommendations for the development of standards, test protocols, performance certification ratings, and metrics in addition to the development of Summary of Gaps and Barriers for Implementing Residential Building Energy some particular technologies. Efficiency Strategies, Aug. 2012, http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/publications/pdfs/building_americ “Technology Roadmaps,” http://www.iea.org/roadmaps/. a/49162.pdf.

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ xiv Oregon Built Environment & Sustainable Technologies Center (Oregon BEST) Energy 2030 Recommendations, http://ase.org/resources/energy-2030- recommendations. Oregon BEST regularly convenes Agenda Development Forums of subject matter experts to develop prioritized research agendas to achieve energy efficiency and Energy 2030 Research Reports, http://ase.org/resources/ee-commission- environmental performance goals. To date, Oregon BEST has published two report-summaries. reports in their Research Agenda Series. “Deep Retrofits Research Agenda,” Nov. 2012, American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy (ACEEE) http://oregonbest.org/sites/default/files/consortium/adf2012- The ACEEE published a report in 2013 to analyze “several targeted policies that 09_deepretrofitsresearchagenda_lowresv2.pdf. leverage market forces and address specific market failures and barriers to “Living Building Challenge Materials Research Agenda,” Jan. 2013, energy efficiency without requiring substantial spending or government http://oregonbest.org/sites/default/files/consortium/adf2012- mandates.” 11_lbcmaterialsresearchagenda.pdf. Shruti Vaidyanathan, Steve Nadel, Jennifer Amann, Casey J. Bell, Anna Chittum, Kate Farley, Sara Hayes, Michelle Vigen, and Rachel Young, "Overcoming Market Barriers and Using Market Forces to Advance Energy Efficiency," ACEEE, March 2013, available at http://www.aceee.org/research- Energy Efficiency Strategic Planning report/e136.

Documents California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC) The CPUC launched a strategic effort in 2007 to achieve ambitious energy Alliance to Save Energy (ASE) efficiency and greenhouse gas emission reductions by transforming the In February 2013, the ASE published energy efficiency policy recommendations marketplace. The CPUC worked closely on this project with the state’s regulated written by its Alliance Commission on National Energy Efficiency Policy, Energy utilities—Pacific Gas and Electric Company, Southern California Edison Company, 2030: Doubling U.S. Energy Productivity by 2030. This reported concluded that San Diego Gas & Electric Company, and Southern California Gas Company—and “the U.S. can double its energy productivity by 2030 using cost-effective more than 500 individuals and organizations. The result was a roadmap for technologies and practices. Benefits to the nation from achieving this goal would energy efficiency through and beyond 2020 that sets forth a long-term vision be monumental . . . net benefits could be over $1,000 a year in average and goals for each economic sector and identification of near-term, mid-term household savings in utility and transportation costs, over a million added jobs, and long-term strategies. a one-third reduction in carbon dioxide emissions, and a similar reduction in oil California Energy Efficiency Strategic Plan, imports.” To achieve these outcomes, the ASE “urges policy makers and the http://www.cpuc.ca.gov/PUC/energy/Energy+Efficiency/eesp/. private sector to take immediate and concerted action” to “Unleash Investment in energy productivity throughout the economy, Modernize Regulations and California Energy Efficiency Strategic Plan, update Jan. 2011, Infrastructure to improve energy productivity, and Educate and Engage http://www.energy.ca.gov/ab758/documents/CAEnergyEfficiencyStrategic consumers, workers, business executives, and government leaders on ways to Plan_Jan2011.pdf. drive energy productivity gains.” California Energy Efficiency Strategic Plan—HVAC Action Plan, The ASE believes that “these strategies can be implemented without http://www.cpuc.ca.gov/NR/rdonlyres/25B56CBE-7B79-41BC-B1C0- burdensome mandates or massive government spending. To achieve this goal AE147F423B19/0/HVACActionPlan.pdf. and its benefits, some public-private partnerships, and targeted government investments will be needed, and some rules will need to be reformed and California Energy Efficiency Strategic Plan—Lighting Action Plan, strengthened.” http://www.cpuc.ca.gov/NR/rdonlyres/BE058656-3913-4DDD-92D5- 60E82DD6AF0C/0/Lightingchapter_CAEnergyEfficiencyStrategicPlan_Jan2 Energy 2030: Doubling U.S. Energy Productivity by 2030, Feb. 7, 2013, 011.pdf. http://ase.org/sites/default/files/full_commission_report.pdf. California Energy Efficiency Strategic Plan—Zero Net Energy Commercial Building Action Plan, http://www.cpuc.ca.gov/NR/rdonlyres/6C2310FE-AFE0-48E4- AF03-530A99D28FCE/0/ZNEActionPlanFINAL83110.pdf.

xv ■ M A R C H 2014 National Action Plan for Energy Efficiency The group “identified key barriers limiting greater investment in cost-effective energy efficiency, made five key policy recommendations to overcome the The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and Department of Energy co- barriers, and documented policy and regulatory options for greater attention and facilitated the National Action Plan for Energy Efficiency from 2005 to 2010. It investment in energy efficiency.” was “a private-public initiative to create a sustainable, aggressive national commitment to energy efficiency through the collaborative efforts of gas and National Action Plan for Energy Efficiency (last updated Oct. 17, 2012), electric utilities, utility regulators, and other partner organizations. Such a http://www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/energy-programs/suca/resources.html. commitment can take advantage of large opportunities in U.S. homes, buildings, and schools to reduce energy use, save billions on customer energy bills, and National Action Plan for Energy Efficiency, Vision for 2025: A Framework for reduce the need for new power supplies.” Change, Nov. 2008, http://www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/documents/suca/vision.pdf. Overseeing the creation of the Action Plan was a group of more than sixty leading gas and electric utilities, state agencies, energy consumers, energy service providers, environmental groups, and energy efficiency organizations.

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ xvi ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY R&D FUNDING

The table below identifies energy efficiency technology R&D funding institutions As of the date of publication, BPA and EPRI staff continue to reach out to and provides overviews of their request for proposal (RFP) processes and representatives of other R&D funding institutions with the complementary goals schedules. Though not exhaustive, this list is current at the time of publication of: based upon available information and is subject to change at any time. . Identifying opportunities to use portfolio content to decrease the risk of redundant and unnecessary spending by coordinating R&D expenditures and efforts where feasible; . Determining effective ways to expand and enhance portfolio content in efficient and mutually-beneficial ways; and

. Disseminating accurate and timely R&D RFP solicitation information and schedules to interested institutions, organizations, and firms.

INSTITUTION WEBSITE SCOPE RFP SCHEDULE American Society of See https://www.ashrae.org/sta Heating, Refrigerating and ASHRAE solicits annual research proposals that align with their five-year strategic https://www.ashrae.or ndards-research-- Air Conditioning Engineers research plans. g/standards-research-- technology/research (ASHRAE) technology/research “One key to BPA’s success is making a firm connection with the business and technology challenges facing the utility industry. Technology roadmaps capture the logic and business framework for research and development. The roadmaps Bonneville Power http://www.bpa.gov/Doing% describe the specific BPA-related factors driving technology needs and identify the Annual RFP opens Administration (BPA) Office 20Business/TechnologyInno areas offering the greatest potential. BPA’s Technology Innovation uses a cross early March of Technology Innovation vation/Pages/default.aspx agency Council of executives and technologists to guide its research and development efforts. BPA’s Technology Innovation initiative has an annual cycle of portfolio funding based on strategic needs identified in the agency’s technology roadmaps.” “The portion of the EPIC Program administered by the Energy Commission will California Energy provide funding for applied research and development, technology demonstration See Commission (CEC) Electric http://www.energy.ca.gov/re and deployment, and market facilitation for clean energy technologies and http://www.energy.ca.g Program Investment search/epic/ approaches for the benefit of ratepayers of Pacific Gas and Electric Company, San ov/research/upcoming Charge (EPIC) Diego Gas & Electric Company, and Southern California Edison Company.” _funding.html

California Energy Offers funding in the areas of Buildings End-Use Energy Efficiency; Energy See Commission (CEC) Public http://www.energy.ca.gov/c Innovations Small Grant (EISG) Program; Systems Integration; http://www.energy.ca.g Interest Energy Research ontracts/pier.html and the Renewable Energy Research Area. ov/contracts/pier.html (PIER) Program

xvii ■ M A R C H 2014 INSTITUTION WEBSITE SCOPE RFP SCHEDULE The Energy Efficiency Investment Fund (EEIF) was created to help Delaware http://www.dnrec.delaware. businesses make strategic investments in capital equipment and facility upgrades “The EEIF program State of Delaware Energy gov/energy/information/oth that will help decrease operating costs, reduce , and improve anticipates releasing Efficiency Investment Fund erinfo/Pages/EnergyEfficien environmental performance. The program offers funding for technical assistance, solicitations on an cyInvestmentFund.aspx as well as competitively awarded grants and loans for implementation of energy annual basis” efficiency projects.” “As part of the larger Federal research and development effort, NSF has a comprehensive, overarching mandate to help keep all the fields and disciplines of science and engineering research healthy and strong. NSF accomplishes this See National Science http://www.nsf.gov/about/tr through programs that support basic research proposed by individual investigators http://www.nsf.gov/ab Foundation (NSF) ansformative_research/ or collaborative groups of investigators. In addition to funding research through out/transformative_res Transformative Research core disciplinary programs, NSF also provides support for facilities, equipment, earch/ instrumentation, centers of research, and activities such as workshops that help to advance fields of science.” “Conducting a multifaceted energy and environmental research and development program has been a central responsibility at NYSERDA since its inception in 1975. New York State Energy NYSERDA's R&D Program supports the development and commercialization of See Research and http://www.nyserda.ny.gov/ innovative energy and environmental products, technologies, and processes that http://www.nyserda.ny. Development Authority en/Energy-Efficiency-and- improve the quality of life for New York's citizens and help New York businesses to gov/Energy-Innovation- (NYSERDA) Energy Renewable-Programs.aspx compete and grow in the global economy.” NYSERDA’s Research and and-Business- Efficiency and Renewable Development Program Areas include Energy Resources; Transportation and Power Development.aspx Programs Systems; Energy and Environment Markets; Industry; Buildings; and Transmission and Distribution. “Industrial Accelerator is designed to assist eligible transmission-connected companies to fast track capital investment in major energy-efficiency projects. The Ontario Power Authority five-year program will provide attractive financial incentives to encourage See http://www.industrialacceler Industrial Accelerator investment in innovative process changes and equipment retrofits so that the rate http://www.industriala ator.ca/ Program of return is competitive with other capital projects. In exchange, participants will ccelerator.ca/ contractually commit to delivering specific conservation targets within a set period of time and to maintaining them over the expected life of the project.” “ESTCP releases at least one solicitation each fiscal year. Researchers from U.S. Department of Federal organizations, universities, and private industry can apply for ESTCP See Defense Environmental funding. All proposals must respond to a Topic Area associated with the http://www.serdp.org/ Security Technology http://www.serdp.org/ solicitation. ESTCP projects are formal demonstrations in which innovative Funding- Certification Program technologies are rigorously evaluated. ESTCP demonstrations are conducted at Opportunities/ESTCP- (ESTCP) DoD facilities and sites to document improved efficiency, reduced liability, Solicitations improved environmental outcomes, and cost savings.”

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ xviii INSTITUTION WEBSITE SCOPE RFP SCHEDULE “SERDP issues two annual solicitations. The Core Solicitation seeks proposals for basic and applied research, and advanced technology development. Core projects vary in cost and duration, consistent with the scope of the work proposed. The U.S. Department of SERDP Exploratory Development (SEED) program is designed to investigate See Defense Strategic innovative approaches that entail high technical risk or require supporting data to http://www.serdp.org/ Environmental Research http://www.serdp.org/ provide proof of concept. SEED projects are limited to not more than $150,000 Funding- and Development Program and are approximately one year in duration. SEED projects that are successful are Opportunities/SERDP- (SERDP) considered for additional follow-on funding. All submissions must be in response Solicitations to a Statement of Need (SON) associated with the solicitation. Core and SEED solicitations have different SONs and different due dates.”

“The mission of the Energy Department is to ensure America’s security and See prosperity by addressing its energy, environmental and nuclear challenges through http://energy.gov/publ U.S. Department of Energy http://energy.gov transformative science and technology solutions.” ic-services/funding- opportunities “ARPA-E funds technology-focused, applied research and development aimed at creating real-world solutions to important problems in energy creation, distribution, and use. . . . ARPA-E issues periodic Funding Opportunity U.S. Department of Energy See http://arpa- Advanced Research Announcements (FOAs), which are focused on overcoming specific technical http://arpa-e.energy.gov e.energy.gov/?q=progr Projects Agency–Energy barriers around a specific energy area. ARPA-E also issues periodic OPEN FOAs to ams/apply-for-funding (ARPA–E) identify high-potential projects that address the full range of energy-related technologies, as well as funding solicitations aimed at supporting America’s small business innovators.”

“The Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) works with U.S. Department of Energy business, industry, universities, and others to increase the use of renewable See Office of Energy Efficiency http://www.eere.energy.gov/ energy and energy efficiency technologies. One way EERE encourages the growth http://www1.eere.ener & Renewable Energy of these technologies is by offering financial assistance opportunities for their gy.gov/financing/ (EERE) development and demonstration.”

“Since 1995, the U.S. Department of Energy's Building America program has U.S. Department of Energy provided research and development of building innovations to the residential Office of Energy Efficiency http://www1.eere.energy.go See construction and remodeling industry. As a national center for world class & Renewable Energy v/buildings/residential/ba_i http://www1.eere.ener research, Building America develops market-ready solutions through partnerships (EERE) Building America ndex.html gy.gov/financing/ with building and remodeling industry leaders, nationally recognized building Program scientists, and the national laboratories.”

xix ■ M A R C H 2014 SING THE OADMAP ORTFOLIO U R P

The Roadmap Portfolio is a reference tool designed to be a living, working Roadmap Portfolio “Swim Lane” document. It was not crafted with any expectation that it would be read from beginning to end like a traditional report or narrative. Rather, its design allows for Definitions quick reference technology development research agendas in relation to specific Roadmap diagrams are composed of the following four “swim lanes”: energy efficiency products and services. Drivers: Critical factors that constrain, enable, or otherwise influence The content herein is organized into seven sections, with multiple organizational decisions, operations, and strategic plans. These factors product/service-level roadmaps within each section: can include: existing or pending regulations and standards; the 1. Building Design/Envelope environment; market conditions and projections; consumer behavior 2. Lighting and preference; and organizational goals and culture, among others. 3. Electronics Capability Gaps: Barriers or shortcomings that stand in the way of meeting 4. Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning drivers. 5. Sensors, Meters, and Energy Management Systems Technology Characteristics: Specific technical attributes of a product or service 6. Industrial Food Processing necessary to overcome capability gaps. 7. Combined Heat & Power R&D Programs: The iterative process undertaken at universities, national Appendix A contains process documents for all of the technology roadmapping laboratories, some businesses, and related organizations to generate workshops held to date, including minutes from each workshop. new ideas for products and services, develop models and prototypes, evaluate these in laboratory settings, and conduct engineering and Appendix B contains more information, when available, about existing R&D production analyses with the goal of delivering the product or service to programs identified in the portfolio. the marketplace. Within the Roadmap Portfolio the generic abbreviation “R&D” is to be understood as including, when appropriate, design, deployment, and demonstration in addition to research and development. Disclaim er What is the difference between a “Technology Characteristic” and a “Capability Some roadmaps, project summaries, and appendix pages identify specific Gap?” vendors, commercial products, or proprietary systems and technologies. BPA, its partner institutions, and other stakeholders make these references solely for A food processing company finds that the machine it currently uses to peel context; these references do not constitute endorsement on the part of BPA, the potatoes removes a significant amount of the flesh of the potato. Removing too Department of Energy, or any stakeholder involved in the creation and refinement much of the flesh reduces the yield of each processed potato and this reduced of these roadmaps. yield means that the company is not getting as much saleable product out of each unit of potatoes. The company must also pay increased costs to dispose of their wastes. Faced with this situation, the company is facing three Drivers: 1) the desire to increase processing efficiency; 2) the desire to reduce product unit costs; and 3) the desire to reduce waste disposal costs.

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ xx Motivated by these drivers, company officials are seeking a solution that will improve the yield of their potato peeling machine . This is their Capability Gap: A peeling machine that is more efficient than existing technology. Company officials take their request to their engineering team and ask them to develop a solution that will overcome the capability gap and, thereby, meet the Decrease Increase Reduce three drivers. The engineering team applies their technical expertise to suggest waste processing product Drivers: that if they were to reduce the thickness of the peeler cutting blade they would be disposal efficiency unit costs What are the reasons to costs able to meet the requirements and overcome the capability gap. Thus the change? engineers have established a Technology Characteristic. Decrease Increase Reduce waste processing product Drivers: The engineers’ next step is to commence an R&D Program in which they disposal efficiency unit costs What are the reasons to investigate the kinds of metal they could use to create thinner blades and then costs test these blades. change?

The diagram to the right illustrates this example: Capability Gaps: A potato peeling machine that is more efficient than What are the barriers to

existing technologies change? Capability Gaps: A potato peeling machine thatthat is more efficient than What are the barriers to existing technologies change?

Technology Characteristics:

What are the technological Thinner peeler blades solutions needed to overcome

barriers to change? Technology CharacteriCharacteristics:stics:

Thinner peeler blades What are the technological solutions needed to overcome barriers to change?change?

R&D Programs: Produce thinner peeler blades

using the most appropriate What are the research type of metal programs and key research questions to pursue to develop R&D Programs: ACME, Inc. Produce thinner peeler blades technological solutions? What are the research using the mostmost appropappropriateriate type of metal programs and key research

questions to pursuepursue to develop ACME, Inc. technological solutions?

xxi ■ M A R C H 2014 ROADMAP DIAGRAM KEY

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : Product or Service Area Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Specific Product or Service Roadmap Definitions” section

DRIVER Driver identified for the

linked Capability Gap(s) Drivers

” s e n a L m i w S “ CAPABILITY Product or service performance gap needing GAP to be addressed; linked to Driver(s) above

and Technology Characteristic(s) below Capability Gaps Capability

AVAILABLE Technology Characteristics available in the UNAVAILABLE Technology Characteristics needed to TECHNOLOGY marketplace needed to address the Capability TECHNOLOGY address the Capability Gap(s) above and CHARACTERISTICS Gap(s) above but that are facing technical barriers CHARACTERISTICS not currently available in the marketplace

Technology Technology Characteristics

R&D PROGRAM R&D programs needed to develop the Unavailable Technology R&D PROGRAM R&D programs needed to develop the Unavailable Technology Characteristics Characteristics linked above or to help overcome technical linked above or to help overcome technical barriers that Available Technology

DESCRIPTION barriers that Available Technology Characteristics are facing DESCRIPTION Characteristics are facing and that explicitly address systems integration R&D R&D

Programs EXISTING R&D R&D in progress; shown connected to an R&D Program box only if PROGRAM(S) an R&D program or project has been identified for the R&D need

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ xxii

10

R&D Program Summaries Key

R&D Program Title. Brief summary of R&D program needed to develop the Key research questions: associated Unavailable Technology Characteristics or to help overcome technical barriers 1. One or more research questions that subject matter experts have identified as that Available Technology Characteristics are facing. among the key questions and topic areas to pursue within the R&D program or project; numbers provided for identification only and do not imply prioritization. Existing research: Institution(s) listed where R&D program(s) are ongoing. . Brief descriptive summaries of each institution’s R&D program that may include, where applicable, hyperlinks to web pages and/or reference to further program details in Appendix B of the National Energy Efficiency Technology Roadmap Portfolio.

R&D Program Title. Brief summary of R&D program needed to develop the Key research questions: associated Unavailable Technology Characteristics or to help overcome technical barriers 1. One or more research questions that subject matter experts have identified as that Available Technology Characteristics are facing. among the key questions and topic areas to pursue within the R&D program or project; numbers provided for identification only and do not imply prioritization. Existing research: None identified. [R&D program titles that do not have an associated yellow box indicating “Existing R&D Program or Project,” by definition, are not underway.]

xxiii ■ M A R C H 2014 HOW TO INTERPRET ROADMAP PORTFOLIO PAGES

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : Technology Roadmap Portfolio Product or Service Area

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Specific Product or Service Roadmap Definitions” section

Drivers DRIVER 4 DRIVER 1 DRIVER 2 DRIVER 3 DRIVER 5 DRIVER 6

CAPABILITY GAP 1 CAPABILITY GAP 5 CAPABILITY GAP 4 CAPABILITY GAP 3

CAPABILITY GAP 2 Capability Gaps Capability

AVAILABLE AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGY TECHNOLOGY CHARACTERISTIC 1 CHARACTERISTIC 3 AVAILABLE UNAVAILABLE UNAVAILABLE TECHNOLOGY TECHNOLOGY TECHNOLOGY UNAVAILABLE TECHNOLOGY CHARACTERISTIC 2 CHARACTERISTIC 2 CHARACTERISTIC 3

CHARACTERISTIC 1

Technology Technology Characteristics

R&D PROGRAM R&D PROGRAM R&D PROGRAM DESCRIPTION 1 DESCRIPTION 2 R&D PROGRAM DESCRIPTION 4 DESCRIPTION 3 EXISTING R&D PROGRAM(S) EXISTING R&D

R&D R&D associated with R&D Program PROGRAM(S) R&D PROGRAM Programs Requirement 1 associated with R&D Program Requirement 2 DESCRIPTION 5

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ xxiv

10

The diagram above represents a typical Roadmap Portfolio page. R&D 1 and R&D 4 linked to D 1, D 2, and D 3 The most straightforward way to interpret portfolio pages is from the R&D Programs “swim lane” at the bottom up through the Technology Characteristics, R&D 1 and R&D 4 are associated by the surrounding dashed box because they Capability Gaps, and Drivers swim lanes. both contribute directly to UTC 1 and ATC 1. This is shown by the red arrow from R&D 1 and R&D 4 to the dotted blue box surrounding UTC 1 and ATC 1.

Both of these technology characteristics, in turn, are associated with CG 1 and CG 2, and both of these capability gaps are linked to D 1, D 2, and D 3. Arrows connect individual or groups of boxes in swim lanes to

identify critical connections between them. R&D 3 linked to D 3, D 5, and D 6

R&D 3 is linked to UTC 2, as the red arrow indicates, but not to ATC 2 or UTC 3 Dotted and dashed lines indicate that two or more elements in a because the red arrow links directly to the UTC 2 box and not the blue dashed or swim lane are associated and linked either to another element dotted lines. (or group of elements) in the swim lane above and/or below. UTC 2 is linked to both CG 4 and CG 5 in the following ways: first, the blue dotted box associates both UTC 2 and UTC 3 and these together are linked to CG 4 by a blue arrow; next, the blue dashed box associates both UTC 2 and ATC 2 and these

Short, thick solid lines indicate that the arrow is connecting to are linked by a blue arrow to CG 5.

the dotted or dashed line surrounding two or more boxes. CG 4 and CG 5 are associated with one another as indicated by the dashed orange box surrounding them and an orange arrow links both capability gaps to D 5 and D 6.

Though CG 4 and CG 5 are associated in their linkage to D 5 and D 6, CG 5 Thus, in the diagram on the preceding page, the red arrow connects R&D independently is linked to D 3, as the orange arrow connecting CG 5 and D 3 Program Description 4 (at bottom left) to Available Technology Characteristic 3; indicates. the blue arrow connects Available Technology Characteristic 3 to Capability Gap 3; and the orange arrow connects Capability Gap 3 to Driver 4. This means that R&D 2 linked to D 3 R&D Program Description 4 helps meet Driver 4. Expressed in another way, meeting the requirements of Driver 4 is a rationale for engaging in R&D Program A red arrow links R&D 2 with ATC 2. R&D 2 is identified with a red-filled box, Description 4. denoting that this research addresses a need for an integrated systems approach. For purposes of illustration some of the other associations to be drawn from the diagram above are explained below. The following abbreviations are used in the ATC 2 and UTC 2 are associated as is shown by the blue dashed box surrounding examples: them. The blue arrow from this box connects to CG 5. . R&D = R&D Program Description An orange arrow links CG 5 to D 3 but not to D 1 and D 2. These three drivers are . ATC = Available Technology Characteristic associated with one another but only in terms of their linkage to CG 1 and CG 2, not in terms of their linkage to CG 5. . UTC = Unavailable Technology Characteristic

. CG = Capability Gap . D = Driver

xxv ■ M A R C H 2014 ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ORGANIZATIONAL CHART

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO Regional Prioritization*

Commercial & Residential Sectors Industrial Sector Sectors

Building Heating, Sensors, Meters, and Industrial Combined Design / Lighting Electronics Ventilation, and Energy Management Food

and and Heat & Power

Areas Envelope Air Conditioning Systems Processing Service Service Product Product

Deep Retrofits for Commercial and Smart Device- Production General Lighting Direct Current Level Controls Heating Residential and Residential Water (DC) Power Heating Responsive to Commercial User and Environment Solid State Resources Lighting Use and Fault Detection, Cooling Retrofit and New Construction Virtualization Predictive Labeling Maintenance, and Easy / Simple Controls User Interface Controls Task / Ambient Mechanical Lighting Delivery Component-Level Solar / Smart Efficiency Roofing Heat Recovery and Economizer Energy Optimization Management Infrastructure Services Lighting Controls Retrofit Insulation Complete Electronic System Heating & Cooling Production and New Construction Low-Cost Savings Luminaires Delivery Verification Insulation Power Techniques Management Control and Communication HVAC Motor- Technology Areas Technology Retrofit and New driven Systems Construction Air / Daylighting Real-Time Smart Water Electric Power * A coordinated regional approach can help Measurement of Technology Roadmaps, a.k.a., a.k.a., Roadmaps, Technology Management optimize investments in energy efficiency Commercial Facilities technology R&D funding. In December 2013

Integrated the Regional Emerging Technology Advisory Buildings Net Zero Energy Committee (RETAC) identified some technology areas that would most benefit Buildings Enterprise Energy and Maintenance from a coordinated approach to help focus Residential HVAC Management efforts on R&D programs articulated in

Manufactured Systems individual roadmaps. The BPA, NEEA, ETO, Housing / PNNL, regional utilities, and other Modular / Pre- stakeholders will continue to collaborate in Manufactured Modeling, Lab, this area and the Roadmap Portfolio will be and Field Testing Systems / Offices updated as needed based on this

collaboration.

Fenestration & Daylighting

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ xxvi TECHNOLOGY AREA DEFINITIONS

Manufactured Housing / Modular / Pre-Manufactured Systems / Offices

BUILDING DESIGN / ENVELOPE Technologies and techniques used in a factory to produce pre-built homes delivered to a site in one or more pieces that, once assembled, provide a Deep Retrofits for Residential and Commercial Buildings home ready for occupancy. A whole-building analysis and construction process that uses an integrative approach (rather than focusing on isolated energy systems) to achieve much Fenestration & Daylighting larger energy savings than conventional energy retrofits. Fenestration, shades, and daylighting products and services that conserve energy. Includes: increasing the energy efficiency of windows in existing and Retrofit and New Construction Labeling new buildings; windows, translucent walls, and mirrored tubes to bring A program that provides the general public, building owners and tenants, daylight more deeply into occupied spaces; and using operable insulating potential owners and tenants, and building operations and maintenance materials (such as window quilts and roman shades) to cover windows to staff an overview of the energy performance of a building so that they can reduce heating and cooling losses and block light. make more informed decisions about purchasing, renting, leasing, and upgrading buildings.

Solar/Smart Roofing Integrating solar thermal and solar electric (building-integrated photovoltaic) technologies into roofing materials. LIGHTING Retrofit Insulation Techniques and materials for adding insulation to the building envelope of General Lighting an existing building. Also includes using infrared scanning technology to Technologies and strategies to optimize the use of lighting fixtures, observe and analyze variations in heat flows in and through the envelope of components, and controls for general illumination (rather than decorative, a building to improve design and construction and minimize heating and traffic, signs, etc.). cooling losses from air leaks and inadequate insulation. Solid State Lighting New Construction Insulation More affordable, efficacious, and reliable light emitting diode (LED) lighting Roof, wall, and floor insulation in new construction. system, using technologies and techniques that take full advantage of LED’s characteristics, such as directionality, long life, and controllability while Retrofit and New Construction Air / Water Management mitigating concerns such as heat management, lumen maintenance, color- Minimizing (and ideally eliminating) air leakage and water infiltration through shift, and component failure. penetrations and gaps in the building envelope for wiring, plumbing, ductwork, etc. Task/Ambient Lighting Products and systems design to minimize total lighting energy use by Net Zero Energy Buildings minimizing ambient lighting and providing effective and efficient task Technologies and techniques used to design and construct buildings with lighting. greatly reduced needs for energy through very high efficiency such that the balance of energy needs are supplied with renewable technologies on-site. Lighting Controls Technologies and design approaches to improve the effectiveness and usability of lighting controls to minimize energy use while maintain good lighting quality.

xxvii ■ M A R C H 2014 Luminaires Materials and designs to improve the optical efficiency of luminaires, which HEATING, VENTILATION, AND AIR may consist of a body, ballasts, reflector, and lens. ONDITIONING Daylighting C (HVAC) Technologies and strategies to maximize the use of daylight and minimize Commercial and Residential Water Heating the need for electric lighting while maintaining good quality lighting that Technologies to heat water for residential and commercial applications. promotes health and productivity. Fault Detection, Predictive Maintenance, and Controls Automated notification of changes in components, such as dampers, amp draw, filters, etc., that will allow maintenance to be addressed sooner, thereby improving the system efficiency and minimize premature and major equipment failures.

ELECTRONICS Heat Recovery and Economizer Optimization Direct Current (DC) Power Source Maximizing use of non-mechanical cooling with outside air and of heat from cooled spaces to reduce energy use. Providing direct current (DC) power in buildings to operate equipment while eliminating energy losses of transformers, improving motor speed control, Heating & Cooling Production and Delivery and integrating more directly with photovoltaic systems. Producing and delivering heating and cooling through large heating, Use and Virtualization ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. Techniques for using consumer electronics and computers to minimize HVAC Motor-driven Systems energy use without sacrificing functionality, such as through integration and Energy efficient motors and drives, primarily adjustable speed drives, used in server virtualization. heating and cooling equipment, along their motor control systems. Component-Level Efficiency Commercial Integrated Systems Producing components for consumer electronics, such as power supplies Products and services developed from a holistic systems perspective to and chips, that are much more energy efficient than those in common use. provide for complementary and integrated heating, ventilation, and air Complete Electronic System conditioning tailored to the requirements of commercial, multi-family residential, and high-rise office buildings. Using integrated design to produce consumer electronics and computer servers than are significantly more energy efficient than those commonly in Residential HVAC use while not sacrificing product functionality. Products and services developed from a holistic systems perspective to Power Management Control and Communication provide for complementary and integrated heating, ventilation, and air conditioning tailored to the requirements of residential buildings. Reducing energy use through “sleep modes” that minimize standby losses of consumer electronics while not interfering with the user experience. Also Modeling, Lab and Field Testing includes automated technologies to reduce energy use of plug loads Using a combination of computer modeling software and lab or field testing according to occupants’ needs, preferably convenient to users and to predict the performance of heating and cooling systems in a variety of affordable to building owners. applications.

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ xxviii SENSORS, METERS, AND ENERGY INDUSTRIAL FOOD PROCESSING MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS Heating Smart Device-level Controls Responsive to User and Environment Technologies used for heating food and industrial food processing equipment. Automated energy management systems that responds effectively to input from users and the environmental conditions. Cooling Easy/Simple User Interface Controls Technologies used for cooling food and industrial food processing equipment. An energy management system that is easy to use and understand. Management Services Various mechanical and technical systems used within the industrial food Home energy management systems integrated with a service to help processing facility outside of the realm of heating and cooling technologies, consumers understand and reduce their energy use. such as raw material storage, transportation, and equipment operation. Low-cost Savings Verification Techniques Infrastructure Devices and software used to verify energy savings from implementation of Technical infrastructure to support industrial food processing operations measures without the significant time and expense of a conventional such as lighting, HVAC systems, energy management systems, water measurement and verification study. treatment, data management, and others. Real-time Smart Electric Power Measurement of Facilities Devices and systems to gather data on building operation schedules as well as energy use and demand in real time so users or an energy management system can respond effectively. Enterprise Energy and Maintenance Management Systems COMBINED HEAT AND POWER Energy management systems for large organizations with multiple buildings, such as a corporate or university campus. Production Technologies used to generate heat and power, such as fuel cells, turbines, generators, and heat recovery systems.

Resources Identifying, sourcing, delivering, and storing fuel used within combined heat and power systems. Delivery Storing, moving, and optimizing both heat and energy generated from combined heat and power systems.

xxix ■ M A R C H 2014

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ xxx

B U IL D IN G D ESIGN / ENVELOPE ROADMAPS

This section contains the following roadmaps: Nancy A. McNabb, Strategies to Achieve Net-Zero Energy Homes: A Framework for Future Guidelines Workshop Summary Report, National Institute of . Deep Retrofits for Residential and Commercial Standards and Technology, April 2013, . Retrofit and New Construction Labeling http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.1140.pdf . Solar/Smart Roofing Oregon Built Environment & Sustainable Technologies Center (Oregon BEST), . Retrofit Insulation “Deep Retrofits Research Agenda,” Nov. 2012, . New Construction Insulation http://oregonbest.org/sites/default/files/consortium/adf2012- . Retrofit and New Construction Air / Water Management 09_deepretrofitsresearchagenda_lowresv2.pdf. . Zero Net Energy Buildings Oregon Built Environment & Sustainable Technologies Center (Oregon BEST), . Manufactured Housing / Modular / Pre Manufactured Systems / Offices “Living Building Challenge Materials Research Agenda,” Jan. 2013, http://oregonbest.org/sites/default/files/consortium/adf2012- . Fenestration & Daylighting 11_lbcmaterialsresearchagenda.pdf.

U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Buildings R&D Breakthroughs: Technologies and Products Supported by the Building Technologies Program, April 2012, http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/publications/pdfs/corporate/rd Other relevant sources _ breakthroughs.pdf. The list below is intended to be broadly representative rather than exhaustive U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, and will be updated as new information becomes available. Summary of Gaps and Barriers for Implementing Residential Building Bob Hendron, Matt Leach, Natalie Gregory, Shanti Pless, Steve Selkowitz, Paul Energy Efficiency Strategies, Aug. 2012, Matthew, Kevin Settlemyre, and Maureen McIntyre, “Formulation of a http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/publications/pdfs/building_am New Construction Initiative,” National Renewable Energy Laboratory erica/49162.pdf. [Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308], March 2013. U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, International Energy Agency, "Technology Roadmap: Energy Efficient Building Windows and opaque building envelope roadmaps (as of November Envelopes," Dec. 2013, 2012, these roadmaps were soon to be published at http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/name,45 http://www.eereblogs.energy.gov/buildingenvelope/). 205,en.html.

International Energy Agency, “Technology Roadmap: Solar Heating and Cooling,” July 2012, http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/name,28 277,en.html.

1 ■ MARCH 2014 BUILDING DESIGN / ENVELOPE ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency

Product/Service Area : BUILDING DESIGN / ENVELOPE Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Deep Retrofits for Residential & Commercial (1 of 3) Definitions” section

Increase occupant Need cost effective health, comfort Increase value of Increasing and Building durability energy efficiency and safety home / building to uncertain future and longevity programs cost of electricity owner; lower life- and gas Limitations of cycle cost of home / Drivers definitions of cost building operation effectiveness

Need to better capture and utilize waste heat from buildings Lack of understanding and Need cheap, streamlined utilization of integrated Need cheap, streamlined testing of retrofit process for existing systems approach to existing buildings to achieve optimum buildings (templates, Capability Gaps Capability retrofitting (at both program savings at minimum total cost pathways, guides) and project level)

Use heat from commercial for A “taxonomy” of building Deep retrofit measure packages residential, integrate types that eliminates (integrated systems) for major markets guesswork and reduces building types retrofit test and

recommendation options

Technology Technology Characteristics

Research commercial heat recovery options for providing Integrated deep retrofit space and domestic water heating Roadmap for packages/pathways for adjacent residential building deep energy retrofits of NEEA; DOE / PNNL; Tranter; SRB Energy; Co-Op City, residential NREL; RMI; NBI

R&D R&D NY buildings Programs

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 2

R&D Program Summaries

Integrated deep retrofit packages/pathways. Streamline, pre-analyzed packages of measures Key research questions: that are based on integrated design (and integrated systems) for different building types. Includes: a) a process 1. What building types are most suitable for “packages”? to custom fit, b) specific measures. 2. What types are not covered by current R&D? Existing research: Subject matter experts in September 2012 indicated that ongoing research was being done 3. What measures, groups of measures are cost-effective? by the Northwest Energy Efficiency Alliance (NEEA); the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), and the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)’s collaboratively-produced 4. How can pre-analyzed measures be “fit” to each unique Advanced Energy Retrofit Guides (AERGs); at the Rocky Mountain Institute (RMI); and through a collaboration existing building? among the New Building Institute (NBI) and the National Trust for Historic Preservation’s (NTHP) Green Lab. 5. What tools are needed to facilitate the process? . NEEA’s existing building renewal integrated measure package (IMP) development: 6. What evidence (measure performance) exists for current http://neea.org/initiatives/commercial/existing-building-renewal. packages? . AERGs: http://www1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/commercial/aerg.html.

. RMI’s Retrofit Depot: http://www.rmi.org/retrofit_depot. . NBI (http://newbuildings.org/) and NTHP Green Lab (http://www.preservationnation.org/information- center/sustainable-communities/sustainability/green-lab/); see http://www.preservationnation.org/information-center/sustainable-communities/sustainability/green- lab/getting-to-50.html.

Roadmap for deep energy retrofits of residential buildings. Characterize evolving Key research questions: landscape and process imperatives of successful large home remodeling projects to provide roadmap for 1. What are the key decision points at which deep energy successful and persistent deep energy retrofit programs and projects. Provide demonstration project(s) to show retrofit measures can be implemented? that the roadmap is accurate, identifying how different disciplines interact. 2. Who are the decision makers and decision influencers at Existing research: None identified. those moments and what are their motivations? 3. What are speed bumps and pot holes at each decision point in the process and how can they be navigated? 4. What are the assets and liabilities of the industry/energy infrastructure with respect to deep energy retrofits? 5. What is the most effective way to use/ distribute roadmap to increase the number of quality of deep energy retrofit?

Continued . . .

3 ■ MARCH 2014 BUILDING DESIGN / ENVELOPE ROADMAPS

Research commercial heat recovery options for providing space and domestic Key research questions: water heating for adjacent residential buildings. With co-located commercial and residential 1. Measuring/mapping thermal characteristics or profiles of buildings, commercial waste heat recovery can be more cost effective by utilizing it for adjacent residential use. existing building stock. Temperature and through-put and time-profile of waste heat available. Existing research: As of January 2011, E Source reported that factors such as distribution losses and the need for customized engineering on both the commercial and residential side may pose obstacles to making this a 2. What is the feasibility of capturing commercial waste heat for cost-effective efficiency strategy and, while this is an interesting approach, they were not aware of any current different configuration of com/res mixed use building areas? research being done in this area. How do we define major categories of mixed-use building Subject matter experts reported in September 2012 that leaders in district heating include European configurations? companies like Tranter and SRB Energy; notable U.S. projects include Cooperative (“Co-op”) City in NY. 3. Identify idea scale(s) for thermal sharing? (Single building, . Tranter’s compact plate heat exchangers: http://www.tranter.com/Pages/Home.aspx. district, campus, etc). . SRB Energy’s solar thermal collector featuring ultra high vacuum technology: http://www.srbenergy.com. 4. How would heat exchanger technologies/topologies need to . Co-Op City, NY: http://www.riverbaycorp.com/newrb/community.htm. evolve/adapt for more cost-effective recovery and re-use of waste heat in com/res mixed building configurations? 5. How can thermal storage technologies be best played to capture energy from waste heat? 6. Characterize major types of mixed use building configurations, including approximate market share of each configuration. 7. Characterize thermal characteristics of different types of commercial waste heat: Temperature (“quality” of waste heat), volumetric flow (“quality” of waste heat), and temporal profile (schedule of waste heat). 8. Identify technological gaps - e.g. technological gaps to building configurations and waste heat characteristics. 9. Map technological gaps to building configurations and waste heat characteristics. 10. Identify thermal storage applications that would enable (or make feasible) waste capture and re-use.

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 4

5 ■ MARCH 2014 BUILDING DESIGN / ENVELOPE ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : BUILDING DESIGN / ENVELOPE Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Deep Retrofits for Residential & Commercial (2 of 3) Definitions” section

Increase value of home Limitations of Need cost effective Need cost effective energy efficiency Increase occupant / building to owner; definitions of cost Societal carbon / energy efficiency programs health, comfort lower life-cycle cost of effectiveness energy reduction programs and safety home / building goals and / or operation Demand for imperatives Drivers Building durability measures and (source energy and longevity persistent results to reduction) provide meaningful feedback to investment and R&D programs

Need to be able to Capability Gaps Capability Lack of Need cheap, Understand the Need to measure Access to accurately measure the understanding and streamlined testing sequence, stakeholders and understand utility-metered source energy consumed by utilization of of existing and economic cost effectiveness data without the operation of individual integrated systems buildings to imperatives of building of deep energy negative impact buildings—connecting EE approach to achieve optimum renovation projects, efficiency on ratepayer measures to effectiveness retrofitting (at both savings at including utility owners, privacy at meeting goals / program and project minimum total cost contractors bankers and imperatives

level) real state professionals

Technology Technology Characteristics Pre-qualification tools in market Easily accessible metered Deep retrofit measure packages (integrated are needed to inform good building and submetered data over systems) for major building types and portfolio decisions three years

Measure and analyze results Research of regulatory issues by Incorporate latest “performance Assessment tool of retrofit projects rate class associated with mapping” findings of emerging characterization and use R&D R&D targeting and pre-qualification of technologies into building guidance VEIC; REU; “BEN

Programs DSM pipeline projects simulation tools and models SCHOENAUER – Minnesota – Massachusetts BAR; weather combi. system. Nielsen PRIZM NREL California BEARS; PNNL National Grid [?]” BAR

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 6

R&D Program Summaries

Measure and analyze results of retrofit projects. Measure, record, summarize, and analyze Key research questions: the actual change in energy consumption as a result of the energy retrofit. Need three years of measured 1. How much and what type of metering/submetering data is results. required to ensure meaningful conclusions? Existing research: Subject matter experts in September 2012 indicated that ongoing research was being done 2. How much building characterization (level of detail, e.g. through the Vermont Energy Investment Corporation (VEIC), the Redding Electric Utility’s (REU) Home location, size, number of homes, age, upper levels) is Performance Program, and through an as-yet unidentified program workshop participants listed as “BEN necessary to ensure meaningful conclusions of program SCHOENAUER – Minnesota – weather combi. system.” effectiveness? . VEIC: http://www.veic.org/index.aspx. 3. What has been the effect of retrofit on comfort, durability . REU (Redding, California) Home Performance Program: http://www2.reupower.com/rebate_hpp.asp. and safety, and indoor air quality (IAQ)? 4. Did the retrofit (each project) save energy? If so a. How much, and b. For how long? 5. What were the unanticipated benefits and/or negative consequences?

Assessment tool characterization and use guidance. Conduct market characterization of Key research questions: various tools for low-cost/low-touch prequalification methodologies, such as the FirstFuel load signature 1. ID tools that currently exist: e.g. first fuel, first view, etc. disaggregation tool (http://www.firstfuel.com/home/how_it_works); identify tools that perform like this and 2. Evaluate tools that currently exist. also innovative modeling prediction tools to help portfolio managers know what they are getting and evaluate the pros and cons. 3. Report pros/cons of various tool and their methodologies. Existing research: Subject matter experts reported in September 2012 that existing tools include 4. ID gaps for needed tools. Massachusetts Building Asset Rating (BAR) tool, the Commercial Building Energy Asset Rating System (BEARS) 5. Evaluate how these tools affect retrofit building operation in California, and the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) Building Energy Asset Rating (BEAR) programs. program, among others.

. Massachusetts BAR tool:http://www.mass.gov/eea/energy-utilities-clean-tech/energy-efficiency/building- labeling/building-rating-and-labeling-commercial-buildings.html. . California BEARS: See Eliot Crowe, et al., "California’s Commercial Building Energy Asset Rating System (BEARS): Technical Approach and Design Considerations," 2012 ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings, http://www.aceee.org/files/proceedings/2012/data/papers/0193-000104.pdf. . PNNL BEAR program: M.J. McCabe and N. Wang, "Commercial Building Energy Asset Rating Program: Market Research," April 2012, http://www.pnnl.gov/main/publications/external/technical_reports/PNNL- 21310.pdf.

7 ■ MARCH 2014 BUILDING DESIGN / ENVELOPE ROADMAPS

R&D Program Summaries

Incorporate latest “performance mapping” findings of emerging technologies into Key research questions: building simulation tools and models. Research is underway at many organizations to map the 1. What ongoing research is being done to map the performance of energy technologies at various ambient condition or operating profiles (i.e. load profiles). performance of different categories of emerging However, this information is not necessarily captured and incorporated into building energy simulation tools technologies to various ambient/climate conditions, loading and models that are employed to predict energy savings of multiple interactive measures. The industry would profiles, and applications? Who is doing what? benefit from a systematic approach to capture new performance results from lab/field tests and incorporate 2. To what extent are leading building simulation models being them into building simulation models. updated to capture these new leanings? Existing research: Subject matter experts reported in September 2012 that research in this area is ongoing at 3. Is there a standard protocol for data inputs for these leading the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). building energy simulation models that could drive/guide . NREL’s Technology Performance Exchange: http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy13osti/56457.pdf. research design of energy technology performance mapping? 4. What entities are best positioned to take on the task of doing these tracking and monitoring to ensure technology transfer of energy technology testing results into building simulation models?

Research of regulatory issues by rate class associated with targeting and pre- Key research questions: qualification of DSM pipeline projects. (Summary not yet provided.) 1. If the saving (KWh/BTUs) are the primary metric and targeting buildings for demand-side management (DSM) Existing research: Subject matter experts reported in September 2012 that many utilities—including Pacific Gas pipeline maximizes that metric, will equity issues create & Electric (PG&E), National Grid, and Avista—are using the Nielson PRIZM market segmentation tool and other challenges? (example: If I have a service territory with tools to target and pre-qualify customers. 14,000 buildings and with targeted benchmarking, I know . Nielsen PRIZM: http://www.claritas.com/MyBestSegments/Default.jsp. 400 exceed their benchmarking, can I target those 400, or must I make programs open to all prospective participant and why?)

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 8

9 ■ MARCH 2014 BUILDING DESIGN / ENVELOPE ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : BUILDING DESIGN / ENVELOPE Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Deep Retrofits for Residential & Commercial (3 of 3) Definitions” section

Increase occupant health, Limitations of definitions of Drivers comfort and safety cost effectiveness

Need cheap, streamlined testing and retrofitting of existing buildings to achieve optimum

Capability Gaps Capability savings at minimum total cost

A “taxonomy” of building types that eliminates guesswork and reduces retrofit

test and recommendation options

Technology Technology Characteristics

Categorize building stock for

R&D R&D better, easier testing Programs DOE; EPA; E Source

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 10

R&D Program Summaries

Categorize building stock for better, easier testing. If a wide range of building stock is sorted Key research questions: into categories, energy assessments can be performed more expeditiously. 1. Questions not yet specified.

Existing research: There are four regularly-updated tools available for this purpose, one tool in beta testing, and one notable data source. . The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has designed an ENERGY STAR portfolio manager tool to help facility managers track and benchmark energy and water consumption across an entire portfolio of buildings (http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=evaluate_performance.bus_portfoliomanager) . The U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) Residential Energy Consumption Survey characterizes U.S. homes through such data as structural features, used, heating and cooling equipment, appliances, and energy usage patterns (http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/recs/). . E Source’s EnFocus system integrates geographic information system (GIS) data with utility billing records and could be used to categorize building stock and identify individual buildings (http://www.esource.com/esource/preview_list/27113?highlight=allsubs&plain=no). . E Source also provides clients a Residential Energy Use Study that they update annually with comparative data (http://www.esource.com/Residential_Energy-Use_2011). . Specifically for lighting, the DOE’s Commercial Lighting Solutions website provides facility-specific information on best practices and allows users to compare and contrast different lighting strategies easily. As of January 2012, this tool is available and in beta testing (https://www.lightingsolutions.energy.gov/comlighting/login.htm). . The DOE and EPA have collaborated on a national Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS) since 1979. This survey collects information on the stock of U.S. commercial buildings, their energy-related building characteristics, and their energy consumption and expenditures. The most recent survey was conducted in 2013 (http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cbecs/).

11 ■ MARCH 201 4 BUILDING DESIGN / ENVELOPE ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : BUILDING DESIGN / ENVELOPE Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Retrofit and New Construction Labeling (1 of 3) Definitions” section

The need for measured and persistent Policy mandates Societal carbon / energy Need apples-to- Policy mandates for rating and reduction goals (source results to provide meaningful feedback for rating and to investment and R&D programs apples comparison

labeling energy reduction) between buildings labeling Drivers

National (or Demonstrate No inexpensive,

regional) database of Evidence that Access to utility accurate, Capability Gaps Capability consistency buildings with labeling matters metered data without regularly among labels energy use, tax and that they are negative impact on reproducible, and tools data, other accurate payer privacy system exists

Technology Technology Consistent and interoperable Develop automated math-based utility bill-

Characteristics databases with open access based calibration methods

Comparative data / Energy information systems populate databases LBNL / CEC / DOE directory; NREL;

R&D R&D Databases: CBECS, Manufacturers like Pulse, eSight, CBSA, RBSA, DOE;

Programs Retroffiency, FirstFuel, Cascade's NREL Sensei, and many more

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 12

R&D Program Summaries

Comparative data/populate databases. Significantly expand data availability for comparisons for Key research questions: benchmarking, model calibration, financing. Scope: supplement existing data collection, add new data projects. 1. What are the characteristics of state of art retrofits? 2. What are the cost, performances, and loads? Existing research: Subject matter experts reported in September 2012 of the potential of expanding existing databases such as the Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS), Commercial Building Stock 3. What components contribute to performance? Assessment (CBSA), Residential Building Stock Assessment (RBSA), and Department of Energy (DOE) 4. How can multiple data sources be aggregated? databases. They also referenced the National Renewable Energy Laboratory’s (NREL) work in this area. . CBECS: http://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/. 5. What are the common characteristics? . CBSA: http://neea.org/resource-center/regional-data-resources/commercial-building-stock-assessment. 6. Combine databases from disclosure programs. . RBSA: http://neea.org/resource-center/regional-data-resources/residential-building-stock-assessment. . DOE: http://www1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/commercial/ref_buildings.html. . NREL’s Technology Performance Exchange: http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy13osti/56457.pdf.

Energy information systems. Energy information and systems to collect and make data available to Key research questions: building designers and facility management staff are keys to achieving carbon-neutrality by 2030, which 1. Identify the tools currently available in the market? requires buildings, which contribute almost 50 percent of , to be designed to 50 2. Analyze and evaluate energy information systems (EIS), percent of current average energy use for the building type and region. The establishment of building energy labeling requires sharing building energy performance data to establish performance benchmarks and ratings. energy management systems (EMS), building automation systems (BAS), enterprise systems, their features, Existing research: Subject matter experts reported in September 2012 that work in this area continues at the methodologies and capabilities. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), California Energy Commission (CEC), Department of Energy (DOE), and the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). 3. Include analysis of how tools feed output into labels for buildings and portfolio of buildings? . LBNL has been working with the CEC and the DOE for fifteen years to test and track emerging and in-use energy information systems. This directory can be found at http://eis.lbl.gov/, and more information can be found in Appendix B. . [Summaries of other existing research pending]

13 ■ MARCH 201 4 BUILDING DESIGN / ENVELOPE ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : BUILDING DESIGN / ENVELOPE Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Retrofit and New Construction Labeling (2 of 3) Definitions” section

The need for measured Societal carbon The need for measured and and persistent results to / mandates for Need apples-to-apples persistent results to provide provide meaningful reduction goals rating and labeling comparison between buildings meaningful feedback to feedback to investment (source energy investment and R&D

Drivers and R&D programs reduction) programs

Evidence that labeling No inexpensive, accurate, Access to utility metered data without matters and that they Need to get stake regularly reproducible, negative impact on payer privacy

are accurate holders to adopt system exists Capability Gaps Capability

Develop automated Clearly define potential Develop minimally- math-based utility Agreement on minimum errors due to uncertainties intrusive measurement bill-based requirements for energy in building characteristics of whole-house calibration benchmarking tools and variations in occupant consumption and all

methods use major / minor loads

Technology Technology Characteristics

Conduct market characteristics study of Conduct sensitivity analysis of Improved energy modeling tools to benchmarking tools in the market and explain variants simulation engines (DOE facilitate increased adoption of differences between statistic-regression, 2, Energy Plus, Apache etc) and building energy labels simulation based benchmark, peer to peer how outputs are consistent comparisons CEC PIER Cal Arch tool; Energy I2 R&D R&D LBNL; NREL; Minnesota SB2030 Action; Ecotype tool; NREL

Programs Massachusetts BAR; California BEARS; PNNL and B3 BAR; Minnesota SB2030 and B3

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 14

R&D Program Summaries

Improved energy modeling tools to facilitate increased adoption of building energy Key research questions: labels. The broad adoption of building energy labels requires better energy modeling tools. 1. Questions not yet specified. Existing research: Stakeholders recommended the California Energy Commission’s Public Interest Energy Research (PIER) program Cal Arch tool; Energy I2 Action; and Ecotype. They also referred to the National Renewable Energy Laboratory’s (NREL) work in this area. . CEC PIER (http://www.energy.ca.gov/research/) sponsored the development of Cal-Arch, a web-based tool for energy use benchmarking (http://buildings.lbl.gov/hpcbs/Element_2/02_E2_P2_1_1.html). Cal-Arch uses data from both the U.S. Department of Energy’s Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS) and California's Commercial End Use Survey (CEUS) (http://poet.lbl.gov/cal-arch/ceus.html). The CBECS is no longer funded as of Fiscal Year 2012, and the CEUS was last conducted in 2008. The most recent version of the tool (2008) is available at http://poet.lbl.gov/cal-arch/. . The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE, http://www.eere.energy.gov/) maintains a periodically-updated Building Energy Software Tools Directory. As of December 2011, this directory contained 405 software tools used to track and evaluate energy efficiency, renewable energy, and sustainability (http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/tools_directory/). . As of Feb. 2012, no further information could be found about the Energy I2 Action and Ecotype energy modeling tools or their respective development teams. . NREL Mobile Audit and PV Assessment Tool (simuwatt): See Appendix B for more information.

Conduct market characteristics study of benchmarking tools. Evaluate benchmarking tools Key research questions: in the market and explain differences between statistic-regression, simulation based benchmark, and peer to peer 1. Identify the tools. comparisons. 2. Identify the methodologies used by the tools. Existing research: Subject matter experts reported in September 2012 that existing tools include Massachusetts 3. Analyze and describe the pros and cons of methodologies Building Asset Rating (BAR) tool, the Commercial Building Energy Asset Rating System (BEARS) in California, and and the consistency of outputs that feed labels. the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) Building Energy Asset Rating (BEAR) program, Minnesota Sustainable Building 2030 program (SB2030), and the Minnesota Building Benchmarking and Beyond (B3) 4. Include implications of consistency and transparency. guidelines. . Massachusetts BAR tool:http://www.mass.gov/eea/energy-utilities-clean-tech/energy-efficiency/building- labeling/building-rating-and-labeling-commercial-buildings.html. . California BEARS: See Eliot Crowe, et al., "California’s Commercial Building Energy Asset Rating System (BEARS): Technical Approach and Design Considerations," 2012 ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings, http://www.aceee.org/files/proceedings/2012/data/papers/0193-000104.pdf. . PNNL BEAR program: M.J. McCabe and N. Wang, "Commercial Building Energy Asset Rating Program: Market Research," April 2012, http://www.pnnl.gov/main/publications/external/technical_reports/PNNL-21310.pdf. . Minnesota SB 2030: http://www.mn2030.umn.edu/history.html. . Minnesota B3: http://www.msbg.umn.edu/.

Continued . . .

15 ■ MARCH 201 4 BUILDING DESIGN / ENVELOPE ROADMAPS

Conduct sensitivity analysis of variants simulation engines. Analyze DOE 2, Energy Plus, Key research questions: Apache, and other simulation engines to determine how outputs are consistent. 1. Identify the issues that create variability in outcomes that will feed labels. Existing research: LBNL, NREL, MN B3, MN SB2030. 2. Analyze and evaluate outputs using common building. . [Summaries of existing research pending] 3. Analyze the ability of variants tools to use different simulation engines include implications in rating labeling and disclosure policies.

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 16

17 ■ MARCH 201 4 BUILDING DESIGN / ENVELOPE ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : BUILDING DESIGN / ENVELOPE Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Retrofit and New Construction Labeling (3 of 3) Definitions” section

The need for measured and persistent results to Market differentiation Need apples-to- Policy mandates provide meaningful for builders, property apples comparison for rating and feedback to investment managers, developers between buildings labeling

and R&D programs Drivers

Proof that labels affect Evidence that Access to utility No inexpensive, leasing or sales of labeling matters metered data without accurate, regularly new and retrofit and that they are negative impact on reproducible, commercial buildings

accurate payer privacy system exists Capability Gaps Capability

Collection aggregation, publication of empirical Clearly define potential errors data/evidence that labeling Develop automated math- due to uncertainties in increases property values based utility bill-based building characteristics and

Technology Technology calibration methods variations in occupant use Characteristics

Test tools for modeling Market valuation of including those that are energy efficiency labeling attempting new approaches for new and retrofitted

to computer applications buildings. R&D R&D

Programs LBNL; DOE; NREL NC study

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 18

R&D Program Summaries

Market valuation of energy efficiency labeling for new and retrofitted buildings. RE Key research questions: appraisal valuation of energy efficiency building components to control groups of comparable properties 1. Do EE improvements increase property value of buildings without EE improvement. Also methods to translate this value into RE process to accelerate adoption. (new and retrofitted existing)? Existing research: Subject matter experts reported in September 2012 referred to “NC study.” 2. How can RE appraisal process better account for the value of . [Summaries of existing research pending] EE? 3. What are non-energy benefits of EE improvements and how they affect property value? 4. How can EE labels document results to increase the market adoption (i.e. appraisal process)? 5. Do labels increase the value of EE improvements?

Test tools for modeling including those that are attempting new approaches to Key research questions: computer applications. In order to achieve wide-spread adoption of consistent energy labeling 1. How accurate are existing tools? program, better modeling tools are needed. Testing suites, based on empirical data are needed to access the 2. How accurate are new approaches to modeling building, e.g., accuracy of new/emerging analysis tools. auto calibration, inverse modeling? Existing research: 3. What are the best approaches to testing the modeling tools . The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) maintains a Building Energy Software Tools Directory that provides a and using empirical data? comprehensive list of currently available software tools. As of December 2011, the directory contained 405 4. What are reasonable acceptance criteria for accuracy? internationally-produced modeling software tools developed for the PC, Mac, and UNIX platforms and the Internet. The tools are grouped in a variety of subject areas, including Whole Building Analysis; Codes, Standards, Materials, Components, Equipment, & Systems; and others (http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/tools_directory/). . The Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) is working with the California Energy Commission and the Department of Energy to evaluate and improve tools for tracking and monitoring energy use in commercial buildings. More information on these tools can be found at http://eis.lbl.gov/ and in Appendix B. . National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) OpenStudio tool: See Appendix B for more information.

19 ■ MARCH 201 4 BUILDING DESIGN / ENVELOPE ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : BUILDING DESIGN / ENVELOPE Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Solar / Smart Roofing (1 of 2) Definitions” section

Declining Need for cost Ever changing Availability of cross- Availability of new price of effective installation cutting, low-cost technologies PV assessment of processes to match technology building blocks structures technologies

Drivers systems

Need to match up home locations Need intelligent Need Need products Need building with Google Maps, global positioning buildings with modularization readily available in codes that system (GPS), or equivalent, plus integrated of building PV marketplace at a low require solar site-specific data collection by non- photovoltaic systems components cost systems technical auditors, possibly the

homeowner Capability Gaps Capability

Solar survey mobile application for Cool / photovoltaic / solar residential buildings (technology exists water heating roofing

for commercial buildings)

Technology Technology Characteristics

Solar survey mobile application for Photovoltaic / solar residential buildings Energy-efficient water heating roofing Radiative cooling roofing systems

R&D R&D (hybrid solar) NREL; Solmetric Stanford Programs ORNL NREL; FSEC; ORNL; DOE; Echo PVT; LBNL

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 20

R&D Program Summaries

Photovoltaic / solar water heating roofing (hybrid solar). Develop affordable roofing Key research questions: systems with integrated solar photovoltaic (PV) and solar collectors for domestic hot water (DHW) while shading 1. How can hybrid solar systems be more affordable? the building. 2. How can they be more practical for installation in retrofit? Existing research: Subject matter experts identified ongoing research at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Florida Solar Energy Center (FSEC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), and EchoFirst. . More information about the DOE EERE’s Sunshot Initiative can be found in Appendix B. . FSEC’s work in this area is likely being done by their Photovoltaics & Distributed Generation Division, but information pertaining to this research was not available as of Feb. 2012 (http://www.fsec.ucf.edu/en/research/photovoltaics/index.htm). . NREL’s research in this area can be found in Appendix B. . LBNL’s research in this area can be found in Appendix B. . EchoFirst PV systems: http://www.echofirst.com/.

Solar survey mobile application for residential buildings. A simple, inexpensive, accurate Key research questions: approach to surveying residential buildings' solar potential will assist in owners' decision-making and reduce 1. Questions not yet specified. overhead costs for installers. Existing research: Subject matter experts identified ongoing research at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) and Solmetric. . NREL’s In My Backyard (IMBY) system estimates photovoltaic (PV) electricity production based on location, system size, and other factors. By using a Google Maps interface, the IMBY system easily allows one to choose an accurate PV system location, and then the IMBY tool draws applicable data from one of NREL’s databases to estimate potential electricity production (http://www.nrel.gov/eis/imby/). . Solmetric’s iPV smart phone solar tracking application: http://www.solmetric.com/solmetricipv.html.

Energy-efficient roofing systems. (Summary not yet provided). Key research questions: 1. Questions not yet specified.

Existing research: The Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) is conducting research on cool roof systems and on roof / attic systems; see Appendix B for more information.

21 ■ MARCH 201 4 BUILDING DESIGN / ENVELOPE ROADMAPS

Radiative Cooling. Roofing and/or siding systems that provide cooling. Key research questions: 1. Questions not yet specified.

Existing research: . Stanford University: A team at Stanford University has developed a new type of solar structure that uses ultrabroadband photonic structures to provide radiative cooling for buildings even during daytime. See Eden Rephaeli, Aaswath Raman, and Shanhui Fan, "Ultrabroadband Photonic Structures To Achieve High-Performance Daytime Radiative Cooling," Nano Letters 13:4 (2013), 1457–1461. Abstract at http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/nl4004283?mi=vwy69k&af=R&pageSize=20&searchText=TiO2+Photonic+crys tal. For summary see Andrew Myers, "Stanford scientists develop new type of solar structure that cools buildings in full sunlight," Stanford Report, April 15, 2013, http://news.stanford.edu/news/2013/april/fan-solar-cooling-041513.html. Also see the roadmap HVAC – Heating & Cooling Production and Delivery.

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 22

23 ■ MARCH 201 4 BUILDING DESIGN / ENVELOPE ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : BUILDING DESIGN / ENVELOPE Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Solar / Smart Roofing (2 of 2) Definitions” section

Availability of new Availability of cross-cutting, low- Declining price of

technologies cost technology building blocks PV systems Drivers

Need intelligent Need products readily Need building buildings with integrated available in marketplace codes that require

photovoltaic systems at a low cost solar systems Capability Gaps Capability

Solar shingles

Technology Technology Characteristics

Effective, cost competitive solar

shingles R&D R&D

Programs NREL; Dow; DOE SunShot

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 24

R&D Program Summaries

Effective, cost competitive solar shingles. Building-integrated photovoltaic (PV) technologies Key research questions: helps make more affordable and easier to incorporate into a building. Although there are currently 1. What is the performance/capacity for solar shingles solar shingle products in the market (i.e., DOW POWERHOUSEtm solar shingles, http://www.dowsolar.com/), compared to other PV tech? these products tend to have relatively low efficiencies and higher costs when compared with standard small PV systems.. 2. What are the installation practices and how do they impact cost and market acceptance? Existing research: Subject matter experts identified ongoing research at the National Renewable Energy 3. How durable are solar shingles? Are they easily damaged, Laboratory (NREL), Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), and the Dow Chemical Company. easily maintained? . More information about the DOE EERE’s Sunshot Initiative can be found in Appendix B. 4. What are the aesthetic opportunities, color, shape, etc? . NREL’s research in this area can be found in Appendix B. 1. How easy can solar shingles be used on existing home re- . Dow Powerhouse solar shingles: http://www.dowpowerhouse.com/. roofing?

25 ■ MARCH 201 4 BUILDING DESIGN / ENVELOPE ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : BUILDING DESIGN / ENVELOPE Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Retrofit Insulation (1 of 2) Definitions” section

More and cheaper products due to Ever changing installation

globalization of manufacturing processes to match technologies Drivers

Need easier to use, affordable

insulation materials Capability Gaps Capability

New materials, cheaper Insulating sheetrock Materials or method to and easier to install alternative better insulate walls

Develop cost-competitive insulated

Technology Technology sheetrock alternatives Characteristics Energy Panel Systems

Sealed attics, advantages "Smart" material High R-value per Comprehensive cost that fits all cavities inch insulation and pitfalls Air barriers database and assessing and is mistake-free systems.

R&D R&D cost effectiveness ORNL; and inexpensive ORNL RNL; aerogel Programs PNNL; NREL Building Science Corp. MIT manufacturers

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 26

R&D Program Summaries

"Smart" material that fits all cavities and is mistake-free and inexpensive. Sprayed Key research questions: fiber or foam insulation is notable contenders for addressing this gap. Sprayed insulation application costs are 1. Questions not yet specified. about twice the amount of fiberglass batting, indicating the need for R&D to drive down costs. Existing research: Subject matter experts identified ongoing research at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); for more information about this research see Appendix B.

High R-value per inch insulation systems. Develop high R-value per inch insulation systems to Key research questions: minimize the overall thickness or an exterior insulation application. 1. What are the potential technologies? 2. How can they be incorporated into the building envelope? Existing research: Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL); Aerogel manufacturers. . [Summaries of existing research pending]

Sealed attics, advantages and pitfalls. Evaluate the benefits and drawbacks of sealed attics Key research questions: assemblies from cost and hydrothermal perspective. 1. What do they cost compared to traditional attics? 2. Which one is better, open or closed cell foam? Existing research: Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL); Building Science Corp. . [Summaries of existing research pending] 3. Do they create moisture problem? 4. Is an R22 sealed attic equal to R38 traditional?

Air barriers. (Summary not yet provided). Key research questions: 1. Questions not yet specified.

Existing research: For Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) work in this area see Appendix B.

Develop cost-competitive insulated sheetrock alternatives. A cost-effective, insulated Key research questions: alternative to sheetrock would help achieve Net Zero Energy retrofits in buildings where wall cavities are 1. Develop cost and performance targets foe new materials. shallow. 2. Develop materials that meet specifications. Existing research: Energy Panel Systems. 3. Demonstrate scalability of solutions. . [Summaries of existing research pending]

27 ■ MARCH 201 4 BUILDING DESIGN / ENVELOPE ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : BUILDING DESIGN / ENVELOPE Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Retrofit Insulation (2 of 2) Definitions” section

Need for cost Ever changing installation More and cheaper products due to effective processes to match technologies globalization of manufacturing assessment of

structures Drivers

Need easier to use, Need to develop cost-effective Need comprehensive, affordable insulation methods to quickly increase affordable building survey for materials market penetration of insulation missing or ineffective

augmentation insulation Capability Gaps Capability

Develop excavationless Development of measurement capabilities exterior foundation and performance assessment of novel Community aerial infrared insulation solutions insulating materials scan + global positioning

system (GPS) data systems

Technology Technology Characteristics

Excavationless methods for applying exterior Utilize aerial infrared scanning with sub-surface for Measurement global positioning system (GPS) and insulation techniques for geographic information systems (GIS) thermal to quickly prioritize attic and roof R&D R&D DOE Building insulation insulation opportunities in a community

America; North Programs Star Industries, NIST; ORNL Essess Inc; ORNL

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 28

R&D Program Summaries

Measurement techniques for thermal insulation. (Summary not yet provided.) Key research questions: 1. How to assess R-values at new, innovative insulation technologies? Existing research: National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). . [Summaries of existing research pending]

Utilize aerial infrared scanning with GPS and GIS to prioritize quickly attic and Key research questions: roof insulation opportunities in a community. Implementation costs of weatherization 1. Questions not yet specified. programs may be reduced and impacts greatly improved by integrating aerial infrared scanning with global positioning system (GPS) locating technologies and geographic information systems (GIS) mapping tools to aid in project identification and prioritization. Existing research: Essess. . [Summaries of existing research pending]

Excavationless methods for applying exterior sub-surface for insulation. Develop new Key research questions: cost effective techniques for applying exterior insulation to existing foundations. 1. Cost and performance targets for systems (cheaper than interior insulation). Existing research: Building America, North Star Industries, Inc. 2. Scalable, easy techniques. . [Summaries of existing research pending]

29 ■ MARCH 201 4 BUILDING DESIGN / ENVELOPE ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : BUILDING DESIGN / ENVELOPE Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area New Construction Insulation (1 of 2) Definitions” section

More and cheaper Need cost effective Need for cost products due to More and cheaper Reduced call energy efficiency effective assessment globalization of products due to backs / warranty, programs of structures manufacturing globalization of increased manufacturing durability

Drivers Increase occupant health, comfort and safety

Need affordable, widely available Affordable insulation that Need to be Need better Development of tests construction materials with outstanding reduces thermal bridging easier to modeling / and protocols to assess insulating and / or and air leakage in building

Capability Gaps Capability install technology thermal insulation characteristics, such as pre-fabricated envelopes (walls, floor, components for low-cost NZE construction ceilings)

Thermal performance measurement Insulated building Thermal mass or

techniques, innovative new materials exterior material equivalence

Technology Technology Characteristics

Phase change material (PCM) installation as "primary" or "adjunct" installation Transformative Thermal insulation ORNL; WSU; NAIMA; materials for measurement techniques Manufacturers like BASF,

R&D R&D installation Dorken, Dupont, PureTemp,

Programs NIST, ORNL Thermeleon, PowerTile, Raven ARPA-E Brick, Climator, and Rubitherm

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 30

R&D Program Summaries

Transformative materials for installation. A “linable” material whose Key research questions: properties change with temperature and humidity conditions (e.g. changes in emissivity, 1. Set target performance and cost goals. permeability, conductivity, etc.). 2. Material properties that change with temperature. Existing research: Department of Energy (DOE) Advanced Research Projects Agency - Energy 3. Energy savings potential. (ARPA-E). 4. What are key drivers and variables? . [Summaries of existing research pending]

Thermal insulation measurement techniques. (Summary not yet provided.) Key research questions: 1. Questions not yet specified.

Existing research: National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). . [Summaries of existing research pending]

Phase change material (PCM) installation as "primary" or "adjunct" Key research questions: installation. (Summary not yet provided.) 1. Cost effectiveness, performance goals. 2. Cycling, time-hysteresis characteristics. Existing research: Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Washington State University (WSU), North American Insulation Manufacturers Association (NAIMA). 3. Structural integrity, installations. . [Summaries of existing research pending]

31 ■ MARCH 201 4 BUILDING DESIGN / ENVELOPE ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : BUILDING DESIGN / ENVELOPE Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area New Construction Insulation (2 of 2) Definitions” section

Need cost effective Need for cost energy efficiency effective assessment Use of codes to lock Reduced call Increase programs of structures More and cheaper products in efficiency gains backs / warranty, occupant health, due to globalization of increased comfort and manufacturing Poor Drivers durability safety Increase occupant health, comfort and safety performing curtain walls

Development of tests and protocols Need better Need to be Need affordable, widely available construction materials with outstanding Cladding to assess thermal modeling / easier to insulating and/or energy storage characteristics, such as pre-fabricated attachment systems Capability Gaps Capability insulation technology install components for low-cost NZE construction (e.g. residential siding over foam)

Affordable insulation that reduces thermal bridging and

air leakage in building envelopes (walls, floor, ceilings) Technology Technology

Characteristics Thermal performance Adapt code language Cost effective measurement for attaching insulation Environmentally- techniques, innovative cladding insulating materials friendly insulations new materials sheathing to framing

Application technology Comprehensive cost

R&D R&D Environmentally-friendly materials "easy and cheap" database that also assesses

Programs cost effectiveness Manufacturers like Bonded Logic, CEC PIER; ORNL; Ec Sheep Wool and BioBased Manufacturing; MIT

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 32

R&D Program Summaries

Environmentally-friendly materials. Identify environmental impacts of existing insulation materials. Key research questions: 1. Protocol for evaluating “greenness” of insulations? 2. Assess environmental impact of existing insulations? Existing research: Manufacturers like Bonded Logic, Sheep Wool and BioBased. . [Summaries of existing research pending] 3. Develop “Environmental Product Declaration (EPD)” and “Health Product Declaration (HPD)” systems for insulations.

Application technology "easy and cheap." To achieve widespread use of more efficient building Key research questions: insulation, develop new materials that are cost-competitive with existing materials and that are easy to install. 1. Questions not yet specified.

Existing research: California Energy Commission (CEC) Public Interest Energy Research (PIER) program, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Ec Manufacturing, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). . ORNL developed a panelized wall system in 2010 with foam core insulation that can be easily assembled, is airtight, and is extremely energy efficient (http://www.ornl.gov/adm/partnerships/factsheets/10- G01077_ID1581.pdf). . In 2010, Ec Manufacturing, LLC, of Colorado introduced to the market its rSTUD line of insulated, thermally- broken dimensional lumber products (http://rstud.com/, http://www.jetsongreen.com/2010/10/new- thermally-broken-rstud-lumber.html#). . As of 2008, PIER researchers are exploring the feasibility of using a low-cost, perlite-based ceramic insulator material for buildings (http://www.energy.ca.gov/pier/portfolio/Content/06/EISG/Improved%20Insulation%20for%20Buildings.ht m). . MIT has been researching insulated concrete forms to determine the advantages over conventional wood- framed construction. See Appendix B for more information.

Comprehensive cost database that also assesses cost effectiveness. Collect nationally Key research questions: and regionally material and installation cost data at component and system level. Make recommendations for 1. How should we assess cost effectiveness of building assessing cost effectiveness. envelope systems (air, vapor, thermal barriers). Subject matter experts identified two databases, one at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) and 2. What are the key variables that impact material and the other at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). Both of these are just tools and do not provide installation costs? cost assessment. 3. Create database of available cost data for residential EE . NREL’s National Residential Efficiency Measures Database: http://www.nrel.gov/ap/retrofits/index.cfm. measures. . PNNL’s Building Component Cost Community (BC3): http://bc3.pnnl.gov/wiki/index.php/Main_Page. Existing research: None identified.

33 ■ MARCH 201 4 BUILDING DESIGN / ENVELOPE ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : BUILDING DESIGN / ENVELOPE Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Retrofit and New Construction Air/Water Management (1 of 3) Definitions” section

Increase occupant Noise transmission Increased Lack of code health, comfort associated with leakage Use of codes to lock contribution of airflow enforcement for and safety in efficiency gains

Drivers to energy use retrofits

Capability Gaps Capability Need to collect data about Need to improve methods of training cost effectiveness of air people in effective air sealing because sealing and water existing methods are too complex and management applications poorly understood by many practitioners

Technology Technology Increase service

Characteristics life of envelope systems

Envelope moisture Techniques for R&D R&D durability eliminating fouling of

Programs exterior facades ORNL

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 34

R&D Program Summaries

Envelope Moisture Durability. (Summary not yet provided.) Key research questions: 1. Questions not yet specified.

Existing research: For Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) research in this area, see Appendix B.

Techniques for eliminating fouling of exterior facades. Heavily insulated facades have Key research questions: exterior temperature close to ambient that exacerbate the likelihood of condensation on the surface. Develop 1. Do Phase Change Materials (PCMs) blended in exterior techniques to handle this problem facades work? Existing research: None identified. 2. Can we develop environmentally friendly biocides? 3. Can we develop variable emittance coatings? 4. Can we develop aesthetically pleasing low emittance coatings?

35 ■ MARCH 201 4 BUILDING DESIGN / ENVELOPE ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : BUILDING DESIGN / ENVELOPE Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Retrofit and New Construction Air/Water Management (2 of 3) Definitions” section

Use of codes to lock in Ever changing installation Increased reliability

efficiency gains processes to match technologies over time Drivers

Reduced penetrations by necessary building Need self sealing

services (plumbing, electricity, security, etc) envelope material Capability Gaps Capability

Air/moisture Structured chases for Products that eliminate barrier that can delivery of services envelope penetrations (e.g., recover (electrical, plumbing etc) electrical, security, plumbing) automatically from

disturbances

Technology Technology Characteristics

Marginal impact of penetrations

Wireless technologies ORNL; Buiding Investigation of Reducing Science Corp.; self sealing R&D R&D penetration UC Berkeley; DOE Building air/moisture

Programs losses Manufacturers such as America; ACI; barriers Adura Technologies and Air Barrier Passive House EnLighted Association ORNL

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 36

R&D Program Summaries

Marginal impact of penetrations. Inventory variants types of wall penetrations and assess marginal Key research questions: impact to envelope losses. 1. Questions not yet specified.

Existing research: Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL); Building Science Corp; Department of Energy (DOE) Building America program; Affordable Comfort Institute (ACI); Air Barrier Association. . [Summaries of existing research pending]

Wireless technologies. Develop wireless technologies that eliminate or reduce penetrations/chases in Key research questions: building envelopes. 1. What wireless technologies are available to provide electrical/security/control services? Existing research: Subject matter experts identified ongoing research at the University of California at Berkeley, and at various manufacturers including Adura Technologies and EnLighted. 2. Can we cost effectively produce technologies that provide these services? . [Summaries of existing research pending]

Reducing penetration losses. Technology form factors that reduce/eliminate penetrations from Key research questions: electrical, plumbing, or security systems installation. 1. What are the marginal impact of varies wall penetrations (on building loss) to prioritize? Existing research: Passive House Institute (http://passivehouse.us/passiveHouse/PHIUSHome.html). 2. What type of structured/centralized conduit/harness [Summaries of existing research pending] . systems can be deployed to minimize unintentional loss paths (between floors, walls)? 3. What are new types of sleeves, grommets, etc that provide higher reliability in sealing penetration?

Investigation of self sealing air/moisture barriers. Characterize the robustness of existing air Key research questions: sealing and moisture barriers system with respect to building aging. Develop and test systems that are more 1. How do current air sealing and air barriers systems respond failure-resistant. to settling, earthquakes and/or penetration? Existing research: For Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) research in this area, see Appendix B. 2. Can we produce sealing system that is impervious to earthquakes, settling and even penetrations?

37 ■ MARCH 201 4 BUILDING DESIGN / ENVELOPE ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : BUILDING DESIGN / ENVELOPE Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Retrofit and New Construction Air/Water Management (3 of 3) Definitions” section

Lack of code enforcement for retrofits Increased contribution of Increase occupant Noise transmission Ever changing Increased airflow to energy health, comfort associated with leakage installation processes reliability

Use of codes to lock in efficiency gains use and safety to match technologies over time Drivers Increase occupant health, comfort and safety

Current tightness levels still resulted in significant sound transmission

Need to collect data Need to address Capability Gaps Capability about cost effectiveness contractor shortcomings: Need to improve methods of training people in Diagnostic for air / of air sealing and water Building air sealing is too effective air sealing because existing methods are too moisture barrier management often poorly done by complex and poorly understood by many practitioners location applications contractors

An affordable, streamlined, simpler Tools/methods that can evaluate location

Technology Technology methodology for air sealing and integrity of air / moisture barrier Characteristics

Research to provide immediate quality control feedback on installation of air Air barrier location / management components to performance diagnosis Simplified methodology for locating contractors or inspectors Measure bulk water leakage / sealing building-envelope leaks through typical claddings

R&D R&D ORNL; Buiding Science ORNL; Buiding Science Corp.; DOE Corp.; DOE Building WCEC; HC Fennell Consulting; Marc

Programs DOE Building America, Building America; ACI; Air Barrier Rosenbaum (South Mountain Co.) America; ACI; Air Barrier NREL, Architectural Testing Association Association Inc.

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 38

R&D Program Summaries

Simplified methodology for locating/sealing building-envelope leaks. Develop Key research questions: methodology for locating, sealing leaks and measure the performance in building envelopes in both new and 1. What tightness level can be achieved in new construction existing construction with respect to tightness level provided, percentage of leak reduction, etc. and existing homes with the simplified methodologies? Existing research: University of California at Davis Western Cooling Efficiency Center (WCEC). 2. At what stage should the technology be applied? . [Summaries of existing research pending] 3. How much does it cost to apply the technology in new retrofit

Research to provide immediate quality control feedback on installation of air Key research questions: management components to contractors or inspectors. While contractors generally want to 1. What are the key installation processes that need to be do a good job, too often a job is poorly done because of lack of information. Inspectors have difficulty verifying verified during construction/renovation? quality. 2. What products are used during those processes? Existing research: Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL); Building Science Corp; Department of Energy (DOE) 3. What indicator would be effective and possible in a Building America program, Affordable Comfort Institute (ACI); Air Barrier Association. construction environment? . [Summaries of existing research pending]

Measure bulk water leakage through typical claddings. Hydrothermal performance of wall Key research questions: systems is subject to the control of bulk water intrusion due to wind-driven rain. 1. How much water penetrates cladding? 2. Develop standard test procedure and envelope systems Existing research: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) Standard 160, Criteria for Moisture-Control Design Analysis in Buildings (http://sspc160.ashraepcs.org/). that can handle these loads. . [Summaries of existing research pending]

Air barrier location/performance diagnosis. Develop and test methodologies to separately Key research questions: measure the tightness of building envelopes at the interior and exterior planes. The goal is to be able to 1. How can we separately determine leakage of interior and understand and improve the air flow, air intrusion and water intrusion performance of building envelopes. exterior planes of the building envelopes? Existing research: Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL); Building Science Corp; Department of Energy (DOE) 2. What are typical leakage levels at the interior and exterior Building America program; Affordable Comfort Institute (ACI); Air Barrier Association. planes of building envelopes? . [Summaries of existing research pending] 3. What are the energy implications of improving air tightness at the interior and exterior planes of building envelopes?

39 ■ MARCH 201 4 BUILDING DESIGN / ENVELOPE ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : BUILDING DESIGN / ENVELOPE Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Zero Net Energy (ZNE) Buildings (1 of 6) Definitions” section

Policy codes / Increasing Non-energy including and uncertain benefit such More and cheaper products environmental future cost of as health and due to globalization of Personal energy Increasing and Policy / codes electricity and comfort manufacturing independence / uncertain future cost including

gas interest of electricity and gas environmental Drivers Personal /interest Opportunity for large framework change Grid integration, including stability Non-energy benefit such and disaster / as health and comfort mitigation

Need easy-to-use tools and techniques to

Need to minimize power Need small capacity Need branding optimize contributions of energy efficiency Need of ZNE Capability Gaps Capability conversion losses HVAC systems for low certification to increase and renewable generation on multitude scales design practices among loads and zones load homes manifest acceptance

New performance Market analysis of New analytical Design & analysis based utility paradigm full benefits of ZEBs tools, e.g., finite tools to integrate element analysis components and predict whole-system

energy performance

Technology Technology Characteristics

Application of Market drivers for ZEB Impact of ZEBs on electric Siemens PLM Predictive Advanced modeling Autotuning distribution system and grid software (FEMAP) modeling for programs to predict building Pike Research controls with NX and Maya's

R&D R&D energy energy models PNNL; EPRI; SCE; SMUD; TMG thermal solver to International Building performances

Programs USCB; LBNL; determine the existing Performance Simulation ORNL NIST; NREL; NREL; Cornell; NIST location-specific Association Cornell effective R-values

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 40

R&D Program Summaries

General notes on Zero Net Energy R&D: In late 2011, The California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC) and the California Energy Commission (CEC) held a workshop to develop a Research and Technology Action Plan as an integral element of the process of implementing the California Energy Efficiency Strategic Plan (http://www.cpuc.ca.gov/PUC/ energy/Energy+Efficiency/eesp/). This Strategic Plan includes a section focused on Net Zero Energy (NZE) technologies for residential and commercial buildings (http://www.cpuc.ca.gov/NR/rdonlyres/6C2310FE-AFE0-48E4-AF03-530A99D28FCE/ 0/ZNEActionPlanFINAL83110.pdf). As of Feb. 8 2012, Edward Vine, Program Director for Planning and Analysis at the California Institute for Energy and Environment (http://uc-ciee.org/technical-experts/15/dpeople), had revised a Research and Technology Gap Analysis on ZNEbuildings that he originally compiled in June 2011.

Net Zero Energy (NZE) is often also referred to as Zero Net Energy (ZNE). “ZEB” is the acronym for Zero Energy Building.

Advanced modeling programs to predict energy performances. Create energy modeling Key research questions: platform that enable designer to use simulation in the design process to effectively make decisions that drive 1. What are the key operational failure points and how easy solutions to low-energy design. are they to fix? What technologies can fix these issues? Existing research: National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST), National Renewable Energy Laboratory 2. What other industries use diagnostics and how does that (NREL). apply to building? . NIST’s work in this area is identified in Appendix B. 3. How can control be standardized to make installation . NREL’s work in this area is identified in Appendix B. easier?

Predictive modeling for controls . Integrating and operating the variety of energy technologies Key research questions: required to achieve Net Zero Energy requires advanced modeling and controls. 1. Understand how the design decisions are made. 2. Identify how to shift the decision process toward energy- Existing research: Research is ongoing at Cornell University, the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), the University of California Santa Barbara (UCSB) Institute for Energy Efficiency (IEEE), the National Institute for driven design. Standards and Technology (NIST), and the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). 3. Identify how to incorporate building science in the design . LBNL’s work in this area is identified in Appendix B. process. . The Buildings & Design Solutions Group of UCSB’s Institute for Energy Efficiency is doing research into 4. Identify how to make design teams more interdisciplinary economically viable Zero Net Energy building systems; see Appendix B for more information. rather than just multidisciplinary. . NIST’s work in this area is identified in Appendix B. 5. Understand how the procurement process can drive . A team within the Cornell University Program of Computer Graphics is working on a three-year grant funded performance based design. by the Department of Energy (using American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) funds) to use computer building simulations to streamline green design, the Green Building Design Computer Simulation Software project; see Appendix B for more information. . NREL’s work in this area is identified in Appendix B.

Continued . . .

41 ■ MARCH 201 4 BUILDING DESIGN / ENVELOPE ROADMAPS

Impact of ZEBs on electric distribution system and grid. Measure and summarizing Key research questions: distribution system and grid integration of large penetration ZEBs and its variation in different implementation 1. What are the potential benefits of commercially (housing and mixed use). implementation of ZEBs, including peak reduction, distribution system, efficiency, power quality, depend Existing research: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), Southern California Edison (SCE), Sacramento Municipal Utility District (SMUD), International Building ability? Performance Simulation Association (IBPSA). 2. Find best opportunities to measure item described above. . IBPSA: http://www.ibpsa.org/. . [Summaries of other existing research pending]

Autotuning building energy models. (Summary not yet provided.) Key research questions: 1. Questions note yet specified.

Existing research: For Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) research in this area, see Appendix B.

Market drivers for ZEB. Need to understand what drives builders and/or developers to build ZEBs and Key research questions: what drives consumers/tenants to demand them. 1. What are the perceived benefits of ZEBs for builders/developers and consumers? Existing research: Pike Research. 2. How can the above information be made relevant to larger . Pike Research (merged with Navigant): http://www.pikeresearch.com/research/zero-energy-buildings. market?

Application of Siemens PLM software (FEMAP) with NX and Maya's TMG thermal Key research questions: solver to determine the existing location-specific effective R-values. Envelope assembly 1. What level of controls is needed for ZEBs? If good design details: 1) CAD drawing for each detail (92 in BC), 2) finite element analysis, 3) Identification of technologies to can be used, can control be reduces? eliminate thermal bridges (technical potential and economic potential). 2. What topology of controls should be used? How much Existing research: None identified. centralized Vs. distributed? 3. What (if any) models and what complexity of models are needed? If complex models are needed, what is the pathway to collect that data? 4. How much improvement can be made with predictive controls compared with classical feedback controls?

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 42

43 ■ MARCH 201 4 BUILDING DESIGN / ENVELOPE ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : BUILDING DESIGN / ENVELOPE Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Zero Net Energy (ZNE) Buildings (2 of 6) Definitions” section

Increasing and uncertain future cost Policy codes / Increasing and Grid integration, of electricity and gas including uncertain Policy / codes Opportunity including stability Personal energy environmental future cost of including for large and disaster / independence / environmental framework mitigation Drivers electricity and interest change Opportunity for large gas framework change

Non-energy benefit such as health and comfort

Need easy-to-use tools Need of Need small Need to minimize and techniques to ZNE power Need to assess Lack of direct current micro-

Capability Gaps Capability capacity HVAC building stock grids for homes and optimize contributions of design systems for low conversion for direct commercials and integration energy efficiency and practices load homes losses among renewable generation on loads and zones current power of renewable and digital world multitude scales opportunities standards and availability of equipment

Low power

Technology Technology Design & analysis tools to buildings wired for

Characteristics integrate components and predict New performance based utility paradigm whole-system energy performance direct current

Automate commissioning Low power buildings wired for direct Solar-ready, uniform, flexible Net energy-based and system performance current to reduce conversion losses codes, standards, guidelines incentives and codes

R&D R&D monitoring and to more effectively add PV

Programs NREL; ASES / WSN; BA-Solar; California's Zero NIST EPRI; EMerge Alliance; Nextek; DOE; CEC PIER Energy Action Plan Panasonic

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 44

R&D Program Summaries

Solar-ready, uniform, flexible codes, standards, guidelines. Improve structural, fire safety, Key research questions: mechanical, plumbing, electrical and utility metering which stimulate M.T. while increasing cost effectiveness, 1. Determine existing research efforts whether they are quality installation, and health and safety. completed or underway. Existing research: Subject matter experts identified ongoing research at the National Renewable Energy 2. Identify gaps and areas to improve. Laboratory (NREL), Department of Energy (DOE), BA-Solar, the California Energy Commission (CEC) Public 3. General stakeholders and industry-level of interest and Interest Energy Research (PIER) program, and “ASES/WSN.” issues around it. . [Summaries of existing research pending] 4. What are the cost and benefits to retrofit with solar ready?

Low power buildings wired for direct current to reduce conversion losses and to Key research questions: more effectively add PV. Design buildings with both AC and DC outlets so that DC-ready electronic 1. Topology what is needed for power distribution. appliances can use the DC directly, eliminating conversion losses. 2. How to wire AC/DC systems? Existing research: E Source reported that, as of January 2011, most research in this area in the United States is 3. What is the architecture for integration of the future focused on commercial applications and DC-wired data centers; therefore, there is an R&D gap for DC-wired building power system? residential buildings. Some of the findings from this research may cross-over into the residential sector, and 4. How or should DC voltages be converted? there is work being done in Japan. Research is ongoing at the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), EMerge Alliance, Nextek, and Panasonic. . The Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) is conducting research on DC power for data centers and high voltage direct current (HVDC) systems that may have that results that can cross-over into commercial and/or residential applications; see Appendix B for more information. . EMerge Alliance developed their “EMerge Standard” in 2009 to supplement ASHRAE building standards for DC low-voltage power distribution within commercial building interiors. See Appendix B for more information. . Nextek Power Systems (http://www.nextekpower.com/) and Redwood Systems (www.redwoodsystems.com) are developing different DC power systems for commercial and industrial buildings. . In Japan, Panasonic Electric Works is doing research on what they are calling “hybrid housing”—homes supplied with both AC and DC power (http://panasonic.net/pew/).

Net energy-based incentives and codes. Develop technical foundation for net-energy based Key research questions: incentives and codes as alternative compliance path. 1. Define cost benefits of performance-based compliance path including net zero definition. Existing research: California's Zero Energy Action Plan (http://www.cpuc.ca.gov/NR/rdonlyres/6C2310FE-AFE0- 48E4-AF03-530A99D28FCE/0/ZNEActionPlanFINAL83110.pdf). 2. Conduct case study based on one or several utility/region. . [Summaries of existing research pending] 3. Define requirements to limit risks and unintended consequences. 4. Define low cost measurements and validation requirements.

Continued . . .

45 ■ MARCH 201 4 BUILDING DESIGN / ENVELOPE ROADMAPS

Automate commissioning and system performance monitoring. (Summary not yet Key research questions: provided.) 1. Questions not yet specified.

Existing research: For National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) ongoing research in this area, see Appendix B.

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 46

47 ■ MARCH 201 4 BUILDING DESIGN / ENVELOPE ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : BUILDING DESIGN / ENVELOPE Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Zero Net Energy (ZNE) Buildings (3 of 6) Definitions” section

Policy / codes Increasing Grid integration, including and uncertain Opportunity including Personal energy Increasing and Policy codes / environmental future cost of for large stability and independence / uncertain future cost including electricity framework disaster / interest of electricity and gas environmental and gas change mitigation Drivers Opportunity for large framework change

Need easy-to-use tools and techniques to optimize contributions Need of ZNE of energy efficiency and renewable design

Capability Gaps Capability generation on multitude scales practices Need of ZNE Need control of plug loads Need new appliance design especially for work stations standards, installation practices and entertainment centers techniques and supporting electric technologies

Design & analysis tools to integrate Test beds to assess

components and predict whole- new energy efficiency Technology Technology

system energy performance products Characteristics

Minimum-load buildings Technologies used to integrate and Testing of residential and technology pathway for emerging diagnose building controls in order Zero energy design process commercial building R&D R&D technologies and systems to improve energy performance systems

NREL RSF; CEC PIER; PG&E Programs DOE SunShot; NREL; ORNL; NREL; Cornell; PNNL "Architecture at Zero" ORNL; NREL LBNL; PNNL

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 48

R&D Program Summaries

Technologies used to integrate and diagnose building controls in order to improve Key research questions: energy performance. Building controls can be used to improve building performance but often are 1. What are the key operational failure points and how easy unable to dynamically change with the changes in the building causing increase building's energy consumption. are they to fix? What technologies can fix these issues? 2. What other industries use diagnostics and how does that Existing research: National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Cornell University, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL). apply to building? . For NREL’s research in this area, see Appendix B. 3. How can control be standardized to make installation . [Summaries of other existing research pending] easier?

Zero energy design process. Provide tools, education, case studies to improve the design process Key research questions: around energy efficiency and net zero energy. 1. Understand how the design decisions are made. 2. Identify how to shift the decision process toward energy- Existing research: National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) (including at the Research Support Facility (RSF)), California Energy Commission (CEC) Public Interest Energy Research (PIER) program, Pacific Gas & driven design. Electric (PG&E) "Architecture at Zero" 3. Identify how to incorporate building science in the design . NREL’s RSF: http://www.nrel.gov/sustainable_nrel/rsf.html. process. . For other NREL research in this area, see Appendix B. 4. Identify how to make design teams more interdisciplinary . [Summaries of other existing research pending] rather than just multidisciplinary. 5. Understand how the procurement process can drive performance based design.

Testing of residential and commercial building systems. (Summary not yet provided.) Key research questions: 1. Questions not yet specified.

Existing research: Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). . For ORNL’s research in this area, see Appendix B. . For NREL’s research in this area, see Appendix B.

49 ■ MARCH 201 4 BUILDING DESIGN / ENVELOPE ROADMAPS

Continued . . . Minimum-load buildings technology pathway for emerging technologies and Key research questions: systems. To achieve carbon-neutrality by 2030 requires buildings, which contribute almost 50 percent of 1. What are the system performance gaps that limit greenhouse gas emissions, to be designed to 50 percent of current average energy use for the building type and achievement of 50% goal? region at a cost competitive to grid supplied electricity. 2. What are the most cost effective system solutions to fill Existing research: National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), these gaps? Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Department of 3. What incentive and performance improvement are required Energy (DOE) Sunshot Initiative. to fill gaps? . NREL has developed two tools to facilitate building design and analysis to help reach these goals: 4. What is critical path at R&D plan and gates to deliver cost o In My Backyard (IMBY) system estimates PV electricity production based on such factors as location effective solutions? and system size. The IMBY system uses a Google Maps interface to allow users to easily choose a system location with pinpoint accuracy (http://www.nrel.gov/eis/imby/). o The HOMER computer model simplifies design option evaluations for both off-grid and grid-connected remote, standalone, or distributed generation (DG) power systems (https://analysis.nrel.gov/homer/, http://www.homerenergy.com/). . For ORNL research in this area, see Appendix B. . In addition to the ongoing research & development projects at LBNL outlined in more detail in Appendix B, the LBNL is also working with the California Energy Commission and the Department of Energy to evaluate and improve tools for tracking and monitoring energy use in commercial buildings; see available tools at http://eis.lbl.gov/. . PNNL research in this area is likely being done through the lab’s Electricity Infrastructure & Buildings Division; as of Feb. 2012, specific projects had not been identified. See http://energyenvironment.pnnl.gov/ie_b_div.asp for more information. . For DOE research in this area, see Appendix B.

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 50

51 ■ MARCH 201 4 BUILDING DESIGN / ENVELOPE ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : BUILDING DESIGN / ENVELOPE Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Zero Net Energy (ZNE) Buildings (4 of 6) Definitions” section

More and cheaper products Personal energy Increasing and Opportunity Policy codes / including due to globalization of independence / uncertain future for large environmental manufacturing interest cost of electricity framework and gas change

Grid integration, including Personal energy Drivers stability and disaster / mitigation independence/interest

Policy / codes including Non-energy benefit such environmental Opportunity for large framework change as health and comfort

Need easy-to-use tools and techniques to Need of ZNE Lack of direct current micro-grids for Need branding optimize contributions of energy efficiency and design homes and commercials and integration certification to

Capability Gaps Capability renewable generation on multitude scales practices of renewable and digital world standards increase manifest and availability of equipment acceptance

Design & analysis tools to integrate Foster acceptance and components and predict whole- development of more

system energy performance energy efficient appliances

Technology Technology Characteristics

2030 Challenge Determine the right metric

R&D R&D and boundary for ZNE

ORNL; PNNL; Programs LBNL; DOE; NREL NREL

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 52

R&D Program Summaries

Determine the right metric and boundary for ZNE. The effort is to determine the consistent Key research questions: definition of ZNE, ZNE source, on site, on ZNC and to find value proposition to the utility serving ZNE building. 1. Document case studies that are success and not. 2. Analyze utility models for revenue and profits. Existing research: National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) . [Summaries of existing research pending] 3. Monitor energy use in building that are designed for ZNE. 4. Construct one new ZNE building in areas not served by ZNE (e.g., pacific NW) and monitor the energy saving and peak load savings, if any. 5. Analyze impact on grid if large number of ZNE building are realized.

2030 Challenge. To achieve carbon-neutrality by 2030 requires buildings, which contribute almost 50 Key research questions: percent of greenhouse gas emissions, to be designed to 50 percent of current average energy use for the 1. Questions not yet specified. building type and region.. Existing research: National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Department of Energy (DOE) Sunshot Initiative. . NREL has developed two tools to facilitate building design and analysis to help reach these goals: o In My Backyard (IMBY) system estimates PV electricity production based on such factors as location and system size. The IMBY system uses a Google Maps interface to allow users to easily choose a system location with pinpoint accuracy (http://www.nrel.gov/eis/imby/). o The HOMER computer model simplifies design option evaluations for both off-grid and grid-connected remote, standalone, or distributed generation (DG) power systems (https://analysis.nrel.gov/homer/, http://www.homerenergy.com/). . For ORNL research in this area, see Appendix B. . In addition to the ongoing research & development projects at LBNL outlined in more detail in Appendix B, the LBNL is also working with the California Energy Commission and the Department of Energy to evaluate and improve tools for tracking and monitoring energy use in commercial buildings; see available tools at http://eis.lbl.gov/. . PNNL research in this area is likely being done through the lab’s Electricity Infrastructure & Buildings Division; as of Feb. 2012, specific projects had not been identified. See http://energyenvironment.pnnl.gov/ie_b_div.asp for more information. . For DOE research in this area, see Appendix B.

53 ■ MARCH 201 4 BUILDING DESIGN / ENVELOPE ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : BUILDING DESIGN / ENVELOPE Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Zero Net Energy (ZNE) Buildings (5 of 6) Definitions” section

Policy codes / Increasing and Grid integration, Opportunity for More and cheaper products due to Personal energy including uncertain future cost including stability and large framework globalization of manufacturing independence / interest environmental of electricity and gas disaster/mitigation change

Non-energy benefit such as health and comfort Drivers

Need control of plug Lack of direct current micro-grids Need branding Need new appliance Need of ZNE loads especially for for homes and commercials and certification to standards, installation design work stations and integration of renewable and increase techniques and practices entertainment digital world standards and manifest supporting centers electric cars availability of equipment acceptance Capability Gaps Capability technologies

Technology Technology Smarter electrical plugs, programmable, Test beds to assess new Foster acceptance and development of Characteristics addressable (in development) energy efficiency products more energy efficient appliances

Energy-efficient “Smart Plugs”: Develop cheap and reliable appliances smart plugs; create protocols for appliance compatibility; enhance human factors including design, installation, and use. Ecova; Zigbee

R&D R&D Alliance; heat Ecova; Univ. of Florida; manufacturers like

Programs pump dryer initiative; ASAP; Greenlet, Volt, GridPoint, ThinkEco Modlet, ORNL Belkin

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 54

R&D Program Summaries

“Smart Plugs”: Develop cheap and reliable smart plugs; create protocols for Key research questions: appliance compatibility; enhance human factors including design, installation, 1. Eliminate stand by losses. and use. Make smart outlets a standard feature in new construction requires innovation in technology and 2. Power conversion efficiency. building industry practices. “Smart plugs” or “smart strips” can refer to the ability of the outlet to turn-off devices 3. Hand wired devices. when they are not being used, and to interactivity with systems for demand response and load control. Research is needed primarily to develop the ability of plugs to turn off equipment when not in use; secondarily, to 4. Transition technologies (no demand for DC if there are only enable participation in demand response events. AC grid). Existing research: Ecova, University of Florida, and manufacturers like Greenlet, Volt, GridPoint, ThinkEco, Modlet, and Belkin. . Ecova(http://www.ecova.com/) has done research on the energy savings potential of plugs that turn off devices when that are not being used. Their efforts have led them to identify the same technology gap that Pacific Northwest regional stakeholders have: further research is needed on the linkage of smart strips to building control interfaces (such as ZigBee, http://www.zigbee.org/). Research in this area would incorporate the functionality of both types of “smart plugs” (see Ecos Consulting, “Smart Plug Strips: Draft Report,” July 22, 2009, http://www.efficientproducts.org//reports/smartplugstrip/Ecos-Smart-Plug-Strips-DRAFT-Jul2009- v2x.pdf). . Researchers in the University of Florida’s Computer and Information Science and Engineering Department (http://www.cise.ufl.edu/) have conducted some research on smart plugs and smart environments that addresses plug design, capabilities, and installation. This research explores the ability of the home operating system, but does not address smart grid integration for demand response purposes (see Hicham Elzabadani, Abdelsalam (Sumi) Helal, Bessam Abdulrazak, and Erwin Jansen, “Self-Sensing Spaces: Smart Plugs For Smart Environments,” 2005, http://www.icta.ufl.edu/projects/publications/2005-ICOST- Selfsensingspaces.pdf). . [Summaries of other existing research pending]

Energy-efficient appliances. Create a new generation of appliances that are equipped for the quid of Key research questions: the future including DC power, load shedding, etc. 1. What is the best optimal efficiency for each appliance and what would it take to move the technology in that direction? Existing research: Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Department of Energy (DOE), Ecova, Zigbee, the Alliance to Save Energy (ASE) Appliance Standards Awareness Project (ASAP), and “heat pump water initiative.”. 2. Can appliances be designed for DC loads? . ASE ASAP: http://ase.org/programs/appliance-standards-awareness-project. 3. What appliances can be designed to operate off peak and . For ORNL research in this area, see Appendix B. the methods to make this happen. . [Summaries of other existing research pending]

55 ■ MARCH 201 4 BUILDING DESIGN / ENVELOPE ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : BUILDING DESIGN / ENVELOPE Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Zero Net Energy (ZNE) Buildings (6 of 6) Definitions” section

Policy codes / Increasing and Grid integration, Non-energy benefit More and cheaper products including uncertain future cost including stability and such as health and due to globalization of environmental of electricity and gas disaster / mitigation comfort manufacturing

Drivers Personal energy independence / interest

Non-energy benefit such as health and comfort

Need new appliance standards, Need of ZNE design installation Need to minimize power conversion Need small capacity HVAC practices techniques and losses among loads and zones systems for low load homes supporting Need branding technologies

Capability Gaps Capability certification to increase manifest Need control of plug loads acceptance especially for work stations and

entertainment centers electric cars

Technology Technology Characteristics Uniformed, flexible and consistent standards, Test beds to assess new energy New performance Market analysis of full benefits codes and guidelines for solar PV efficiency products based utility paradigm of zero energy buildings

R&D R&D Utility business

case for ZEB Programs RMI

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 56

R&D Program Summaries

Utility business case for ZEB. Validate commercial scale, operating characteristics and business Key research questions: cases for ZEB. 1. What are the values of peak reduction, grid stability, grid efficiency? Existing research: Rocky Mountain Institute (RMI). 2. What is true service cost for utility to service ZEB [Summaries of existing research pending] . (infrastructure, delivery)? 3. How do ZEB mitigate the risks? 4. How can this all come together to support a new business case for utilities?

57 ■ MARCH 201 4 BUILDING DESIGN / ENVELOPE ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : BUILDING DESIGN / ENVELOPE Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Manufactured Housing / Modular / Pre Manufactured Systems / Offices Definitions” section

Availability of energy efficiency products through Inherent efficiency; Use of codes to existing suppliers reduced labor and lock in

(manufactured home) materials efficiency gains Drivers

Lack of cheap, streamlined construction and installation of Need new or energy efficient manufactured housing reflecting best improved codes

practices in other manufacturing industries and programs Capability Gaps Capability

Plug & play Modular, pre-insulated wall, Automated / robotic

assembly floor, and ceiling units assembly

Technology Technology Characteristics

Innovative factory type MHSCC improvements Automated site assembly of toward NZE goal Time and motion analysis assembly test models for component Ferris Homes;

R&D R&D bed manufacturing an assembly Toyota and BluHomes; Living

Programs PNNL Panasonic Homes BluHomes

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 58

R&D Program Summaries

Innovative factory type assembly of models. Modular buildings are generally overlooked. Key research questions: Significant energy efficiency, cost savings and financial benefits are achievable. Optimization is possible by 1. What approached from other assembly industries can be adopting techniques from other high through-put industries. adopted by the modular building industry? Existing research: Most of the work done to date in this area has been in Japan under the leadership of 2. What are the experiences in other countries (Japan, Panasonic and Toyota. Based upon available data, while Panasonic and Toyota do appear to be producing Europe)? advanced manufactured housing that deliver significant energy efficiency results, it is not clear the extent to 3. What are the key requirements? which the work in Japan involves innovative shop floor technologies. Further, it does not appear that much is being done to bring these technologies to the U.S. housing industry. Therefore, further domestic research in this 4. Are there novel material types of construction that can be area seems warranted. easily adapted to modular buildings (phase change . Panasonic: http://www.panahome.jp/english/. materials, DC power)? . Toyota: http://www.toyota-global.com/company/profile/non_automotive_business/housing.html; see also 5. Where are the costs that can be removed and yet maintain Appendix B. efficiency?

Automated site assembly test bed. Accelerate development of new low labor cost, automated site Key research questions: assembly techniques for production construction of low load, zeb-ready, buildings. 1. What are the best approaches for automated attachment of cladding systems over 1” exterior insulating sheathing? Existing research: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL). 2. What are quick ways to convert conventional panelizers of . [Summaries of existing research pending] high R walls into producers? 3. What are the specific markets and business cases for automated site assembly systems that improve quality and reduce labor costs? 4. Validate incremental benefits in red test bed

Time and motion analysis for component manufacturing an assembly. Find Key research questions: opportunities for cost reduction. Innovation by analyzing existing manufacturing and assembly of energy related 1. Questions not yet identified. products to determine opportunities for improvement. Existing research: BluHomes. . [Summaries of existing research pending]

Continued . . .

59 ■ MARCH 201 4 BUILDING DESIGN / ENVELOPE ROADMAPS

MHSCC improvements towards the NZE goal. Federal Housing and Urban Key research questions: Development (HUD) code homes pre-empt state energy codes and use Manufactured Home 1. What MHCSS code requirements need to change to facilitate emerging Construction and Safety Standards (MHCSS) for mechanical systems, lighting, HVAC + technology adoption? energy. The requirements in the current code limit innovative emerging technology market transformation. 2. How do we improve design, installation, quality assurance, and set-up process to address ET requirements? Existing research: Ferris Homes, BluHomes, Living Homes. 3. What building science quality assurance tools should be added to MH QA in . [Summaries of existing research pending] place + on-site requirements? 4. What are the additional costs of ET as “special order?” 5. What codes and standards should MHCSS be looking to for reference, guidance?

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 60

61 ■ MARCH 201 4 BUILDING DESIGN / ENVELOPE ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : BUILDING DESIGN / ENVELOPE Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Fenestration & Daylighting (1 of 8) Definitions” section

Increase occupant health, Employer pressure to Achieve energy savings

Drivers comfort and safety increase productivity

Poor performing curtain walls

Capability Gaps Capability Need windows with Need performance natural ventilation data

Testing and modeling of Automated thermal comfort and ventilation operation

visual comfort

Technology Technology Characteristics

Energy labeling of fenestration systems and shading devices

NFRC Fenestration systems – R&D R&D Operable fenestration

Programs for ventilation Human factors

CLTC; CBE LBNL,;UCB-CBE

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 62

R&D Program Summaries

Fenestration systems – Operable fenestration for ventilation. Develop Key research questions: fenestration systems with natural ventilation capabilities that can be activated manually and/or 1. How do we develop improved sash components for automated automatically based on occupant needs and/or HVAC operation. This can be done through operation operation and easier manual operation? of sash components or through dedicated vent mechanisms in window/skylight frames. 2. How do we develop vent mechanisms with actuators for manual and Existing research: University of California Davis California Lighting Technology Center (CLTC), automated operation? University of California Berkeley Center for the Built Environment (CBE). 3. How do we develop control algorithms for automated operation based . [Summaries of existing research pending] on HVAC status, loads, and occupant needs?

Human factors. Investigate effects of daylighting and thermal comfort on humans. Examine Key research questions: and determine physiological and psychological effects of daylighting and thermal comfort. Examine 1. Investigate physiological effects of daylighting (circadian rhythm, occupant acceptance of controls (fenestration or integrated) and investigate improved interfaces. relaxation of the eye, vitamin, etc.) Existing research: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), University of California Berkeley 2. Psychological effects of daylighting and visual transmittance (view, Center for the Built Environment (CBE). effects of enlarged spaces, etc.) . [Summaries of existing research pending] 3. Develop better thermal comfort indices that take into account radiant asymmetry, physiology of humans. 4. Develop improved user interfaces to fenestration and integrated controls.

Energy labeling of fenestration systems and shading devices. Develop more Key research questions: informative and easier to understand energy labels for fenestration systems and shading devices. 1. Develop basic performance indices for shading devices and other Include both fundamental indices of performance (U-factor, SHGT, VT, AL) and annual energy use. window attachments that would express their performance but be Express performance in easy understand manner. different from windows. Existing research: National Fenestration Rating Council (NFRC). 2. Establish rating and certification system for window attachments, . [Summaries of existing research pending] shading devices.

63 ■ MARCH 201 4 BUILDING DESIGN / ENVELOPE ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : BUILDING DESIGN / ENVELOPE Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Fenestration & Daylighting (2 of 8) Definitions” section

Optimize window Reduce glare Increase occupant Achieve energy and skylight areas while providing health, comfort savings More and cheaper Increase occupant health, natural and safety products due to comfort and safety daylighting globalization of Achieve energy savings Poor performing manufacturing curtain walls Can not get high Increase Achieve energy performance buildings window and Drivers savings without daylighting skylight area

Optimize window Can not get high Reduced call backs / and skylight areas performance buildings warranty, increased without daylighting Reduced call backs / warranty, durability increased durability Need better technologies, such as windows that can effectively cut energy use in both heating and cooling climates

Need automated controls

Capability Gaps Capability Need concepts for next generation Savings need to “same R-value as a be measurable wall” or Net Zero and predictable Energy windows

Need Need to address Need to address fenestration / electrochromic seamless Need lower device control issues such as photovoltaic costs technologies cost, life, integration into (not light) performance fenestration Need better design support Aesthetically tools to reduce appealing design cost and

complexity

Technology Technology Characteristics

Self-powered Devices for deeper Dynamically Daylighting electrochromic- Net energy Heavily Easier, cheaper sensing photovoltaic producing insulated daylight modeling penetration of light controlled into spaces, i.e.: shades controls windows skylights electrochromic tools that give

windows energy benefits light shelf R&D R&D Daylighting sensing and electric lighting

Programs controls for daylight harvesting Fenestration and daylighting systems - Automated operation of dynamic systems LBNL; CLTC; NREL LBNL; CLTC; NREL

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 64

R&D Program Summaries

Fenestration and daylighting systems – Automated operation of Key research questions: dynamic systems. How to automate the operation of dynamic glazing and shading systems, 1. How do we develop improved environmental sensing capabilities, such based on environmental conditions, such as illumination, temperature, occupancy, etc. to improve as light, heat, relative humidity, occupancy with individual and/or sensor comfort and reduce energy requirements. Automated operation could/should include integration networks? with electric lighting and HVAC systems, while providing occupant overriding capabilities. 2. How do we develop control algorithms that take as input signals from Existing research: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), University of California Davis sensors and activate actuators to adjust dynamic components of California Lighting Technology Center (CLTC), National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). fenestration systems? . NREL’s Building Agent project (see M. Schott, N. Long, J. Scheib, K. Fleming, K. Benne, and L. 3. How do we develop fault detection and diagnostics to identify and Brackney, "Progress on Enabling an Interactive Conversation Between Commercial Building correct fault operations? Occupants and Their Building to Improve Comfort and Energy Efficiency," NREL Conference Paper 5500-55197, 2012, http://www.nrel.gov/buildings/pdfs/55197.pdf). 4. How do we develop control algorithms for integrated fenestration, lighting and HVAC operation? . [Summaries of other existing research pending]

Daylighting sensing and electric lighting controls for daylight harvesting. Key research questions: Develop alternative ways of sensing daylight and adjusting electric lighting output accordingly for 1. How do we develop improved daylight sensing in terms of reliability and window and skylight applications. cost? Existing research: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), University of California Davis 2. How do we develop algorithms with automatic calibration and occupant California Lighting Technology Center (CLTC), National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). adjustment capabilities? . NREL’s Image Processing Occupancy Sensor (IPOS) project (see 3. How do we develop integrated approaches that use multiple sensors or http://techportal.eere.energy.gov/technology.do/techID=986 ). sensor networks for improve daylight sensing and integrated operation . [Summaries of existing research pending] and lighting and HVAC controls.

65 ■ MARCH 201 4 BUILDING DESIGN / ENVELOPE ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : BUILDING DESIGN / ENVELOPE Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Fenestration & Daylighting (3 of 8) Definitions” section

More and cheaper products due to globalization of manufacturing

Drivers Can not get high Optimize Optimize window performance window and and skylight areas buildings without skylight areas Achieve energy savings Reduced call backs / warranty, increased durability daylighting Poor performing

Reduce glare while providing natural daylighting curtain walls Capability Gaps Capability

Need fenestration / Need to address seamless Need better technologies, such as device control photovoltaic integration Need automated controls windows that can effectively cut energy

technologies (not light) into fenestration use in both heating and cooling climates

Technology Technology Characteristics Window-integrated PV-integrated Dynamically-controlled shades insulating shades window shades

Fenestration systems: shading devices R&D R&D

LBNL; WCMA; DOE; NFRC Programs

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 66

R&D Program Summaries

Fenestration systems: shading devices. Develop shading systems to control direct solar Key research questions: penetration in interior spaces, also aiming at reduced glare and . Those can be static or dynamic. 1. How do we develop the next generation of external shading The later can be manually and/or automatically operated. systems, such as overhangs, horizontal and/or vertical louvers, awnings, etc? Existing research: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), (WCMA), Department of Energy (DOE), National Fenestration Rating Council (NFRC). 2. How do we develop insulated shutters (rolling, sliding, . DOE: Subject matter experts indicated September 2012:“forthcoming funds for attachment ratings.” swing, etc) either stand-alone or integrated with window . NFRC: Subject matter experts indicated September 2012:“storm doors.” systems? . [Summaries of other existing research pending] 3. How do we develop between glazing panel shades, such as blinds, solar screens, films, perforated shades, etc? 4. How do we develop interior shades, such as blinds, solar screen films, perforated shades, insulated shades, such as cellular shades and window quilts? 5. How do we develop exterior or interior shading systems with integrated PV?

67 ■ MARCH 201 4 BUILDING DESIGN / ENVELOPE ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : BUILDING DESIGN / ENVELOPE Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Fenestration & Daylighting (4 of 8) Definitions” section

Poor performing Optimize window curtain walls and skylight areas More and cheaper products due to globalization of manufacturing Can not get Achieve energy savings Achieve energy Reduce glare while Optimize high Achieve energy savings Drivers savings providing natural window and performance daylighting skylight buildings Increase occupant health, areas without comfort and safety Reduced call backs / daylighting warranty, increased durability

Capability Gaps Capability Need better technologies, such Need better design Need automated as windows that can effectively Need lower costs Savings need to be support tools to Aesthetically controls cut energy use in both heating measurable and predictable reduce design cost appealing and cooling climates and complexity

Devices for deeper

Technology Technology Dynamically-controlled shades Testing and modeling of performance penetration of light into of electrochromic window coatings Characteristics spaces, i.e.: light shelf

R&D R&D Devices for deeper

Programs penetration of light into space

LBNL; CLTC

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 68

R&D Program Summaries

Devices for deeper penetration of light into space. Develop new generation of coating and Key research questions: surface-applied films that allow for light redirection for deeper penetration of light into space. Develop improved 1. How do we develop light redirecting glazing and glazing devices for bringing light into the core space that cannot be served by light redirecting systems. coatings, such as prismatic glazing? Existing research: Ongoing research in this area includes work at the California Lighting Technology Center 2. How do we develop light redirecting films, such as (CLTC) at the University of California Davis (in partnership with the University of British Columbia (UBC)) and the holographic? Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL). 3. How do we develop devices that redirect lights, such as . UBC Structured Surface Physics Department (http://www.phas.ubc.ca/ssp/index.html) developed and light shelves, blinds, louvers, etc? extensively evaluated their Core Sunlighting System (http://www.phas.ubc.ca/ssp/CoreSun_index.html), a cost-effective, architecturally-integrated approach that they call “the first core daylighting system with 4. How do we develop devices that direct daylighting into core potential for widespread adoption.” The system is composed of sunlight concentration panels and dual- spaces, such as active tubular daylighting devices, light function prism light guides to replace conventional light fixtures and incorporate lighting fixture dimming concentrators, and transport systems (e.g. fiberoptics)? technologies to distribute collected sunlight. As of early 2012, SunCentral Inc. (http://www.suncentralinc.com/) is developing this technology for commercial applications, with a projected 5. How do we develop integration of daylighting devices with market availability date of 2013. electric lighting systems? . The CLTC is currently working on an R&D project to evaluate the application of UBC’s Core Sunlighting System to the climate and topography of California’s Central Valley. See Appendix B for more information on this effort. . LBNL’s Windows & Daylighting team in the Buildings Energy Efficiency research group has developed some daylighting technologies and strategies over the past two decades, including lightshelves / lightpipes, tools for daylighting predictions, and daylighting controls. (http://windows.lbl.gov/daylighting/Default.htm). As of Feb. 2012, it is not clear what specific R&D projects in these areas are ongoing at LBNL.

69 ■ MARCH 201 4 BUILDING DESIGN / ENVELOPE ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : BUILDING DESIGN / ENVELOPE Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Fenestration & Daylighting (5 of 8) Definitions” section

Poor performing Achieve energy Employer pressure to Achieve energy savings Increase occupant health, comfort and safety

curtain walls savings increase productivity Drivers

Optimize window and skylight areas

Need for retrofit Need concepts for next generation “same R- Need more durable Need performance data

technologies in products value as a wall” or Net Zero Energy windows windows, shading Capability Gaps Capability

Verification of field Retrofit surface Window frames better Durability and long

Technology Technology performance applied films insulated than fiberglass term performance Characteristics

Durability and long term performance of Field testing, Fenestration systems: retrofit Fenestration systems: fenestration systems and R&D R&D measurement, verification surface applied films Insulated window and frames shading devices

Programs NFRC LBNL; EPRI LBNL NREL; LBNL

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 70

R&D Program Summaries

Fenestration systems: retrofit surface applied films. Develop retrofit surface applied films Key research questions: that improve the overall proprieties of glazing systems, such as condensation resistance (CR), solar heat gain 1. Electrochromics, including integration with PV for coefficient (SHGC), and U-factor. elimination of wiring. Existing research: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Electric Power Research Institute (EPRi). 2. Switchable photochronics, including integration with PV for . For EPRI research in this area, see Appendix B. eliminating of wiring. . [Summaries of other existing research pending] 3. Passive photochronics. 4. Passive electrochromics. 5. Liquid crystal display (LCD) coatings. 6. Low-e surface applied films.

Fenestration systems: Insulated window and frames. Develop windows frames that include Key research questions: lightweight insulating materials, such as aerogels, insulating foams and thermal breaks to improve the overall 1. How do we develop thermal breaks for commercial framing, thermal performance of windows and skylight systems. which is usually made of aluminum alloys that increase thermal resistance while preserving structural integrity? Existing research: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL). . [Summaries of existing research pending] 2. How do we develop insulated foams and aerogels and their placement in frames so that they do not impede operation and are cost effective? 3. How do we develop hardware that does not introduce additional thermal bridging? 4. How do we develop low-e coating to minimize heat transfer for increase insulation?

Durability and long term performance of fenestration systems and shading Key research questions: devices. Tighten and improve durability standards and measurements methods to asses durability of 1. Develop better sealants and processes to improve IGU insulated glazing units, whole fenestration products and shading systems and attachments and their interaction. durability and long term performance. 2. Develop new generation of durability assessment Existing research: National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL). standards and measurement methods. . [Summaries of existing research pending] 3. Investigate potential negative interaction between windows and shading devices. 4. Investigate glazing deflective and its negative impacts on energy performance and surrounding structures (e.g. solar radiation focusing).

71 ■ MARCH 201 4 BUILDING DESIGN / ENVELOPE ROADMAPS

Continued . . . Field testing, measurement, verification. Develop laboratory and field testing Key research questions: protocols and standards to reduce variability in reported results. Harmonize standards with 1. How do we develop field measurement protocol to verify daylight performance of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) to involve international research fenestration systems and shading devices? and testing organizations. Develop replicable verification protocol for simulation/modeling results. Develop equipment for field measurements of daylighting and energy strategies 2. How do we develop field measurement protocol to verify energy performance of and technologies. fenestration systems and shading devices? 3. How do we develop improved laboratory testing protocol for shading systems, Existing research: National Fenestration Rating Council (NRFC). addressing thermal, optical, and solar optical performance? . [Summaries of existing research pending] 4. How do we develop measurement devices for improved sensing and monitoring? 5. How do we develop database of field testing and verification results, easily accessible?

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 72

73 ■ MARCH 201 4 BUILDING DESIGN / ENVELOPE ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : BUILDING DESIGN / ENVELOPE Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Fenestration & Daylighting (6 of 8) Definitions” section

More and cheaper Poor performing curtain walls products due to Reduced call backs / Can not get high warranty, increased performance buildings globalization of Achieve manufacturing durability Reduce glare while providing Optimize window without daylighting natural daylighting and skylight areas energy savings Drivers Achieve energy savings Increase occupant health, comfort and safety

Need better technologies, such Need better design support as windows that can effectively Savings need to be tools to reduce design cost Need lower costs cut energy use in both heating measurable and predictable and complexity

and cooling climates

Capability Gaps Capability

Technology Technology Characteristics

Testing and modeling of Easier, cheaper daylight modeling performance of electrochromic tools that give energy benefits window coatings

R&D R&D Performance assessment:

simulation / modeling Programs LBNL; CLTC; UCB-CBE; NREL / BPA; Daylighting Collaborative

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 74

R&D Program Summaries

Performance assessment: simulation / modeling. Develop improved algorithms, as well as Key research questions: missing algorithms for fenestration system performance assessment that includes daylighting, solar control, and 1. Develop optical modeling algorithms for arbitrary geometry thermal performance. Develop links to lighting and HVAC simulation for consideration of total building energy of shading devices. performance. Affordable daylighting design and commissioning software with intuitive design features for ease of usability will assist in optimum placement of sensors and optimum daylight harvesting, promoting successful and 2. Develop improved algorithms for modeling air flow thermal long-lasting applications. effects shading devices (effects of porosity and openness on thermal performance. Existing research: Ongoing R&D at the following: Daylighting Collaborative; National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), with Bonneville Power Administration (BPA); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL); 3. Standardize formats and reporting of optical data for light California Lighting Technology Center (CLTC); and the University of California Berkeley Center for the Built scattering systems. Environment (UCB-CBE). 4. Develop more efficient algorithms in whole building energy . NREL is working on a project funded by the Bonneville Power Administration (BPA) Technology Innovation (TI) simulation programs for complex fenestration systems. Office to study the feasibility of integrating building energy models for new and existing buildings that evaluates daylighting as a viable energy efficiency strategy and that can be analyzed using emerging building 5. Develop better models for daylighting spaces in buildings. energy efficiency metrics such as the Energy Utilization Index (EUI). This is BPA TI Project #252,“Integrated 6. Develop harmonized modeling standards through activities Daylighting and Energy Analysis Toolkit (IDEAKit)”; See Appendix B for more information. within the International Organization for Standardization . Daylighting Collaborative: http://www.daylighting.org/. (ISO) . . [Summaries of other existing research pending]

75 ■ MARCH 201 4 BUILDING DESIGN / ENVELOPE ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : BUILDING DESIGN / ENVELOPE Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Fenestration & Daylighting (7 of 8) Definitions” section

Increase occupant Optimize Poor performing Reduce glare while providing health, comfort and window and curtain walls natural daylighting safety skylight areas Achieve energy savings

Drivers Optimize window and skylight areas

More and cheaper products due to globalization of manufacturing

Reduced call backs / warranty, increased durability

Need concepts for next generation “same R-value as a wall” or Net Zero Energy windows Capability Gaps Capability Need better technologies, such as windows that can effectively cut energy use in both heating Need lower costs

and cooling climates

Technology Technology Characteristics Heavily insulated "Glazing, vacuum filled 2- Next-generation triple-glazed insulated glass with electrochromic windows pane, low-energy windows” superior solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC) and U- factor ratings (R5+)

R&D R&D Fenestration system:

Programs Glazing LBNL; EPRI

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 76

R&D Program Summaries

Fenestration system - Glazing. Develop dynamic insulated glazing systems for increased energy Key research questions: efficiency towards meeting the zero-net energy goal. These are insulated glazing that change their solar optical 1. How do we develop more readily deployable highly proprieties (visible transmittance (VT), solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC)) based on direct occupant control, or insulating glazing (triple, quad, vacuum)? automated operation based on environmental factor affecting comfort and energy requirements. 2. How do we develop active chromogenic glazing Existing research: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI). (electrochromic)? . For EPRI’s work in this area, see Appendix B. 3. How do we develop passive chromogenic glazing . [Summaries of other existing research pending] (thermochromic, photochromic)? 4. How do we develop liquid crystal display (LCD) glazing? 5. How do we develop active (switchable) photo chromic glazing?

77 ■ MARCH 201 4 BUILDING DESIGN / ENVELOPE ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : BUILDING DESIGN / ENVELOPE Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Fenestration & Daylighting (8 of 8) Definitions” section

Optimize window Increase occupant health, and skylight comfort and safety Achieve energy areas savings Reduced call backs / Can not get high Drivers warranty, Achieve energy increased performance buildings More and cheaper without daylighting savings products due to durability globalization of manufacturing

Capability Gaps Capability Need to address seamless Need lower photovoltaic integration Need to address electrochromic issues costs

into fenestration such as cost, life, performance Technology Technology

Characteristics Self-powered electrochromic- PV-integrated photovoltaic windows Net energy producing skylights window shades

Integration of glazing

and PV coating R&D R&D Add a small PV panel to Polysolar;

Programs electrochromic windows Pythagoras Solar; Guardian Industries; NREL BNL & LANL

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 78

R&D Program Summaries

Integration of glazing and PV coating. Develop photovoltaic (PV) coating systems that allow visible Key research questions: light to be transmitted and use the infrared (IR) component of solar radiation to produce electricity for the grid. 1. Angle-optimized skylights and roof windows for photovoltaic (PV) penetration. Existing research: Ongoing R&D at: Polysolar; Pythagoras Solar; Guardian Industries; and a collaborative project between Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) and Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL). 2. Reduce angle-dependency for photovoltaic (PV) integration in vertical glazing. . For BNL and LANL’s work in this area, see Appendix B. . [Summaries of other existing research pending]

Add a small PV panel to electrochromic windows. Increase lighting proportionally or insulate Key research questions: during the cooling season. 1. Questions not yet specified.

Existing research: National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). . See Appendix B for more information on NREL’s research into advanced prototypes for electrochromic windows.

79 ■ MARCH 201 4 BUILDING DESIGN / ENVELOPE ROADMAPS

bui

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 80 L IG H T IN G ROADMAPS

This section contains the following roadmaps: Other relevant sources . General Lighting The list below is intended to be broadly representative rather than exhaustive . Solid State Lighting and will be updated as new information becomes available. . Task/Ambient Lighting U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, . Lighting Controls Solid-State Lighting Research and Development: Multi-Year Program . Luminaires Plan, prepared by Bardsley Consulting (and others), April 2012, http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/publications/pdfs/ . Daylighting ssl/ssl_mypp2012_web.pdf.

81 ■ MARCH 2014 LIGHTING ROADMAPS National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : LIGHTING Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area General Lighting (1 of 5) Definitions” section

Professionals installing Lighting retrofits happen for many Users desire to have specifying, selecting, reasons which may or may not The use of constantly evolving General lighting should personal control over the selling and installing need include using optics designed for computer systems, along with provide occupant comfort lighting they work under enough training and the new light source. The challenge changing work staff and their and satisfaction and be comfortable when information to provide is to make it easier to improve the preferences, make a highly they can adjust it to suit flexible and controllable lighting Lighting should contribute to Drivers good systems that work lighting quality and efficiency varying conditions as intended during a retrofit system in the workspace the health and productivity of desirable occupants

Compatible components should be Need better easily identifed and standardized definition of Need to better understand human performance, health

Capability Gaps installation methods and control relationship of protocols will make good lighting quality / and comfort factors related to installations more successful safety lighting alternatives

Luminaire optics for plasma light sources with integrated Maximum safety for

Technology Technology EMI shielding that meets RP8 and other standards roadway lighting Characteristics

Luminaire optics for plasma light sources and

R&D R&D demonstration of the reliability of the design. Programs Topanga Technologies; Luxim; Stray light Optical Technologies, Inc.; SMUD

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 82

R&D Program Summaries

Luminaire optics for plasma light sources and demonstration of the reliability of Key research questions: the design. Plasma lighting claims 120+ lumen per watt and 50,000+ hours life. Research on better 1. Can current plasma sources be utilized for a viable, energy luminaire optics is needed. The demonstration of this technology into roadway, manufacturing, and low light efficient alternative to traditional "high intensity" lighting applications needs to be documented and disseminated. technologies? Existing research: California Lighting Technology Center (CLTC) affiliates Luxim Corporation and Topanga 2. Can optics incorporate needed EMI shielding (90%+ optical Technologies are two of the leading light-emitting plasma (LEP) companies. Another company doing research in output)? this area is Stray light Optical Technologies, Inc., Sacramento Municipal Utility District (SMUD) 3. Can light-emitting diode (LED) fixture level standards be . Luminaires using the Luxim LEP lamp were shown at LightFair International conferences 2010 and 2011 applied to plasma fixtures—for example LM79? (http://www.luxim.com/). . Topanga Technologies (http://topangatech.com/). . Subject matter experts reported in February 2013 that SMUD had recently completed a field test of plasma lights.

83 ■ MARCH 2014 LIGHTING ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : LIGHTING Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area General Lighting (2 of 5) Definitions” section

Professional design Lighting retrofits happen and more accurate for many reasons which Lighting General The use of constantly evolving Users desire to have modeling tools are may or may not include should lighting computer systems, along with personal control over now available to using optics designed for contribute to should changing work staff and their the lighting they work allow better and the new light source. The the health provide preferences, make a highly under and be and occupant flexible and controllable lighting comfortable when they

Drivers more efficient challenge is to make it lighting designs easier to improve the productivity comfort and system in the workspace can adjust it to suit lighting quality and of occupants satisfaction desirable varying conditions efficiency during a retrofit

Need for better, cheaper Existing professional Need to develop tools that help design and modeling designers and contractors Need better Need to better

Capability Gaps software to understand human Dynamically model and tools inadequately deal optimize use of fluorescent, solid definition of performance, health adjustable help people with new lighting state lighting (SSL), and halogen relationship and comfort factors light sources visualize a technology and do not infrared (IR) technologies by of lighting related to lighting new lighting include all necessary application, and design luminaire quality / alternatives

design characteristics layout safety

Technology Technology Characteristics Understanding A recognized visual acuity metrics which accounts for eye response characteristics with regards to spectrum Ability to measure or Maximum safety for characteristics of and light level (exterior, further than current Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA)) quantify: mesopic light, roadway lighting

new technologies dimming, glare, color. R&D R&D

Lighting product evaluation Unified lighting standard and measurement Roadway lighting safety performance metric Programs LRC NLPIP LRC LRC RVP; Transportation Research Board / University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 84

R&D Program Summaries

Roadway lighting safety performance metric. Consider relative visual performances SPD [?], Key research questions: crash statistics, and crime reports to develop roadway lighting design methodology. 1. How can roadway lighting be designed to maximize safety per watt hour (WH) for vehicles and pedestrians? Existing research: Subject matter experts in September 2012 referred to R&D at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Lighting Research Center (LRC) and through the Transportation Research Board of the National Academies in conjunction with the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. . LRC’s research on roadway lighting includes evaluations of relative visual performance (RVP) and safety; see http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/. . Transportation Research Board / University of Illinois research: http://trid.trb.org/view.aspx?id=1236419.

Unified lighting standard and measurement. Explore a more intricate visual acuity standard and its Key research questions: measurement. 1. Can an inexpensive easy to use tool be developed that offers contractors / designers / auditors the ability to measure the Existing research: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Lighting Research Center (LRC). correct characteristics for visual acuity (photopic, mesopic, . LRC visual performance research: scotopic, correlated color temperature (CCT), color rendering http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/nlpip/lightinganswers/fullspectrum/claims.asp. index (CRI))? . LRC unified system of photometry: 2. Can existing research be synthesized to create a user http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/resources/newsroom/pdf/2006/ImplementUnifiedSystemProject.pdf. friendly, unified standard for lighting? 3. Can a tool be created to display visual acuity performance and expected benefit?

Lighting product evaluation. Evaluate characteristics of new lighting technologies and disseminate Key research questions: result to lighting specifiers. 1. What are the reluctant characteristics of plasma lighting and how do individual products perform? Existing research: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Lighting Research Center (LRC) National Lighting Product Information Program(NLPIP). 2. What are photometric and dimming characterizations of light-emitting diode (LED) MRIGS? [Note: Unsure if “MRIGS” . LRC NLPIP: http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/NLPIP/index.asp. is the correct transcription of data provided by subject . [Summaries of existing research pending] matter experts and, if so, what “MRIGS” means.]

85 ■ MARCH 2014 LIGHTING ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : LIGHTING Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area General Lighting (3 of 5) Definitions” section

Lighting retrofits happen for many reasons which may or may not Lighting General The use of constantly evolving Users desire to have include using optics designed for should lighting computer systems, along with personal control over the the new light source. The contribute to should changing work staff and their lighting they work under challenge is to make it easier to the health provide preferences, make a highly and be comfortable when Drivers improve the lighting quality and and occupant flexible and controllable lighting they can adjust it to suit efficiency during a retrofit productivity comfort and system in the workspace varying conditions of occupants satisfaction desirable

Need to better understand human Need better definition of relationship Dynamically adjustable performance, health and comfort of lighting quality / safety light sources Capability Gaps factors related to lighting alternatives

Monetize quantify non-economic value added benefits of lighting, such as Dynamic lighting that can change

entraining circadian rhythms, that will move efficient lighting into the market SAD/CCTI, flux, intensity distribution

Technology Technology Characteristics

Value added for Lighting productivity Study health impacts of lighting R&D R&D efficient lighting research

LRC; American Medical Association; U.K. Health Protection Programs LRC LRC; Heschong- Agency; Government of Hong Kong, and many others; Finelite Mahone Group

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 86

R&D Program Summaries

Value added for efficient lighting. Explore light health controllability and other ancillary benefits of Key research questions: efficient lighting. 1. Quantify non-economic value-added benefits of lighting such as entraining circadian rhythms that will move efficient Existing research: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Lighting Research Center (LRC). lighting into the market. LRC Light & Health Program: http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/lightHealth/index.asp. . 2. What are productivity impacts of daylighting circadian tuned lighting?

Lighting productivity research. To expand the use of some efficient lighting techniques, research is Key research questions: needed to better document positive impacts on productivity, building on work by the Heschong-Mahone Group 1. Questions not yet specified. (http://www.h-m-g.com/) and the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Lighting Research Center (LRC) (http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/). Existing research: For Heschong-Mahone Group’s completed projects in this area, see http://www.h-m- g.com/Projects/daylighting/projects-PIER.htm. For some specific current LRC projects in this area, see Appendix B; for LRC’s work in this area generally, see http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/researchAreas/healthVision.asp.

Study health impacts of lighting. To expand the utilization of some efficient lighting techniques, Key research questions: research is needed to better document positive impacts on human health, building on work that stakeholders 1. Questions not yet specified. indicated was ongoing at the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute’s Lighting Research Center (LRC) and other institutions. This work could potentially be informed by researchers such as Joan Roberts of Fordham University and Jennifer Veitch at the National Research Council of Canada, who are both working on designing healthy workplaces., and also Deborah Burnett and Judith Heerwagen. Existing research: Subject matter experts stated in September 2012 that “many research studies in this area are controversial.” Institutions working in this area include: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Lighting Research Center (LRC); American Medical Association; Health Protection Agency; Government of Hong Kong; Finelite. . For LRC work in this area, see Appendix B and http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/lightHealth/index.asp. . Joan Roberts (http://www.dsm.fordham.edu/ns/roberts.html). . Jennifer Veitch (http://www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/eng/projects/irc/office-lighting.html). . Deborah Burnett, Health & Wellness Design Authority (http://www.deborahburnett.com/). . Judith Heerwagen,Program Expert at the U.S. General Services Administration (http://www.linkedin.com/pub/judith-heerwagen/10/391/566). . [Summaries of other existing research pending.]

87 ■ MARCH 2014 LIGHTING ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : LIGHTING Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area General Lighting (4 of 5) Definitions” section

Users desire to have Lighting retrofits happen for many Professionals installing Drive to reduce personal control over reasons which may or may not include specifying, selecting, selling greenhouse gas the lighting they work using optics designed for the new light and installing need enough emissions under and be source. The challenge is to make it training and information to comfortable when they Drivers easier to improve the lighting quality provide good systems that can adjust it to suit and efficiency during a retrofit work as intended varying conditions

Compatible components should be easily identifed and Consistently optimized Need DC products standardized installation methods and control power factor correction in compatible with DRGS DC Capability Gaps protocols will make good installations more successful. lighting power electronics microgrids at enterprise

Reliable retrofit kits for using SSL, plasma, Power conversion efficiency: solid state, and eHID in existing fixtures that maintain various technology and substrates,

good optics and thermal management includes AC-DC, DC-DC, DC-AC

Technology Technology Characteristics

Retrofit existing luminaires to more Power conversion technology Ultrahigh efficiency

R&D R&D energy-efficient source technologies EPRI; Finelite; PEC (with power

Programs Sylvannia and EMerge Alliance) conversion products

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 88

R&D Program Summaries

Power conversion technology. (Summary not yet provided.) Key research questions: 1. What substrates are best? 2. What semiconductor technology best performance voltage Existing research: EPRI; Finelite; Pacific Energy Center (PEC) forthcoming withSylvannia and Emerge Alliance. range? . Pacific Energy Center (PEC): http://www.pge.com/pec/. 3. How to accelerate deployment basic research into . [Summaries of existing research pending] applications?

Ultrahigh efficiency power conversion products. (Summary not yet provided.) Key research questions: 1. Which technology can achieve switching frequencies on the order of 10-20 MHZ? Existing research: None identified. 2. Can function be incorporated into integrated circuits (ICs) (switching devices control, etc)? 3. Can efficiency of 97%+ be achieved? 4. Can a firm factor [form factor?] reduction of 2X or more be achieved? 5. Products should include AC-DC, DC-DC, and DC-AC conversion.

Retrofit existing luminaires to more energy-efficient source technologies. Work with Key research questions: Underwriters Laboratory (UL), Canadian Standards Association (CSA) International, Intertek and ETL Semko 1. Questions not yet specified. (ETL), etc., to facilitate retrofitability of existing luminaires to more energy-efficient source technologies, e.g., high-intensity discharge (HID) to solid state lighting (SSL), plasma, electronic high-intensity discharge (eHID), etc.. Existing research: None identified.

89 ■ MARCH 2014 LIGHTING ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : LIGHTING Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area General Lighting (5 of 5) Definitions” section

Professional design and Lighting retrofits happen for many Professionals installing Users desire to have personal control over more accurate modeling reasons which may or may not include specifying, selecting, selling and the lighting they work under and be tools are now available to using optics designed for the new light installing need enough training comfortable when they can adjust it to suit allow better and more source. The challenge is to make it and information to provide good varying conditions efficient lighting designs. easier to improve the lighting quality systems that work as intended Drivers and efficiency during a retrofit. Drive to reduce greenhouse gas emissions

Need for better, cheaper software Need to develop tools that help designers Existing professional design and to model and and contractors optimize use of modeling tools inadequately deal Need DC products help people

Capability Gaps fluorescent, solid state lighting (SSL), and with new lighting technology and do compatible with DRGS visualize a new halogen infrared (IR) technologies by not include all necessary DC microgrids at lighting design

enterprise application, and design luminaire layout characteristics Technology Technology

Characteristics RF transistor / plasma lamp that Luminaire dirt depreciation for operates directly from 380V DC new light sources

High voltage RF transistor Luminaires dirt depreciation

R&D R&D for plasma lighting study and prevention

Programs NXP; Preescale

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 90

R&D Program Summaries

High voltage RF transistor for plasma lighting. Develop radio frequency (RF) transistor that Key research questions: would allow plasma lighting to work directly from 380V DC. Eliminates AC-DC conversion loss and DC-DC 1. What devices technology would be best suited? conversion loss (380-24V). 2. What structure would be needed to achieve high voltage? Existing research: NXP Semiconductors N.V. (NXP), Freescale. 3. Can device operate at higher frequencies (>300 MHZ)? . NXP Semiconductors N.V. : http://www.nxp.com/. 4. How reliable can the device be made (achieve similar . Freescale: http://www.freescale.com/. reliability as current laterally diffused metal oxide . [Summaries of existing research pending] semiconductor (LDMOS) technology?

Luminaires dirt depreciation study and prevention. Characterize luminaire dirt depreciation Key research questions: (LDD), color shift, temp, dependencies, etc., of new lighting technologies . 1. What is the luminaire dirt depreciation (LDD) for new lighting technologies, e.g., light-emitting diode (LED), induction Existing research: None identified. plasma. 2. What material/technologies can reduce luminaire dirt depreciation (LDD)?

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National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : LIGHTING Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Solid State Lighting (SSL) (1 of 7) Definitions” section

Optimize work "Optimize human environment for using performance (health, Need for The number of solid state lighting products Utilities are mandated to computers of the future- productivity)" professionals available in the marketplace is rapidly growing produce more energy with keep up as computers to be credible with varying performance. Consumers need to renewable sources and evolve and deliver be able to tell what they are getting. energy-efficiency measures.

systems that Drivers work and Aesthetics End user comfort / satisfaction Energy-efficiency measures avoid Need for professionals to be credible and can reduce the impact of callbacks deliver systems that work and avoid callbacks increasing energy costs

Capability Gaps Capability Need to provide full dimming Need to improve lumen Need to improve lighting Need better color capabilities while maintaining light rendering maintenance reliability over time Need to increase quality (i.e., reduce “flicker”) energy efficiency

Dimming system that separates Super SSL: The ca. 2010 winner of the DOE’s power current from dimming next generation L-Prize Thermoelectric generation mounted on LED signalfor reliable dimming of (www.lightingprize.org/) meets all needs driver chip to reduce power requirements and

Technology Technology SSL, for residential lighting identified in Performance Gap boxes above waste heat output Characteristics

Separate power and SSL heat dimming signal for Improved light residential lighting SSL life extension Electric system compatibility extraction Manufacturers Thermoelectric R&D R&D EMerge Alliance; LRC; heat recovery Manufacturers (Philips Philips; Cree; (Royal Philips Philips; Cree; Lunera Lighting; Redwood from LEDs Programs Hue lamp); Google; LRC; DOE; PNNL; Electronics, LRC; UCSB IEE; Systems; Nextek; Finelight Cree, Inc., and Lighting Science Group; LBNL Nextreme, ITRI DOE EnOcean NSC)

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 92

R&D Program Summaries

SSL heat dissipation. Excess heat directly affects both short-term and long term light-emitting diode Key research questions: (LED) performance. The short-term (reversible) effects are color shift and reduced light output, while the long- 1. Are there innovative materials that can be used for heat term effect is accelerated lumen depreciation and thus shortened useful life. dissipation? Existing research: Research is ongoing at Royal Philips Electronics, Cree, Inc., and National Semiconductor 2. Innovative active or passive cooling systems that have Corporation (NSC); ongoing research from private firms tends largely to be proprietary and, therefore, not market potential? thoroughly or consistently reported through companies’ web pages. 3. New structure design approaches to address heat . Cree, Inc.: http://cree.com/. dissipation (such as chaotic air flow)? . Philips Research conducts lighting R&D for Royal Philips Electronics; see http://www.research.philips.com/index.html. . NSC offers a variety of LED thermal management solutions for exterior and interior applications in commercial and residential buildings (http://www.national.com/en/led/tempsensors.html).

SSL life extension. Electrical and thermal design of the light-emitting diode (LED) system or fixture Key research questions: determine how long LEDs will last and how much light they will provide. Driving the LED at higher than rated 1. What is the incremental cost impact to maintain rated current will increase relative light output but decrease useful life. Operating the LED at higher than design current and temperature levels? temperature will also decrease useful life significantly. Existing research: Research is ongoing at the Lighting Research Center (LRC), Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) as well as Royal Philips Electronics, Cree, Inc., and other manufacturers; ongoing research from private firms tends largely to be proprietary and, therefore, not thoroughly or consistently reported through companies’ web pages. Subject matter experts also indicated in September 2012 that the Department of Energy’s Solid State Lighting program is already evaluating this area around the “droop” effect. . LBNL’s ongoing research in this area is identified in Appendix B. . Philips Research conducts lighting R&D for Royal Philips Electronics; see http://www.research.philips.com/index.html. . Cree, Inc.: http://cree.com/. . [Summaries of other existing research pending]

Continued . . .

93 ■ MARCH 2014 LIGHTING ROADMAPS Improved light extraction. Constant development of higher efficacy light emitting diode (LED) / driver Key research questions: packages is ongoing with the goal of more lumens per watt without sacrificing lamp life. 1. What is the life cycle development curve look like for SSL chips? Existing research: Research is ongoing at the Lighting Research Center (LRC) and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) as well as Royal Philips Electronics, Cree, Inc., and other manufacturers; ongoing 2. When do we expect to hit the theoretical limit for SSL research from private firms tends largely to be proprietary and, therefore, not thoroughly or consistently efficacy? reported through companies’ web pages. Subject matter experts also indicated in September 2012 that there was ongoing research at the University of California Santa Barbara’s Institute for Energy Efficiency (IEE) and that the Department of Energy’s Solid State Lighting program is evaluating and promoting this analysis. . LRC’s ongoing research in this area is identified in Appendix B. . LBNL’s ongoing research in this area is identified in Appendix B. . Philips Research conducts lighting R&D for Royal Philips Electronics; see http://www.research.philips.com/index.html. . Cree, Inc.: http://cree.com/. . [Summaries of other existing research pending]

Thermoelectric heat recovery from LEDs. Heat dissipation is essential to good performance of Key research questions: light-emitting diode (LED) lighting. One approach suggested for dissipating the heat is to actually generate 1. Is it cost effective? electricity from the generated heat using thermoelectric (or thermo-electronic) devices (similar to photovoltaic 2. What is the value to SSL specifically? (PV), but they operate on heat, not light), increasing the effective efficiency of the system. 3. Is a solution commercially available? Existing research: Nextreme Thermal Solutions and the Industrial Technology Research Institute (ITRI) in Taiwan are among the institutions researching this area. 4. What is the efficiency savings for this solution? . Nextreme Thermal Solutions has developed a number of technologies to generate power from waste heat. These technologies include their Thermobility™ system that converts heat into electricity for low-power wireless applications (http://www.nextreme.com/pages/power_gen/apps/thermobility.shtml), and thin film thermoelectric materials (http://www.nextreme.com/pages/power_gen/power_gen.shtml). . ITRI reported in 2005 on a project involving the cooling performance of a silicon-based thermoelectric device on high power LEDs; see Appendix B for more information.

Separate power and dimming signal for residential lighting. Most residential light circuits Key research questions: use 2 wires for power. Develop an inexpensive retrofit solution for SSL with dimming, for example wireless 1. Develop possible cost-effective wireless, batteryless batteryless control. dimmers. Existing research: Manufacturers (Philips Hue lamp), Google, Lighting Science Group, enOcean. 2. Can a robust dimmer used with various numbers of lamps . [Summaries of existing research pending] without flicker, popcorning, drop-out, etc., be developed? 3. Develop fixtures and lamps compatible with wireless dimming controls can a low-cost wireless/batteryless dimmer be developed at a cost acceptable to consumers. 4. What are customer expectations for wireless dimmers and willingness to pay?

Continued . . .

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 94 Electric system compatibility. Unlike most other light sources, most light emitting diode (LED) Key research questions: products require conversion of alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC) power, which introduces system 1. What is the viability of AC-powered SSL products? inefficiencies. 2. What is the viability of more efficient AC-DC conversion? Existing research: Multiple parties are researching this issue, including Emerge Alliance and the Rensselaer 3. Acceptable flicker level needed? Polytechnic Institute Lighting Research Center (LRC) and the private firms Lunera Lighting, Inc., Redwood Systems, Inc., and Nextek, Inc.. Ongoing research from private firms tends largely to be proprietary and, 4. A flicker standard is needed to ensure the safety and therefore, not thoroughly or consistently reported through companies’ web pages. productivity of normal and at-risk populations. . Emerge Alliance is developing standards for DC power for commercial buildings, which would provide an environment where LEDs could be used directly. See Appendix B. . LRC is researching electronic walls and ceilings that are compatible with LEDs. See Appendix B for more information.

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Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Solid State Lighting (SSL) (2 of 7) Definitions” section

"Optimize human Need for professionals performance (health, to be credible and As the cost of LED products productivity)" deliver systems that comes down, more consumers Need for professionals to be work and avoid are willing to invest in them. credible and deliver systems callbacks Because they hold the promise that work and avoid callbacks of more energy-efficient Drivers Aesthetics lighting, it is desirable that The number of solid state Optimize work consumers first experience with lighting products available in environment for using them be a positive one. the marketplace is rapidly End user comfort / computers of the growing with varying satisfaction future-keep up as performance. Consumers need computers evolve to be able to tell what they are getting.

Need to provide full dimming capabilities while maintaining light

quality (i.e., reduce “flicker”) Capability Gaps Capability Need to improve lighting Need to reduce cost reliability over time

Novel materials and approaches for Driver design that are backward Manufacturing converting blue light to other

compatible with legacy dimmers methods wavelengths that would reduce Technology Technology

dependence on rare earth materials Characteristics

Substrate growth improvements Materials and strategies Driver designs that are for converting blue SSL R&D R&D backward compatible DOE contractors; source to white light

Programs DOE Northeastern DOE University

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 96

R&D Program Summaries

Materials and strategies for converting blue SSL source to white light. Rare earth Key research questions: phosphors are to be found in but are expensive and scarce. Can we shift to a new source of phosphors or 1. What materials could replace rare earth phosphors to develop a new method to produce white light from blue LED? convert blue to white light? Existing research: .S. Department of Energy (DOE) . 2. What new processes could replace phosphoresce to convert . [Summaries of existing research pending] blue to white (such as quantum dots)? 3. What is viability of using phosphors reclaimed from expired fluorescent tubes for production of SSL? 4. What is the life cycle benefit/cost of new light color conversion strategies?

Substrate growth improvements. Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are grown on substrates and there is Key research questions: ongoing research to improve the process for such things as: higher external quantum efficiency performance, 1. What innovations exist for process improvement in substrate better electrostatic discharge durability, simple low-cost fabrication, high product yield with high brightness, and growth? better heat management.. Existing research: The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) sponsors research in this area at various contractors and has also developed a Solid State Lighting roadmap. . DOE’s ongoing research and development in this area can be found in Appendix B. . DOE’s SSL technology roadmaps can be accessed at http://www1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/ssl/techroadmaps.html.

Driver designs that are backward compatible. There are known challenges with SSL Key research questions: compatibility with legacy dimmers. Research is needed to explore options for backward compatibility as most 1. What solutions exist to create backwards compatibility? consumers will not want to replace their dimmers. 2. What is the impact on the cost of the SLL product? Existing research: Northeastern University. 3. What capabilities are needed to make a solution realistic? . [Summaries of existing research pending]

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Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Solid State Lighting (SSL) (3 of 7) Definitions” section

Optimize work environment for "Optimize human Aesthetics using computers of the future- performance (health, End user comfort

keep up as computers evolve productivity)" / satisfaction Drivers

Need standardized, affordable, and Need better lens reliable solid state lighting (SSL) designs to aim light components allowing fixture Need to Need more appealing color without excessive designers wide freedom to innovate reduce cost temperatures available glare

and meet consumer needs Capability Gaps Capability

Are there additional capabilities that can be designed into Fixture design for many SSL luminaries, such as color tunability, that can make

Technology Technology different applications

SSL luminaires a more compelling cost proportion? Characteristics

SSL luminaires function in addition to lighting

R&D R&D Programs

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

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R&D Program Summaries

SSL luminaires function in addition to lighting. Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are Key research questions: microelectrons: They have communication or other capabilities. Can we capitalize on these capabilities to boost 1. What functions can SSL luminaires perform in addition to market acceptance of the new technology? Examples include an integrated chilled beam ‘luminaire’ from Troxx illumination? that provides direct and indirect lighting plus heating, cooling, sprinkler, smoke detector, occupancy sensor, public address speaker, internet and AC sockets, etc. For another example, color-changing LED luminaires can 2. Can added functions be developed and marketed cost be controlled to support the physiology of diurnal rhythms, with the potential to improve health and productivity effectively? with non-energy benefits that could be much more valuable than energy savings 3. Will consumers pay for added functions in SSL luminaires? Existing research: None identified.

99 ■ MARCH 2014 LIGHTING ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : LIGHTING Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Solid State Lighting (SSL) (4 of 7) Definitions” section

"Optimize human Optimize work Need for professionals The number of solid state As the cost of LED products performance (health, environment for to be credible and lighting products available Utilities are mandated comes down, more consumers productivity)" using computers of deliver systems that in the marketplace is rapidly to produce more are willing to invest in them. the future-keep up work and avoid growing with varying energy with renewable Because they hold the promise of as computers evolve callbacks performance. Consumers sources and energy- more energy-efficient lighting, it End user comfort / efficiency measures. is desirable that consumers first Drivers need to be able to tell what satisfaction they are getting. experience with them be a positive one. Aesthetics The number of solid state lighting products available in the marketplace is rapidly growing with varying Energy-efficiency Utilities are performance. measures can mandated to produce Consumers need to be reduce the impact more energy with able to tell what they of increasing renewable sources are getting. energy costs and energy-

efficiency measures. Capability Gaps Capability

Need to Need to Need to improve Need SSL devices that can operate on AC Need more improve increase lighting power without rectification, or an ultra- appealing color lumen energy Need better reliability over efficient AC-to-DC converter well-suited to color rendering temperatures time maintenance efficiency

available SSL driver applications

Technology Technology Characteristics Measurement methods of lighting Ability to perform effectively against incumbent performance related to human factors technology for high mast / high lumen output applications

Measurement methods of lighting performance related to human factors and preferences SSL in high mast high lumen application

LRC; Penn State; PNNL; PEC; NRCAN; CLTC R&D R&D Manufacturers like Albeo Technologies Programs and Acuiti (Lithonia)

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

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R&D Program Summaries

Measurement methods of lighting performance related to human factors and Key research questions: preferences. For example, simulate the variation of lighting levels of daylight. For example, flicker 1. What effects of lighting on human physiology need new spectrum. For example, blue/red content versus rhythms. standardized measurements to characterize lighting performance? Existing research: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Lighting Research Center (LRC), Pennsylvania State University, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Pacific Energy Center (PEC), Natural Resources 2. What metric should be defined to characterize light effect on Canada (NRCAN), University of California Davis California Lighting Technology Center (CLTC). human factors? . For CLTC work in this area, see Appendix B. 3. What is the effect of cut color changing luminaires on human . [Summaries of existing research pending] factors?

SSL in high mast high lumen application. SSL has not penetrated the high mast high lumen Key research questions: market. More research is needed to determine minimum performance requirements for the wide variety of 1. What testing protocols are required to prove performance of applications. high mast high lumen SSL applications? Existing research: Equivalent functionality includes Nancy Clanton and Associates’ interstate lighting on a 2. What testing protocols are necessary to prove SSL can meet viaduct in Trinidad, CO, and applications along the C-470 highway in Denver, etc. Subject matter experts or exceed strict dept of transportation performance identified ongoing R&D at manufacturers like Albeo Technologies and Acuiti (Lithonia). requirements? . [Summaries of existing research pending] 3. Can a standard be developed to insure minimum performance is met even though a partial failure occurs? 4. What testing protocols could prove the functional performance of new SSL form factors that replace existing high mast high lumen applications?

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National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : LIGHTING Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Solid State Lighting (SSL) (5 of 7) Definitions” section

End user comfort / "Optimize human performance Need for The number of solid satisfaction (health, productivity)" Utilities are Energy-efficiency professionals state lighting products mandated to produce measures can to be credible available in the more energy with reduce the and deliver marketplace is rapidly Optimize work environment for renewable sources impact of systems that growing with varying Aesthetics and energy- increasing Drivers using computers of the future- work and performance. keep up as computers evolve efficiency measures energy costs avoid Consumers need to be callbacks able to tell what they are getting

Need for professionals to be credible and deliver systems

that work and avoid callbacks Capability Gaps Capability

Need to Need to improve lighting Need to improve Need to provide full Need better increase reliability over time lumen maintenance dimming capabilities while color energy maintaining light quality rendering efficiency

(i.e., reduce “flicker”) Technology Technology

Characteristics Reliable MRI16 technology that addresses dimming performance heat management, overall get more light out in compact form factor

MR16 technology

R&D R&D performance for SSL

Programs NEMA; PNNL; manufacturers

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

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R&D Program Summaries

MR16 technology performance for SSL. The MR16 form factor has additional challenges due to Key research questions: its size and installation on low voltage circuits (presence of transformers). Purpose of R&D work is to look at 1. What solutions are available to increase compatibility of solutions to resolve issues of dimmability, heat management, and overall form limitation. MR16, transformer, and dimmer? Existing research: National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA), Pacific Northwest National Laboratory 2. Solutions for better heat management and therefore (PNNL), manufacturers. longevity of MR16? . [Summaries of existing research pending] 3. Innovations for maximizing higher lumen output in a small package like MR16s?

103 ■ MARCH 2014 LIGHTING ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : LIGHTING Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Solid State Lighting (SSL) (6 of 7) Definitions” section

Need for The number of solid state lighting Utilities are mandated to As the cost of LED products comes down, more professionals to be products available in the marketplace is produce more energy with consumers are willing to invest in them. Because credible and deliver rapidly growing with varying renewable sources and they hold the promise of more energy-efficient systems that work performance. Consumers need to be

Drivers lighting, it is desirable that consumers first and avoid callbacks energy-efficiency measures able to tell what they are getting experience with them be a positive one

Need to Need SSL devices that can operate on AC power without improve Need to improve Need to rectification, or an ultra-efficient AC-to-DC converter lumen lighting reliability reduce cost well-suited to SSL driver applications

maintenance over time Capability Gaps Capability

Limited power quality impacts of SSL devices Methods to better characterize the life and

reliability of SSL luminaries Technology Technology

Characteristics Methodology for forecasting Ability to use cheaper equipment or chromaticity maintenance processes to test SSL performance using LM-80 for specification approval

Methods to better characterize the life and reliability of SSL

R&D R&D Less expensive product testing Power quality effects of SSL luminaires Methods for predicting

Programs chromaticity maintenance PNNL; NEMA; DOE; Energy PNNL; Finelite; Univ. of CLTC & PG&E using LM-80 data Star; Design Lights Consortium Colorado

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

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R&D Program Summaries

Methods to better characterize the life and reliability of SSL luminaires. There are no Key research questions: consensus methods for characterizing the life and reliability of SSL luminaires. Many manufactures presently 1. Is it possible to develop a unified metric that captures lumen use L70 lamp maintenance as surrogate for life. This is an improper characterization. Better methods are maintenance and all other major failure modes? needed. 2. Would it be best to develop a reliability metric not expressed Existing research: University of California Davis California Lighting Technology Center (CLTC) / Pacific Gas & in hours or years? Electric. . [Summaries of existing research pending]

Power quality effects of SSL. We do not know what the effects of solid state lighting are on building Key research questions: power quality and, by extension, impacts on the grid. We need to study effects and mitigation strategies. 1. How does SSL operation affect building-level power quality (partial building: system effects)? Grid-friendly performance mimics a resistive load such as an incandescent lamp: As the peak AC input voltage level decreases, the peak AC current decreases proportionally. Not grid-unfriendly performance, where as the 2. What would be the impact on building power quality of full peak AC input voltage decreases, the peak AC current rises proportionally until it drops abruptly to zero. building SSL lighting strategy? Existing research: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL); Finelite, University of Colorado. 3. What are possible mitigation strategies of power quality . [Summaries of existing research pending] problems from SSL?

Less expensive product testing. Cheaper equipment and methods for product performance testing Key research questions: is needed as approach for reducing overall product costs. Are there alternatives to LM-80, LM-79, etc. for 1. What equipment and methods are less expensive and validating performance? accurate enough? Existing research: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), National Electrical Manufacturers Association 2. What is accurate enough? (NEMA), U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Energy Star, Design Lights Consortium. 3. What portion of total product cost is for testing? . [Summaries of existing research pending] 4. What impact does the current testing needs have on time to market? 5. What accurate methods can be developed to project luminaire performance on similar luminaires in the product family?

105 ■ MARCH 2014 LIGHTING ROADMAPS Methods for predicting chromaticity maintenance using LM-80 data. There Key research questions: are no consensus methods for predicting long-term chromaticity maintenance. Better understanding 1. What are the degradation factors in phosphors and what are their of the factors that cause changes in chromaticity over time might allow development of models that dependent variables? could be used to predict chromaticity maintenance. 2. What are the degradation factors in LEDs that cause changes in the Existing research: None identified. wavelength of emissions, and what are their dependent variables?

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 106

107 ■ MARCH 2014 LIGHTING ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : LIGHTING Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Solid State Lighting (SSL) (7 of 7) Definitions” section

As the cost of LED products comes Utilities are Need for The number of solid state lighting Utilities are mandated down, more consumers are willing Energy- mandated to professionals to products available in the to produce more to invest in them. Because they efficiency produce more be credible and marketplace is rapidly growing energy with renewable hold the promise of more energy- measures can energy with

Drivers deliver systems with varying performance. sources and energy- efficient lighting, it is desirable that reduce the renewable that work and Consumers need to be able to tell efficiency measures consumers first experience with impact of sources and avoid callbacks what they are getting them be a positive one increasing energy-efficiency energy costs measures.

Need to Need to Need to improve Need to improve reduce cost increase

Capability Gaps Capability Need to increase life span lumen lighting reliability energy maintenance over time efficiency

Technology Technology Lighting controls Power supplies Characteristics

Integrated chip (IC) as

R&D R&D power supplies for SSL

Programs Korean manufacturers

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

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R&D Program Summaries

Integrated chip (IC) power supplies for SSL. The development and use of IC chips as power Key research questions: supplies for solid state lighting as opposed the incumbent technology which consists mostly of traditional 1. How superior are IC chips as power supplies to the existing components (capacitors, resistors, etc.) is a very interesting development. Besides being shrunken in size and technologies that have a limited lifespan—often significantly thus able to be directly manufactured / printed on the same board as the LEDs themselves, other potential less than the LEDs they are driving? benefits include having a longer lifespan, being less expensive to manufacture, and being easier to control than incumbent technologies 2. How much cheaper are IC chips to manufacture than the incumbent technology? Existing research: Korean manufacturers are doing research in this space. 3. How much easier are IC chips to control than the incumbent . [Summaries of existing research pending] technology?

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National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : LIGHTING Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Task / Ambient Lighting (1 of 6) Definitions” section

Optimize human Next generation lighting codes Desire for individual Desire for individual Desire for individual control over lighting control over lighting performance (health, likely to be more focused on control over lighting productivity) lighting performance

Optimize human Next generation lighting Drivers performance (health, codes likely to be more Optimize human productivity) focused on lighting performance (health, Energy security Climate change performance productivity)

Need for electric Lack of Need lighting lighting that understanding controls and Need lighting

Capability Gaps Capability mimics the user technology that Need to develop Lack of Need to Need to develop controls and color ability to intelligence to develop a standard technology that preferences can work intensity related to together to quantify task support next better metrics practice to can work and lighting levels generation to capture reduce ambient together to individual create a more variability control comfortable and and reduce codes task / light levels create a more of a new lighting energy standards ambient for while comfortable and tunable lighting daylight environment consumption programs codes and increasing use tunable lighting space actual energy of task lighting environment

performance

Technology Technology Characteristics

User interface Task / ambient luminaires designs to Task /ambient controls to ensure energy Controls technology; occupancy, refinements and provide spectral, spatial, and temporal savings relative to simply adding task lighting building and user control

cost issues lighting functions synergistically R&D R&D

Human factors (usability and comfort) Programs PG&E, NRC; LRC; Human Centric Lighting

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

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R&D Program Summaries

Human factors (usability and comfort). The elements for broad application are present, but need Key research questions: human factors R&D on design and control approaches to realize the potential. 1. What is the dollar-per-square-foot value in increased worker productivity from improved and more energy efficient task / Existing research: Some work has been done in this area, but there is still much to be explored. Pacific Gas & ambient lighting? Electric (PG&E) has done some work in this area. This research could potentially be informed by Professors Joan Roberts of Fordham University and Jennifer Veitch at the National Research Council (NRC) of Canada, who 2. Other research questions not yet identified. are both working on designing healthy workplaces. There is also ongoing work at the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Lighting Research Center (LRC) and Human Centric Lighting. . PG&E in 2009 completed a study of how occupants respond to task-ambient lighting systems (http://www.etcc-ca.com/component/content/article/21/2892-high-efficiency-office-low-ambienttask- lighting-large-office-). . Professor Veitch, Senior Research Officer of the NRC’s Indoor Environment Research Program (http://www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/eng/projects/irc/office-lighting.html) reported in late February 2012 that there are some relevant findings from the NRC’s work in this area, and details at http://www.nrc- cnrc.gc.ca/eng/programs/irc/ie.html. . Joan Roberts (http://www.dsm.fordham.edu/ns/roberts.html). . Human Centric Lighting: http://humancentriclighting.com/. . E Source reported on the following in March 2013: . A Lighting Research Center study included office worker estimates of their own productivity improvement that could be combined with salary figures to estimate dollar value: Peter Boyce, Jennifer Veitch, Guy Newsham, Michael Myer, Claudia Hunter, Judith Heerwagen, and Carol Jones, "Lighting Quality and Office Work: A Field Simulation Study," Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy (Contract DE-AC06-76RL01830), Dec. 2003, http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/researchAreas/pdf/LRAlbanyStudyReport.pdf. . A. Hedge, W. Sims, and F. Becker, “Lighting the Computerized Office: A Comparative Field Study of Parabolic and Lensed-Indirect Lighting Systems,” in Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Meeting of the Human Factors Society 1 (1989), 521-525. . G. Newsham, C. Arsenault, J. Veitch, A. M. Tosco, and C. Duval, "Task Lighting Effects on Office Worker Satisfaction and Performance, and Energy Efficiency," Institute for Research in Construction (NRCC-48152), April 2005, http://archive.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/eng/projects/irc/task-lighting.html. . [Summaries of other existing research pending]

111 ■ MARCH 2014 LIGHTING ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : LIGHTING Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Task / Ambient Lighting (2 of 6) Definitions” section

Next generation lighting Optimize work Optimize human Energy security Optimize human environment for using performance (health, codes likely to be more focused on lighting performance computers of the productivity) (health, Climate change performance future-keep up as productivity) computers evolve Desire for individual

Drivers control over lighting

Modern "Tablets" Need to Need to develop are develop better a standard specular, metrics to practice to leading to capture task / glare on Need lighting controls and reduce ambient Need to develop ability to ambient for work Need for electric technology that can work light levels while quantify task lighting codes and surface lighting that mimics together to create a more increasing use levels and reduce lighting actual energy from light the color intensity and comfortable and tunable lighting of task lighting energy consumption performance sources in Capability Gaps Capability variability of a new environment daylight space room again

Lack of intelligence to support next generation codes standards Lack of understanding user preferences programs

related to individual control

Technology Technology Characteristics

Define light levels for Task / ambient Controls technology; occupancy, Ability to Balanced luminous integrated office and luminaires designs to Task / ambient need Task /ambient building and user control measure environment to classroom lighting in provide spectral, spatial, digital controls controls to ensure Kwh avoid “cave effect” and temporal lighting system integration energy savings both ambient and task functions synergistically and direct current relative to simply specific applications powerlable adding task lighting Technology to integrate task / ambient

lighting with daylighting as a system

R&D R&D Programs

Task / ambient lighting best practice demonstrations LRC; NREL RSF; Stanford / Finelite

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

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R&D Program Summaries

Task / ambient lighting best practice demonstrations. To develop practical designs and Key research questions: specifications for offices, laboratories, and hospitals evaluated through large multi-regional demonstrations. 1. Integrate task / ambient controls with HVAC. 2. Develop performance specifications to ensure optimal light Existing research: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Lighting Research Center (LRC), National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) Research Support Facility (RSF). Also Stanford University with Finelite. quality and functionality while minimizing energy use? . Subject matter experts referred to seven demonstration projects that are part of the LRC’s Demonstration 3. Digital and DC power systems. and Evaluation of Lighting Technologies and Applications (DELTA) program; see 4. Integration with daylighting and fenestration, smart bi-level http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/DELTA/index.asp. systems. . Stanford University’s “Y2E2” campus building is “Finelite's High Performance, Energy Efficient Lighting Installed at Stanford University” that Finelight describes as the “greenest building on the Stanford campus 5. Integration with solar photovoltaic (PV) and renewable net and one that is making a dramatic statement in sustainable building and lighting.” See zero energy (NZE) buildings. http://www.finelite.com/about-us/success-stories.html. . [Summaries of other existing research pending]

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National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : LIGHTING Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Task / Ambient Lighting (3 of 6) Definitions” section

Desire for individual Desire for individual Optimize work environment control over lighting control over lighting for using computers of the Optimize human Next generation lighting codes future-keep up as computers performance (health, likely to be more focused on evolve Optimize human performance Energy security productivity) lighting performance (health, productivity)

Drivers Climate change Optimize human performance (health, productivity)

Lack of Need to develop Modern understanding Need to develop a better metrics to "Tablets" are user Need for electric lighting that mimics the color Need to develop ability standard practice to capture task / specular, leading preferences intensity and variability of a new daylight space to quantify task lighting reduce ambient ambient for codes to glare on work Capability Gaps Capability related to levels and reduce light levels while and actual energy surface from individual lighting energy increasing use of performance light sources in control consumption task lighting room again

Need lighting controls and technology that can work together to create a more comfortable and tunable lighting environment

Lack of intelligence to support next generation

codes standards programs

Technology Technology Characteristics

Technology to Balanced Task / ambient Task /ambient Task / ambient need Define light levels for luminous integrate task / luminaires designs to controls to ensure digital controls integrated office and ambient lighting environment provide spectral, spatial, energy savings system integration classroom lighting in both to avoid Clarify with daylighting and temporal lighting relative to simply and direct current ambient and task specific as a system “cave effect” performance

R&D R&D functions synergistically adding task lighting powerlable applications metrics Programs

Design standards applied to technologies

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

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R&D Program Summaries

Design standards applied to technologies. The Illuminating Engineering Society (IES) is currently Key research questions: developing design for task and ambient lighting applications; apply these standards as they become available. 1. Are there any metrics (especially biometrics-pupil size, skin For more information on these standards, see http://www.iesna.org/. resistivity, eye movement toward ot away from light, hormonal or blood chemicals) that can be used as an Existing research: None identified. indicator of better lighting with respect to end user comfort and satisfaction? 2. Can satisfaction metrics be tied to luminaire and control metrics independently and measured objectively ? 3. Can these luminaire metrics be used to qualify good lighting vs unacceptable lighting?

115 ■ MARCH 2014 LIGHTING ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : LIGHTING Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Task / Ambient Lighting (4 of 6) Definitions” section

Optimize work environment for using Optimize human computers of the future-keep up as performance (health, Energy security Desire for individual control over lighting computers evolve productivity) Climate change Optimize human performance (health, productivity) Desire for individual Optimize human

Drivers control over lighting performance (health, productivity)

Next generation lighting codes likely to be more focused on lighting performance

Need to develop a Capability Gaps Capability Need lighting controls and Need to develop better Modern "Tablets" are Lack of technology that can work standard practice to metrics to capture specular, leading to understanding user together to create a more reduce ambient task / ambient for glare on work surface preferences related comfortable and tunable Need to develop ability to quantify light levels while codes and actual from light sources in to individual control lighting environment task lighting levels and reduce increasing use of energy performance room again lighting energy consumption task lighting

Need for electric lighting that mimics the color Lack of intelligence to support next intensity and variability of a generation codes standards

new daylight space programs

Technology Technology Characteristics

How to integrate with existing Task /ambient controls to ensure Define light levels for integrated Balanced luminous environment work stations and future work energy savings relative to simply office and classroom lighting in both to avoid “cave effect” Clarify performance metrics environments adding task lighting ambient and task specific

applications R&D R&D

Lighting systems for school, office, etc. Glare modeling Programs CEC PIER (with Finelight); HMG; Univ. of PNNL; LRC Oregon; Mahlum

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

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R&D Program Summaries

Lighting systems for school, office, etc. Review research from existing programs that adopt Key research questions: Finelight’s Integrated Classroom Lighting System (ICLS) (http://www.finelite.com/about-us/news/icls- 1. Show student performance is improved in ICLS classrooms integrated-classroom-lightingsystem.html) or Personal Lighting System (http://finelite.pinnaclecart.com/), compared to control classrooms. Follow HMG methodology and/or related systems, to maximize lighting effectiveness in offices and reduce the need for over-lighting. used for daylighting in classrooms. ICLS installs have hit Existing research: Research by the California Energy Commission (CEC) Public Interest Energy Research (PIER) number of installations where quantifying this is possible. program (with Finelight). The Heschong Mahone Group (HMG) is also working in this area. Mahlum and the 2. Proprietary classroom systems for new installations and for University of Oregon’s (UO) Energy Studies in Buildings Laboratory have conducted some studies on hospital retrofits include various feature groups. Which features are lighting. most important for energy savings and for student . In May 2007, Finelite, Inc., completed the CEC PIER study "Integrated Classroom Lighting System Final performance? Report (CEC-500-2005-141-A14)" outlining the development and testing of an integrated classroom lighting system (ICLS) for K-12 classrooms (available at http://www.energy.ca.gov/pier/project_reports/CEC-500- 3. Develop low-cost systems for classroom retrofits. 2005-141-A14.html). . HMG: (http://www.h-m-g.com/). . Seattle design firm Mahlum (http://www.mahlum.com/) dedicated the inaugural issue of their Healthcare Design Insights periodical in Autumn 2009 to daylighting in hospitals, including providing basic guidelines and brief descriptions of some current research in this area (http://www.mahlum.com/pdf/MahlumHDIAutumn2009Issue01.pdf). . The UO Energy Studies in Buildings Laboratory (http://aaa.uoregon.edu/esbl/) partnered with Zimmer Gunsul Frasca Architects (http://www.zgf.com/) in 2005 on a joint research study, “Daylighting Hospital Patient Rooms” (http://www.betterbricks.com/graphics/assets/documents/Daylighting_Patient_Rooms_brochure_final.pdf ).

Glare modeling. Better understanding of glare mechanisms models and standards that support high Key research questions: quality visual environments. 1. What are the existing glare models and deficiencies? 2. How does task ambient lighting impact glare? Existing research: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Lighting Research Center (LRC). 3. What kinds of optics can mitigate glare? . [Summaries of existing research pending] 4. How have visual tasks changed over the decades, and what are best practices to update historic lighting systems for today’s tasks? 5. How do we change current building standards to adopt new glare models? 6. How do we teach design community to recognize glare as an issue?

117 ■ MARCH 2014 LIGHTING ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : LIGHTING Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Task / Ambient Lighting (5 of 6) Definitions” section

Optimize work environment for using Climate Next generation computers of the change Desire for Optimize human lighting codes individual performance future-keep up as likely to be more computers evolve control over (health, Next generation lighting codes focused on lighting Drivers lighting productivity) likely to be more focused on performance Energy lighting performance security Optimize human performance (health, productivity)

Optimize human performance (health, productivity)

Modern "Tablets" Capability Gaps Capability Need lighting controls Need to develop are specular, Need to develop Lack of Need to develop a and technology that can better metrics to leading to glare ability to quantify intelligence to standard practice work together to create capture task / on work surface task lighting levels support next to reduce ambient a more comfortable and ambient for codes from light and reduce lighting generation codes light levels while tunable lighting and actual energy sources in room energy consumption standards increasing use of environment performance again

programs task lighting

Technology Technology Characteristics

Controls technology; Ability to Clarify performance occupancy, building and measure Kwh metrics user control

Next generation codes R&D R&D

DOE & PNNL; NGLIA Programs

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

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R&D Program Summaries

Next generation codes. Demonstrate savings and cost effectiveness of Task / Ambient lighting to Key research questions: support next generation codes. 1. Do current American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) standards reflect future Existing research: Subject matter experts referred to collaborative work among the U.S. Department of Energy lighting practices? (DOE) and the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), as well as the Next Generation Lighting Industry Alliance (NGLIA). 2. How do we successfully integrate task / ambient approaches . [Summaries of existing research pending] into national and state codes? 3. How do we best promote modern design practices that reflect task / ambient lighting? 4. How do we best use demonstrations to inform community to adopt this practice?

119 ■ MARCH 2014 LIGHTING ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : LIGHTING Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Task / Ambient Lighting (6 of 6) Definitions” section

Climate change Energy security Desire for individual Optimize human performance

control over lighting (health, productivity) Drivers

Next generation lighting codes likely to be more focused on lighting performance

Lack of understanding user preferences related to individual control

Need to develop a standard Need for electric lighting Need to develop Need to develop better practice to reduce ambient Need lighting controls and

Capability Gaps Capability that mimics the color ability to quantify metrics to capture task light levels while technology that can work task lighting levels / ambient for codes and intensity and variability increasing use of task of a new daylight space together to create a more and reduce lighting actual energy lighting comfortable and tunable

energy consumption performance lighting environment Technology Technology

Characteristics Task / ambient luminaires designs to User interface How to integrate with Technology to integrate provide spectral, spatial, and temporal refinements and cost existing work stations and task / ambient lighting with lighting functions synergistically issues future work environments daylighting as a system

Understand lighting design

R&D R&D in the workplace

Programs Finelite; Lighting Wizards; PEC; Luminetics

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

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R&D Program Summaries

Understand lighting design in the workplace. (Summary not yet provided.) Key research questions: 1. What will be the evolving workplace of the future? 2. What are the requirements for human interface with lighting Existing research: Finelite, Lighting Wizards, Pacific Energy Center (PEC), Luminetics. layers? . Subject matter experts referenced the work of Stan Walerczyk at Lighting Wizards (http://lightingwizards.com/). 3. How to execute future lighting design using 250,000 lighting . [Summaries of existing research pending] hour technology?

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National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : LIGHTING Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Lighting Controls (1 of 7) Definitions” section

Optimize work End user comfort / End user comfort / Controls that environment for using satisfaction satisfaction Controllable; integrated will allow computers of the Majority of with other entertainment, demand future-keep up as energy communication mobility response for computers evolve Need for efficiency Optimize work lighting potential is in

Drivers professionals to be environment for Interoperability credible and deliver retrofit using computers of applications Utility incentives for systems that work the future-keep up as influencing designers, and avoid callbacks computers evolve contractors, manufacturers

Cost of new Aesthetics

technology Capability Gaps Capability

Need Need Need integration Need for plug and interface with performance Integration need of task ambient, forget controls Optimized / smartphones, requirement demand response Need for ideal luminaire support precision that work without better, tablets, etc for standards daylighting commissioning, control cheaper CFL, communication tuning or user LED dimmable action protocol Need to support products Need to support color demand response Need better shifting and control of other (metering, others?) user interfaces new lighting capabilities Need more

reliable controls

Technology Technology Characteristics

Standardized luminaire, control Smart controls for Verification of luminaire protocols and communication

lighting technologies demand response

R&D R&D Programs Lighting controls and verification of small load demand

CLTC

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 122

R&D Program Summaries

Lighting controls and verification of small load demand. Provide research to quantify Key research questions: magnitude of demand response (DR) associated with lighting modification relative to DR call or event. 1. In response to a DR event, quantify and report amount of demand directly associated with DR call provided by lighting. Existing research: University of California Davis California Lighting Technology Center (CLTC). 2. Define standard methodology for command, control and data Summaries of existing research pending] . exchange between lighting control systems and supplier?

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National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : LIGHTING Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Lighting Controls (2 of 7) Definitions” section

Leveraging lighting Controllable; integrated controls to integrate other Utility incentives for Need for Optimize work with other environmental control, influencing designers, professionals to environment for entertainment, e.g., HVAC, count of contractors, be credible and using computers communication mobility number of occupants in Cost of new manufacturers deliver systems of the future-keep Interoperability building (fire safety) that work and up as computers technology

Drivers avoid callbacks evolve

End user comfort / satisfaction

Individual control over lighting

Need for plug and Need forget controls that integration of Need adaptive Need work without task ambient, lighting cheaper

Capability Gaps Capability commissioning, precision guidance, best controls tuning or user action daylighting practices (IES)

Need better Need integration Need a unified set of "software" and visualization/controls user with building tool for utility workers of the future that are manufacturer- interfaces automation / agnostic to explore, tweak, set up and optimize control to management sensor and device lighting mappings. Some of this would

systems be also user-accessible

Technology Technology Characteristics

Cheaper, simpler self- Easy to change and reporting

calibration sensor settings R&D R&D

Programs Define and develop virtual sensors

CLTC; NREL & BPA; MIT; Enlighted

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 124

R&D Program Summaries

Define and develop virtual sensors. Some controls try to adjust settings according to the habits of Key research questions: the user. Cheaper, simpler, and more effective ways of doing this will be helpful. This will likely take advantage 1. Determine/identify space characterization needs above and of better predictive modeling. beyond basic occupancy. Existing research: Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s (MIT), National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) 2. Generate higher level sensor data to mitigate identified with the Bonneville Power Administration (BPA), Enlighted, University of California Davis California Lighting capability gaps. Example: use occupancy sensor and camera Technology Center (CLTC). data to produce "traffic" information. . The MIT Media Lab is currently researching feedback controlled solid state lighting, with a specific focus on 3. How to extract general context from virtual sensor data? low-cost solutions that sense and respond to human factors including user context, circadian rhythms, and productivity, and integrating these responses with atypical environmental factors. See Appendix B for more 4. Develop self-commissioning systems for plug-and-play information. installation. . NREL is working on a project funded by the BPA Technology Innovation (TI) Office to develop an enhanced Image Processing Occupancy Sensor (IPOS) prototype. This is BPA TI Project #247, “Image Processing Occupancy Sensor (IPOS) Prototype Enhancement and Testing”; see Appendix B for more information. . Enlighted (enlightedinc.com). . [Summaries of other existing research pending]

125 ■ MARCH 2014 LIGHTING ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : LIGHTING Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Lighting Controls (3 of 7) Definitions” section

Individual control Need for over lighting Need for dark sky Controllable; integrated Optimize work environment for Majority of energy professionals to be with other using computers of the future- efficiency potential credible and deliver entertainment, keep up as computers evolve is in retrofit systems that work and Leveraging lighting communication mobility applications avoid callbacks Impacts on controls to integrate wildlife Drivers other environmental control, e.g., HVAC, count of number of occupants in building Interoperability End user comfort Cost of new (fire safety) / satisfaction technology

Need interface with Optimized/ideal luminaire control

Capability Gaps Capability smartphones, tablets, etc communication protocol

Need exterior Need controls and Need Need to balance sensors sensors that are more energy efficiency that Need to improve flexible for retrofit reliable features with function Need integration Need for plug and forget controls capability of controls and with existing controls reliability, low with with building that work without to work with a wiring and cost, ease of use existing automation / commissioning, tuning or user diversified product switches pole management action range spacing

systems

Technology Technology Characteristics

Minimal impact and maximal compatibility Intuitive operation, ease of use and Cheaper, simpler self- on existing infrastructure commissioning Reliable, ongoing

calibration occupancy sensing R&D R&D

Programs Advanced lighting control systems for new and retrofit applications Advanced lighting control systems for retrofit applications

ORNL; WCEC CLTC; manufacturers like Finelite

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 126

R&D Program Summaries

Advanced lighting control systems for retrofit applications. Leverage existing Key research questions: infrastructure (or legacy building system) rather than having to undertake a major retrofit/upgrade. 1. How do the advanced systems for retrofit tie into existing infrastructure? Existing research: University of California Davis California Lighting Technology Center (CLTC), Finelight. 2. What is the cost energy savings vs. energy left on the table [Summaries of existing research pending] . comparisons?

Advanced lighting control systems for new and retrofit applications. (Summary not yet Key research questions: provided). 1. Questions not yet specified.

Existing research: Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), University of California Davis Western Cooling Efficiency Center (WCEC). . For ORNL’s research, see Appendix B. . For WCEC’s research integrating HVAC, lighting, and other controls, see Appendix B.

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National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : LIGHTING Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Lighting Controls (4 of 7) Definitions” section

Optimize work Interoperability Leveraging lighting Majority of energy Need for professionals to End user comfort environment for using Impacts on controls to integrate efficiency potential is be credible and deliver / satisfaction computers of the wildlife other environmental in retrofit applications systems that work and future-keep up as Controllable; integrated control, e.g., HVAC, avoid callbacks computers evolve with other entertainment, count of number of communication mobility Need for occupants in building Cost of new

dark sky (fire safety) technology Drivers End user comfort / satisfaction Individual control over lighting

Need better understanding Need exterior sensors of how to that function with Cost of detailed

Capability Gaps Capability monetize non- existing pole spacing monitoring of energy benefits lighting equipment load profiles

Need for plug Need controls and sensors Need more and forget Optimized/ideal Need integration with Need to improve that are flexible for retrofit reliable controls controls that luminaire control building automation / capability of and with existing wiring and work without communication management systems controls to work switches commissionin protocol with a diversified g, tuning or product range

user action

Technology Technology Characteristics

Cheap, standard, deployed Minimal impact and maximal Standardized load profiles of (not optional) M&V capability compatibility on existing lighting equipment use in luminaires infrastructure

R&D R&D Development and deployment of standardized Legacy building system lighting equipment energy use load profiles

Programs assessment for potential optimization control KEMA, Navigant and others SCE (with Waypoint)

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 128

R&D Program Summaries

Development and deployment of standardized equipment profiles. The capabilities of Key research questions: luminaires and control "widgets" can be best leveraged by systems that fully understand their capabilities. A 1. How should luminaires describe their capabilities? standardized way for widgets to communicate this capability needs to be identified and developed. 2. How should control, sensor widgets describe their Existing research: KEMA, Navigant, and others as part of technical reference manual (TRM) / work paper capabilities? development. 3. What information should be stored in the widget? Actual . [Summaries of existing research pending] data or Internet hyperlink to download data? 4. Does new two-way communication protocol to be integrated into drivers ballast need to be developed?

Legacy building system assessment for potential optimization control. The goal of Key research questions: this program would be to evaluate and assess existing and often proprietary building systems to determine the 1. Identify popular legacy systems and evaluate their existing technical and cost effectiveness of revitalizing legacy systems and interface with newer sensors. utilization. Existing research: Southern California Edison (SCE) with Waypoint. 2. Identify appropriate "matching" technology that is able to . [Summaries of existing research pending] leverage and augment existing legacy system. 3. Determine cost-benefit or cost effectiveness of rip and replace Vs. utilizing some parts or all of the legacy system.

129 ■ MARCH 2014 LIGHTING ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : LIGHTING Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Lighting Controls (5 of 7) Definitions” section

Individual control Majority of energy Need for Need for dark over lighting Controllable; integrated Optimize work environment efficiency potential professionals to be sky with other for using computers of the is in retrofit credible and deliver entertainment, future-keep up as computers applications systems that work Leveraging lighting communication mobility evolve and avoid callbacks Impacts on controls to integrate wildlife other environmental Drivers control, e.g., HVAC, count of number of occupants in Cost of new Interoperability End user comfort / satisfaction building (fire safety) technology

Need better user interfaces Need exterior sensors that

function with existing pole spacing Capability Gaps Capability

Need integration with building automation / management systems Optimized / Need to improve Need controls and Need more Need to balance ideal luminaire capability of sensors that are flexible reliable energy efficiency control controls to work for retrofit and with controls features with communication with a diversified existing wiring and reliability, low

protocol product range switches cost, ease of use

Technology Technology Characteristics

Need adjustable lighting levels Space sensing beyond occupancy, e.g., Minimal impact and maximal Reliable, ongoing

based on the time of the day task, location in room, traffic, population compatibility on existing infrastructure occupancy sensing R&D R&D Predictive modeling for dynamic lighting Performance and commissioning characteristics

Programs needs requirements of advanced lighting systems

SCE; NEEA; MIT; LBNL; NREL EPRI

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 130

R&D Program Summaries

Performance and commissioning characteristics requirements of advanced Key research questions: lighting systems. Ties back to research project on failed controls installations and learning what not to 1. What are the steps needed to develop assessment do, developing performance standards and using these standards to assess lighting systems. protocols? Are there any protocols in place today? 2. How can assessment tools be integrated as part of user Existing research: Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI). controls? . For EPRI research in this area, see Appendix B.

Predictive modeling for dynamic lighting needs. Research on modeling that will better predict Key research questions: lighting needs by taking into account the time of day and day of the week will make lighting controls more 1. How can predictive modeling for dynamic lighting needs help useful and more acceptable to users. Likely using predictive modeling developed from research being done at to create simpler calibration of systems? Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s (MIT) Media Lab and possibly other institutions, integrate controls that predict lighting needs dynamically by taking into account the time of day and day of the week for the user will 2. When it comes to occupancy sensing, are we detecting make lighting controls more useful and more acceptable to users. people in the most optimal method? 3. How can spaces use knowledge of : Existing research: Researchers at Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s (MIT) Media Lab, the University of California Davis California Lighting Technology Center (CLTC), the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory a. Available luminaires? (LBNL), the Northwest Energy Efficiency Alliance (NEEA), and Southern California Edison (SCE) are among those b. Available sensors? doing work in this area. Subject matter experts have also indicated that R&D in this area may be ongoing at Watt Stopper and/or Lithonia Lighting.. c. Pre-informed or determined via calibration) to produce . The MIT Media Lab is currently researching feedback controlled solid state lighting, with a specific focus on optimal illumination automatically? low-cost solutions that sense and respond to human factors including user context, circadian rhythms, and productivity, and integrating these responses with atypical environmental factors. See Appendix B for more information. . Lithonia Lighting: http://www.lithonia.com/. . CLTC work in this area includes researching exterior occupancy sensor networks to predict the direction and speed of pedestrians, cyclists and vehicles. . For LBNL’s research, see Appendix B. . [Summaries of other existing research pending]

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National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : LIGHTING Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Lighting Controls (6 of 7) Definitions” section

Controllable; Interoperability integrated with other entertainment, Majority of energy efficiency communication Interoperability Need for professionals to be potential is in retrofit Optimize work applications Drivers mobility credible and deliver systems that work and avoid callbacks environment for Controllable; using computers integrated with of the future- other Leveraging lighting controls to Individual End user keep up as entertainment, integrate other environmental control over comfort / computers communication control, e.g., HVAC, count of lighting satisfaction evolve mobility number of occupants in building (fire safety)

Need integration with building automation / management systems Need more reliable

Capability Gaps Capability controls

Need better user Optimized/ideal luminaire control Need to improve capability of controls interfaces communication protocol. to work with a diversified product range Need adaptive lighting guidance, best practices

(IES)

Technology Technology Characteristics

Easy to change and reporting Need adjustable lighting levels Intuitive operation, ease of Space sensing beyond occupancy, e.g., sensor settings based on the time of the day use and commissioning task, location in room, traffic, population

R&D R&D Development of advanced user

interfaces Programs EPRI; MIT; manufacturers like Finelite

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

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R&D Program Summaries

Development of advanced user interfaces. Develop methods that make controls intuitive and Key research questions: easy to use or transparent. 1. Behavior analysis—what are the best methods for users to interact with lighting controls? Existing research: Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), Masachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), manufacturers such as Finelight. 2. Individual recognition—non intrusive recognition system. . For MIT’s “Wristique” project, see Appendix B. 3. Rule making protocol—what rules needed to address . [Summaries of existing research pending] interactions and differing commands between users?

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National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : LIGHTING Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Lighting Controls (7 of 7) Definitions” section

Majority of energy Leveraging lighting controls to Need for Optimize work Controllable; efficiency integrate other environmental Individual Cost of new professionals environment for End user integrated with potential is in control, e.g., HVAC, count of control over technology to be credible using computers comfort / other retrofit number of occupants in building lighting and deliver of the future-keep satisfaction entertainment, applications (fire safety) systems that up as computers communication work and avoid evolve mobility callbacks

Drivers Interoperability

Need more reliable

controls Capability Gaps Capability

Need to improve Need interface capability of with controls to work Need integration with Need adaptive smartphones, with a diversified building automation / lighting guidance, Need better tablets, etc product range management systems best practices user

(IES) interfaces

Technology Technology Characteristics

Standardized luminaire, control Intuitive operation, ease of use and protocols and communication commissioning

R&D R&D Review of failed controls

installations Programs SCE; PG&E; NEEA; BC Hydro, manufacturers

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 134

R&D Program Summaries

Review of failed controls installations. Review failed controls projects to learn what not to do to Key research questions: enable end user comfort and satisfaction. Leverage information to help develop performance standards for 1. How many failed controls projects are there? control systems. 2. Why did they fail? Existing research: Southern California Edison (SCE), Pacific Gas & Electric (PG&E), Northwest Energy Efficiency 3. What could have been done to prevent the failure? Alliance (NEEA), BC Hydro, and manufacturers. 4. How can this information be leveraged for technology? . [Summaries of existing research pending]

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National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : LIGHTING Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Luminaires (1 of 3) Definitions” section

Optimize work environment for Enhance human End user using computers of the future- performance (health, comfort /

keep up as computers evolve productivity) satisfaction Drivers

Corporate image, Availability of new desire for new technologies such as style solid state lighting

Need to design lighting and luminaires to Need standardized affordable and Need better lens

optimize the reliable SSL components allowing designs to aim light Capability Gaps Capability effectiveness for the fixture designers wide freedom to without excessive task from the user's innovate and meet consumer needs glare point of view

Fixture design for

Technology Technology many different

Characteristics applications

Better fixture design R&D R&D

LRC; Finelite; DOE Programs

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 136

R&D Program Summaries

Better fixture design. Designing luminaires that take best advantage of solid state lighting (SSL) Key research questions: characteristics rather than look like traditional fixtures leads to the best performance. Dealing with replacement 1. Questions not yet specified. parts for premature failure is an issue. Lack of interchangeability will hamper the market. Existing research: Many luminaire manufacturers are researching this issue, as is Finelight, the Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), and the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Lighting Research Center (LRC). . More information about LRC’s research can be found in Appendix B. . [Summaries of other existing research pending]

137 ■ MARCH 2014 LIGHTING ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : LIGHTING Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Luminaires (2 of 3) Definitions” section

Optimize work environment for End user Enhance human Availability of using computers of the future- comfort / performance (health, new keep up as computers evolve satisfaction productivity) A large number of Majority of energy Corporate technologies existing luminaire are efficiency potential is such as solid image, desire candidates are retrofit in retrofit applications Drivers for new style state lighting

Availability of new technologies such as solid state lighting

Need to make mesopic lighting standards

accessible to appropriate users Capability Gaps Capability Need standardized affordable Need to design lighting and Need ability to Need to change and reliable SSL components luminaires to optimize the retrofit an common metrics allowing fixture designers wide effectiveness for the task existing from source freedom to innovate and meet from the user's point of view luminaire and efficacy to consumer needs achieve good luminaire

optics efficacy

Technology Technology Characteristics Metrics should pertain to light (spectral content) Compatibility of technologies e.g.. Sockets, Fixtures retrofits (LEDs) that can be rebuilt delivered, task and aesthetic performance, not light power, source form factor (IE cfl/SSL) like ink cartridge not disposed of emitted from source and energy use of entire package

R&D R&D Legitimize Change IES metrics Retrofit best practice guide Next generation bi-level luminaires based on percent of visual light delivered mesopic lighting Programs IES Sustainability Victoria; CLTC; SCE; Finelight LRC; SCE Energy Star; PNNL

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 138

R&D Program Summaries

Retrofit best practice guide. Methodology for designing whether to replace luminaires, relamp, or Key research questions: retrofit components decision tree (flow chart). 1. Key performance criteria. 2. What to do, when to do it, how to do it? Existing research: Sustainability Victoria, Energy Star, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL). . [Summaries of existing research pending]

Legitimize mesopic lighting. Mesopic lighting, to be fully accepted by the market, needs to have Key research questions: standards changed to legitimize it. Provide data to support Illuminating Engineering Society (IES) standards 1. Questions not yet specified. modifications. Existing research: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Lighting Research Center (LRC), Southern California Edison (SCE). . An overview of LRC’s mesopic lighting research can be found in Appendix B. . [Summaries of other existing research pending]

Change Illuminating Engineering Society (IES) metrics. Metrics and standards have evolved Key research questions: as we learn more about how humans use light most effectively. More work needs to be done to continue to 1. Questions not yet specified. improve Illuminating Engineering Society (IES) metrics. Existing research: Illuminating Engineering Society (IES) . . IES: http://www.iesna.org/.

Next generation bi-level luminaires based on percent of visual light delivered. Key research questions: Determine if 15% light-level is sufficient for non-occupied stairwells and corridors. 15% is estimate of lowest 1. Will people accept a “bi-level” stairwell and corridor lighting “acceptable” light-level combined with lowest-cost / easiest to deliver light level. Research could set a approach where occupancy motion = 100%light level non different level. occupancy no-motion = 15% light level? If so, SSL luminaires Existing research: University of California Davis California Lighting Technology Center (CLTC), Southern should need only 3% - 5% power when space is not occupied. California Edison (SCE), Finelight. 2. Integrate this research with fire code requirements. . [Summaries of existing research pending]

139 ■ MARCH 2014 LIGHTING ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : LIGHTING Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Luminaires (3 of 3) Definitions” section

Availability of Enhance human new Optimize work environment for using computers of the End user comfort / Majority of energy performance (health, technologies future-keep up as computers evolve satisfaction efficiency potential is productivity) such as solid in retrofit applications

state lighting Drivers

Availability of new technologies such as A large number of solid state lighting Corporate existing luminaire are image, desire candidates are retrofit for new style

Capability Gaps Capability Need standardized affordable Need to make Need ability to Need to change Need better lens and reliable SSL components Need to design lighting mesopic lighting retrofit an common metrics designs to aim allowing fixture designers wide and luminaires to standards existing from source light without freedom to innovate and meet optimize the accessible to luminaire and efficacy to excessive glare consumer needs effectiveness for the appropriate achieve good luminaire task from the user's users optics efficacy point of view

Metrics should pertain to light Technology Technology Fixture design Developing (spectral content) delivered, task and

Characteristics for many acceptance aesthetic performance, not light different configurations for emitted from source and energy use of applications consumers entire package

Develop attributes and Review and audit various Optimize human factors (i.e., lighting quality, metrics for comfort and luminaire designs for various health effects, etc.) R&D R&D satisfaction lighting applications

Programs LRC; American Medical Association; U.K. NRCAN; PNNL DOE; EPRI Health Protection Agency; Government of Hong Kong; PEC

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 140

R&D Program Summaries

Review and audit various luminaire designs for various lighting applications. The Key research questions: importance of luminaires has often been overlooked in specifications and codes. Need to rate luminaires so 1. Questions not yet specified. better data are available, and then educate architects and designers on which luminaires to use for which applications to improve efficiency and effective lighting. Existing research: The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) has done work in this area, and the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) is as well. . The DOE’s Commercial Lighting Solutions provides tools in this area (https://www.lightingsolutions.energy.gov/comlighting/login.htm). . For EPRI’s research in this area, see Appendix B.

Optimize human factors (i.e., lighting quality, health effects, etc.). Regardless of how Key research questions: efficient lighting is, it's only useful if it actually helps humans. 1. Questions not yet specified.

Existing research: Research on the relevant human factors is important and may apply to luminaires. Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute’s Lighting Research Center (LRC) is doing much in this area. Others include the American Medical Association, the United Kingdom Health Protection Agency, the Government of Hong Kong, and the Pacific Energy Center (PEC). . Appendix B provides an overview of LRC’s research in this area. The LRC has upwards of sixty ongoing R&D projects at any given time, and a public list of R&D progress and final reports can be found at http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/resources/newsroom/projectsheets.asp. . In addition to the projects identified above, the LRC also manages and updates the National Lighting Product Information Program (NLPIP, http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/NLPIP/index.asp). This resource aids contractors, designers, building managers, homeowners, and others in identifying and using correctly the energy-efficient lighting solution that best fits their needs. . [Summaries of other existing research pending]

Develop attributes and metrics for comfort and satisfaction. Link to objective, Key research questions: measured luminaire parameters. Deliver per performance requisites for luminaires. 1. Is there any objective, repeatable biometrics that indicates increased user comfort / satisfaction? Existing research: NRCAN and PNNL. 2. Can this biometrics be linked to luminaire metrics that could [Summaries of existing research pending] . be characterized in an independent test based on the Illumination Engineering Society (IES) LM-79 (“Approved Method: Electrical and Photometric Measurements of Solid- State Lighting Products”)? 3. What are the product and performance attributes that drive consumer satisfaction and preference?

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National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : LIGHTING Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Daylighting (1 of 4) Definitions” section

Increased Consumer desire to be “green” and End user comfort / satisfaction End user comfort / satisfaction Increasing and consumer reduce embedded & used energy uncertain future cost resistance to Optimize work environment for Optimize work environment for of electricity and gas complex features using computers of the future- Increased interest among legislators using computers of the future- and controls keep up as computers evolve in efficiency and renewable keep up as computers evolve

Drivers Aesthetics Climate change Optimize human performance Increase in available funding for EE Optimize human performance (health, productivity) (health, productivity) Energy security

Aesthetics

Need to have Need methods to

applications easier compensate for Need Need responsive Need better Need to Capability Gaps Capability to design, daylight color applications and reliable light quality disperse commission and shift, glare, that can controls and as daylighting operate intensity, focus utilize natural photo sensors perceived better to light for daylighting by users achieve higher daylight factors

Sensors & Control Systems Technology Technology

Characteristics Assessment / field testing / etc. of daylighting options Improved control systems and sensors Optimize daylighting with PC use for daylighting technologies LRC CLTC; NREL RSF

Software for daylight Cheaper, cost effective, self- Integrated lighting Daylighting system field testing, design and sensor calibrating daylighting controls simulation tools measurement, and verification R&D R&D placement CEC PIER; NREL &

Programs Watt Stopper / NEMA Lighting EPFL; CLTC; NREL; LBNL; CEC PIER Controls Section; CLTC BPA; EEB HUB; LBNL Finelite

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

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R&D Program Summaries

Integrated lighting simulation tools. Develop high quality, validated lighting tools for daylighting Key research questions: design. Tools should be capable of simulating daylight, electric light, lighting controls, complex fenestration 1. How can we characterize complex fenestration devices at a systems, and inform a whole building energy model. resolution fine enough to accurately capture daylight redirection devices? Existing research: Stakeholders have indicated that there is ongoing research in this area at the California Energy Commission’s (CEC) Public Interest Energy Research (PIER) program as well as at the National 2. How can we improve existing simulation tools to improve Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)—with the Bonneville Power Administration, Energy Efficient Buildings Hub accuracy and speed of execution? (EEB HUB), and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL.). 3. How can we scale existing control simulation tools (e.g. . NREL is working on a project funded by the Bonneville Power Administration (BPA) Technology Innovation DAYSIM, OpenStudio, SPOT) to the whole building level? (TI) Office to study the feasibility of integrating building energy models for new and existing buildings that evaluates daylighting as a viable energy efficiency strategy and that can be analyzed using emerging 4. How can we improve the capture, delivery, and building energy efficiency metrics such as the Energy Utilization Index (EUI). This is BPA TI Project dissemination of materials and systems performance to #252,“Integrated Daylighting and Energy Analysis Toolkit (IDEAKit)”; See Appendix B for more information. simulation engineers? . [Summaries of other existing research pending] 5. How can tools be leveraged for large scale, sector-wide daylighting analyses?

Software for daylight design and sensor placement. Develop good, affordable software for Key research questions: designing daylighting systems, including determining optimum placement of sensors. 1. Questions not yet specified.

Existing research: Stakeholders have indicated that there is ongoing research in this area at the California Energy Commission’s (CEC) Public Interest Energy Research (PIER) program . . [Summaries of existing research pending]

Improved control systems and sensors for daylighting technologies. Explore Key research questions: alternative ways of sensing daylight and adjust the electric lights accordingly. (Separate paths for top lighting 1. How do we improve reliability and cost in daylighting from side lighting). sensing? Existing research: University of California Davis California Lighting Technology Center (CLTC), National 2. How do we automate calibration and account for occupant Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) Research Support Facility (RSF), industry research. needs and desires? . For the CLTC’s work in this area, see Appendix B. 3. How do we integrate lighting, fenestration and HVAC . [Summaries of other existing research pending] controls?

143 ■ MARCH 2014 LIGHTING ROADMAPS Continued . . . Cheaper, cost effective, self-calibrating daylighting controls. Making daylighting cost- Key research questions: effective continues to be a challenge. Easier to use, and self-calibrating controls can help to make daylighting 1. How do we develop integrated sensor and control systems for more attractive. plug and play daylight harvesting with skylights and windows? Existing research: Subject matter experts indicated that research was ongoing at the Lighting Research Center (LRC), and possibly at Watt Stopper and under the aegis of the Lighting Controls Section of the Association of Electrical Equipment and Medical Imaging Manufacturers (NEMA); R&D is also ongoing at the California Lighting Technology Center (CLTC). . Watt Stopper is researching dual-loop daylight control systems that self commission and offer continual calibration (http://cltc.ucdavis.edu/content/view/142/164/). . The Lighting Research Center’s (LRC) Capturing the Daylight Dividend program has completed R&D on daylighting systems and controls, and has also worked on a number of case studies. (http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/researchAreas/daylighting.asp). . Information about CLTC research in this area can be found in Appendix B.

Optimize daylighting with PC use. Research on how to effectively use personal computers (PCs) to Key research questions: monitor and control daylighting. 1. Questions not yet specified.

Existing research: Subject matter experts have indicated that Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute’s Lighting Research Center (LRC) is working in this area. . Appendix B provides an overview of research at LRC, which has upwards of sixty ongoing R&D projects at any given time. A public list of R&D progress and final reports can be found at http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/resources/newsroom/projectsheets.asp, and some additional information about LRC’s research can be found in Appendix B.

Daylighting system field testing, measurement, and verification. Need to develop and Key research questions: agree upon measurement protocols to fairly and consistently evaluate daylighting strategies and components. 1. How can we leverage HDRI to characterize daylighting systems? Existing research: Research ongoing at the Swiss École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), UC Davis California Lighting Technology Center (CLTC), National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), and Finelight. 2. How can we capture the occupant experience? . NREL’s Building Agent project (see M. Schott, N. Long, J. Scheib, K. Fleming, K. Benne, and L. Brackney, "Progress on Enabling an Interactive Conversation Between Commercial Building Occupants and Their Building to Improve Comfort and Energy Efficiency," NREL Conference Paper 5500-55197, 2012, http://www.nrel.gov/buildings/pdfs/55197.pdf). . [Summaries of other existing research pending]

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145 ■ MARCH 2014 LIGHTING ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : LIGHTING Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Daylighting (2 of 4) Definitions” section

Increased consumer End user comfort / satisfaction Increasing and resistance to complex uncertain future cost of features and controls electricity and gas Optimize work environment for using computers of the future-

keep up as computers evolve Aesthetics Drivers

Optimize human performance (health, productivity)

Need to have Need methods to Need for improved Need better light Need for tunable glazings and / Need to disperse

Capability Gaps Capability improved modeling compensate for daylight shading devices to quality as or glazings that can optimize daylighting better to tools, codes, color shift, glare, reduce glare and perceived by light transmission without heat / achieve higher daylight standards intensity, focus improve light quality users cool or excessive glare factors

Inclusive environment Increased research on during standards/codes human and technology

development barriers

Technology Technology Characteristics

Architect Assessment of daylighting Interdisciplinary Improved daylighting and Human factors related involvement technologies collaboration effects on humans to daylighting EPRI; NYSERDA; LBNL; NREL; Canadian LRC; MIT; CEC; NYSERDA; LRC; EPFL; Finelight

R&D R&D MIT; NREL RSF

CLTC Government NEEA; DOE Programs

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 146

R&D Program Summaries

Architect involvement. (Summary not yet provided.) Key research questions: 1. Develop fast daylight modeling tools (with results measured in Existing research: Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) seconds, not minutes) to support decisions about daylighting Research Support Facility (RSF). during early conceptual design. . [Summaries of existing research pending]

Assessment of daylighting technologies. (Summary not yet provided.) Key research questions: 1. Questions not yet specified. Existing research: New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA), Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), University of California Davis California Lighting Technology Center (CLTC). . [Summaries of existing research pending]

Interdisciplinary collaboration. Successful daylighting requires that many different disciplines will Key research questions: be considering daylighting during design stage. (e.g. architects should size fenestration appropriately and 1. How do we bring disciplines together—architecture / interior designers should arrange furniture and specify interior surface reflectance appropriately). daylighting, commissioning agents, interior design / electric lighting, mechanical engineering, facility managers, etc.? Existing research: National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Canadian government. . [Summaries of existing research pending] 2. How do we make them aware and incentivize them into using proven strategies?

Improved daylighting and effects on humans. (Summary not yet provided.) Key research questions: 1. Questions not yet specified. Existing research: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Lighting Research Center (LRC), U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), California Energy Commission (CEC), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA), Northwest Energy Efficiency Alliance (NEEA). . [Summaries of existing research pending]

Continued . . .

147 ■ MARCH 2014 LIGHTING ROADMAPS Human factors related to daylighting. Human acceptance, preference, and needs are critical for Key research questions: successful daylighting. Need to understand them and design accordingly. 1. What are the physical and psychological effects on humans? 2. How should we manage daylight for computer use? Existing research: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Lighting Research Center (LRC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL). 3. How should we ensure occupant acceptance of lighting . Appendix B provides an overview of research at LRC, which has upwards of sixty ongoing R&D projects at controls and fenestration controls? any given time. A public list of R&D progress and final reports can be found at http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/resources/newsroom/projectsheets.asp, and some additional information about LRC’s research can be found in Appendix B. . [Summaries of other existing research pending]

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149 ■ MARCH 2014 LIGHTING ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : LIGHTING Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Daylighting (3 of 4) Definitions” section

End user comfort / satisfaction Optimize work environment for Consumer desire to be “green” using computers of the future- End user comfort / satisfaction Increasing and and reduce embedded & used uncertain future cost of Energy security keep up as computers evolve energy electricity and gas Optimize work environment for Climate change using computers of the future- Increased consumer resistance Increased interest among Aesthetics Drivers keep up as computers evolve to complex features and legislators in efficiency and Optimize human performance controls renewable (health, productivity) Optimize human performance Increase in available funding (health, productivity) for EE People like cool, new technologies

Consumer desire to be “green” and reduce embedded & used energy Aesthetics

Increasing and uncertain future

cost of electricity and gas Capability Gaps Capability

Need to Need methods to Need Need responsive Need better disperse Need to have Need compensate for applications and reliable light quality daylighting applications easier affordable, daylight color that can controls and as better to to design, widely available shift, glare, utilize natural photo sensors perceived achieve higher commission and daylighting intensity, focus light for daylighting by users daylight factors

operate options

Technology Technology Characteristics

Daylighting Assessment / field testing / systems etc. of daylighting options

Building core daylighting Skylight design

R&D R&D UC Davis & UBC, industry CLTC & California EDR

Programs research

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

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R&D Program Summaries

Building core daylighting. Daylighting has traditionally concentrated on perimeter zones (near Key research questions: windows). Bringing daylighting into the core of buildings i.e. areas away from windows and skylights. 1. How do we collect? 2. How do we transport? Existing research: There is an ongoing research partnership between the University of British Columbia (UBC) and the California Lighting Technology Center (CLTC) to provide daylighting in core zones, but more research is 3. How do we deliver? needed to find more affordable and effective ways of doing this. Firms in the industry are conducting research 4. How do we integrate with electric lighting? also, as is the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL). . The CLTC is currently working on an R&D project to evaluate the application of UBC’s Core Sunlighting System to the climate and topography of California’s Central Valley. See Appendix B for more information on this effort. . For LBNL’s work in this area, see Appendix B. . [Summaries of other existing research pending]

Skylight design. Making daylighting cost-effective continues to be a challenge. Effective, affordable, leak- Key research questions: resistant skylight design could help make daylighting easier and more affordable to adopt. 1. Questions not yet specified.

Existing research: The California Lighting Technology Center (CLTC) is engaged in ongoing R&D in this area, and California Energy Design Resources (EDR) website provides a list of skylight and daylighting resources. . Information about CLTC’s ongoing research into sunlighting and solatube skylight systems can be found in Appendix B. . California’s utility ratepayers fund the state’s EDR program; Southern California Edison administers the program under the auspices of the California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC). The EDR website serves as a portal for architects, engineers, lighting designers, and developers to access energy design tools and resources that will foster energy-efficient commercial and industrial building design. EDR resources include daylighting and sky light design (http://www.energydesignresources.com/technology/daylighting- design.aspx, http://www.energydesignresources.com/resources/publications/design-briefs/design-brief- skylights-with-suspended-ceilings.aspx).

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National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : LIGHTING Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Daylighting (4 of 4) Definitions” section

End user comfort / satisfaction End user Optimize work environment Optimize human People like cool, new technologies comfort / for using computers of the performance Energy security Optimize work environment for satisfaction future-keep up as computers (health, evolve productivity) using computers of the future- Consumer desire to be “green” and

Climate change keep up as computers evolve reduce embedded & used energy Drivers Increasing and uncertain future Optimize human performance (health, productivity) cost of electricity and gas Increasing and uncertain future cost Aesthetics Increased consumer resistance to of electricity and gas

complex features and controls Capability Gaps Capability

Need methods to Need for tunable glazings and / compensate for daylight or glazings that can optimize Need to have color shift, glare, light transmission without heat / applications easier Need intensity, focus cool or excessive glare Need to disperse to design, affordable, daylighting better commission and widely available to achieve higher daylighting Need for improved daylight factors operate Need better light quality as options shading devices to reduce glare and perceived by users

improve light quality

Technology Technology Characteristics

Daylighting Increased research on human

systems and technology barriers R&D R&D

Programs Light pipe design

CLTC & California EDR

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 152

R&D Program Summaries

Light pipe design. (Summary not yet provided.) Key research questions: 1. Questions not yet specified.

Existing research: University of California Davis and California Energy Design Resources (EDR). . [Summaries of existing research pending]

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NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 154 E LECTRONICS ROADMAPS

This section contains the following roadmaps: Other relevant sources: . Direct Current (DC) Power The list below is intended to be broadly representative rather than exhaustive . Use and Virtualization and will be updated as new information becomes available. . Component-Level Efficiency Staff at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory held a direct current (DC) . Complete Electronic System power workshop on Feb. 7, 2013, to define technology, policy, market . Power Management Control and Communication adoption, and other barriers to wide-scale adoption of integrated DC power systems that include renewable generation, grid supply, energy storage, distribution, communication, demand control, and end uses. Workshop findings are pending as of March 2013. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, High-Performance Data Centers: A Research Roadmap, July 2003, http://hightech.lbl.gov/ documents/ datacenters_roadmap_final.pdf.

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National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : ELECTRONICS Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Direct Current (DC) Power (1 of 4) Definitions” section

Modularity, Use of codes Avoid DC to AC transformation simplicity, scalability for efficiency energy losses

and safety Drivers

Need updated Need new Affordable, widely-available DC Need to address lack of DC Need flexible power electrical codes to thinking for power options for retrofit and new network infrastructure by infrastructure and address DC optimization construction installations with developing access to DC power components that can distribution of DC well-documented energy saving sources to simplify AC / DC support a combined AC/DC systems, including systems characteristics conversions and reduce losses

power distribution system safety Capability Gaps Capability

Standardized wire size and evaluate Wiring strategy for buildings that use AC and Work with national and international

capacity ratings for wires for DC DC power-maximize re-use of existing wire entities to invoke codes and standards

Technology Technology Characteristics

DC circuit protection and control

ABB

Evaluation of conductor Prioritization on Universal device

sizes for DC distribution - where to use DC input (AC + DC) Ground fault detection and R&D R&D potential for savings location for 380 VDC distribution DC safety

Programs IEC; NEMA, EMerge Nextek Power Emerson Network Power Alliance; LBNL Systems; Bosch; Nextek Power Systems; Bosch; Emerge Alliance; EPRI Emerson; ABB EPRI

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

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R&D Program Summaries

Evaluation of conductor sizes for DC distribution - potential for savings. Optimize wire Key research questions: sizes for global applications. Conductor sizes coordinated globally-minimum sizes, insulation levels for DC 1. Can DC cable size decrease (compared to AC) due to lack of applications only. Different wire sizes and insulation levels from requirements globally. harmonics, skin effect, proximity effect and smaller voltage drop (compared to the National Electrical Code (NEC))? Existing research: Emerson Network Power. . [Summaries of existing research pending] 2. Is it feasible to propose a global wire size chart coordinated with breaker sizes? 3. Is it feasible to develop (specifically for DC) temperature de- rating tables in “A” capacity rather than apply de-rating factors? 4. Is it feasible to optimize insulation levels to optimize current carrying capacity? 5. Can we define derating for bundling? 6. Can we use existing building wiring for DC power distribution?

Ground fault detection and location for 380 VDC distribution. Enhanced personal safety. Key research questions: Integrated DC system including DC microgrids. Rapid detection, location and correction of potential ground 1. What are the best methods to detect ground faults in the DC faults and leakage current caused by insulation breakdown or aging. distribution system including the end use equipment? Existing research: Emerson Network Power, ABB, Nextek Power Systems, Bosch. 2. What sensors and components are needed for ground faults . [Summaries of existing research pending] and where should they be located? 3. How can these sensors, components and alarms ne scaled to different size installations? 4. What is the cost of implementing these ground fault detection, location and correction systems? 5. What additional training is needed to implement these systems to assure proper operation?

Continued . . .

157 ■ MARCH 2014 ELECTRONICS ROADMAPS DC safety. Direct current (DC) acts very differently from alternating current (AC), so we need a whole new Key research questions: set of safety standards, education, and training so that people understand and implement DC safely. 1. What codes and standards needed to be changed or developed for DC power? Existing research: Emerge Alliance and the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) are working to develop DC power standards for commercial buildings that address safety concerns.. 2. What training facilities are available to train people on DC power? . For EPRI’s and Emerge Alliance’s work in this area, see Appendix B. 3. What training requirements are needed for DC compared to AC systems?

DC circuit protection and control. Explore existing, new and potential new technologies for DC Key research questions: circuit protection and control. 1. What short circuit testing can be done for DC power distribution? Existing research: ABB. 2. What circuit breakers and fuses are available for DC circuit . [Summaries of existing research pending] protection? 3. How can rectifiers and other DC power source subsystems and controls be used to limit arc flash and enhance load flow control? 4. How can power electronics (i.e., integrated circuits (ICs)) be used to improve circuit protection and control in DC power systems? 5. What new technologies are available to enhance circuit protection and control for DC power systems?

Prioritization on where to use DC. DC systems will need to transition from existing AC systems. The Key research questions: goal is to identify how to make the transitioning by identifying the highest profile opportunities for DC based on 1. Where are the key locations in the buildings where efficiency efficiency gains and cost of implementation. can be achieved? Existing research: IEC Electronics Corporation, National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA), and 2. What is the amount of efficiency that can be gained? EMerge Alliance are working in this space. As of early 2013 there is also an ongoing scoping study of DC power 3. How much DC supply is available and how should it be best opportunities led by the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and involving the Pacific Northwest National used in the buildings? Laboratory, Department of Energy, and other stakeholders. . [Summaries of existing research pending] 4. Based on the DC supply available which equipment should be converted to DC first?

Continued . . .

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 158 Universal device input (AC + DC). Device circuit technology for common electrical devices that can Key research questions: accept either connection to an AC or DC power distribution system. 1. Circuit design for AC/DC inputs. 2. Low cost design with minimal premium cost. Existing research: The Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), Nextek Power Systems, and Bosch are conducting research in this area. 3. Safety issues. . For EPRI’s research in this area, see Appendix B for more information 4. Code issues. . [Summaries of other existing research pending] 5. Cords and connector designs.

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National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : ELECTRONICS Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Direct Current (DC) Power (2 of 4) Definitions” section

Modularity, More use of DC Diffusion of common communication

simplicity, scalability supply protocols into energy-consuming devices Drivers

Need flexible power infrastructure and DC motors and control Need a good, affordable, standardized way to Need to determine viability of and components that can support a combined including cooling systems, transmit control signals on a DC power establish standards for power line

AC/DC power distribution system pumps and fans distribution systems using power line carrier carrier signals on a DC system Capability Gaps Capability

Standardize DC system products for DC-compatible power voltage conversion, facility-level line carrier control

distribution, and device connection systems and protocols

Technology Technology Characteristics

DC power system inter-grid and intra-grid communications Universal DC Visionary DC building Explore DC motors and plug adapter of the future appliances with speed control ASU

EPRI EPRI EPRI Communication through the system utility to device Direct PV to DC equipment

R&D R&D Research how much “stuff” in integration

home is DC vs. AC at its core ABB; Garling Programs Nextek Power Systems LBNL; IEEE

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

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R&D Program Summaries

Explore DC motors and appliances with speed control. Since variable speed is easy to do Key research questions: with DC motors, having DC in the building may allow the possibility of using many more DC motors for variable- 1. What are the efficiency gains with brushless DC motors? speed applications. The economic advantages are greatest when there is a large number of DC motors or DC 2. What are the control benefits of DC motors, i.e., higher electronic loads that can all operate, or be easily adapted to operate, on the same DC voltage. speeds, faster response, torque characteristics? Existing research: Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI). 3. What are the benefits of DC motors for size, maintenance . [Summaries of existing research pending] and heat removal? 4. What are the benefits of brushless DC motors for reduced radio frequency interference (RFI)? 5. What components can be removed when transitioning from AC variable frequency drives (VFDs) to brushless DC motors?

Universal DC plug adapter. One of the issues with converting to DC is that plug and sockets are totally Key research questions: non-standard. The development of a universal plug for DC will greatly aid adoption. 1. How do different DC plugs and sockets currently available handle and control arc-flash? Existing research: The Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) is conducting research in this area, see Appendix B for more information.. 2. Can the existing Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 309 pin and sleeve connectors cover “all” of the high wattage DC product needs? 3. What is the best solution(s) for the lower wattage DC products?

Research how much “stuff” in home is DC vs. AC at its core. Typical home to justify Key research questions: having a DC supply in homes. It is unlikely that the load of DC in a home is enough to justify supplying DC. 1. Questions not yet specified.

Existing research: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). . [Summaries of existing research pending]

Continued . . .

161 ■ MARCH 2014 ELECTRONICS ROADMAPS Direct PV to DC equipment integration. Solar photovoltaic (PV) systems may supply DC Key research questions: directly rather than converting to AC and back again. This will be most effective if the voltage of the PV 1. Which DC powered devices offer the best opportunity to be system is matched with the most common voltage needed by the DC equipment. Research is needed to powered directly in residential and commercial applications? determine how to do this most effectively. 2. What types of buildings are best suited? What system Existing research: Nextek Power Systems. characteristics define the best opportunities in new buildings? . [Summaries of existing research pending] 3. Where is PV added to existing buildings/facilities? What additional equipment and systems (safety, control, and integration) are needed?

Visionary DC building of the future. Taking a new approach to create an all DC environment Key research questions: that includes electrical configuration, storage, end use devices, distribution, safety devices. 1. What metered resource savings can be achieved? 2. What are the technical challenges, lessons learned in putting this Existing research: Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI). together? . [Summaries of existing research pending] 3. What are the areas of this optimal solution that cannot be addressed by code? 4. What are the energy savings and the distribution of these savings?

DC power system inter-grid and intra-grid communications. The creation of Key research questions: arbitrary networks of grids of varying scales with dynamic plug and play interoperability. 1. Can we create a network of grids that are interconnected and exchanging power based on price signals? Existing research: Arizona State University (ASU) 2. Can a grid be built that communicates with individual devices and . [Summaries of existing research pending] includes price signals? 3. Can we define specific gateways between grids for both electrical and communication connections for grid to grid data interchange?

Communication through the system utility to device. With DC systems information Key research questions: can more reliably be sent via carrier signals on the same infrastructure (wires). 1. Can carrier signals be effectively used to communicate peer to peer between appliances as well as connecting communication to utility Existing research: ABB and Garling are working on breakers. signals? [Summaries of existing research pending] . 2. How can carrier signals transfer across DC voltage conversion devices? 3. What communications protocol is the best to use on DC wiring?

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163 ■ MARCH 2014 ELECTRONICS ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : ELECTRONICS Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Direct Current (DC) Power (3 of 4) Definitions” section

Modularity, More use of DC Improve safety Reduce cost and

simplicity, scalability supply and reliability resource use Drivers

Need for better energy storage DC motors and control Need new thinking for Need flexible power including batteries to be cost including cooling optimization of DC systems infrastructure and systems, pumps and fans effective and reliable components that can support a combined AC/DC

power distribution system Capability Gaps Capability

Standard uninterruptible power supply (UPS) interface Standardize DC system products for hardware and control protocols to accept power from voltage conversion, facility-level Better energy storage in photovoltaic (PV) and other DC distributed generation sources

distribution, and device connection the electrical system

Technology Technology Characteristics

DC Microgrid and renewable UPS-PV integration (large

energy integration Energy storage or small) (AC + DC) R&D R&D opportunities

Programs Emerson; EPRI; Budapest Heart , Tech; EMerge Alliance EPRI Gridpoint, iPower Standard

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

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R&D Program Summaries

Energy storage opportunities. New options exist for the integration of energy storage into a DC power Key research questions: system since the entire system can act as a DC link. 1. How and where can batteries and/or other energy storage systems be connected within a DC system? Existing research: Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI). 2. How can electric vehicles (EVs) be connected to DC systems [Summaries of existing research pending] . for charge and discharge requirements? 3. Can batteries and/or other battery storage systems be located and connected at various locations in a DC power system in order to meet differing component level reliability requirements?

DC Micro grid and renewable energy integration. DC power enables the opportunity to create Key research questions: DC microgrids which integrate, multiple power sources and can feed multiple loads while in both island mode 1. How can a DC microgrid be designed, built, and operated? and grid connected mode. 2. Can fuel [not discernible] be used to power a DC power Existing research: Emerson, Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), Budapest Tech [Budapest University of system? Technology and Economics?], EMerge Alliance Standard. . [Summaries of existing research pending]

UPS -PV integration (large or small). A common entry point for DC power (such as DV system or Key research questions: fuel cells) is to integrate with uninterruptible power systems (UPS) that use batteries as the storage element. 1. Do different batteries (deep cycle) need to be used These systems can be used in a large variety of backup systems from small back-up to datacenters to E-power compared to existing UPS systems? for buildings. Solar photovoltaic (PV) systems, too, may supply DC directly rather than converting to AC and back again. Research is needed to determine how most effectively to do this. 2. How much overall system efficiency can be achieved? 3. Can UPS system be more designed like grid independent PV Existing research: Heart Transverter, Gridpoint , and iPower are working in this area. battery systems? What are the differences and how can the . Heart Transverter developed a 2 kW power management device and control hardware for integrating PV, experiences of grid independent systems be copied to UPS electric vehicles, battery banks, and some other combinations of AC or DC within its power range. See systems? Appendix B for more information. . Gridpoint seems to have designed a product that is specifically meant to integrate with PV. See Appendix B 4. What are the differences in UPS systems from data centers for more information. to E-power systems for commercial and residential . iPower’s offering promises to tailor its UPS to specific distributed generation systems for an added cost. See buildings? Appendix B for more information. .

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National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : ELECTRONICS Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Direct Current (DC) Power (4 of 4) Definitions” section

Improve safety Avoid DC to AC transformation Diffusion of common and reliability energy losses communication protocols into

energy-consuming devices Drivers

Need to reduce Retrofit to DC Need new thinking Need to components to improve infrastructure from for optimization of meter DC

safety and reliability existing AC DC systems power Capability Gaps Capability

Design devices with AC distribution systems fewer components for equipment adaptor for DC Simple, reliable, Accurate measurement over size, cost, and reliability power (reverse adaptor) efficient DC voltage full range of DC power

conversion

Technology Technology Characteristics

Explore cost and space Solid state Basic R&D Development of metrics savings with DC power transformer needed on DC to assess the efficiency Development of loss reduction of building electrical revenue grade

R&D R&D EPRI; Universal EPRI; Virginia and reliability distribution system metering for DC

Electric Tech improvements Programs EPRI EPRI EPRI

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

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R&D Program Summaries

Basic R&D needed on DC loss reduction and reliability improvements. The concept of Key research questions: using DC power supply in a data center makes intuitive sense, but it is not well tested, especially in comparison 1. Can we set up a permanent national DC power test lab to other approaches such as using higher AC supply voltage (230V.). Basic proof-of-concept and maybe some where public, industry and government can see a proof of small trials are needed before expanding further. concept system in operation? Existing research: The Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) is assessing efficiency and loss-reduction potential for distribution technologies in general, including for DC power. See Appendix B for more information.

Explore cost and space savings with DC power. Comparing similar power distribution system Key research questions: designs for AC + DC systems. What are the cost and space savings when going from AC to DC. 1. How does DC power compare with a similar AC systems regarding total cost of ownership (TCO)? Existing research: Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), Universal Electric. 2. How does DC power compare with similar AC systems . [Summaries of existing research pending] regarding equipment space requirements?

Development of revenue grade metering for DC. (Summary not yet provided.) Key research questions: 1. Can we measure accurately over the entire range of end use devices? Existing research: Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI). 2. What is needed to make these meters compatible with [Summaries of existing research pending] . current generation of AC meters?

Continued . . .

167 ■ MARCH 2014 ELECTRONICS ROADMAPS Development of metrics to assess the efficiency of building electrical distribution Key research questions: system. Create a distribution efficiency metric. 100% efficient systems should have no losses. 1. What is the efficiency of the distribution system in different building types? Existing research: Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI). 2. Where are the losses? . [Summaries of existing research pending] 3. What is the efficiency of a DC based buildings? 4. What are the key metrics of success and the measurement protocol to determine? 5. Are there analytical means to define the metric?

Solid state transformer. It is desired to incorporate voltage transformation with rectification of building Key research questions: power. This will reduce conversion losses and number of power devices. 1. How can you efficiently and reliably convert utility distribution power (at 12 kV) to 380 VDC or any other desired voltage? Existing research: Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. . [Summaries of existing research pending]

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169 ■ MARCH 2014 ELECTRONICS ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : ELECTRONICS Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Use and Virtualization (1 of 5) Definitions” section

Driver not Four "any's" People more "plugged in" IP v.6 - Internet protocol version 6 Higher data rates and Proliferation of specified content, place, electronically, digital processing intensity consumer electronics time, device information, social networking Emergence of component level standards and energy use (increased plug loads) addressing energy use optimization

Consumer desire to be “green” and Drivers reduce embedded & used energy

Need information on Need to current baseline Need to develop Need data on the energy Need optimal Need optimize energy eliminate performance and cloud approach savings potential for software visual use by servers, display partly metrics, current for delivering and systems that automatically experience for routers, PCs and other or completely trends, and ongoing multiple services summarize information for TV and to minimize users vs. transmission, receipt devices involved in by routing Capability Gaps Capability R&D related to computer users Internet interactions images directly electronics and possibly printing of more with minimum usability, energy use, without degrading to eye or the energy use extensive information display energy and virtualization user experience human nervous potential consumption system

Networking Match data center Reduce latency to communication data power to use enable geographycal Display devices (such as TVs Technology Technology compression / speed "elastic power" shift of processing and computer screens) that Human- Characteristics / bandwidth provide optimal image quality device for human perception of text interface and images

Higher and faster communication

Develop more Intel, Caltech, Improve power Enable geographic shift immersive video Visual University of Victoria, elasticity from of compute loads R&D R&D content using hand- performance University of the bottom up Michigan, European held devices impacts with

Programs Amazon, Microsoft, micro-screens Centre for Nuclear Intel, Dell, EPRI other cloud computing Research (CERN) researchers MIT EPRI

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

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R&D Program Summaries

Improve power elasticity from the bottom up. Components are good at scaling energy use with Key research questions: load but that capability is lost in populations of machines and applications. Explore ways to extend elastic 1. Why do applications not show the same power elasticity as power use from component to data centers. chips, i.e., reducing energy consumption with reduce load? Existing research: Intel, Dell, Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI). 2. Why do data centers not show the same elasticity as . [Summaries of existing research pending] machines, i.e., whole building power elasticity compared to SPEC-power capabilities?

Higher and faster communication. Investigate the family of technology options that are effective at Key research questions: transferring larger amounts of data at higher rates. This includes examining compression techniques, 1. Which data compression techniques are available? communication protocols, expansion of bandwidth and the use of networks. The work should addressed both 2. What are the best communication protocols? distributed and control processing. 3. What are practical networking/communication speeds? Existing research: Intel, Caltech, University of Victoria (British Columbia), University of Michigan, European Centre for Nuclear Research (CERN). 4. How can communication bandwidth be expanded as well as utilization of bandwidths? . [Summaries of existing research pending] 5. How much processing can be applied at distributed devices versus being connected server/host?

Continued . . .

171 ■ MARCH 2014 ELECTRONICS ROADMAPS Enable geographic shift of computer loads. The vast majority of applications are interactive or Key research questions: human driven, requiring sub-second response times. Latency between several consumers drives geographic 1. Programming techniques that enable high latency between proximity today. Break the link between geography and application performance. server and network edge; be able to see results on smart phones in Europe with acceptable performance from servers Existing research: Amazon, Microsoft, other cloud computing researchers. in the U.S. This would enable load shifting without regard to . [Summaries of existing research pending] geography. 2. What percentage of apps is interactive/human driven? What percentage could be geography independent with proper programming methods?

Visual performance impacts with micro-screens. Using smaller computer screens saves Key research questions: energy, but for some applications performance may be reduced such that this is not feasible. Research user 1. What is optimal micro-screen size for different devices? feedback. Finding one user preference when performing different tasks. Reduce unnecessary devices if we can 2. Is there a need for a bigger than 65" TV? (4K TV) optimize user experience. 3. What are the pros and cons between liquid crystal display Existing research: Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI). (LCD) Vs Plasma Vs. light-emitting diode (LED)? . [Summaries of existing research pending]

Develop more immersive video content using hand-held devices. Virtual reality (VR) Key research questions: goggles can replace displays using much more energy, but research is needed on user comfort with VR goggles. 1. Questions not yet specified. Also examine the potential savings, comfort, and usability of miniaturized displays embedded in traditional eyeglass frames. Existing research: Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Media Lab. . The MIT Media Lab is currently researching VR viewing technology; see Appendix B for more information.

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173 ■ MARCH 2014 ELECTRONICS ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : ELECTRONICS Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Use and Virtualization (2 of 5) Definitions” section

Driver not IP v.6 - Internet protocol version 6 Consumer desire to be specified Four "any's" People more "plugged in" Proliferation of “green” and reduce content, place, electronically, digital consumer Emergence of component embedded & used energy time, device information, social networking electronics level standards addressing (increased plug energy use optimization Higher data rates and Drivers loads) processing intensity and energy use

Need optimize Need information on Need to develop Need data on the energy savings energy use by current baseline cloud approach for potential for software and systems servers, routers, PCs Need optimal visual performance and metrics, delivering multiple that automatically summarize and other devices experience for TV and current trends, and ongoing services to information for users vs. involved in Internet Capability Gaps Capability computer users with R&D related to usability, minimize transmission, receipt and possibly interactions without minimum display energy use, and electronics energy printing of more extensive degrading user energy consumption

virtualization potential use information experience Technology Technology

Characteristics Clear metrics that define Software, hardware and protocols Match data center cloud value to multiple that enable virtualization for power to use stakeholders computing at all scales "elastic power"

More efficient server use R&D R&D Cloud metrics and advantages The Green Grid, Programs Microsoft, SAP, Green Grid; IBM; Microsoft; PowerAssure, EPRI SAP; PowerAssure; EPRI

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

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R&D Program Summaries

Cloud metrics and advantages. Develop metrics that quantify the intuitive understanding that cloud Key research questions: computing is more efficient than disaggregated computing models. 1. What are the barriers to adoption of aggregated (i.e., cloud or centralized) computing? Existing research: Green Grid, IBM, Microsoft, SAP, PowerAssure. 2. Define metrics and demonstrate the utility (usefulness) of Dr. Zeydy Ortiz, Senior Performance Engineer in the Systems & Technology Group at IBM . many dimensions of cloud, e.g., cost reliability. (http://expertintegratedsystemsblog.com/index.php/author/zeydy-ortiz/). . Subject matter experts in September 2012 referred to the work of Timo Szeltzer at SAP. 3. Quantify the benefits of moving compute capacity to centralized resources, e.g., dumber. Cheaper. More efficient . Clemens Pfeiffer, Chief Technology Officer at PowerAssure (http://www.powerassure.com/). edge devices (smart phones) and more efficient centralized compute utilities (cloud). How much system-wide savings (cost, energy, carbon, etc)? 4. What else could solve this besides cloud?

More efficient server use. Quantify generic capacity and utilization metrics that address "Z sigma" Key research questions: (i.e., 60-70%) of data center metric needs. Focus on enterprise/small medium business. 1. How should compute requirement (capacity) be quantified? 2. Develop a generic "yardstick" ala "MIPS" that can be used to Existing research: The Green Grid, Microsoft, SAP, PowerAssure, Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI). better plan hardware (HW) capacity and measure utilization. . [Summaries of existing research pending] 3. As providers manage hardware (HW) pools compared to computer demand what metrics unit do they use to maximize profits?

175 ■ MARCH 2014 ELECTRONICS ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : ELECTRONICS Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Use and Virtualization (3 of 5) Definitions” section

Emergence of component Consumer desire to be “green” and Four "any's" People more "plugged in" level standards addressing No Driver reduce embedded & used energy content, place, electronically, digital energy use optimization Identified time, device information, social networking Higher data rates and processing IP v.6 - Internet Drivers intensity and energy use protocol version 6

Proliferation of consumer electronics (increased plug loads)

Need optimize energy Need optimal Capability Gaps Capability Need information on current use by servers, routers, visual experience Need to develop cloud Need data on the energy savings potential baseline performance and PCs and other devices for TV and approach for delivering for software and systems that automatically metrics, current trends, and involved in Internet computer users multiple services to summarize information for users vs. ongoing R&D related to interactions without with minimum minimize electronics transmission, receipt and possibly printing usability, energy use, and degrading user display energy energy use of more extensive information

virtualization potential experience consumption Technology Technology

Characteristics Networking communication Match data center Software, hardware and protocols data compression / speed / power to use that enable virtualization for bandwidth "elastic power" computing at all scales

Define discrete packages of energy saving Network/web energy usage research leading

R&D R&D measures that can be implemented by to better awareness of energy use of Internet,

Programs different data center types email, and other computer uses

LBNL; Green Grid LBNL

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

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R&D Program Summaries

Define discrete packages of energy saving measures that can be implemented Key research questions: by different data center types. Small data centers are different needs and issues than large data 1. Are there simple measures that reduce energy use of small centers. How can lesson learned from large data centers be applied to small data centers?. data centers? 2. What are the achievable cost effective levels of energy Existing research: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Green Grid. savings? . [Summaries of existing research pending] 3. What are barriers that increase savings cost and/or reduce the magnitude of achievable savings?

Network/web energy usage research leading to better awareness of energy use Key research questions: of Internet, email, and other computer uses. Many users consider it environmentally benign to 1. Are there simple measures that reduce energy use of small transfer information electronically rather than with paper, but there is substantial energy use for this; research data centers? this and raise user awareness. As a subtopic, perform a literature search to identify the manufacturers, national 2. What are the achievable cost effective levels of energy labs, and other organizations involved with R&D on the broader use of optical data transfer, which is more savings? energy efficient than metal cables. 3. What are barriers that increase savings cost and/or reduce Existing research: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL). the magnitude of achievable savings? . For more information on LBNL research in this area, see Appendix B

177 ■ MARCH 2014 ELECTRONICS ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : ELECTRONICS Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Use and Virtualization (4 of 5) Definitions” section

Proliferation of consumer electronics Data center cooling space People more "plugged in" More and cheaper products (increased plug loads) conditioning /humidification electronically, digital due to globalization of information, social networking manufacturing

Higher data rates and processing Drivers intensity and energy use

Consumer desire to be “green” and reduce embedded & used energy

How to create Production and distribution of Need open standards for default "OPT out" cooling in the most energy Need to eliminate display partly content streaming energy efficiency efficient way or completely by routing images roadmap Capability Gaps Capability directly to eye or the human Need system wide network nervous system power scaling to increase energy efficiency for streaming content

Production of cooling for data centers: Devices that convert high temperature/low lift chillers, high waste heat energy into Human-device "Do not disturb" sign for Open source language for temperature/low lift variable capacity other usable forms interface "OPT out" default energy-using consumer DR equipment plus chillers.

devices

Technology Technology Characteristics

High density heat producing equipment cooling efficiently

Emerson Electric; LBNL; Green Grid Waste heat Optical data Provide "OPT Out" vs. "OPT In" Open source language for conversion to zero or transfer to replace capability as default in design energy using devices

R&D R&D Increase efficiency for data center cooling usable energy forms metal cables and use of energy efficiency Programs features LBNL; NREL; Stanford Univ. North Carolina State Univ. EPRI; LBNL EPRI; UC Davis; MIT Intel

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

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R&D Program Summaries

High density heat producing equipment cooling efficiently. investigate efficient cooling Key research questions: solution for IT equipment other than grounded correction air cooling. 1. Increasing equipment power densities. Is increasing need for efficient cooling to control temperature? Existing research: Emerson Electric,Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Green Grid. 2. Are there more efficient ways to reject heat, cold plate, Subject matter experts in September 2012 referenced immersion cooling research at Emerson Electric. . radiative cooling, and immersion cooling in dielectric oil . [Summaries of other existing research pending] baths?

Increase efficiency for data center cooling. What can be done to reduce energy use in cooling Key research questions: data centers? How can the mechanical equipment design and operations be optimized for data center cooling?. 1. Equipment design and operation for comfort cooling is not optimized for IT equipment cooling in data centers. Existing research: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI). 2. need high temperature (~60-65F supply temperature Vs [Summaries of existing research pending] . ~45F for human comfort application) chillers with low lift. 3. What is the energy saving potential of such equipment and how could these be developed? 4. How can the low grade waste heat generated from IT equipment be used effectively? 5. What are energy efficient solutions and how can these be developed for data centers?

Waste heat conversion to zero or usable energy forms. The development of practical waste Key research questions: heat conversion systems to create alternative energy forms. 1. What useful waste heat conversions can be practically achieved? Existing research: Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), University of California Davis. 2. What conversion efficiency is achievable? . [Summaries of existing research pending]

Continued . . .

179 ■ MARCH 2014 ELECTRONICS ROADMAPS Open source language for energy using devices. Energy using devices need to communicate Key research questions: with each other and control systems in a vendor-independent fashion. 1. What is the basic set of info that energy devices should tell about itself? Existing research: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Stanford University, North Carolina State University. 2. What is a standard way for devices to exchange info? . [Summaries of existing research pending]

Optical data transfer to replace metal cables. Perform a literature search to identify the Key research questions: manufacturers, national labs, and other organizations involved with R&D on the broader use of optical data 1. Does it take less energy to transmit 1 petabyte (PB) of data transfer, which is more energy efficient than metal cables. over optical fiber compared to metal cable? Existing research: Intel. 2. How much less and is it economically compelling? How does . [Summaries of existing research pending] this depend on data density? 3. What would be a way of replacing existing metal cable infrastructure with optical and what would be the magnitude of savings?

Provide "OPT Out" vs. "OPT In" capability as default in design and use of energy Key research questions: efficiency features. Default features are invariably used and making the energy efficiency and default 1. How do we inculcate the culture of energy efficiency features features will increase it use. Also when developers are developing design/software/apps, they would resolve as default rather than after thought? any issues related to these features will ensure that apps work. Existing research: None identified.

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181 ■ MARCH 2014 ELECTRONICS ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : ELECTRONICS Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Use and Virtualization (5 of 5) Definitions” section

No Driver Four "any's" content, IP v.6 - Internet More and cheaper Identified place, time, device protocol version 6 Proliferation of Consumer desire to Higher data rates products due to consumer electronics be “green” and and processing globalization of (increased plug loads) reduce embedded & intensity and People more "plugged manufacturing Emergence of used energy energy use in" electronically, component level

Drivers digital information, standards social networking Data center cooling addressing energy space conditioning use optimization Digital rights management / /humidification Content ownership

Production and Need information on Need to develop Need data on the energy Need optimize distribution Need optimal current baseline cloud approach savings potential for software energy use by Need to remove Need of cooling visual experience performance and for delivering and systems that servers, routers, legal barriers to appropriate in the most metrics, current trends, multiple automatically summarize PCs and other for TV and Capability Gaps Capability network DVR power scaling energy computer users and ongoing R&D services to information for users vs. devices involved in cloud video for end use efficient with minimum related to usability, minimize transmission, receipt and Internet interactions streaming devices that way display energy energy use, and electronics possibly printing of more without degrading (copyright law) stream content

virtualization use extensive information user experience consumption Technology Technology

Production of cooling for data Characteristics Part load efficiency scale centers: high temperature/low lift Match data center energy use down chillers, high temperature/low lift Devices that convert waste heat power to use proportionally to user in variable capacity DR equipment energy into other usable forms "elastic power" networking, processing, etc. plus chillers.

R&D R&D Data centers and servers design to

Programs minimize air conditioning energy use.

NREL; LBNL

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

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R&D Program Summaries

Data centers and servers design to minimize air conditioning energy use. Goal is to Key research questions: design data centers to maximize heat recovery and minimize space air conditioning energy use. 1. What are cost and performance tradeoffs with different air conditioning approaches? Existing research: National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL). 2. What are cost and performance tradeoffs with different heat recovery technologies? . [Summaries of existing research pending] 3. How does air conditioning and heat recovery efficiency scale with data center size and location?

183 ■ MARCH 2014 ELECTRONICS ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : ELECTRONICS Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Component-Level Efficiency (1 of 3) Definitions” section

Emergence of Manufacturers' Availability of cross-cutting, component level need to maintain low-cost technology building standards competitive Need for Smart grid Integration of info, blocks (i.e. wireless, ultra confidentiality to technology communication & addressing advantage via compact heat exchangers, energy use EE components sustain competitive development entertainment advanced controls, ASDs) advantage devices

Drivers optimization Diffusion of common communication protocols into energy-consuming devices

Need to configure highly efficient mobile Need to validate components Need to optimize energy use at the level of chips components for non-mobile devices for energy efficiency for any and other electronic components as a precursor example use laptop component for Capability Gaps Capability given set of functions to optimizing whole-device efficiency desktops and servers

Tools for modeling Optoelectronics / Develop component that Develop performance indicators Command control and communicate component interactive Photonics integrated with power sensor to energy management information at a can be power-scaled

Technology Technology energy impacts

determine energy efficiency discrete component level

Characteristics R&D R&D

Programs Integrated solutions for device component on / off states

Intel; OEMs; LBNL

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 184

R&D Program Summaries

Integrated solutions for device component on / off states. Identify and quantify for Key research questions: potentials for high impact products where the reduction of component standby losses can result in significant 1. Can we identify energy loss mechanisms in the system? savings. 2. Can we quantify energy saving potential? Existing research: Intel, original equipment manufacturers (OEMs), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 3. What is cost/benefit of entering/leaving standby state? (LBNL). 4. Can we validate through demonstration? . [Summaries of existing research pending]

185 ■ MARCH 2014 ELECTRONICS ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : ELECTRONICS Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Component-Level Efficiency (2 of 3) Definitions” section

Emergence of Manufacturers' Availability of cross-cutting, component level need to maintain low-cost technology building standards competitive Need for Smart grid Integration of info, blocks (i.e. wireless, ultra confidentiality to technology communication & addressing advantage via compact heat exchangers, energy use EE components sustain competitive development entertainment advanced controls, ASDs) advantage devices

Drivers optimization Diffusion of common communication protocols into energy-consuming devices

Need to configure highly efficient mobile Need to validate components Need to optimize energy use at the level of chips components for non-mobile devices for energy efficiency for any and other electronic components as a precursor example use laptop component for Capability Gaps Capability given set of functions to optimizing whole-device efficiency desktops and servers

Tools for modeling Optoelectronics / Develop component that Command control and communicate component interactive Photonics energy management information at a can be power-scaled

Technology Technology energy impacts

discrete component level

Characteristics R&D R&D

Programs Power supply efficiency

CEC PIER; EPRI; Ecova

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

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R&D Program Summaries

Power supply efficiency. Continue advancing R&D efforts that target power supply efficiency expand beyond Key research questions: computer category. 1. Can we develop smart wall warts with load sensing? Existing research: The Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), Ecova, Inc., and the California Energy Commission’s (CEC) Public Interest Energy Research (PIER) program are involved in this work.. 2. Can we expand categories under the 80 PLUS voluntary certification program? . EPRI and Ecova, Inc., (http://www.ecova.com/), with funding from the CED PIER program, have collaborated to create and maintain a website to serve as a forum on current and recently completed R&D on energy efficient power supplies 3. "Smart" communication protocols to manage in the “active” or “on” mode (http://www.efficientpowersupplies.org/) charging process or to distinguish AC/DC input. . Ecova, Inc., maintains the website EfficientProducts.org to provide a central location showcasing research on energy 4. Can we incorporate wide band gap transistors in efficient consumer products (http://www.efficientproducts.org/index.php). design? . An overview of CEC PIER-funded research in consumer and office electronics as of April 2010 can be found at 5. Can we mitigate conducted and radiated http://www.calit2.uci.edu/uploads/Media/Text/Meister_CECPresentation_ConsumerandOfficeElectronics_Meister.pdf. emissions?

187 ■ MARCH 2014 ELECTRONICS ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : ELECTRONICS Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Component-Level Efficiency (3 of 3) Definitions” section

Emergence of Manufacturers' Availability of cross-cutting, component level need to maintain low-cost technology building standards competitive Need for Smart grid Integration of info, blocks (i.e. wireless, ultra confidentiality to technology communication & addressing advantage via compact heat exchangers, energy use EE components sustain competitive development entertainment advanced controls, ASDs) advantage devices

Drivers optimization Diffusion of common communication protocols into energy-consuming devices

Need to configure highly efficient mobile Need to validate components Need to optimize energy use at the level of chips components for non-mobile devices for energy efficiency for any and other electronic components as a precursor example use laptop component for Capability Gaps Capability given set of functions to optimizing whole-device efficiency desktops and servers

Command control and communicate Optoelectronics / Tools for modeling component Photonics energy management information at a interactive energy impacts

Technology Technology discrete component level Characteristics

R&D R&D Memory efficiency

Programs SanDisk; HP; IBM; Purdue Univ.

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 188

R&D Program Summaries

Memory efficiency. Continue advancing R&D efforts that target memory efficiency, including Key research questions: development of new, lower-power memory technologies. 1. Quantify energy savings of alternate memory technologies. 2. Quantify reliability and performance at alternate memory Existing research: Subject matter experts report that research is ongoing at SanDisk, IBM, Hewlett-Packard, and other manufacturers. Ongoing research from manufacturers tends largely to be proprietary and, therefore, not technologies. thoroughly or consistently reported through companies’ web pages. There is also ongoing research at Purdue 3. Quantify costs of alternate memory technologies. University. 4. Establish benchmark of existing state of the art memory . SanDisk: http://www.sandisk.com/. technologies relative to criteria 1-3 above. . [Summaries of other existing research pending.]

189 ■ MARCH 2014 ELECTRONICS ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : ELECTRONICS Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Complete Electronic System (1 of 3) Definitions” section

Centralization of Need to understand the computing storage energy consumption due to Consumer desire (industry scale data interactions among multiple for comfort and

center) system through network aesthetics Drivers

Possibly communication activities use Turn off all home electronics without disrupting more power than necessary-could be Make saving energy without functionality (i.e., smart strip equivalent software or ways to send/receive in batches rather sacrificing user experience

than waking often. chip that can be built into any product) Capability Gaps Capability

Super efficient desktop personal computer

Technology Technology Built-in non intrusive energy

Characteristics measurement report technology Efficient set-top box Super efficient TV / computer display Super efficient servers

Identify technologies that are most

susceptible to the “rebound effect” R&D R&D User behavior specialists, M&V

Programs specialists

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

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R&D Program Summaries

Identify technologies that are most susceptible to the “rebound effect. Perform Key research questions: human factors R&D to determine which combinations of products and users are most likely to cancel out 1. How to quantify Everyday Electronic Materials (EEMs) with intended energy savings. largest energy saving variances between the baseline and efficient technologies? Existing research: Stakeholders indicate that research in this area is underway at a institutions that specialize in measurement & verification (M&V) and behavior, but further information about this R&D is not known as of 2. How to quantify cross-measure influences where "rebound Feb. 2013. effect" occurs? . [Summaries of existing research pending] 3. How to identify primary driver for rebound, based on Everyday Electronic Materials (EEMs)?

191 ■ MARCH 2014 ELECTRONICS ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : ELECTRONICS Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Complete Electronic System (2 of 3) Definitions” section

Consumer desire Need to understand the for comfort and Centralization of computing energy consumption due to aesthetics storage (industry scale data center) interactions among multiple

system through network Drivers

Turn off all home electronics without disrupting Possibly communication activities use more power Make saving energy without functionality (i.e., smart strip equivalent software than necessary-could be ways to send/receive in sacrificing user experience

or chip that can be built into any product) batches rather than waking often. Capability Gaps Capability

Software optimization to Develop performance indicator and integrated Built-in non intrusive energy

Technology Technology Super efficient servers

drive system efficiency power sensors to determine energy efficiency measurement report technology Characteristics

Integrate algorithms with

device architecture R&D R&D

NetApp; others Programs

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 192

R&D Program Summaries

Integrate algorithms with device architecture. Measure the energy consumed by servers, storage, Key research questions: and networks for services, select appropriate hardware and software for better energy efficiency. 1. How to quantify and minimize the energy consumption for a given service? Existing research: Stakeholders indicate that research in this area is underway at NetApp, Inc. (http://www.netapp.com/us/), but this R&D is not always accessible for collaboration and tends largely to be 2. How to develop a validated methodology for energy proprietary and, therefore, not thoroughly or consistently reported through companies’ web pages. efficiency software in distributed systems? . [Summaries of existing research pending] 3. How to schedule services for balancing and minimizing consumption in data centers?

193 ■ MARCH 2014 ELECTRONICS ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : ELECTRONICS Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Complete Electronic System (3 of 3) Definitions” section

Centralization of Need to understand the computing storage energy consumption due to Consumer desire (industry scale data interactions among multiple for comfort and

center) system through network aesthetics Drivers

Possibly communication activities use Turn off all home electronics without more power than necessary-could be Make saving energy without disrupting functionality (i.e., smart ways to send/receive in batches rather sacrificing user experience strip equivalent software or chip that

than waking often. can be built into any product) Capability Gaps Capability

Software Identify interactions among Super efficient desktop optimization to Super efficient TV / systems and the implications of Super efficient servers Efficient set-top box Technology Technology personal computer drive system computer display energy efficiency Characteristics efficiency

Simpler and more energy

R&D R&D efficient PCs that still meet

Programs the needs of 70% of users Integrated design

Dell; HP; Apple; Ecova Various manufacturers

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

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R&D Program Summaries

Integrated design. Develop tools and approaches to help manufacturers do whole-system designs that Key research questions: achieve ultra-low energy consumption. 1. Can we develop consistent methodologies/benchmarking to measure efficiency (open standard)? Existing research: Stakeholders indicate that research in this area is underway at a variety of television manufacturers, but this R&D is not accessible for collaboration and tends largely to be proprietary and, 2. Can we define categories that are easily bounded with therefore, not thoroughly or consistently reported through companies’ web pages. common energy characteristics to enable measurements? . [Summaries of existing research pending]

Simpler and more energy efficient PCs that still meet the needs of 70% of users. Key research questions: Explore innovative approaches to reducing energy use by mass-market PCs. Issue challenge to industry for best 1. Can we develop net zero laptop for a given set of function? design. 2. What subsystems can be optimized? Existing research: Stakeholders report that research is ongoing at Dell, Hewlett-Packard (HP), Apple, and other 3. What components are needed for optimization? manufacturers. Ongoing research from manufacturers tends largely to be proprietary and, therefore, not thoroughly or consistently reported through companies’ web pages. There is also ongoing research at Ecova. . Apple, Inc., reports that every product they sell exceeds ENERGY STAR specifications, and that their goal is to reduce energy use with their laptop and desktop computers while not negatively impacting user experience. Their research includes both hardware and software products, and focuses on three areas: 1) using more efficient power supplies; 2) using components that require less power; 3) using power management software; see http://www.apple.com/environment/energy-efficiency/. . The work of HP’s worldwide research group—HP Labs—spans a range of technical applications and business areas, including cloud computing, security, information analytics, infrastructure, and networking. HP introduced their rp5700 Desktop PC in 2007 that achieved the highest performance rating of the Electronic Products Environmental Assessment Tool (EPEAT) (http://www.epeat.net/) registry and met ENERGY STAR® 4.0 requirements; in April 2010, HP introduced two space-saving and energy-efficient desktop PCs; see http://www.hpl.hp.com/ and http://www.hp.com/hpinfo/newsroom. . [Summaries of other existing research pending]

195 ■ MARCH 2014 ELECTRONICS ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : ELECTRONICS Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Power Management Control and Communication (1 of 12) Definitions” section

Smart grid More and cheaper Proliferation of Diffusion of common Use codes Diffusion of common technology products due to consumer electronics communication protocols into to lock in communication development globalization of (increased plug energy consuming devices efficiency protocols into energy Consumer manufacturing loads) gains consuming devices desire for comfort and More and cheaper products due to aesthetics Diffusion of common globalization of manufacturing Drivers communication More and cheaper Consumer desire to protocols into energy products due to be "green" and reduce consuming devices globalization of embedded & used manufacturing energy

Consumer desire for comfort and aesthetics

Need to enable home automation Need Need to

Capability Gaps Capability to allow Need to Need to network integrate sleep Need to "permission- Need interactive / develop low have cost- standby mode optimize based" deep communicating cost effective for "horizontal" applications sleep mode Need to energy savings in devices that are systems hospitality standards with product energy require plug loads; designed in, not that permit industry to for all standby impacts minimal residential added-on systems quick install and devices software and without user appliances, (less hardware) adoption operate hardware degrading interaction HVAC, and configurations user lighting experience

Need to optimize sleep mode energy impacts without degrading user

experience

Technology Technology Characteristics

Quality open User interface/display standards: Standardized power communication power control, price response, hardware, software, and Software compatibility Video game systems with standards (simple scheduling, occupancy, display protocols to enable device with standby modes sleep modes that do not erase

and few) interaction, lighting, HVAC sleep/standby modes scores, progress, etc. R&D R&D Identifying and promoting best practices (set-top Programs Requirement standards for sleep / stand-by modes boxes management and device replacement) Software compatible with stand-by modes

CEC; PG&E consultants; LBNL; ENERGY STAR Telas; CalPlug; service providers; utilities PNNL; EPRI

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

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R&D Program Summaries

Requirement standards for sleep / stand-by modes. Develop equipment and code-based Key research questions: approaches to eliminating product energy consumption when not in use. 1. How can a product stay aware in a low power state to be powered up when needed? Existing research: Research is ongoing at the California Energy Commission (CEC), Pacific Gas & Electric (PG&E), the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), and ENERGY STAR. 2. How can a product seamlessly be updated from a low power state (e.g. software update, firmware updates, programs . Stakeholders referenced PG&E research in this area, which is likely conducted by the PG&E Emerging Technologies Program. This program does not have its own website, and current contact information is not guides)? readily apparent; as of Feb. 2012, attempts continue to track-down this information. 3. How does a product know when it can go to sleep? How can . Ongoing work in this area at the LBNL can be found in Appendix B. a user opt-art? . ENERGY STAR sleep-mode/stand-by standards for computers and electronic equipment can be found at 4. What user interface standard can be used for users to http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=products.pr_find_es_products. understand power state and how to wake it up? . [Summaries of other existing research pending]

Identifying and promoting best practices (STB power management and device Key research questions: replacement). Some devices will operate much beyond the time new versions, that are significantly more 1. What best practices are being used by to save energy (ie. set efficient, are available. What justifications are needed for retirement (recycling and level of energy savings) to top boxes) through power management? Identify what and occur?. where this is occurring? Existing research: Telas, California Plug Load Research Center (CalPlug), service providers, utilities. 2. What incentive levels can be justified (if they can) for a particular device to be retired based on energy savings and . See the CalPlug Set Top Box roadmap at http://www.calplug.uci.edu/index.php/pubs?layout=edit&id=44. repurposing options? . [Summaries of other existing research pending]

Software compatible with stand-by modes. To facilitate widespread adoption of sleep mode Key research questions: technology, it is essential that the technology serves the needs of end users and network administrators and is 1. Games need sleep mode that save all information so not also compatible with all commonly used software applications and video games. overridden. Existing research: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI). 2. Game controls need to be shipped and sleep mode . In 2010, EPRI completed a preliminary study on the power consumption of various gaming consoles. The activated. deliverable for this study was a press release, but ongoing related work in this and other areas of electronics components and systems is part of EPRI’s End Use Energy Efficiency and Demand Response research (Program 170) and can be found in Appendix B. . [Summaries of other existing research pending]

197 ■ MARCH 2014 ELECTRONICS ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : ELECTRONICS Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Power Management Control and Communication (2 of 12) Definitions” section

Consumer desire to be Diffusion of common Use codes to lock in Proliferation of consumer More and cheaper products due to "green" and reduce embedded communication protocols into efficiency gains

electronics (increased plug loads) globalization of manufacturing & used energy energy consuming devices Drivers

People are more "plugged in" Diffusion of common electronically, digital information, communication protocols into

social networking energy consuming devices Capability Gaps Capability Need peer to peer communication Need network standby Need to develop low cost systems to control power levels to a "horizontal" standards for that permit quick adoption minimum necessary all devices

Monitoring devices: end- Standard protocols to get

Technology Technology use, algorithms for load device calculate its energy use

Characteristics disaggregation and communicate that out

Low cost accurate measurement capabilities by load, End-use disaggregation of loads circuit level and whole building R&D R&D Univ. of Washington; MIT; Carnegie Mellon; Univ. of Texas;

Programs Powerhouse Dynamics; Energy Hub with GE; BC Hydro; MelRok; Futuredash others

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

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R&D Program Summaries

Low cost accurate measurement capabilities by load, circuit level and whole Key research questions: building. A simple (to the customer) method of measuring unit energy use is needed to aid our 1. Determine what is needed via computation capabilities and understanding of the device’s significance in building energy use. Measurement must be non-intrusive and monitoring of device’s state to calculate energy use over time. reasonably accurate. This also serves as a signal to manufacturers. Protocol for manufactures. Existing research: Powerhouse Dynamics, Energy Hub with General Electric (GE), BC Hydro, MelRok, 2. Would a standard serve to provide manufactures with what Futuredash. they need to embed capability within device? . EnergyHub: http://www.energyhub.com/. 3. What software/app requirements are needed to capture . eMonitor by Powerhouse Dynamics: http://www.powerhousedynamics.com/. device’s energy use? . BC Hydro's load research group: http://www.bchydro.com/index.html. 4. How can advanced measurement be used for evaluation of . MelRok: http://www.melrok.com/. energy efficiency programs in this area? . EnergyBuddy by Futuredash: http://www.futuredash.com/energybuddy. . [Summaries of existing research pending]

End-use disaggregation of loads. Development of non-intrusive load monitoring (NILM) methods Key research questions: and tools. 1. Appliance end-use disaggregation (based on circuit – or building – level measurement) algorithm development. Existing research: University of Washington, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Carnegie Mellon University, University of Texas. 2. Define accuracy and sample interval requirements for various inventory, control, and M&V needs to evaluate available NILM . [Summaries of existing research pending] technology against.

199 ■ MARCH 2014 ELECTRONICS ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : ELECTRONICS Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Power Management Control and Communication (3 of 12) Definitions” section

Consumer desire to People are more "plugged in" Diffusion of common Smart grid be "green" and electronically, digital information, communication protocols into technology reduce embedded & social networking energy consuming devices development

used energy Drivers

Diffusion of common Proliferation of More and cheaper products communication consumer electronics due to globalization of protocols into energy (increased plug loads) manufacturing consuming devices

Use codes to lock in efficiency gains

Capability Gaps Capability Need to integrate sleep mode applications with product standby Need network standby "horizontal" software and hardware configurations standards for all devices

Need peer to peer Need to develop Need interactive / Need to enable home automation to communication to low cost systems communicating devices allow "permission-based" deep control power levels to a that permit quick that are designed in, not energy savings in plug loads; minimum necessary adoption added-on systems (less residential appliances, HVAC, and

hardware) lighting

Technology Technology Characteristics

Standard protocols to get device calculate Monitoring devices: end-use, Quality open communication Software compatibility

its energy use and communicate that out algorithms for load disaggregation standards (simple and few) with standby modes R&D R&D

Programs Electronics energy savings opportunity analysis

NEEP; ECW; EPRI

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 200

R&D Program Summaries

Electronics energy savings opportunity analysis. Analysis of plug-load including changing, mobile, Key research questions: and off-grid devices savings opportunities and cost/benefit characterization to develop effective strategies for active 1. Need detailed inventory of plug loads and analysis of energy management and purchase/replacement decisions. energy savings opportunities for individual devices. Existing research: Energy Efficiency Partnerships (NEEP), Energy Center of Wisconsin (ECW), Electric Power Research 2. What is the total energy use attributed to plug loads? Institute (EPRI). (all electronics, all miscellaneous devices; all other plug . ECW: http://www.ecw.org/. tools) . NEEP: http://www.neep.org/. 3. Useful life assessment and data on typical replacement . [Summaries of existing research pending] timelines. How often are devices replaced (for each type of device)? How often should they be replaced? What is really happening to legacy devices (recycled or re-used in the kids’ room)?

201 ■ MARCH 2014 ELECTRONICS ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : ELECTRONICS Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Power Management Control and Communication (4 of 12) Definitions” section

Consumer desire to be "green" and Diffusion of common communication Consumer reduce embedded & used energy protocols into energy consuming devices desire for comfort and

aesthetics Drivers Use codes to lock in efficiency gains More and cheaper products due to Proliferation of consumer globalization of manufacturing electronics (increased plug loads)

Need network Need to integrate sleep Capability Gaps Capability standby mode applications with Need to have cost- Need to develop Need to optimize sleep "horizontal" product standby effective for Need to require low cost systems mode energy impacts standards for all software and hardware hospitality industry minimal user that permit quick without degrading devices configurations to install and interaction adoption user experience

operate Technology Technology

Characteristics Standardized power hardware, software, and Software compatibility Sleep mode more responsive to protocols to enable device sleep/standby modes with standby modes late-night network updates

R&D R&D Address stand-by energy use Network management for

of set-top-boxes (STB) computer network administrators Programs CEC, UC Irvine; CEE; CalPlug Apple sleep proxy; NCS; UCSD; Microsoft

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

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R&D Program Summaries

Network management for computer network administrators. To facilitate widespread Key research questions: adoption of sleep mode technology, it’s not enough that it works well with end users. Sleep mode also needs to 1. Conduct in-depth survey of network administrators meet the needs of network administrators; otherwise, they will not support (or will even disallow) its use. For segmented by network size and sector to determine their example, sleep mode must become more responsive to late night network admin updates. needs that may conflict with existing sleep modes. Existing research: Researchers at U.C. San Diego (UCSD) and at Microsoft are working in this area; others 2. How do networks administrators needs align with features include Apple sleep proxy and NCS. and functions of desktop, laptop, net books, etc. computers . Researchers at UCSD developed their “SleepServer” software in 2009 to reduce personal computer energy available today? consumption within enterprise environments by hosting a light-weight image of each PC on the server that 3. How to integrate changes or enhancements to computer can allow the individual PCs to remain in sleep mode longer, but still remain accessible for waking. This product is currently being refined for wider applicability and commercialization. More information about this sleep modes that overcome existing barriers? project in Appendix B. 4. How to move forward to incorporate the admin’s needs and . Microsoft’s “sleep proxy” allows PCs to remain in sleep mode, on average, about 50% more of the time sleep mode enhancements? without sacrificing employee or IT accessibility. More information about this project in Appendix B. . [Summaries of other existing research pending]

Address stand-by energy use of STBs. Facilitate and monitor industry progress towards low- Key research questions: energy sleep modes for STB. Potential for dramatic energy reductions in the U.S. households in 5 years. 1. What is industry progress towards low-energy stand-by for STB? Existing research: California Energy Commission (CEC), University of California Irvine, Consortium for Energy Efficiency (CEE). 2. Can avoiding STB cable card be used to drop STB stand-by power to lower 10 Watts? . Subject matter experts in September 2012 referred to the work of CEE’s Electronics Committee. . See the CalPlug Set Top Box roadmap at 3. What can be done to assist industry in reaching a successful http://www.calplug.uci.edu/index.php/pubs?layout=edit&id=44. and timely result? . [Summaries of other existing research pending] 4. Monitoring or pilot testing of low-energy STBs? 5. Can we eliminate STBs by removing the legal barriers to network our implementation?

203 ■ MARCH 2014 ELECTRONICS ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : ELECTRONICS Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Power Management Control and Communication (5 of 12) Definitions” section

People are more Diffusion of common More and cheaper More and cheaper Proliferation of consumer "plugged in" communication products due to Smart grid products due to electronics (increased electronically, protocols into energy globalization of technology globalization of plug loads) digital information, consuming devices manufacturing development

manufacturing social networking Drivers

Diffusion of common communication protocols into energy Consumer desire to be "green" and consuming devices reduce embedded & used energy

Use codes to lock in efficiency gains

Need to have Need to Capability Gaps Capability cost-effective develop low for hospitality cost industry to systems Need peer to peer Need network install and that permit communication to standby Need interactive / Need to enable home quick communicating automation to allow operate control power "horizontal" Need to develop adoption levels to a standards for devices that are "permission-based" low cost systems designed in, not deep energy savings minimum all devices that permit quick necessary added-on in plug loads; adoption systems (less residential hardware) appliances, HVAC,

and lighting

Technology Technology Characteristics

Standard communicating Standard protocols to systems & components Quality open get device calculate its available to original equipment communication standards energy use and manufactures (OEMSs) for (simple and few) communicate that out

their products R&D R&D

Programs Energy transparency Energy Reporting

Various manufacturers; CalPlug FSEC

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

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R&D Program Summaries

Energy transparency. Create technologies and policy structures so that actual energy use of devices is Key research questions: available to building occupants, owners, manufacturers, regulators, researches, and policy analysts. 1. What mechanisms exist to report energy use to network? 2. How could this be exported outside the building for general Existing research: Various manufacturers, California Plug Load Research Center (CalPlug). use? What is needed to assure privacy and security? . CalPlug: http://calplug.uci.edu/. 3. How can this information be used by above stakeholders? . [Summaries of existing research pending]

Energy Reporting. Identify needs for protocols that report energy use (and related info) of device to Key research questions: network. Identify existing protocols (or ones in development) that do this and evaluate for quality, 1. What needs to be reported? completeness, application scope, etc. Revise standards as needed. Identify preferred standards. 2. What protocols are relevant? Existing research: Florida Solar Energy Center (FSEC). 3. What protocols are there? . [Summaries of existing research pending] 4. How to fill them? 5. Can data exchange in a standardized format be used to foster information in energy feedback, reporting and control?

205 ■ MARCH 2014 ELECTRONICS ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : ELECTRONICS Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Power Management Control and Communication (6 of 12) Definitions” section

Diffusion of common communication Proliferation of More and cheaper Diffusion of common Smart grid protocols into consumer products due to communication technology energy consuming electronics globalization of protocols into devices (increased plug manufacturing consuming devices

loads) Drivers

Consumer desire for comfort and aesthetics

Need to have cost- Need to enable home effective for Need to optimize Need interactive / automation to allow Need to develop low cost hospitality industry to sleep mode communicating "permission-based" Capability Gaps Capability systems that permit install and operate energy impacts devices that are deep energy savings quick adoption without designed in, not in plug loads; degrading user added-on systems residential appliances, experience (less hardware) HVAC, and lighting

Standard communicating Technology Technology systems & components Monitoring devices:

Characteristics available to original equipment end-use, algorithms User interface/display standards: for load power control, price response, Control devices (internal manufactures (OEMSs) for their or external) - switches, products disaggregation scheduling, occupancy, display interaction, lighting, HVAC user sensing, user aware

R&D R&D Demonstrate price-

Programs responsive devices

LBNL DRRC; GE

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 206

R&D Program Summaries

Demonstrate price-responsive devices. Modify electronic devices (e.g. PC, monitor, printer, etc) to be Key research questions: able to receive dynamic prize signals over network and alter behavior in response. Also, do other devices such as 1. How can price signals be relayed within a building? refrigerator, lights. 2. What can different price signals do to alter their energy Existing research: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) Demand Response Research Center (DRRC), use patterns? General Electric (GE). 3. What algorithms work well to determine operator? . DRRC: http://drrc.lbl.gov/. 4. Does it work? . [Summaries of existing research pending] 5. Does it add hardware cost to the product?

207 ■ MARCH 2014 ELECTRONICS ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : ELECTRONICS Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Power Management Control and Communication (8 of 12) Definitions” section

Consumer More and cheaper Diffusion of common Smart grid desire for Use codes to Consumer desire to be products due to communication technology comfort and lock in efficiency "green" and reduce globalization of protocols into energy development aesthetics gains embedded & used energy

manufacturing consuming devices Drivers

Proliferation of consumer electronics People are more "plugged in" Diffusion of common (increased plug electronically, digital communication protocols into loads) information, social networking energy consuming devices

Proliferation of More and cheaper products due consumer to globalization of manufacturing electronics (increased plug

loads) Capability Gaps Capability

Need to enable Need home automation Need Need peer to interactive/com Need to Need Need to to allow interactive/com peer municating "permission- optimize sleep Need to municating network communication develop low develop low devices that are based" deep mode energy devices that are standby to control cost systems designed in, not impacts cost systems "horizontal" that permit energy savings in designed in, not power levels to added-on plug loads; without that permit added-on standards for a minimum quick quick adoption systems (less residential degrading user systems (less all devices necessary adoption hardware) experience appliances, HVAC,

hardware) and lighting

Technology Technology Characteristics

User interface/display standards: power Standard protocols to get Quality open communication control, price response, scheduling, device calculate its energy use standards (simple and few)

occupancy, display interaction, lighting, HVAC and communicate that out

R&D R&D Programs Future building network architecture

Panduit; Honeywell; Cisco

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 208

R&D Program Summaries

Use of hotel keys to activate room power. Continue advancing key-based systems that disable Key research questions: lighting, HVAC and other energy uses in hotel rooms when not occupied. 1. Questions not yet specified.

Existing research: Various manufacturers. . Madison Gas and Electric of Wisconsin has compiled an overview of the potential benefits associated with hotel room automation systems: http://www.mge.com/business/saving/madison/PA_63.html. They have also collated links to nineteen automation controls manufacturers (http://www.mge.com/business/saving/madison/PA_manufacturers.html#PA63).

Automated systems to shut down all electrical devices not in use. Stakeholders Key research questions: indicate that various products are already equipped with this functionality, but that there is a need to advance 1. Questions not yet specified. current best practices for products that turn themselves off when not in use. Existing research: Various manufacturers. . [Summaries of existing research pending]

209 ■ MARCH 2014 ELECTRONICS ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : ELECTRONICS Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Power Management Control and Communication (9 of 12) Definitions” section

More and cheaper Proliferation of consumer More and cheaper Smart grid products due to Consumer desire for electronics (increased products due to technology globalization of comfort and aesthetics plug loads) globalization of development Drivers manufacturing manufacturing

Need to enable home automation to allow Need to optimize sleep Need to develop low Need interactive/communicating "permission-based" mode energy impacts deep energy savings in cost systems that devices that are designed in, not without degrading user permit quick adoption added-on systems (less hardware) plug loads; residential experience appliances, HVAC, and Capability Gaps Capability lighting

User interface/display standards: Monitoring devices: end-use, Control devices (internal or power control, price response, algorithms for load external) - switches, user scheduling, occupancy, display disaggregation sensing, user aware

Technology Technology interaction, lighting, HVAC Characteristics

Behavior economics for how people use

R&D R&D devices

Programs CalPlug / Calit2; UC Irvine; major PC manufacturers

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 210

R&D Program Summaries

Future building network architecture. Describe possible approaches to overall structure of Key research questions: networking among all energy-using devices in buildings. Consider all layers of communication. Consider 1. What are system designs to consider? centralized, distributed, and hybrid architecture. Can a standardized protocol be agreed upon?. 2. What are advantages and disadvantages of each? Existing research: Panduit, Honeywell, Cisco. 3. What pieces of this already exist? . [Summaries of existing research pending] 4. What is “ideal” architecture?

211 ■ MARCH 2014 ELECTRONICS ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : ELECTRONICS Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Power Management Control and Communication (9 of 12) Definitions” section

More and cheaper Proliferation of consumer More and cheaper Smart grid products due to Consumer desire for electronics (increased products due to technology globalization of comfort and aesthetics plug loads) globalization of development Drivers manufacturing manufacturing

Need to enable home automation to allow Need to optimize sleep Need to develop low Need interactive/communicating "permission-based" mode energy impacts deep energy savings in cost systems that devices that are designed in, not without degrading user permit quick adoption added-on systems (less hardware) plug loads; residential experience appliances, HVAC, and Capability Gaps Capability lighting

User interface/display standards: Monitoring devices: end-use, Control devices (internal or power control, price response, algorithms for load external) - switches, user scheduling, occupancy, display disaggregation sensing, user aware

Technology Technology interaction, lighting, HVAC Characteristics

Behavior economics for how people use

R&D R&D devices

Programs CalPlug / Calit2; UC Irvine; major PC manufacturers

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 212

R&D Program Summaries

Behavior economics for how people use devices. To facilitate widespread adoption of sleep-mode Key research questions: technology, study the way the most common user groups interact with electronic devices so the sleep-mode 1. When is putting devices into low power modes technology will be compatible with their behavior. acceptable to users? Existing research: California Plug Load Research Center (CalPlug) with California Institute for Telecommunications 2. How do users “wake” devices? How do they want to? and Information Technology (CALIT2), University of California Irvine, Major PC manufacturers. 3. Which devices do people have connected together? . CalPlug:http://calplug.uci.edu/. Which devices do they use to control other devices? . CALIT2: http://www.calit2.net/. . [Summaries of existing research pending]

213 ■ MARCH 2014 ELECTRONICS ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : ELECTRONICS Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Power Management Control and Communication (10 of 12) Definitions” section

Consumer Consumer More and cheaper desire to be desire for Proliferation of Diffusion of common products due to Use codes to comfort and consumer electronics communication Smart grid "green" and globalization of lock in aesthetics (increased plug loads) protocols into technology reduce manufacturing embedded & efficiency energy consuming development gains devices Drivers used energy

Diffusion of common communication protocols into energy consuming devices Consumer desire for comfort and aesthetics

Capability Gaps Capability Need interactive / Need to enable Need to optimize Need to Need to communicating home automation Need network Need to require sleep mode energy develop low optimize sleep devices that are to allow standby minimal user impacts without cost systems mode energy designed in, not "permission- "horizontal" interaction degrading user that permit impacts without added-on based" deep standards for experience quick adoption degrading user systems (less energy savings in all devices experience hardware) plug loads; residential appliances, HVAC,

and lighting

Technology Technology Characteristics User interface/display standards: power Control devices (internal or Computer application control, price response, scheduling, external) - switches, user to reset sleep mode occupancy, display interaction, lighting, HVAC sensing, user aware

User sensing controls / occupancy R&D R&D

Optimize user interface and ambient light sensing Programs LBNL NEEA; various television manufacturers

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

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R&D Program Summaries

Optimize user interface. ilitate widespread adoption low power mode technology by developing Key research questions: optimized, intuitive, and tailored user interface and control capabilities. 1. What interface cues do people respond to? 2. What display standards should be consistent from device to Existing research: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL). device? . In December 2004, the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) developed Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Standard #1621, “Standard for User Interface Elements in Power Control of 3. What metric should be used to report energy use? Electronic Devices Employed in Office/Consumer Environments.” The purpose of the standard is “to 4. What is relationship to monitoring, control, and accomplish a similarity of experience of power controls across all electronic devices so that users will find communication characteristics? them easier to use and be more likely to utilize power management features that save energy” (http://eetd.lbl.gov/Controls/1621/). 5. What user interface standards should be developed or . LBNL has also developed the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Standard #1621, updated—power control, occupancy, scheduling, pricing, “Standard for User Interface Elements in Power Control of Electronic Devices Employed in Office/Consumer lighting, HVAC? Environments” (http://eetd.lbl.gov/Controls/1621/). There is still much research needed in this area

User sensing controls/occupancy and ambient light sensing. Stakeholders indicate that Key research questions: research in this area is underway at a variety of television manufactures, but R&D is not accessible for 1. How to asses occupancy or usage? What sensors and collaboration. To facilitate widespread adoption of sleep mode technology, study the way the most common measurements can help decide what power mode devices user groups use electronic devices so the sleep mode technology will be compatible with their behavior and not should be in? cause user inconveniences. 2. Are required sensors mature? Or is more development Existing research: Various television manufactures, Northwest Energy Efficiency Alliance (NEEA). required? . NEEA’s "Energy Forward NW" initiative: http://energyefficientelectronics.org/news/. 3. How can occupancy and light information be communicated . [Summaries of existing research pending] to the network?

215 ■ MARCH 2014 ELECTRONICS ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : ELECTRONICS Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Power Management Control and Communication (11 of 12) Definitions” section

Smart grid Use codes to lock in Diffusion of common People are more "plugged efficiency gains technology More and cheaper products Consumer communication in" electronically, digital development due to globalization of desire to be protocols into energy information, social manufacturing "green" and consuming devices networking Diffusion of common reduce

Drivers communication embedded & protocols into energy used energy consuming devices

Proliferation of consumer electronics (increased plug loads) More and cheaper Proliferation of products due to consumer electronics globalization of

(increased plug loads) manufacturing Capability Gaps Capability Need to enable home automation to allow Need "permission-based" Need to develop interactive/communicati Need to have Need peer to peer low cost ng devices that are cost-effective for Need to communication to Need network deep energy savings in develop low standby plug loads; residential systems that designed in, not added- hospitality control power permit quick on systems (less industry to cost systems levels to a "horizontal" appliances, HVAC, and that permit standards for all lighting adoption hardware) install and minimum

operate quick adoption necessary devices Technology Technology

Characteristics Standard protocols to Standard communicating systems & Quality open communication get device calculate its components available to original equipment standards (simple and few) energy use and manufactures (OEMSs) for their products communicate that out

R&D R&D DC power products Necessary infrastructure

Programs for network protocols Existing Networks PNNL LBNL LBNL

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

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R&D Program Summaries

DC power products. How can DC powering reduce energy use in small devices? Key research questions: 1. What standard DC power technologies exist? What are relevant efficiencies of DC supplies or when source is AC or Existing research: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL). DC supply . [Summaries of existing research pending] 2. What is measured energy use of DC devices vs. AC counterparts? 3. Where is DC a good solution for energy or other purposes? 4. What updates to DC power technologies would be helpful?

Necessary infrastructure for network protocols. Establish basic semantic descriptions of real Key research questions: world information so it can be represented in network protocols. Examples include device taxonomy (perhaps 1. What existing standards or concepts are relevant? several), location, occupancy/presence, pricing, scheduling. 2. What standards org. should host end result? Existing research: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) . 3. What process should be done to provide results? . [Summaries of existing research pending]

Existing Networks. Hardware presented in buildings today—network equipment and devices connected Key research questions: to networks—can provide information useful for energy purposes. Examples include status, occupancy, 1. What information is or could be available? temperature, etc. This data is rarely utilized. Explore what could be gleaned from existing hardware and 2. What could small additional investments bring (e.g. USB temp- demonstrate how to do it. Includes data delivered to other devices as well as to people. sensor or wireless access point)? Existing research: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) . 3. How do we get info out to be useful? . [Summaries of existing research pending] 4. How could software / firmware upgrades make this work even better?

217 ■ MARCH 2014 ELECTRONICS ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : ELECTRONICS Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Power Management Control and Communication (12 of 12) Definitions” section

Diffusion of common More and cheaper products due to Consumer desire communication protocols into globalization of manufacturing Smart grid to be "green" and Use codes energy consuming devices technology reduce embedded to lock in development Drivers & used energy efficiency gains Proliferation of consumer electronics (increased plug loads) Diffusion of common communication protocols into energy consuming devices Consumer desire for

comfort and aesthetics Capability Gaps Capability Need to enable Need to integrate home sleep mode Need to Need to Need Need network Need to have automation to applications with develop low optimize sleep interactive / allow product standby standby cost-effective for cost systems mode energy communicating "horizontal" hospitality "permission- software and that permit impacts devices that based" deep hardware standards for all industry to install quick without are designed devices and operate energy savings configurations adoption degrading user in, not added- in plug loads; experience on systems residential (less hardware) appliances, HVAC, and

lighting

Technology Technology Characteristics

Standardized power User interface/display standards: hardware, software, and power control, price response, Control devices (internal or protocols to enable device scheduling, occupancy, display external) - switches, user

sleep/standby modes interaction, lighting, HVAC sensing, user aware R&D R&D

Behavioral issues/opportunities for coming Programs generation of "smart homes“

WSU; ORNL / TVA; CalPlug / Calit2; UC Irvine

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 218

R&D Program Summaries

Behavioral issues/opportunities for coming generation of "smart homes. Perform human Key research questions: factors R&D to develop understanding of opportunities and barriers for energy reductions in home automation using 1. What are consumer/customer/homeowner current and emerging technologies. motivations? Existing research: Washington State University (WSU); Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) with Tennessee Valley 2. What are the biggest barriers to energy savings using Authority (TVA); California Plug Load Research Center (CalPlug) with California Institute for Telecommunications and home energy management systems? Information Technology (CALIT2), University of California Irvine. . CalPlug:http://calplug.uci.edu/. . CALIT2: http://www.calit2.net/. . [Summaries of existing research pending]

219 ■ MARCH 2014 ELECTRONICS ROADMAPS

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H EATING , V ENTILATION , A N D A IR C ONDITIONING

(HVAC) ROADMAPS

This section contains the following roadmaps: Other relevant sources: . Commercial and Residential Water Heating The list below is intended to be broadly representative rather than exhaustive . Fault Detection, Predictive Maintenance, and Controls and will be updated as new information becomes available. . Heat Recovery and Economizer Optimization International Energy Agency, " Technology Roadmap: Energy-efficient Buildings: . Heating & Cooling Production and Delivery Heating and Cooling Equipment," May 2011, . HVAC Motor-driven Systems http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/name,39 83,en.html. . Commercial Integrated Buildings . Residential HVAC Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Research and Development Roadmap for Water Heating Technologies, prepared by Navigant Consulting, Inc., Sep. 30, . Modeling, Lab and Field Testing 2011, http://www.ornl.gov/ci/ees/etsd/btric/pdfs/ WaterHeatingTechnologiesRoadmap_9-30-2011_FINAL.pdf.

221 ■ MARCH 2014 HEATING, VENTILATION, & AIR CONDITIONING ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : HEATING, VENTILATION, AND AIR CONDITIONING (HVAC) Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Commercial and Residential Water Heating (1 of 8) Definitions” section

Consumer demand Need to understand for reduced / low cost Reduced of utilities / operation where energy first cost savings can be of new achieved and systems / Increasing and Drivers demonstrate actuals design uncertain future cost of electricity and gas

Need to understand where energy savings Contractor interest to can be achieved and End users want hot increase profits demonstrate actuals water to be readily

available anytime Capability Gaps Capability

Develop on-demand Need for cost effective DHW using natural high efficiency water gas, eliminate heating to reduce electric base on- energy required to

demand usage provide DHW Technology Technology

Characteristics Optimal integration of HPWH and SDWH with backup heaters

Reducing electricity use of domestic hot water systems in new manufactured homes

R&D R&D regulated by HVD MHCSS

Programs DOE+NREL; NREL; WSU; NEEA+ECOTOPE

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 222

R&D Program Summaries

General note on water heating: The American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy published a report in late 2011 on emerging water heating technologies; see Harvey Sachs, Jacob Talbot, Nate Kaufman, “Emerging Hot Water Technologies and Practices for Energy Efficiency as of 2011,” ACEEE Report Number A112, Oct. 2011 (rev. Feb. 2012), http://www.aceee.org/research-report/a112.

Reducing electricity use of domestic hot water systems in new manufactured Key research questions: homes regulated by HUD MHCSS. Most U.S. Housing and Urban Development (HUD) standards for 1. Investigate cost / benefit of SDHW solar ready, HPWH, manufactured homes (Manufactured Home Construction and Safety Standards, MHCSS) use electric resistance plumbing design, etc. tanks to heat domestic hot water (DHW). Currently customer cannot purchase solar DHW, heat pump water 2. How does cost / benefit change if ET is a standard heater (HPWH) on other emerging technologies (ETs) as standard on options. No HUD-approved design exists. practice? Most HVD-code home are sited in warm sunny climates where this ET's work great. 3. What are the geographical issues that impact ET designs? Existing research: Subject matter experts referred to HPWH research at the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Wind speed, solar installation, etc. with National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL); solar domestic hot water (SDHW) research at NREL; solar ready/HPWH research at Washington State University (WSU); and HPWH research by the Northwest Energy 4. What specifications are needed for: solar ready SDHW, Efficiency Alliance (NEEA) and Ecotope. HPWH installation? . [Summaries of existing research pending] 5. what noise fixture demand issues that may decrease performance over its useful life?

223 ■ MARCH 2014 HEATING, VENTILATION, & AIR CONDITIONING ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : HEATING, VENTILATION, AND AIR CONDITIONING (HVAC) Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Commercial and Residential Water Heating (2 of 8) Definitions” section

Contractor interest Reduced first cost of new Consumer demand for to increase profits systems / design reduced / low cost of End users want hot water to utilities / operation be readily available anytime Consumer demand Healthy and Drivers for reduced / low Need to understand where safety issues cost of utilities / hot water savings can be operation achieved and Need to understand where hot demonstrated water savings can be Reduced achieved and demonstrated Need to understand first cost of where energy savings new can be achieved and systems / demonstrate actuals design

The Energy Efficient versions Need information are not better than about incidences of their non Energy desease and

Capability Gaps Capability Efficient alternative scalding injuries in some cases Need for affordable / Integrated design:location, cost effective way to type (tank/tankless), Use of waste Need drain reduce water wasted central distribution at each heat to heat water heat in distribution ficture, plumbing water recovery getting hot water to site/circuits.

user Technology Technology

Characteristics Optimize design of water Better point soville Noise cancellation and/or systems to minimize water temperature control / dampening HPWH waste and maximize feedback that maintain equipment efficiency

Absorption cycle R&D R&D heat pumps Eliminating DHW in Intelligent water Programs unconditioned space Smart fixtures supply ORNL

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 224

R&D Program Summaries

Smart fixtures. Research methods to integrate temperature control, water use Key research questions: feedback, etc into showers faucets and other end uses of hot water. 1. What cold/hot water controls can cost effectively maintain constant water temperature at the fixture? Existing research: None identified. 2. How can smart fixtures be powered? 3. How much energy/water is saved when use feedback is delivered at the fixture?

Eliminating DHW in unconditioned space. This effort via 1 code on Key research questions: programs will reduce wasted electricity from tank, pipes, etc. It also reduces cost from 1. Evaluate cost / benefit of moving to conditioned space from attic, garage, new freeze protection, insurance claims, etc. space to home. Existing research: None identified. 2. What are the cost impacts? 3. What is the energy savings? 4. What are the benefits in terms of freeze protection? 5. What are the water savings benefits from shorter pipe? 6. What specifications are needed in programs and codes?

Absorption cycle heat pumps. Research cost effective ways to apply Key research questions: absorption cycle heat pumps to heat water. 1. Can miniaturization of absorption technology reduce cost and still provide sufficient water delivery? Existing research: Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). 2. Identify potentially beneficial low temperature heat sources to drive cycle. . [Summaries of existing research pending]

Intelligent water supply. Research to minimize water waste and provide hot Key research questions: water when needed, provide a solution that will learn usage patterns to meet consumer 1. What are typical usage patterns for DHW? Is hot water available when needed? needs and adjust as needed, while allowing for manual demand. 2. How much water is wasted before hot water is seen at POU? Existing research: None identified. 3. Embedded energy of wasted water? 4. Can technology (sensors, controls, pumps) be integrated cost effectively to minimize waste, provide hot water when needed and reduce energy waste?

225 ■ MARCH 2014 HEATING, VENTILATION, & AIR CONDITIONING ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : HEATING, VENTILATION, AND AIR CONDITIONING (HVAC) Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Commercial and Residential Water Heating (3 of 8) Definitions” section

Need to End users understand want hot Need to understand Contractor interest to Consumer where hot water to be where hot water increase profits demand for water savings readily savings can be reduced / low can be available achieved and Drivers cost of utilities achieved and anytime demonstrated Reduced first cost of demonstrated / operation new systems / design

Need to understand Reduced first where energy savings cost of new Need to can be achieved and systems / design understand demonstrate actuals where energy savings can be achieved and demonstrate Capability Gaps Capability Contractor interest to increase profits actuals

Integrated design:location, type Need for affordable / cost Use of The Energy Efficient (tank/tankless), central effective way to reduce water Need drain waste heat Contractor versions are not better than distribution at each ficture, wasted in distribution getting hot water heat to heat resistance and their non Energy Efficient

plumbing site/circuits. water to user recovery water customer loyalty alternative in some cases

Technology Technology Characteristics

Optimize design of water systems to Lighter and minimize water waste and maximize smaller HPWH equipment efficiency

R&D R&D Integrated retrofit strategies to utilize waste

streams as inputs in SF/MF/commercial Programs VEIC

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 226

R&D Program Summaries

Integrated retrofit strategies to utilize waste streams as inputs in single family Key research questions: (SF) / multifamily (MF) / commercial. Waste heat from appliances/HVAC/clothes 1. Implications of ducting moist air or dryer vent air to utility washing/bathrooms/drains being utilized (or cool air from heat pump water heater (HPWH)) in various ways closets and basements. including but not limited to co-location/ducting/equipment integration in single family (SF), multi-family (MF), and 2. Can plumbing be cost-effectively redesigned to minimize commercial buildings. runs? Existing research: Vermont Energy Investment Corporation (VEIC). 3. Benefits/tradeoffs of venting dry, cool air to crawl . [Summaries of existing research pending] spaces/attics. 4. How can all the variants pieces of equipments be connected? 5. Consider use of water heaters for air conditioning in laundries or restaurants.

227 ■ MARCH 2014 HEATING, VENTILATION, & AIR CONDITIONING ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : HEATING, VENTILATION, AND AIR CONDITIONING (HVAC) Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Commercial and Residential Water Heating (4 of 8) Definitions” section

Utilities need IAQ separate End users want hot Reduced first Consumer Contractor Reduced to manage ventilation from water to be readily cost of new demand for interest to first cost demand / HVAC loads / available anytime systems / design equipment reduced / low increase of new storage cost of utilities profits systems / (smart grid) Need to understand / operation design

Drivers Increasing and where energy uncertain future cost savings can be of electricity and gas Need to Need to understand understand achieved and where energy where hot demonstrate actuals savings can be water savings Need to achieved and can be understand demonstrate achieved and where hot water actuals demonstrated Increasing and savings can be uncertain future achieved and cost of electricity demonstrated

and gas Capability Gaps Capability

Need for cost Diagnostics for Need to integrate DHW Need to Need for cost effective The Energy Efficient effective operation and and space Need information optimize use of high efficiency water versions are not better demand maintenance to conditioning systems on energy ambient or heating to reduce than their non Energy response enhance optimal in a cost effective performance and indoor energy required to Efficient alternative in

capability operation efficient package optimization conditions. provide DHW some cases Technology Technology

Characteristics Standard communication Communication Test protocols that protocol needed capability standard accurately detect draw for DR on all storage units patterns specific to application

Standard communication protocols Water heater test protocols to enable demand response R&D R&D Northern Climate Specification, EPRI

Programs SoCalGas; LBNL; AHRI

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 228

R&D Program Summaries

Water heater test protocols. Revise existing water heater testing protocols to accurately predict the Key research questions: way hot water is used. 1. What are water draw patterns in a single family homes. multi family, or commercial. Existing research: Northern Climate Specification, Southern California Gas Company (SoCalGas). 2. Are technology specific test protocols necessary? . [Summaries of existing research pending] 3. Establish protocols based on equipment utilization, include climate specific.

Standard communications protocols to enable demand response. Summary not yet Key research questions: provided. 1. Questions not yet specified.

Existing research: Electric Power Research Institute research on CEA 2045. . [Summaries of existing research pending]

229 ■ MARCH 2014 HEATING, VENTILATION, & AIR CONDITIONING ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : HEATING, VENTILATION, AND AIR CONDITIONING (HVAC) Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Commercial and Residential Water Heating (5 of 8) Definitions” section

Need to understand Consumer demand Increasing and Healthy and Contractor interest to where energy savings for reduced / low uncertain future cost of safety issue increase profits Reduced first cost of can be achieved and cost of utilities / electricity and gas Drivers operation new systems / design demonstrate actuals

Need for cost effective Lack of infortmation on Implications of high efficiency water magnitude and water quality on heating to reduce implications of back- current and new

Capability Gaps Capability energy required to drafing water heaters ET's provide DHW

Develop models to help Affordable single family, assess acute and chronic water quality, minimize Energy efficient micro carbon monoxide degradation and extend technology for on exposure resulting from useful life of technology demand applications

back drafting DHW that is expensive

Technology Technology Characteristics

Pre-conditioning / filtering of water to extend useful life of Energy efficiency on demand Demand response Modeling CO exposure from back expensive EE DHW (point source) water heating drafting water heaters in single technology family housing WCEC Puget Sound Energy; EPRI ORNL; Rinnai; Rheem; Bosch

R&D R&D Iowa State University; GTI; AGA Programs

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 230

R&D Program Summaries

Modeling CO exposure from back drafting water heaters in single family housing. Key research questions: Building Performance Institute (BPI), U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), and other residential retrofit programs 1. Combine CONTAM airflow and contaminant transport have devoted significant resources to determine the potential for back drafting of carbon monoxide (CO) from analysis program with SIMVENT ventilation simulator to domestic hot water (DHW) tanks as a result of weather activities on existing systems. allow for the assessment of interactions between five gases Existing research: Iowa State University, Gas Technology Institute (GTI), AGA. and other building systems. . [Summaries of existing research pending] 2. Run simulation to help assess carbon monoxide exposure to occupants acute or chronic. 3. Develop research plan to validate model inputs assumption and model result.

Pre-conditioning/filtering of water to extend useful life of expensive EE DHW Key research questions: equipment. In region with poor water quality, equipment must be replaced far more often, reducing 1. Can we consider the multiple tanks as part of the cost willingness to invest in more expensive EE product. Pre-filtering/conditioning of water cost-effectively extend the effectiveness calculations? performance life of expensive domestic hot water (DHW) equipment. 2. Does pre conditioning measurably extend DHW tank's life? Existing research: University of California Davis Western Cooling Efficiency Center (WCEC). 3. Are there measurable non-energy benefits (NEBs)? . Subject matter experts in September 2012 referenced work on water quality issues for evaporative cooling 4. Can DHW spaces generally accommodate a pre- conducted by WCEC that could be applied here. conditioner? 5. Can DHW be integrated at the factory to precondition? 6. Does energy used by pre-conditioner mitigate the potential energy saved by the HPWH?

Continued . . .

231 ■ MARCH 2014 HEATING, VENTILATION, & AIR CONDITIONING ROADMAPS Demand response. Research communication and control methods to facilitate demand response on new Key research questions: water heaters. 1. Which utility device communication protocols would best lead to a standard? Existing research: Puget Sound Energy, Electric Power Research Institute (EPRi). 2. What is the incremental costs of adding demand response . For EPRI research, see Appendix B. (DR) capability to new efficient water heaters? . [Summaries of other existing research pending]

Energy efficiency on demand (point source) water heating technology. Research Key research questions: alternatives to electric resistance on demand water heating that have energy factor greater than two. 1. What micro heat pump technologies could be used for on demand water heating? Existing research: Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Rinnai, Rheem, Bosch. 2. Are there nano technologies out there that could serve this [Summaries of existing research pending] . purpose?

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 232

233 ■ MARCH 2014 HEATING, VENTILATION, & AIR CONDITIONING ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : HEATING, VENTILATION, AND AIR CONDITIONING (HVAC) Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Commercial and Residential Water Heating (6 of 8) Definitions” section

Need to End users Consumer Need to Contractor interest to understand want hot demand for Reduced first understand increase profits Contractor where hot water to be reduced / where energy Consumer demand for cost of new Increasing and interest to water savings readily low cost of savings can reduced / low cost of systems / uncertain future cost of increase available utilities / utilities / operation design can be be achieved Reduced first cost of new electricity and gas profits anytime operation achieved and and systems / design

demonstrated demonstrate Drivers actuals

Need to understand where Need to understand IAQ separate energy savings can be where hot water savings ventilation from achieved and demonstrate Healthy and can be achieved and HVAC loads / actuals safety issues demonstrated equipment

Need for

Integrated affordable / Need Capability Gaps Capability design:locati cost drain Use of on, type (tank effective water waste heat The Energy / tankless), way to heat to heat Efficient central reduce recovery water Need versions are Need for cost Need for cost distribution water information not better effective high effective high at each wasted in about distribution than their Need efficiency efficiency ficture, incidences Need to getting hot non Energy information on water heating water heating plumbing site of desease optimize use water to Efficient energy to reduce to reduce / circuits and of ambient or user alternative in performance energy energy scalding indoor some cases and required to required to injuries conditions

optimization provide DHW provide DHW

Technology Technology Characteristics

Optimize design of water systems to Test protocols that accurately detect Energy efficient micro technology minimize water waste and maximize Better point soville temperature draw patterns specific to application for on demand applications equipment efficiency control / feedback that maintain

R&D R&D Characterization of commercial sector hot water use for

prioritization of ET Programs PG&E's Food Service Technology Center

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

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R&D Program Summaries

Characterization of commercial sector hot water use for prioritization of ET. The Key research questions: more hot water used the better the cost / benefit for emerging technologies (ETs) that recover waste heat. 1. Review current assumption of fixture hot water demand. 2. Rank those sectors which the highest usage. Existing research: Pacific Gas & Electric (PG&E) Food Service Technology Center has looked at hot water use in commercial kitchens. 3. Evaluate cost / benefit of emerging technologies in those sector using simulation models. 4. Conduct parametric analysis of key variables that have the greatest impact on cost / benefit. 5. Develop research plan to validate models.

235 ■ MARCH 2014 HEATING, VENTILATION, & AIR CONDITIONING ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : HEATING, VENTILATION, AND AIR CONDITIONING (HVAC) Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Commercial and Residential Water Heating (7 of 8) Definitions” section

Increasing and Contractor interest Need to understand uncertain future to increase profits where energy savings End users want hot Reduced first cost of cost of electricity can be achieved and water to be readily and gas new systems / design demonstrate actuals available anytime Drivers Consumer demand for Reduced first cost reduced / low cost of of new systems / utilities / operation

design Capability Gaps Capability Need to integrate DHW and Integrated design:location, Develop on-demand DHW Need for cost effective high space conditioning type (tank / tankless), central using , eliminate efficiency water heating to systems in a cost effective distribution at each ficture, electric base on-demand reduce energy required to

efficient package plumbing site / circuits usage provide DHW Technology Technology

Characteristics Optimal integration of Affordable space and water Fewer total pieces of equipment in HPWH and SDWH with heat combined systems homes, synergy in systems interaction backup heaters

Combined space heat and hot

R&D R&D water optimization

Programs Ben Schoenbauer; GTI; NYSERDA; SoCalGas; Center for Energy and Environment

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 236

R&D Program Summaries

Combined space heat and hot water optimization. Develop installation and commissions Key research questions: guidelines for heat and DHW combined systems. 1. Establish optimal return water temperature. 2. Identify air handler size and optimal cubic feet per minute Existing research: Ben Schoenbauer, Gas Technology Institute (GTI), New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA), Southern California Gas Company (SoCalGas), Center for Energy and (CFM) fan flow. Environment (CEE). 3. Establish guidelines for equipment choice based on water . CEE: http://www.mncee.org/. quality (hardness)—tank less not suited for hard water. . [Summaries of existing research pending] 4. Identify training criteria for contractor base. 5. Identify key elements to reduce equipment and installed costs. 6. Identify optimal piping configurations.

237 ■ MARCH 2014 HEATING, VENTILATION, & AIR CONDITIONING ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : HEATING, VENTILATION, AND AIR CONDITIONING (HVAC) Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Commercial and Residential Water Heating (8 of 8) Definitions” section

Need to understand where Need to understand where energy savings can be achieved hot water savings can be and demonstrate actuals

achieved and demonstrated Drivers

The Energy Efficient Use of waste Need to optimize versions are not better than heat to heat use of ambient or Need information on their non Energy Efficient water indoor conditions energy performance

alternative in some cases and optimization Capability Gaps Capability

Technologies to reduce Noise cancellation and / Lighter and heating and cooling loads Inexpensive wireless meter or dampening HPWH smaller HPWH without negatively affecting to collect data on both indoor air quality power use and water flow

rates

Technology Technology Characteristics

Efficient water heating technologies and best building stock applications Inexpensive and robust wireless flow meters R&D R&D A "family" of HPWHs for ORNL; EPRI; DOE; EPA; LBNL specific applications

Programs Stevens Water Metering with PSU SWEETLab NEEA; EPRI

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

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R&D Program Summaries

Efficient water heating technologies and best building stock applications. Key research questions: Evaluate efficiency of: 1) compressors based water heating 2) solar water heating 3) heat recovery water 1. Define barriers of each technology in terms of building stock heating, and then define the characteristics of building stock each technology is optimally suited to. applicability. Existing research: Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), U.S. 2. Define drivers to lower equipment installation and commissioning Department of Energy (DOE), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). cost of each technology. . For ORNL’s work in this area, see Appendix B. 3. Define best practices for optimizing efficiencies of each technology . For EPA’s WaterSense program, see http://www.epa.gov/watersense/. and building type. . [Summaries of existing research pending] 4. Define building characteristics for optimizing each technology. 5. Measured data, not just modeled three years ideally.

A "family" of HPWHs for specific applications. Today's heat pump water heaters (HPWHs) Key research questions: are for the most part one size fits all, similar to electric resistance water (for residential application). The 1. What technologies can be integrated into a HPWH to reduce noise, future HPWHs need to be tailored for specific applications including location, requirement draw and to vary the size/footprint/geometry? connect ability leg (e.g., solar water heat).. 2. What technologies can be offered for optimal installation in Existing research: Northwest Energy Efficiency Alliance (NEEA), Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI). conditional or unconditional spaces? . For EPRI’s work in this area, see Appendix B. 3. What technologies can be offered to best integrate a HPWH with a . [Summaries of existing research pending] home or commercial building HVAC system? 4. What kind of control technologies can be offered on the tank—one home energy management (HEM)? For specific application? 5. Where can we improve performance?

Inexpensive and robust wireless flow meters. (Summary not yet provided). Key research questions: 1. Questions not yet specified.

Existing research: Stevens Water Metering with Portland State University SWEETLab (http://www.sweetlab.org/) .

239 ■ MARCH 2014 HEATING, VENTILATION, & AIR CONDITIONING ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : HEATING, VENTILATION, AND AIR CONDITIONING (HVAC) Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Fault Detection , Predictive Maintenance, and Controls (1 of 13) Definitions” section

Leverage smart Contractor Consumer Aging Diffusion of common Potential of DDC in large commercial to calculate meter system interest to demand for workforce, communication protocols into energy loss/cost of faults to prioritize faults in increase reduced / low lack of Drivers energy-consuming devices human response and justify public funding profits cost of utilities trained / operation workforce

Connectivity Need evaporatively Need to have corrective hardware such as predictive controls with smart cooled and pre- meter to optimize operation and intelligent systems with predictive,

diagnostic controls & self-healing processes cooled HVAC FDD Capability Gaps Capability

Develop low-cost controls Self-optimizing FDD for evaporatively-cooled for small medium controls and pre-cooled HVAC

enterprises buildings

Technology Technology Characteristics

Integrated lighting & HVAC

sensors, controls, FDD, & FDD for evaporative R&D R&D commissioning cooling and pre- Programs ORNL cooling technologies

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 240

R&D Program Summaries

FDD for evaporative cooling and pre-cooling technologies. Fault detection and diagnosis Key research questions: (FDD) approaches to identify the faults that typically occur in evaporation cooling and pre-cooling technologies, 1. Literature search into faults and technologies. develop algorithms, develop prototype tools, field and lab test tools. 2. Identify faults and available sensors. Existing research: None identified. 3. Develop algorithms. 4. Develop prototype tools. 5. lab and field test.

Integrated lighting and HVAC sensors, controls, FDD, and commissioning. (Summary Key research questions: not yet provided.) 1. Questions not yet specified.

Existing research: Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). . For ORNL research in this area, see Appendix B.

241 ■ MARCH 2014 HEATING, VENTILATION, & AIR CONDITIONING ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : HEATING, VENTILATION, AND AIR CONDITIONING (HVAC) Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Fault Detection , Predictive Maintenance, and Controls (2 of 13) Definitions” section

Increasing interest in operator behavior based Integration of Consumer energy saving as capital investment info, demand for Contractor Aging Integration of communication & reduced / low interest to workforce, lack info, entertainment cost of utilities increase of trained communication & Potential of DDC in large commercial to calculate

Drivers devices / operation profits workforce entertainment energy loss/cost of faults to prioritize faults in human devices response and justify public funding

Increasing interest in public funding for retro-cx. Usefulness of DDC systems in bringing down cost of RCxg vir auto fault detection and verification of correction Diffusion of common communication protocols into

energy-consuming devices Capability Gaps Capability Lack of strong consensus about Automated Need to have corrective hardware such as predictive Need to have “on- notification of controls to optimize operation and intelligent systems with board” diagnostics or what correct service or predictive, diagnostic controls & self-healing processes data streams to collect (non-faults) condition sequence of

operation are

Technology Technology Characteristics Predictive Support for ASHRAE Expand specification Self- energy use that standard sequence for regular use of optimizing User-aware & self- sends alerts Predictive of operations closed-loop controls controls diagnosing controls for when not maintenance packaged HVAC units technology meeting targets committee

R&D R&D Workforce training to enhance large commercial buildings Programs Interoperability operations framework for retro commissioning DOE; PNNL

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 242

R&D Program Summaries

Workforce training to enhance large commercial buildings operations. Currently Key research questions: buildings are operated inefficiently; they don't use all the capabilities of the building atomization systems. 1. How to improve workforce skills?

Existing research: DOE/PNNL. . [Summaries of existing research pending]

Interoperability framework for retro commissioning. Advanced sensors and controls for retro Key research questions: commissioning needs and intelligent interoperability framework to enable plug and play. 1. Develop light-weight middleware to enable plug and play of retro commissioning sensors. Existing research: None identified. 2. Open standards-boned system. 3. Architectural definition. 4. What data specification for direct digital control (DDC) would help commissioning agents?

243 ■ MARCH 2014 HEATING, VENTILATION, & AIR CONDITIONING ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : HEATING, VENTILATION, AND AIR CONDITIONING (HVAC) Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Fault Detection , Predictive Maintenance, and Controls (3 of 13) Definitions” section

Increasing interest in Potential of DDC in large commercial to calculate energy loss/cost of operator behavior Consumer demand for Advanced HVAC Contractor faults to prioritize faults in human based energy saving reduced / low cost of technologies interest to response and justify public funding

as capital investment utilities / operation FOD tools increase profits Drivers Increasing interest in public funding Diffusion of common for retro-cx. Usefulness of DDC communication systems in bringing down cost of protocols into energy- RCxg vir auto fault detection and Integration of info, consuming devices verification of correction communication & entertainment devices

Lack of information Need to have corrective hardware such as Lack of strong Need to eliminate failure on saving from FDD predictive controls to optimize operation and consensus about Need to have “on-board” modes by design intelligent systems with predictive, what correct (non- simplification of systems diagnostics or data streams to collect diagnostic controls & self-healing processes Capability Gaps Capability faults) sequence of operation are.

Predictive maintenance Support for Need to have “on- Expand specification for Need to have “on-board” ASHRAE board” diagnostics regular use of closed-loop User-aware & self- diagnostics or data standard Market or data streams to controls sequence of intelligence on diagnosing controls for streams to collect Technology Technology collect operations cost and saving packaged HVAC units Characteristics Self-optimizing controls technology for FDD committee

Hardware is available, need more reliable fault detection and diagnostics controls at smaller scale to

R&D R&D drive market acceptance

Programs Purdue Univ.; MIT; Virtjoule; Northwrite / PNNL

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 244

R&D Program Summaries

Hardware is available, need more reliable fault detection and diagnostics controls Key research questions: at smaller scale to drive market acceptance. Much of the hardware useful for implementing self- 1. Questions not yet specified. diagnoses of HVAC equipment controls is available. The biggest remaining need is good software and design. Existing research: Purdue University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Virtjoule, Northwrite & Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL). . Engineering graduate student Siyu Wu is currently working on thesis research at the Applied Controls Laboratory of the University of California at Merced, under the guidance of Dr. Jian-Qiao Sun (http://faculty.ucmerced.edu/jqsun/index.html). They delivered a paper at the American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy (ACEEE) 2010 conference, “Multilevel Fault Detection and Diagnosis on Office Building HVAC Systems.” This paper presented a multilevel fault detection method that allowed for the uniform application of the FDD strategy to an entire building (http://eec.ucdavis.edu/ACEEE/2010/data/papers/1992.pdf). . The Purdue University Energy Center’s Smart Buildings Research group is working on fault detection and diagnostics software; as of Feb. 2012, specific R&D project information is not readily apparent through the research group’s website, but general information can be found at http://www.purdue.edu/discoverypark/energy/research/efficiency/green_building.php.

245 ■ MARCH 2014 HEATING, VENTILATION, & AIR CONDITIONING ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : HEATING, VENTILATION, AND AIR CONDITIONING (HVAC) Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Fault Detection , Predictive Maintenance, and Controls (4 of 13) Definitions” section

Increasing interest in public funding for Potential of DDC in Consumer demand Contractor Increasing interest in retro-cx. Usefulness of DDC systems in large commercial for reduced / low interest to operator behavior based bringing down cost of RCxg vir auto fault to calculate energy cost of utilities / increase energy saving as capital detection and verification of correction loss/cost of faults operation profits

Drivers investment to prioritize faults in human response and justify public funding Diffusion of common communication protocols into energy-consuming devices

Lack of strong consensus There is no way to demonstrate in a about what correct (non- standard way whether or not an FDD faults) sequence of

Capability Gaps Capability tool can meet performance criteria operation are.

Standards for FDD

performance

Technology Technology Characteristics

Standards for FDD

performance RTU R&D R&D

WCEC / ASHRAE 207 Programs

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 246

R&D Program Summaries

Standards for FDD performance RTU. Develop industry standards for testing of rooftop unite (RTU) Key research questions: fault detection and diagnosis (FDD) . 1. Validate the standards that are developed for RTU performance testing. Existing research: University of California Davis Western Cooling Efficiency Center (WCEC) / American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) Standard Project Committee 207. 2. Conduct lab test to identify the limits of applicability. . [Summaries of existing research pending]

247 ■ MARCH 2014 HEATING, VENTILATION, & AIR CONDITIONING ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : HEATING, VENTILATION, AND AIR CONDITIONING (HVAC) Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Fault Detection , Predictive Maintenance, and Controls (5 of 13) Definitions” section

Advanced HVAC Contractor Consumer demand for Diffusion of common Aging workforce, Integration of info, technologies FOD interest to reduced / low cost of communication protocols into lack of trained communication &

tools increase profits utilities / operation energy-consuming devices workforce entertainment devices Drivers

Need to have Need effective two-way Need to have corrective hardware such as “on-board” Lack of communication with building controls predictive controls to optimize operation and diagnostics or information on relative to performance issues in intelligent systems with predictive, diagnostic Capability Gaps Capability saving from FDD data streams to equipment and systems controls & self-healing processes collect

Market intelligence on User cost and saving for notification of

FDD system status

Technology Technology Characteristics

Case studies of FDD in Incidence of faults for small commercial RTUs RTUs and impacts

California Title 24 / PECI WCEC

R&D R&D Programs

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 248

R&D Program Summaries

Case studies of FDD in small commercial RTUs. Develop case studies of fault detection and Key research questions: diagnosis (FDD) implemented in rooftop units (RTUs). Also develop case studies of RTUs that did not have FDD. 1. Identify case study sites, which have implemented FDD in certain sectors. Existing research: California Title 24 case / Portland Energy Conservation, Inc. (PECI). 2. Try to find case studies that have measured data, [Summaries of existing research pending] . document the successes, lesson learned, user satisfaction. 3. Find facilities that are willing to share problems they had, regardless of whether or not they have FDD. 4. Identify products that are available for FDD on RTUs

Incidence of faults for RTUs and impacts. Conduct a field study to examine the incidence of Key research questions: various faults occurring frequently in rooftop units (RTUs) and the impact of these faults. 1. Develop a list of faults, clearly define and consistent with earlier studies. Existing research: University of California Davis Western Cooling Efficiency Center (WCEC). 2. Design a field study to identify the incidence of faults over . [Summaries of existing research pending] time.

249 ■ MARCH 2014 HEATING, VENTILATION, & AIR CONDITIONING ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : HEATING, VENTILATION, AND AIR CONDITIONING (HVAC) Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Fault Detection , Predictive Maintenance, and Controls (6 of 13) Definitions” section

Consumer demand for reduced / Aging workforce, lack Contractor interest Reduced HVAC loads in Leverage smart Advanced HVAC low cost of utilities / operation of trained workforce to increase profits buildings / lack properly sized meter system technologies FOD tools

equipment options Drivers

Diffusion of common communication protocols into energy-consuming devices

Programmable Need to have corrective hardware such as thermostats predictive controls to optimize operation and Need Connectivity are difficult to intelligent systems with predictive, diagnostic residential with smart

use correctly controls & self-healing processes FDD meter Capability Gaps Capability

Thermostat FDD for residential scale HVAC Self- Control to respond design that leads systems with a user interface optimizing to demand response to usability and designed for homeowners or controls events

savings service providers

Technology Technology Characteristics

Residential Local demand management and Thermostat usability FDD night flush added to advanced Optimal controllers R&D R&D integrated RTU control for effective LBNL

Programs building to grid PECI participation

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 250

R&D Program Summaries

Thermostat usability. Investigate the usability of programmable thermostats and their real potential Key research questions: for savings in the field. Identify the potential for advanced thermostats. 1. Develop metrics for the usability of thermostats. 2. Do usability studies with a wide range of demographics. Existing research: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL). . [Summaries of existing research pending] 3. Characterize the advanced algorithms implemented in advanced thermostats. 4. Use modeling to identify the savings attributable to these advanced algorithms. 5. Do field studies of thermostat use.

Local demand management and night flush added to advanced integrated Key research questions: RTU control. Begin with premium ventilation controller and add night flush control on rooftop units 1. What is improved night flush sequence based on stimulation and (RTUs) and local demand management. Local demand management uses outside air as a trigger and can savings: intersect with demand response communication. a. Thermal mass impact. Existing research: Portland Energy Conservation, Inc. (PECI). b. Avoid morning heat. . [Summaries of existing research pending] 2. Potential demand savings from set point reset based on OSA. 3. Demand and energy impact from field test.

Residential FDD. Development of fault detection and diagnosis (FDD) tools and algorithms suited to Key research questions: residential scale HVAC systems, with a user interface designed for homeowners or service providers. 1. What faults typically occur in residential HVAC systems, negatively affecting energy efficiency? Existing research: None identified. 2. How can these faults be detected cost effectively? 3. What are the UI requirements for residential occupants and for service contractors?

Optimal controllers for effective building to grid participation. Whole building optional Key research questions: controller driven by utility signals (bill, demand response (DR), peak) while maximizing benefit for building 1. Design tool for controllers that are optimized for building-to-grid owner/tenant. (B2G). Existing research: None identified. 2. Complex interaction study for two-way stability consideration. 3. Open platforms for B2G controllers.

251 ■ MARCH 2014 HEATING, VENTILATION, & AIR CONDITIONING ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : HEATING, VENTILATION, AND AIR CONDITIONING (HVAC) Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Fault Detection , Predictive Maintenance, and Controls (7 of 13) Definitions” section

Integration of info, Reduced HVAC loads in buildings / Consumer demand for reduced / Contractor interest to Aging workforce, lack of communication & lack properly sized equipment options low cost of utilities / operation increase profits trained workforce entertainment

devices Drivers

Diffusion of common communication protocols into energy-consuming devices

Need to have “on- board” diagnostics or Need to eliminate failure Need to have corrective hardware such as predictive data streams to collect modes by design controls to optimize operation and intelligent systems with

simplification of systems predictive, diagnostic controls & self-healing processes Capability Gaps Capability

Predictive User notification Expand specification for regular use Self-optimizing controls maintenance of system status of closed-loop controls

Need to have “on-board” diagnostics or data streams to collect

Technology Technology Characteristics

No current MTBF testing, Optimization of preventive case (i.e., California Energy maintenance based on Commission Title 24 goal for FDD 2013) WCEC; NIST; ETO Fault RTU simple fault detection and Some research on neural response on diagnostics sequence testing networks, etc., not R&D R&D Research to reduce Efficient water heating compressor conclusive; need more

Programs maintenance technologies related to US BPA; DOE; PNNL; Northwrite algorithm development companies ORNL; EPRI; DOE WCEC; NIST; ETO DOE; BPA

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 252

R&D Program Summaries

RTU simple fault detection and diagnostics sequence testing. Bonneville Power Key research questions: Administration conducted research in 2008-2009 on roof-top units (RTUs) with special attention paid to controls 1. Can simplified set up diagnostics speed and improve and fault detection and diagnostics. contractor setup of RTUs? Existing research: Bonneville Power Administration (BPA), U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Pacific Northwest 2. Will simplified fault detection and diagnosis (FDD) National Laboratory (PNNL), Northwrite. programming fit into memory of available custom . BPA conducted research in 2008-2009 on roof-top units (RTUs) with special attention paid to controls and controllers? fault detection and diagnostics; see http://www.bpa.gov/energy/n/emerging_technology/ 3. In a multiple building field deployment, what is energy AirHandlerControls. cfm. savings based on pre/post monitoring? . [Summaries of other existing research pending]

Some research on neural networks, etc. not conclusive; need more algorithm Key research questions: development. More research on methods is needed to help inform design of self-healing, self-correction, 1. How to make building operations more efficient? and learning HVAC controls systems. 2. How to automate detection/diagnostics and correction? Existing research: DOE, BPA. . [Summaries of existing research pending]

Efficient water heating technologies. (Summary not yet provided.) Key research questions: 1. Questions not yet specified. Existing research: Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). . [Summaries of existing research pending]

Fault response on compressor related to US companies. One of the important areas to Key research questions: develop right now is self-diagnostic controls. An important aspect of that is to develop and implement fault 1. Integrate compressor self-diagnostic with RTU or split response on compressors. system diagnostics? Existing research: None identified. 2. Identify interactions. 3. Develop prototype, test in lab and field.

Continued . . .

253 ■ MARCH 2014 HEATING, VENTILATION, & AIR CONDITIONING ROADMAPS Optimization of preventive maintenance based on FDD. Apply fault detection and diagnosis Key research questions: (FDD) to reduce maintenance on energy efficient equipment to help expedite uptake of the equipment. Downtime in 1. Development of optimized PM schedules based on FDD itself can be wasteful and reduces service. Replacing equipment prematurely likewise increases embedded energy alarms. of equipment and reduces service. Existing research: Research is ongoing at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the Western Cooling Efficiency Center (WCEC) at the University of California Davis, and the Energy Trust of Oregon (ETO) is also involved in this work in some capacity. . WCEC is working to commercialize fault detection and diagnostics tools. See Appendix B for more information. . NIST’s Energy and Environment Division has two ongoing fault detection and diagnostics projects. See Appendix B for more information. . ETO staff reported in February 2012 that their projects and programs do not explicitly address maintenance reduction, though this is often an ancillary benefit of their work; they also do not work formally within a fault detection paradigm. However, they are engaged in a number of ongoing programs and pilot projects involving energy information systems for commercial buildings, a roof top unit tune-up program, and soliciting customer and contractor feedback on energy use and equipment operation to help them manage energy use. See Appendix B for more information.

Research to reduce maintenance. Reducing maintenance on energy efficient equipment can help Key research questions: expedite uptake of the equipment. Downtime in itself can be wasteful and reduces service. Replacing equipment 1. Questions not yet specified. prematurely likewise increases embedded energy of equipment and reduces service.. Replacing equipment prematurely likewise increases embedded energy of equipment and reduces service. Existing research: Research is ongoing at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the Western Cooling Efficiency Center (WCEC) at the University of California Davis, and the Energy Trust of Oregon (ETO) is also involved in this work in some capacity. . WCEC is working to commercialize fault detection and diagnostics tools. See Appendix B for more information. . NIST’s Energy and Environment Division has two ongoing fault detection and diagnostics projects. See Appendix B for more information. . ETO staff reported in February 2012 that their projects and programs do not explicitly address maintenance reduction, though this is often an ancillary benefit of their work; they also do not work formally within a fault detection paradigm. However, they are engaged in a number of ongoing programs and pilot projects involving energy information systems for commercial buildings, a roof top unit tune-up program, and soliciting customer and contractor feedback on energy use and equipment operation to help them manage energy use. See Appendix B for more information.

No current MTBF testing, case (i.e., California Energy Commission Title 24 goal for Key research questions: 2013). Need better information on the mean time between failures (MTBF) for different equipment in order to 1. Can this be focused on faults in energy efficiency inform predictive maintenance programs and controls. strategies? 2. Do high efficiency controls wear out equipment faster? Existing research: None identified. If so, how to avoid this?

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 254

255 ■ MARCH 2014 HEATING, VENTILATION, & AIR CONDITIONING ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : HEATING, VENTILATION, AND AIR CONDITIONING (HVAC) Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Fault Detection , Predictive Maintenance, and Controls (8 of 13) Definitions” section

Integration of info, communication Aging workforce, lack of Contractor interest Consumer demand for reduced / Reduced HVAC loads in buildings /

& entertainment devices trained workforce to increase profits low cost of utilities / operation lack properly sized equipment options Drivers

Diffusion of common communication protocols into energy-consuming devices

Automated Need to have “on- Need to have corrective hardware such as Need to eliminate failure Capability Gaps Capability notification of board” diagnostics predictive controls to optimize operation and modes by design service or or data streams to intelligent systems with predictive, diagnostic simplification of systems condition collect controls & self-healing processes

Technology Technology Predictive energy use Need to have “on-

Characteristics that sends alerts when User notification board” diagnostics or not meeting targets of system status data streams to collect

R&D R&D Enhance premium ventilation with remote connectivity and Programs cloud FDD

PNNC; PECI

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 256

R&D Program Summaries

Enhance premium ventilation with remote connectivity and cloud FDD. Build on Key research questions: existing premium ventilation platforms to enhance fault diagnostics and multiple unit supervisory correction 1. Determine the following: deployment. a. the impact on users to take corrective action; Existing research: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL). b. accuracy of improved FDD in detecting problems; . [Summaries of existing research pending] c. improvement in scheduling with remote access to unit operation data; and d. portfolio energy improvement due to prioritization provided by FDD event screening software.

257 ■ MARCH 2014 HEATING, VENTILATION, & AIR CONDITIONING ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : HEATING, VENTILATION, AND AIR CONDITIONING (HVAC) Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Fault Detection , Predictive Maintenance, and Controls (9 of 13) Definitions” section

Advanced HVAC Contractor interest Aging workforce, lack of Consumer demand for reduced / Integration of info, technologies to increase profits trained workforce low cost of utilities / operation communication &

FOD tools entertainment devices Drivers

Diffusion of common communication protocols into energy-consuming devices

Need for someone to Need to have corrective hardware such as Need effective two-way communication with Need to have “on-board” respond to alarm predictive controls to optimize operation and building controls relative to performance diagnostics or data generated by FDD intelligent systems with predictive, diagnostic issues in equipment and systems streams to collect Capability Gaps Capability controls & self-healing processes

FDD user interface that is reflective of the behavior, User notification of

needs, and objectives of the intended user system status

Technology Technology Characteristics

RTU performance monitoring and Behavior and FDD reporting with FDD R&D R&D analysis

Programs Catalyst; Enerfit ; Digi-RTU; PNNC Northwrite /PNNLSMDS; Virtjoule

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 258

R&D Program Summaries

Behavior and FDD analysis. Develop an understanding of the behavior of building occupants, Key research questions: operators, and service contractors as it relates to the ability to respond to fault detection and diagnosis (FDD) 1. How do occupants in small commercial buildings read to alarms. notifications? Existing research: University of California Davis Western Cooling Efficiency Center (WCEC); Pacific Northwest 2. How do building operators respond to alarms, depending National Laboratory (PNNL). on how they are annunciated? . [Summaries of existing research pending] 3. How does FDD add value to a service contractor's business model?

RTU performance monitoring and reporting with FDD. Rooftop unit (RTU) embedded Key research questions: performance monitoring with fault detection and diagnosis (FDD) with the remote (off the roof) reporting to 1. Investigate the high frequency of sensor failure due to: building and/or HVAC service or maintenance personnel (onsite or offsite). a. high/low charge alarm; compressor short cycling; Existing research: Catalyst, Enerfit, Digi-RTU, and Virtjoule. Also Northwrite / Pacific Northwest National b. low air flow; Laboratory (PNNL) Smart Monitoring and Diagnostic System (SMDS) . c. capacity and efficiency degradation; . [Summaries of existing research pending] d. refrigerant non condensable; and e. high/low side HX problem. 2. Not economizing when it should or economizing when it should not.

259 ■ MARCH 2014 HEATING, VENTILATION, & AIR CONDITIONING ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : HEATING, VENTILATION, AND AIR CONDITIONING (HVAC) Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Fault Detection , Predictive Maintenance, and Controls (10 of 13) Definitions” section

Increasing interest in operator behavior based Reduced HVAC loads Consumer demand for energy saving as capital investment in buildings / lack reduced / low cost of Contractor interest Aging workforce, lack properly sized utilities / operation to increase profits of trained workforce equipment options Potential of DDC in large commercial to calculate

Drivers energy loss/cost of faults to prioritize faults in human response and justify public funding

Integration of info, Leverage smart Increasing interest in public funding for retro-cx. communication & meter system Usefulness of DDC systems in bringing down entertainment devices cost of RCxg vir auto fault detection and verification of correction

Need to have corrective hardware such as predictive controls to optimize Connectivity Need to have “on- Need to eliminate failure operation and intelligent with smart board” diagnostics or modes by design systems with predictive, Lack of strong consensus about meter data streams to collect simplification of systems diagnostic controls & self- what correct (non-faults) sequence Capability Gaps Capability healing processes of operation are

Develop low-cost Need to have “on- Support for ASHRAE controls for small Self- board” diagnostics or standard sequence of medium enterprises optimizing data streams to collect operations buildings controls technology

Technology Technology committee Characteristics

Low-cost wireless Predictive occupancy FDD for electromechanically Adaptive whole Develop low-cost control sensors for FDD and residential HVAC zone controlled split system and building control for solution for SME buildings control distribution

R&D R&D HVAC control RTUs energy efficiency building system Programs DOE; PNNL ORN; PNN; ANL

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 260

R&D Program Summaries

Low-cost wireless sensors for FDD and HVAC control. Ubiquitous low-cost sensors enable Key research questions: enhanced algorithms for fault detection and diagnosis (FDD) key in to develop sensors that are low-cost and 1. How to do: easily deployable. a. system integration; Existing research: Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Argonne b. interoperability; National Laboratory (ANL). c. reliable sensing and transmission, and . [Summaries of existing research pending] d. ultra low-cost driving deployment.

Develop low-cost control solution for SME buildings. Small and medium sized commercial Key research questions: building (typically less than 50,000 square feet) can reduced significant energy consumption (20%) if they are 1. Develop low-cost control packages for SME buildings. equipped with controls. 2. How to make SME buildings more energy efficient? Existing research: U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL). 3. How to make SME buildings more demand responsive? . [Summaries of existing research pending]

FDD for electromechanically controlled split system and RTUs. Investigate how Key research questions: economizers and thermostats might be used on rooftop units (RTUs) as a platform for fault detection and 1. How can an economizer controller or a thermostat be used diagnosis (FDD). as a platform for FDD? Existing research: None identified. 2. Develop algorithms for a split system and RTU's for economizer and thermostat based FDD. 3. Lab and field testing.

Adaptive whole building control for energy efficiency building. Advanced model-boned, Key research questions: model-predictive, learning-honed controller can improve energy efficiency and the building dynamically honed 1. Develop open standard platform for deploying the and building usage. controllers? Existing research: None identified. 2. Sensors to enable improved observability of building behavior. 3. Computationally feasible implementation of controllers for building deployment.

261 ■ MARCH 2014 HEATING, VENTILATION, & AIR CONDITIONING ROADMAPS Predictive occupancy residential HVAC zone control distribution system. Significant Key research questions: energy savings will result from refining and tailoring occupancy controls to improve upon existing control 1. How each one integrates occupancy, temperature set point systems. Development of a residential HVAC control system that incorporates predictive analytics based on real information from different zones into a central controller at time data collection on occupancy and temperature set points in each distributed zone in a home. a low cost? Existing research: None identified. 2. Can we optimize the operation of a residential HVAC system through real time data gathering and analytics? 3. Design a residential controller that has the capability to be remotely operated to set temperatures in zones in event of or signal from the utility based on simple algorithms.

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263 ■ MARCH 2014 HEATING, VENTILATION, & AIR CONDITIONING ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : HEATING, VENTILATION, AND AIR CONDITIONING (HVAC) Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Fault Detection , Predictive Maintenance, and Controls (11 of 13) Definitions” section

Contractor Leverage interest to Aging workforce, IAQ separate ventilation Availability of cross-cutting, low- Increasing and uncertain future smart increase lack of trained from HVAC loads / cost technology building blocks cost of electricity and gas meter profits workforce equipment system Reduced HVAC loads in buildings / Increased adoption of LEED Drivers Consumer demand for reduced / Reduced first cost of lack properly sized equipment options low cost of utilities / operation new systems / Integration of info, communication design & entertainment devices

Need effective two-way communication with Need controls to meet indoor air needs – no Need pattern recognition / building controls relative to performance issues excess vented air beyond occupant needs learning system in equipment and systems Connectivity with smart

Capability Gaps Capability Need to correlate ventilation, temperature, meter Need to optimize use of ambient or indoor Need reliable & effective Need initial self- and humidity delivery to actual uses at a conditions, e.g., economizer, indoor economizer controls & healing / correcting granular level so controls and monitoring ventilation controls, and heat recovery systems (i.e., seals, features devices can be designed appropriately actuators, dampers)

Need to have corrective hardware such as predictive controls to optimize operation and intelligent systems with predictive, diagnostic

controls & self-healing processes

Technology Technology Characteristics

User aware, self- Predictive energy use Control to respond Self- programmable that sends alerts when to demand response optimizing thermostat not meeting targets events controls

R&D R&D Common industry Separate sensible and FDD protocol Programs latent cooling WCEC and ASHRAE NREL 207.P

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

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R&D Program Summaries

Separate sensible and latent cooling. Elevated evaporator temperature can still meet sensible Key research questions: loads with less compressor work. A separate mechanism (low temperature evaporator or desiccant system) 1. Can any existing equipment be adapted to this strategy? meets latent loads. A low temperature evaporator can work in parallel or the same evaporator can alternate 2. What sensing technologies for humidity can be cost between low and high temperature (sequential). Goal of this program is to evaluate savings and control options. effective? Existing research: National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). 3. What is increase in fan power? . [Summaries of existing research pending] 4. What controls are required?

Common industry FDD protocol. Similar to automobile industry, develop a common "reader" Key research questions: protocols for fault detection and diagnosis (FDD) readout. 1. What general categories of faults need to be coded? 2. What hierarchy or structure of faults is good for Existing research: University of California Davis Western Cooling Efficiency Center (WCEC) and American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) Standard Project Committee 207. categorization? . [Summaries of existing research pending]

265 ■ MARCH 2014 HEATING, VENTILATION, & AIR CONDITIONING ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : HEATING, VENTILATION, AND AIR CONDITIONING (HVAC) Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Fault Detection , Predictive Maintenance, and Controls (12 of 13) Definitions” section

Reduced HVAC loads in Increasing interest in public funding for retro-cx. Consumer demand for Contractor buildings / lack Potential of DDC in large commercial to Usefulness of DDC systems in bringing down reduced / low cost of utilities interest to properly sized calculate energy loss/cost of faults to cost of RCxg vir auto fault detection and / operation increase profits equipment prioritize faults in human response and verification of correction options

justify public funding Drivers

Diffusion of common communication Increasing interest in operator behavior based protocols into energy-consuming devices energy saving as capital investment . Integration of info, communication & entertainment devices

Consumer demand for reduced / low cost of utilities / operation

Diffusion of common communication protocols into energy- consuming devices

Capability Gaps Capability There is no way to Lack of shared a reference to take auto detection, demonstrate in a diagnostic and calculation of saving of back boxes Lack of strong consensus about standard way Need to have corrective Need to Automated (need for steeper learning rate by sharing and what correct (non-faults) whether or not an hardware such as predictive eliminate failure notification of public funding) sequence of operation are FDD tool can meet controls to optimize operation modes by design service or performance criteria and intelligent systems with simplification of condition predictive, diagnostic controls & systems self-healing processes

Publically funded reference reference document of Standards for FDD performance document of algorithms for algorithms, sensors and Self-optimizing controls Technology Technology calculation of savings for trend/sampling rates for Characteristics specific faults auto FDD Support for ASHRAE standard sequence of Standard efficiency indices definition and calculation operations technology Need to have “on-board” User-aware & self- Predictive energy use that methods to use on dashboards for high level evaluation of committee. Link FDD to diagnostics or data streams to diagnosing controls for sends alerts when not

permanent RCx success standard sequences collect packaged HVAC units meeting targets R&D R&D

Programs Creation and vertical integration of publically funded reference documents to allow rational and procedurally efficient optimization of HVAC system operation using automated DDC BAS functions

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

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R&D Program Summaries

Creation and vertical integration of publically funded reference documents to Key research questions: allow rational and procedurally efficient optimization of HVAC system operation 1. What is the best, simple, reliable and transparent algorithms for optimum starting, air side economizers, using automated DDC BAS functions. Augment existing American Society of Heating, Refrigerating condenser meter, etc.? and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) standard control system sequence of operations where they relate to critical energy efficiency responses. Produce reference algorithms to calculate saving for above faults. Define 2. What are the key physical characteristics for control system overall indices to evaluate system performance using direct digital controller (DDC) for building automation to achieve key sequences (sensor location/type, dumper systems (BAS) functions. value characteristics)? Existing research: None identified. 3. For each critical factors, what are critical common failure patterns? How can they be automatically detected? 4. How can a DDC system be used to assess overall chilled water system performance? 5. How to calculate savings from identified default so operations and maintenance staff can prioritize response between multitudes of faults?

267 ■ MARCH 2014 HEATING, VENTILATION, & AIR CONDITIONING ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : HEATING, VENTILATION, AND AIR CONDITIONING (HVAC) Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Fault Detection , Predictive Maintenance, and Controls (13 of 13) Definitions” section

Diffusion of common communication Integration of info, communication & Leverage system protocols into energy-consuming entertainment devices devices

Contractor Aging Increasing interest in operator Drivers Reduced HVAC loads in Consumer demand for behavior based energy saving as buildings / lack properly reduced / low cost of interest to workforce, capital investment . sized equipment options utilities / operation increase lack of trained profits workforce Increasing interest in public funding for retro-cx. Usefulness of DDC systems in bringing down cost of RCxg vir auto fault detection and verification of correction

Need to have Need to eliminate “on-board” failure modes by Need to have corrective hardware such as Connecti diagnostics or design predictive controls to optimize operation and vity with

data streams to simplification of intelligent systems with predictive, diagnostic smart Lack of strong consensus Capability Gaps Capability collect systems controls & self-healing processes meter about what correct (non-faults) sequence of operation are

User-aware & self- Need to have “on- diagnosing controls for board” diagnostics or Self-optimizing Develop low-cost Support for ASHRAE standard

packaged HVAC units data streams to collect controls controls for small sequence of operations Technology Technology

medium enterprises technology committee. Link Characteristics buildings FDD to standard sequences

R&D R&D Incorporate simplified FDD into

Programs integrated RTU control

DOE; PNNL; Catalyst; Enerfit; Digi-RTU

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

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R&D Program Summaries

Incorporate simplified FDD into integrated RTU control. Expand retrofit premium ventilation Key research questions: control (differential economizer and fan control) for rooftop units (RTUs) to include s basic fault detection and 1. Can simplified set up diagnostics speed and improve diagnosis (FDD) and streamlined setup. contractor setup of RTUs? Existing research: U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Catalyst, 2. Will simplified FDD programming fit into memory of Enerfit, Digi-RTU. available custom controllers? . [Summaries of existing research pending] 3. In a multiple building field deployment, what is energy savings based on pre/post monitoring?

269 ■ MARCH 2014 HEATING, VENTILATION, & AIR CONDITIONING ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : HEATING, VENTILATION, AND AIR CONDITIONING (HVAC) Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Heat Recovery and Economizer Optimization (1 of 2) Definitions” section

Reduced first Consumer demand for reduced / IAQ separate ventilation from cost of new Reduced first cost of new low cost of utilities / operation HVAC loads / equipment

systems / design systems / design Drivers

Need to reduce or eliminate Need reliable and space heating and/or water Need to make cost-effective and reliable Need controls to meet indoor Need to separate heating and cost-effective heating requirements in heat recovery available in rooftop units air needs – no excess vented cooling functions from sensors, controls, grocery stores and (RTUs) and other HVAC systems air beyond occupant needs ventilation function supermarkets by recovering and algorithms waste heat from refrigeration

and air conditioning equipment Capability Gaps Capability

Technology Heat recovery Improved Heat recovery Integrated economizer, DCV Improved DOAS / heat to integrate optimization water heating optimization controls and fan controls with start up recovery options for VRF HVAC and controls and technologies and algorithms diagnostic process and WSHP systems

water heating algorithms

Technology Technology Characteristics

Modularize grocery and supermarket waste heat recovery for space and domestic water heating Investigate options for DOAS Efficient water and heat recovery with VRF Integrated heating R&D R&D Heat recovery optimization Premium ventilation and WSHP for VRF retrofits. HVAC & water technologies routines such that field test Develop controller to convert

Programs heating economizer performance is ORNL; EPRI; remaining RTUs to DOAS with not impacted CEE & PECI; PNNL ORNL DOE independent controls.

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

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R&D Program Summaries

Premium ventilation field test. (Summary not yet provided.) Key research questions: 1. Determine improvement in contractor ease of use. 2. Determine improvement in occupant ease of use. Existing research: Consortium for Energy Efficiency (CEE) & Portland Energy Conservation, Inc. (PECI), Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL). 3. Determine improvement in pre/post energy savings. . [Summaries of existing research pending]

Integrated HVAC & Water Heating. (Summary not yet provided.) Key research questions: 1. Questions not yet specified.

Existing research: Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). . [Summaries of existing research pending]

Efficient water heating technologies. (Summary not yet provided.) Key research questions: 1. Questions not yet specified. Existing research: Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). . For ORNL’s work in this area, see Appendix B. . [Summaries of existing research pending]

271 ■ MARCH 2014 HEATING, VENTILATION, & AIR CONDITIONING ROADMAPS Continued . . . Heat recovery optimization routines such that economizer performance is not Key research questions: impacted. Developing controls and system designs to optimize heat recovery and use of outside air can 1. Questions not yet specified. reduce or eliminate HVAC compressor and burner operation for many hours per year. Existing research: None identified.

Modularize grocery and supermarket waste-heat recovery for space and domestic Key research questions: water heating. Do a field study of using heat recovery from grocery refrigeration or air conditioning to use 1. Questions not yet specified. for space heating in other areas or to pre-heat domestic hot water. Existing research: None identified.

Investigate options for DOAS and heat recovery with VRF and WSHP for VRF Key research questions: retrofits. Develop controller to convent remaining RTUs to DOAS with independent 1. Can RTU be controlled independently based on schedule, DCV, and outside air? controls. There have been cases where variable refrigerant flow (VRF) and water-source heat pumps (WSHPs) are retrofit and existing rooftop units (RTUs) remain for ventilation without integrated controls. Develop a 2. What are potential savings compared to heat recovery controller / sequence for dedicated outdoor air systems (DOAS) that would operate the RTU on a cycling basis DOAS? with demand-controlled ventilation (DCV) to maintain ventilation. 3. What options for ventilation and ventilation heat recovery in Existing research: None identified. DOAS systems exist? 4. How do these options compare as far as energy use?

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273 ■ MARCH 2014 HEATING, VENTILATION, & AIR CONDITIONING ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : HEATING, VENTILATION, AND AIR CONDITIONING (HVAC) Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Heat Recovery and Economizer Optimization (2 of 2) Definitions” section

Heat recovery should have bypass ducting, but added cost Simultaneous interest in energy efficiency Consumer and added control complexity need defunding as do and IAQ. Air size economizers augment both, demand for adequate exhaust air filtration QC therefore difficult but have high cost and difficult QC reduced / low cost of utilities /

Drivers operation

IAQ separate Increasing and Reduced HVAC loads in Diffusion of common ventilation from uncertain future cost buildings / lack properly communication protocols into HVAC loads / of electricity and gas sized equipment options energy-consuming devices equipment

Capability Gaps Capability Need to Need to correlate ventilation, Need Need reliable and Customer's lack of understanding optimize use temperature, and humidity delivery predictive effective economizer benefits of economizers of ambient or with actual uses at granular level so controls to indoor controls and monitoring devices can optimize systems & controls conditions be designed appropriately operation (i.e., seals, actuators, dampers)

Technologies to reduce Field tests to assist in the heating and cooling loads Building design to reduce Technology Technology sales of economizers and without negatively affecting natural ventilation Optimized ventilation Characteristics FDD for economizers indoor air quality

Optimized natural ventilation Economizers savings Reduce energy demands commercial building design Optimized ventilation: R&D R&D estimation tools without degrading indoor air to reduce cooling loads balance heating and cooling

Programs quality loads with occupant health EWEB; PECI MIT; NBI NIST; DOE; WCEC WCEC

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 274

R&D Program Summaries

Optimized natural ventilation commercial building design to reduce cooling loads. Key research questions: Does fan mischarge pressure determine energy analysis results in comparing economizer cooling to variable 1. Questions not yet specified. refrigerant flow (VRF), chilled beam etc non economizer systems? If so, should we consider low pressure distribution systems? Existing research: Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), New Buildings Institute (NBI). . [Summaries of existing research pending]

Economizer savings estimation tools. Develop tools that can estimate the potential savings from Key research questions: installing an economizer or fixing a faulty economizer for a given application. 1. Define requirements for such a tool. 2. Identify typical faults and their characteristics. Existing research: Eugene Water and Electric Board (EWEB), Portland Energy Conservation, Inc. (PECI). . [Summaries of existing research pending] 3. Develop a simplified model for energy use with and without a functioning economizer. 4. Characterize effects of minimum flow for ventilation, interior compared to perimiter zones. Integrated compared to unintegrated control with compressor operation. Climate high limit shutoff. Hours of operation per year. Supply air set point.

Reduce energy demands without degrading indoor air quality. (Summary not yet Key research questions: provided.) 1. Questions not yet specified.

Existing research: National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), University of California Davis Western Cooling Efficiency Center (WCEC). . [Summaries of existing research pending]

Optimized ventilation: balance heating and cooling loads with occupant health. Key research questions: (Summary not yet provided.) 1. Questions not yet specified.

Existing research: University of California Davis Western Cooling Efficiency Center (WCEC). . For WCEC research in this area, see Appendix B.

275 ■ MARCH 2014 HEATING, VENTILATION, & AIR CONDITIONING ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : HEATING, VENTILATION, AND AIR CONDITIONING (HVAC) Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Heating & Cooling Production and Delivery (1 of 5) Definitions” section

Consumer demand for reduced / low cost Consumer demand Contractor Need to understand of utilities / operation Reduced HVAC loads in Consumer demand for for reduced / low cost interest to where energy savings buildings / lack properly reduced / low cost of of utilities / operation increase profits can be achieved and demonstrate actuals sized equipment options utilities / operation

Need to understand Consumer Drivers where energy desire for Customer desire for low comfort and maintenance costs for Clarify variable refrigerant flow system energy savings can be aesthetics HVAC equipment benefits, trade-offs, and optimal control strategies achieved and demonstrate actuals

Variable refrigerant flow energy savings potential and control optimization not well understood

Need to optimize use of Need to correlate ambient or indoor conditions, Need the equivalent of ventilation, “ ” e.g., economizer, indoor ASHRAE Manual Need to have on-board diagnostics temperature, and Increase design Need information ventilation controls, and heat chapter on variable or data streams to collect humidity delivery with capability to on energy recovery refrigerant flow actual uses at handle zonal and performance, design, control, and granular level so radiant heating & optimization, and energy savings Need to eliminate current high-energy controls and Need two-way communication cooling delivery mini-split system Capability Gaps Capability optimization distribution of heat and cooling. Need monitoring devices with building controls to control best proven systems that provide safe and can be designed monitor equipment and practices adequate ventilation appropriately systems performance

Drop-in replacement condensing unit with variable speed compressor Variable refrigerant flow systems Need to downscale what is currently and controls available on big chillers for smaller units New refrigerant testing for efficiency and global Control Self optimizing optimization controls

Technology Technology and integrate with maintenance systems warming contribution Characteristics

More information about New energy use; improve Condensing High-performance Compressorless Control strategies for R&D R&D evaporative systems refrigerant controls gas RTUs cooling with indirect integrated system

evaporative cooling testing Programs NRCAN; CEE; SMUD + three CA Mitsubishi; Daikin; BPA; EPRI; SCE; WCEC; AHRI; NIST; others IOUs; NREL WCEC GE; WCEC others ORNL

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 276

R&D Program Summaries

More information about energy use; improve controls. Develop reliable engineering and Key research questions: technical information on how to optimize variable refrigerant flow (VRF) energy savings while assuring comfort 1. What are the key parameters effecting VRF performance? and reliability. Focus should be more on combination of demand control with VRF system to find the optimum Occupant behaviors within buildings and key parameters to approach. affect the comfort (temperature, variants, pull down time). Existing research: Bonneville Power Administration (BPA), Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), Southern 2. Energy consumption of VRF under different scenarios California Edison (SCE), University of California Davis Western Cooling Efficiency Center (WCEC), others. needs to be analyzed. The key is to reduce the load so does . EPRI: See Appendix B. the energy consumption. . WCEC: See Appendix B. . [Summaries of existing research pending]

New refrigerant testing. AHRI has an ongoing research program. Low-GWP alternative refrigerants Key research questions: evaluation program (Low-GWP AREP). The purpose of the program is to test potential high GWP refrigerant 1. The performance of alternate refrigerant candidates will be replacements. Testing is done in accordance with industry-wide accepted standards. presented. Existing research: Air-Conditioning, Heating, and Refrigeration Institute (AHRI), National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). . ORNL: See Appendix B. . NIST: See Appendix B. . [Summaries of existing research pending]

Condensing gas pack RTUs. Roof-top units (RTUs) with condensing gas heat will be much more Key research questions: efficient than non-condensing. Field test as necessary and encourage implementation in the Northwest. 1. Questions not yet specified.

Existing research: Stakeholders indicated that work in this area is ongoing at the Consortium for Energy Efficiency (CEE) and Natural Resources Canada (NRCAN); CEE staff member Tony Gross has also indicated that Douglas Kosar at the Gas Technology Institute and Dick Lord at Carrier Corporation have expertise in ongoing research in this area, and BPA staff is in the process of following-up with these contacts. . Martin Thomas oversees NRCAN (http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/home) research in this area. . CEE does not conduct its own technical research in this area, but does keep abreast of R&D and helps bring emerging technologies into the marketplace; see http://www.cee1.org/. . Gas Technology Institute: http://www.gastechnology.org/webroot/app/xn/xd.aspx?it=enweb&xd=gtihome.xml. . Carrier Corporation: http://carrier.com/Carrier+Corporate+Sites/Corporate

Continued . . .

277 ■ MARCH 2014 HEATING, VENTILATION, & AIR CONDITIONING ROADMAPS Control strategies for integrated system. Understand the process of integrated systems (water Key research questions: heating and cooling together). How to optimize the two processes?. 1. What are the load profile and draw pattern? Existing research: Mitsubishi, Daikin, General Electric (GE), University of California Davis Western Cooling 2. What is the optimum size of water storage? Efficiency Center (WCEC). 3. What are the limits? . WCEC: See Appendix B. . [Summaries of existing research pending]

High-performance evaporative systems. Seely International of Australia reports cooling by indirect Key research questions: / direct means with drops in temperature approaching dew point and using one-half of the water of either direct 1. Can evaporative systems produce temperature drops of 50 / indirect systems. Test in a variety of hot-dry locations from Boise (ID) to Borrego Springs (CA) and Salt Lake City to 60 degrees Fahrenheit? (UT) to confirmed and document performance in systems of varying sizes. 2. What is the level of water consumption? Existing research: Sacramento Municipal Utility District (SMUD) and the three IOUs in California are poised to 3. What is the physical weight and size of high performance begin testing Summer 2013. Research also ongoing at National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). evaporative systems? . NREL: See Appendix B. 4. Are the system controls well developed including fault . [Summaries of existing research pending] detection? 5. Is the manufacturer continuing to refine the product to improve performance and reduce cost?

Compressorless cooling with indirect evaporative cooling. Purpose: Method test for indirect Key research questions: evaporative cooling and distribution of energy efficiency. Scope: Residential indirect evaporative cooler. Goals: 1. What shall be the method of test for indirect evaporative Generic test and performance specifications for effective and efficient units that support market uptake and cooling? induction of multiple systems. 2. What performance and design metrics are required to Existing research: University of California Davis Western Cooling Efficiency Center (WCEC). support market adoption? . [Summaries of existing research pending] 3. What shall be the water use metric and criteria. Gallons/how? 4. What shall be required for water quality management? 5. Define the installation and maintenance requirements for indirect evaporative codes. 6. What are the relief/exhaust options for correct operation?

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279 ■ MARCH 2014 HEATING, VENTILATION, & AIR CONDITIONING ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : HEATING, VENTILATION, AND AIR CONDITIONING (HVAC) Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Heating & Cooling Production and Delivery (2 of 5) Definitions” section

Consumer demand for reduced / low cost Contractor Need to understand of utilities / operation interest to where energy savings Reduced HVAC loads in Consumer demand for increase profits can be achieved and buildings / lack properly reduced / low cost of demonstrate actuals sized equipment options utilities / operation

Consumer Drivers desire for Customer desire for low comfort and maintenance costs for Clarify variable refrigerant flow system energy aesthetics HVAC equipment benefits, trade-offs, and optimal control strategies

Variable refrigerant flow energy savings potential and control optimization not well understood

Need to optimize use of Need to correlate ambient or indoor conditions, Need the equivalent of ventilation, “ ” e.g., economizer, indoor ASHRAE Manual Need to have on-board diagnostics temperature, and Increase design ventilation controls, and heat chapter on variable or data streams to collect humidity delivery with capability to recovery refrigerant flow actual uses at handle zonal and design, control, and granular level so radiant heating & energy savings Need to eliminate current high-energy controls and Need two-way communication cooling delivery Capability Gaps Capability optimization distribution of heat and cooling. Need monitoring devices with building controls to proven systems that provide safe and can be designed monitor equipment and adequate ventilation appropriately systems performance

Standardized sequences of Self-optimizing operation that meed code Technology Technology Fast, accurate controls controls (ASHRAE 90.1) Characteristics Variable refrigerant for and air flow flow systems and controls

Self optimizing controls Standard sequences Water-based VRF of operation

R&D R&D Field test variable systems to incorporate Optimal Energy Corp.; speed heat Johnson, Honeywell, Programs geothermal with VRF Univ. of Nebraska pumps Siemens, etc. EPRI; AHRI ORNL; NIST

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 280

R&D Program Summaries

Field test variable speed heat pumps. One of the most promising heating and air conditioning Key research questions: technologies is variable refrigerant flow, or "multi-split" systems. However, good field testing is needed to verify 1. What applications will provide the best savings to the that it can perform in the field as promised in theory. utility? Existing research: Stakeholders reported that the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) was conducting 2. What is the efficiency of the heat recovery function? research in this area specifically with technologies developed by Daikin Industries. Subject matter experts also indicated that the Air-Conditioning, Heating, and Refrigeration Institute (AHRI) was also working in this area. . EPRI: See Appendix B. . [Summaries of other existing research pending]

Water-based VRF systems to incorporate geothermal with VRF. So much attention has Key research questions: been given to air-source heat pumps recently that the variable refrigerant flow (VRF) "multi-split" and "mini-split" 1. What is the cost premium of water based systems vs air systems are nearly as efficient as ground-source and water-source heat pumps. Could we combine the source? technologies, using what we have learned in VRF technology to further increase the efficiency of water-source heat pumps? Both Mitsubishi and Daikin Industries, Ltd., offer products that represent some progress in this 2. What is the cost of the ground heat exchanger? area. 3. How does the cost of VRF geothermal does compared to geothermal w/ hydraulic heat pumps? Existing research: Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). . [Summaries of existing research pending]

281 ■ MARCH 2014 HEATING, VENTILATION, & AIR CONDITIONING ROADMAPS Continued . . . Self optimizing controls. Research existing and potential self optimizing controls. What are the key Key research questions: savings available for a “Hartman Loop” for packaged HVAC equipment?. 1. Can principles from Hartman’s control be applied to unitary equipment? Existing research: Optimal Energy Corporation, University of Nebraska. 2. Can condenser fan speed, compressor speed, and indoor . Subject matter experts reported in September 2012: “Haorong Li @ U. of Nebraska Omaha's Virtual Sensor.” fan speed be modulated based on total power input? . [Summaries of existing research pending] 3. What energy savings are possible through power-based control algorithms for packaged equipment? 4. What additional sensors are required for power-based control? 5. What is the additional cost for power-based control?

Standard sequences of operation. Research the availability or potential of standard sequences of Key research questions: operation that meet code and can easily be incorporated into control designs. 1. Are there standard sequences already available? 2. Can sequences be made available in an open source Existing research: Johnson, Honeywell, Siemens, etc. format (i.e., BACnet communications protocol for building . [Summaries of existing research pending] automation and control networks)?

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283 ■ MARCH 2014 HEATING, VENTILATION, & AIR CONDITIONING ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : HEATING, VENTILATION, AND AIR CONDITIONING (HVAC) Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Heating & Cooling Production and Delivery (3 of 5) Definitions” section

Consumer demand for reduced / low cost of Reduce / eliminate utilities / operation refrigerants of high Drivers global warming potential

CG12 Clarify variable refrigerant flow system energy benefits, trade- Increase design capability Need the equivalent of ASHRAE offs, and optimal control to handle zonal and Manual chapter on variable strategies for mini-split air Lack of gas radiant heating & cooling refrigerant flow design, control, and conditioning and heat pumps heating delivery energy savings optimization equipment that D5 Need to eliminate can achieve a compressors (in vapor cost Variable refrigerant flow Clarify variable refrigerant flow compression cycle) for effectiveness > 1 energy savings potential system energy benefits, trade-offs,

Capability Gaps Capability cooling and control optimization and optimal control strategies for not well understood mini-split air conditioning and heat pumps

Variable refrigerant Variable refrigerant flow systems and Solid state More robust economizers both with flow systems and controls for mini-split air conditioning

cooling controls and mechanical components controls and heat pump applications

Technology Technology Characteristics

Improved economizer reliability

Reid Hart's Western Premium Economizer; Honeywell; California’s FDD rule Title 24

Solid state cooling / Better mini-split thermal electric controls with variable R&D R&D refrigerant flow Advanced heat pumps applications Programs ARPA-E; MIT; Nextreme; Reduce impact of Phononic Devices; CSIRO heat pump frosting EPRI; BPA; Mitsubishi; Daikin; GE Mitsubishi; Daikin

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

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R&D Program Summaries

Solid state cooling / thermal electric. Increase the efficiency of cooling through thermoelectric Key research questions: devices. 1. Can the technology be scaled? 2. Where can it be applied to conventional systems to improve Existing research: Advanced Research Projects Agency–Energy (ARPA-E), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Nextreme, Phononic Devices, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) efficiency? . [Summaries of existing research pending]

Advanced heat pumps. Advanced HP for all climates. High COP to provide services to the grid (ancillary Key research questions: services). 1. With grid connectivity effect of cycling compressor impact to HP efficiency. Existing research: Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), Bonneville Power Administration (BPA), Mitsubishi, Daikin, General Electric (GE). 2. Trade-offs of HP vs system (grid) efficiency. . Thirty-five subject matter experts representing Bonneville Power Administration (BPA), the Electrical Power Research Institute (EPRI), Southern California Edison (SCE), and seventeen other institutions collaborated from 2009-2011 to produce the Variable Capacity Heat Pump Measure Development Roadmap (http://www.bpa.gov/energy/n/emerging_technology/VCHPOverview.cfm). As part of this effort, BPA contracted EES Consulting of Kirkland, Washington, to perform secondary research and provide estimates of efficiency improvements in the Northwest by applying variable capacity heat pump technology; see “Measure Summary Report: Variable Refrigerant Flow,” February 2011, http://www.bpa.gov/energy/n/emerging_technology/pdf/BPA_VRF_Measure_Report_Final_R1.pdf. . EPRI continues to conduct laboratory testing and modeling of advanced variable refrigerant flow systems in partnership with SCE and the Florida Solar Energy Center (FSEC) and funding from BPA’s Energy Efficiency Emerging Technology (E3T) team; more information in Appendix B.

Continued . . .

285 ■ MARCH 2014 HEATING, VENTILATION, & AIR CONDITIONING ROADMAPS Better mini-split controls with variable refrigerant flow applications. Variable refrigerant Key research questions: flow (VRF) and other control optimization can make mini-splits even better alternatives to conventional central air 1. What are the fan and cooling & heating energy savings conditioning. Investigate energy savings of mini-splits and multi-splits with occupancy sensors. associated with using several zones with occupancy controls? Existing research: Mitsubishi, Daikin. . [Summaries of existing research pending] 2. What kind of a setback is required for any significant energy savings? 3. Is there a homeowner, customer, or business owner comfort issue from setting back zones?

Improved economizer reliability. Research ways to improve economizer functionality and reliability. Key research questions: Test existing products for sequence functionality and reliability. 1. Is there any hope for an enthalpy economizer? 2. Can humidity sensors ever be accurate and reliable Existing research: Reid Hart's Western Premium Economizer, Honeywell, California Title 24. enough? . [Summaries of existing research pending] 3. Are there other sensors than relative humidity (RH) (wetbulb) that can be used to determine enthalpy? 4. Can mechanical components of economizers be improved— i.e. move away from single actuator to dual actuators without linkage? 5. Do any products currently available (Honeywell JADE) provide acceptable reliability?

Reduce impact of heat pump frosting. Frosting of heat pump evaporator coils and the Key research questions: accompanying need for thermal defrosting is a significant energy penalty. 1. How can frost formation be minimized? 2. How can frost removal be optimized? Existing research: None identified.

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287 ■ MARCH 2014 HEATING, VENTILATION, & AIR CONDITIONING ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : HEATING, VENTILATION, AND AIR CONDITIONING (HVAC) Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Heating & Cooling Production and Delivery (4 of 5) Definitions” section

Customer desire for low maintenance Reduce / eliminate costs for HVAC Consumer demand for reduced refrigerants of high global equipment / low cost of utilities / operation Contractor interest

warming potential to increase profits Drivers

High failure rate with economizers Reduce / eliminate distribution No packaged pump array available (mechanical and electrical) systems for heating / cooling sytems

Capability Gaps Capability HVAC systems that split ventilation functions from temperature control functions

Packaged pump array (similar HVAC system that separate to fan array) for ease of ventilation from space Systems that reduce replacement, redundancy, Low friction loss conditioning distribution energy efficiency air/water distribution use – pumping

Technology Technology system guidelines Characteristics

Existing building renewal Phase change materials for Packaged pump array Radiative cooling NEEA Low friction loss water distribution systems R&D R&D distribution Stanford

system guidelines WCEC Programs Vari Drane Duct Designer

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

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R&D Program Summaries

Existing building renewal. Field demonstrations of deep retrofits of HVAC systems, Key research questions: especially large commercial buildings. Facilitate more to separating ventilation or conditioned air and 1. Demonstrate savings from deep retrofits of HVAC systems. equipment downsizing through system integration. Existing research: Northwest Energy Efficiency Alliance (NEEA). . NEA: Existing Building Renewal Initiative (BetterBricks): http://www.betterbricks.com/design- construction/existing-building-renewal-initiative.

Low friction loss distribution system guidelines. Develop guideline for the design of Key research questions: low friction loss air and water distribution systems. 1. Can key principles of low friction loss systems be incorporated into a guideline or software package for duct and pipe systems? Existing research: Vari Drane Duct Designer. 2. Can a pocket guide be erected? . [Summaries of existing research pending] 3. Can an existing duct/pipe software package be use to offer low friction design advice? 4. Software could issue warnings if high loss fittings were used.

Phase change materials for water distribution systems. Investigate the potential Key research questions: for pumping energy savings from injecting phase change “beads” into pumped water or glycol. 1. Model the potential savings. 2. Durability, pump interactions, feasibility. Existing research: University of California Davis Western Cooling Efficiency Center (WCEC). . [Summaries of existing research pending] 3. Lab test. 4. Field test / demonstration.

Packaged pump array. Research energy efficiency benefits of packaged pump array Key research questions: including benefits of redundancy and ease of replacement. 1. What are the efficiency gains possible with multiple pump arrays? (i.e. 4 or more) Existing research: None identified. 2. Can arrays be produced cost effectively? 3. What is the payback / life-cycle cost (LCC) of pump arrays? 4. Can pump arrays be built of commonly available pumps? 5. How would such an array be controlled?

Continued . . .

289 ■ MARCH 2014 HEATING, VENTILATION, & AIR CONDITIONING ROADMAPS Radiative Cooling. Roofing and/or siding systems that provide cooling. Key research questions: 1. Questions not yet specified.

Existing research: . Stanford University: A team at Stanford University has developed a new type of solar structure that uses ultrabroadband photonic structures to provide radiative cooling for buildings even during daytime. See Eden Rephaeli, Aaswath Raman, and Shanhui Fan, "Ultrabroadband Photonic Structures To Achieve High-Performance Daytime Radiative Cooling," Nano Letters 13:4 (2013), 1457–1461. Abstract at http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/nl4004283?mi=vwy69k&af=R&pageSize=20&searchText=TiO2+Photonic+crys tal. For summary see Andrew Myers, "Stanford scientists develop new type of solar structure that cools buildings in full sunlight," Stanford Report, April 15, 2013, http://news.stanford.edu/news/2013/april/fan-solar-cooling-041513.html. Also see the roadmap Building Design / Envelope – Solar / Smart Roofing.

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291 ■ MARCH 2014 HEATING, VENTILATION, & AIR CONDITIONING ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : HEATING, VENTILATION, AND AIR CONDITIONING (HVAC) Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Heating & Cooling Production and Delivery (5 of 5) Definitions” section

Reduce / eliminate Customer desire for Reduced HVAC loads in Consumer demand for Reduce / eliminate refrigerants of high low maintenance buildings / lack properly reduced / low cost of utilities refrigerants of high global warming potential costs for HVAC sized equipment options / operation global warming potential

Drivers equipment

No existing retrofit kit for Need to eliminate reheat HVAC systems that split residential split system to variable (overcooling for latent ventilation functions from speed condensing unit (keeping cooling needs) temperature control functions existing furnace)

High failure rate with Capability Gaps Capability economizers (mechanical Need to develop control strategy and electrical) for combined water heating and cooling

Drop-in replacement Packaged pump array condensing unit with (similar to fan array) for Gas heat pumps both engine Code that makes reheating variable speed ease of replacement, driven and gas absorption unacceptable

compressor redundancy, efficiency

Technology Technology Characteristics

Retrofit kits for existing Assess energy savings Natural gas heat pumps residential split systems to impact of eliminating all convert to variable speed Nextaire; Robur simultaneous heating and

R&D R&D condensing units cooling Programs

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

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R&D Program Summaries

Natural gas heat pumps. Investigate the potential of natural gas heat pumps both engine driven Key research questions: and absorption technologies. 1. What are the maintenance costs associated with gas engine driven equipment? Existing research: Nextaire, Robur. 2. What is the payback period for both types of gas heat pumps? . [Summaries of existing research pending] 3. What is the reliability of equipment with an internal combustion engine? 4. Are specialized skills required of maintenance personnel? 5. Are there performance challenges with gas absorption heat pumps?

Retrofit kits for existing residential split systems to convert to variable speed Key research questions: condensing units. Examine the technical hurdles to producing a retrofit kit that could allow 1. Does the existing thermostatic expansion valve (TXV) need to be homeowners to change their existing fixed-speed condensing units to variable speed units without changing changed out? their indoor furnace or air handling unit (AHU). 2. Can the existing constant speed indoor fan be kept? Is a variable Existing research: None identified. speed indoor fan required? 3. Could a single phase variable frequency drive (VFD) or electronically commutated motor (ECM) replacement be used to convert the indoor unit to variable speed? 4. Are there products on the market already that do this? What is the potential market?

Assess energy savings impact of eliminating all simultaneous heating and Key research questions: cooling. Systems such as Variable air (VAV) with reheat or similar systems that result in 1. What is the market size for systems that do simultaneous simultaneous heating and cooling waste energy for the most part because they try to heat/cool and heating and cooling? ventilate. How many of these systems are installed each year and how much energy is wasted?. 2. How much energy is wasted? Existing research: None identified. 3. What is the cost impact of eliminating these systems from the market and replacing with systems that do not simultaneously heat/cool e.g. dedicated outdoor air systems (DOAS) ventilation systems coupled with variable refrigerant flow (VRF), or radiant or chilled beam? 4. What are other options for systems that can heat/cold/ventilate without simultaneous heating and cooling?

293 ■ MARCH 2014 HEATING, VENTILATION, & AIR CONDITIONING ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : HEATING, VENTILATION, AND AIR CONDITIONING (HVAC) Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area HVAC Motor-driven Systems (1 of 2) Definitions” section

Diffusion of common communication Integration Availability of Reduced HVAC loads in Power quality, power Availability of cross-cutting, low- protocols into of info, new buildings / lack properly factor of DC motors cost technology building blocks energy-consuming communica technologies sized equipment options

Drivers devices tion devices

Need systems integration with Need more turn Need to overcome building, sensors, and HVAC down ratio lack of cost and production and delivery Need to overcome lack of

Capability Gaps Capability capability for size limitations for cost-effective technology, operating at currently available case studies, education, low load electronically and application standards Need to establish variable speed conditions with commutated control on all systems, fans, efficiency motors (ECMs) compressors, pumps, etc.

Technology Technology Variable speed ECM motors in larger sizes,

Characteristics everything with low lower cost, suitable for cost, high reliability drop-in replacement

Drop-in ECMs for residential, need furnaces, case studies, savings, etc.; commercially- Make ECMs bigger and compatible with belt-driven

R&D R&D available products loads

Programs McMillian Electric Co.; Genteq Motors; Emerson Climate Technologies; Proctor HEVT Engineering

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

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R&D Program Summaries

Drop-in ECMs for residential, need furnaces, case studies, savings, etc.; Key research questions: commercially-available products. Use of electronically commutated motors (ECMs) for small motors 1. What electrical or control modifications are required? could decrease energy use and increase ease of speed control significantly. A line of ECMs that would drop-in 2. What are actual savings achievable for various easily for retrofits would make implementation easier and more widespread. replacements? Existing research: McMillian Electric Co., Genteq Motors, Emerson Climate Technologies, Proctor Engineering. 3. What applications are the best for variable speed retrofit . As of January 2011, E Source reported that there were at least three commercially-available options for drop- i.e. can a variable speed ECM motor be used without having in replacement brushless permanent magnets (BPM, a.k.a., electronically commutated motors) for furnace to make modifications to many other components? and/or air conditioning motors (see http://www.esource.com/node/27096); these included 4. What applications are the best for constant speed retrofit o McMillian Electric Company (http://www.mcmillanelectric.com/) offers the high-efficiency Concept 3 only, i.e. systems not really capable of variable speed motor with climate optimized controls for standard heating and air conditioning systems operation, but would benefit from a more efficient ECM (http://www.proctoreng.com/c3motor.html). motor running at constant speed? o Genteq Motors (http://genteqmotors.com/) offers the Evergreen IM high-efficiency ECM designed to replace HVAC system blower motors. (http://genteqmotors.com/products/genteq/evergreen-im/). 5. How much energy can be saved by doing balancing with the ECM motor in use of closing all the dampers? o Emerson Climate Technologies (http://www.emersonclimate.com/en-US/Pages/Home.aspx) offers the Rescue Ecotech® is designed to drop-in to existing permanent split capacitor blower applications, and does not require complex wiring modifications or system control changes (http://www.emersonclimate.com/en- US/products/motors/variable_speed_ecm/rescue_ecotech/Pages/rescue_ecotech.aspx). . [Summaries of existing research pending]

Make ECMs bigger and compatible with belt-driven loads. Electronically commutated Key research questions: motors (ECMs) have been very effective for saving energy and simplifying speed control for small motors. Having 1. What are the benefits of ECMs compared to variable them available in larger sizes could simplify many retrofits, increase efficiency, and simplify design of variable frequency drive (VFD) for larger motors? speed systems. 2. What size does this make sense? E Source reported in January 2011 that they were not aware of any current research into very large ECMs, 3. What are the cost/technology barriers to making larger because as ECM motor size increases, the technology has to compete with highly efficient 3-phase motors. Research in electric vehicle technologies is illustrative. E Source Research Manager Bryan Jungers reported that ECMs? his analysis of direct current-permanent magnet (DC-PM) motors in comparison to alternating current (AC) 4. How does efficiency of ECM motor compare to that of induction motors showed that the DC motors tended to be 10 to 20% more energy efficient on average in the conventional motor at each motor size? 75kW range. For larger motors (~200+ kW), however, the AC induction motor is the preferred option, as it is usually smaller, lighter, and less expensive. For applications less than or equal to about 50 kW, the PM motors 5. What is the potential market for larger ECM motors? What seem to have a size and weight advantage, partly due to their smaller and lighter motor controller. In the range products will it displace and what are impacts? of 50 to 150 kW, the market seems somewhat split on these two options: for heavy-duty vehicle applications, AC is the preferred technology, while for light-duty vehicles, PM seems to have an edge thus far. The 50 to 150 kW range is effectively where the cross-over might be for switching from one technology to the other. Existing research: HEVT [?]. . [Summaries of existing research pending]

295 ■ MARCH 2014 HEATING, VENTILATION, & AIR CONDITIONING ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : HEATING, VENTILATION, AND AIR CONDITIONING (HVAC) Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area HVAC Motor-driven Systems (2 of 2) Definitions” section

Maximized Availability of Reduced HVAC loads in Availability of cross-cutting, Availability of cross-cutting, motor driven new buildings / lack properly low-cost technology low-cost technology building

component technologies sized equipment options building blocks blocks Drivers efficiency

Need more turn down ratio Minimum heat created. Need to capability for operating at reduce eddys / magnetic flux low load conditions with Need for case studies and field tests for ECMs

efficiency Capability Gaps Capability

Promote high efficiency part load Low cost basic sub metering Shape of magnets Non-rare earth performance in the system (HVAC-Lights-Plug) in motor magnets field of VSD driven Tools for fan, pump selection guides with communication links and for annual use, not just for peak

Technology Technology water cooled chillers data collection software Characteristics

Study actual vs published part load Evaporative M&V of HVAC Development of magnet efficiency performance of VSD systems to Tools for optimal selection of technology for use in motors systems and

R&D R&D driven compressors retrofit to motor-driven equipment measures for HVAC motor-driven existing RTUs Programs equipment MotorMaster Frink (Johnson Controls); Taylor (20 tons and PEC TLL; BPA, Engineering above) DOE, & PNNL NovaTorque; HEVT

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

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R&D Program Summaries

Development of magnet technology for use in motors for HVAC motor-driven Key research questions: equipment. With limitations on availability of rare earth magnets, viable alternatives need to be identified 1. What research has been done / underway with regards to and developed which are not of free earth materials and may be configured in different shapes. alternate magnet materials? 2. What materials have promise of being used are R.E Existing research: NovaTorque, HEVT. replacement? . [Summaries of existing research pending] 3. Is it cost effective to produce industrial-capable magnets of alternative materials? 4. What other magnet shapes provide more / optimal efficiency for motors?

Study actual vs published part load efficiency performance of VSD driven Key research questions: compressors. Measure output and kW of variable-speed drive (VSD) driven chillers down to 25% full 1. What is the difference between published and actual field capacity in field tests. Many are operating at higher kW than expected. Figure out why and recommend part load performance of variable frequency drive (VFD) corrections to problems. driven chillers at 25% load? Existing research: Frink (Johnson Controls), Taylor Engineering. 2. How does condenser water temperature affect outcome? . Frink (Johnson Controls): refrigeration compressors. 3. What load modulation mechanism (e.g. hot gas bypass) is . Taylor Engineering: central chillers. in use at 25%? What is VSD speed? . [Summaries of existing research pending] 4. Why do manufacturers not publish VFD speeds at 25/50/75/100% load in published integrated part load value (IPLV) ratings? 5. Is optimization of chiller performance at 25% consistent with how system kW/ton? If not, whats the best strategy?

Continued . . .

297 ■ MARCH 2014 HEATING, VENTILATION, & AIR CONDITIONING ROADMAPS Tools for optimal selection of motor-driven equipment. To prevent over-sizing motor driven Key research questions: equipment and allow them to operate at a maximum efficiency, information such as; system load profiles are 1. What are the current processes that design engineers use required to choose the optimal number of and optimally-sized components. Tools to take this information from to design HVAC systems? simulation or modeling tools and transfer them to equipment sizing tools will help engineers design better (efficient) systems. 2. What simulation and modeling tools are used to design HVAC systems? Existing research: MotorMaster. 3. Is load profile information available from this process in . terms required to size equipment? . [Summaries of existing research pending] 4. What equipment selection tools exist? What inputs are required for selection? 5. Can a tool be developed to transfer system design information to a format acceptable to equipment selection tools?

M&V of HVAC systems and measures. Assess actual energy use vs predicted for various energy Key research questions: conservation measures and whole buildings. 1. How do individual measures perform compared to predictions? Existing research: Pacific Energy Center (PEC) Tool Lending Library (TLL). Bonneville Power Administration (BPA), U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), and Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) are collaborating on tests of 2. What are interaction between measures and impact on the Catalyst rooftop unit (RTU). whole building energy use? . PEC TLL: http://www.pge.com/pec/tll/. 3. How does whole building energy use compare to . The Catalyst RTU research project includes validating the control package and quantifying the Catalyst projections? savings including breaking out fan savings and comparing the savings to PNNL's modeled savings. BPA is 4. Can plug and play sub metering systems be developed that supporting a second year of data collection for the project which began in 2012 with other funders. A final will communicate via internet with data storage and report is expected late in 2013. see analysis capability standardized? http://www.bpa.gov/energy/n/emerging_technology/pdf/E3T_Current_Projects.pdf. 5. What is a standardized approach to “truing up” a building simulation model to actual building energy use? 6. How should building electrical systems be designed to lower the cost of sub metering?

Evaporative systems to retrofit to existing RTUs (20 tons and above). It is time to move Key research questions: add-on evaporative systems to coordinated deployment. Utility field tests demonstrate energy and peak savings 1. Can adequate fault detection be added to add-on 10 to 40 percent. evaporative systems to ensure sustained performance? Existing research: None identified. 2. Can mechanical industry be trained and compensated at reasonable / cost effective levels to install and provide continuous commissioning? 3. Will commercial customers beyond data centers embrace this technology?

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299 ■ MARCH 2014 HEATING, VENTILATION, & AIR CONDITIONING ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : HEATING, VENTILATION, AND AIR CONDITIONING (HVAC) Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Commercial Integrated Buildings (1 of 5) Definitions” section

For commercial building and groups at Renewable on grid - buildings where appropriate need to transition Demand responsive Consumer demand for reduced / low to energy production at the system and not at HVAC / Integrated

cost of utilities / operation component levels as done today System Drivers

Need to understand Integration of buildings and utilities - No simple cost and valuation of today there is regional utilities that effective CHP thermal storage and are trying to integrate but there is no system

related common approach and standard Capability Gaps Capability

A simple to design and install cost effective CHP system Packaged large size thermal storage systems to minimize the cost of

design installation and maintenance

Technology Technology Characteristics

Existing building equipment Uniform approach to building replacement and upgrade Development of cost effective and utility interface through Understanding and CHP systems smart grid incentivizing value of end-user R&D R&D ability to do thermal storage Thermal storage system (heat EERE; ORNL; Manufacturers AHRI; ORNL; EPRI Programs (heat or cold) or cold)

Pike; FPL; NREL RSF Calmac

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

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R&D Program Summaries

Thermal storage system (heat or cold). Continue to develop cost effective packaged thermal Key research questions: storage systems that can be installed in the field with minimal design cost and simple to install and operate. This 1. Can current materials accommodate phase change to shall include tools for designing and installation. achieve goals? Existing research: Calmac. . [Summaries of existing research pending]

Uniform approach to building and utility interface through smart grid. (Summary not yet Key research questions: provided.) 1. Develop standard and protocols to allow interface. 2. Define what should be controlled and how. Existing research: Air-Conditioning, Heating, and Refrigeration Institute (AHRI), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI). 3. Define hardware and logistic. . [Summaries of existing research pending]

Understanding and incentivizing value of end-user ability to do thermal storage Key research questions: (heat or cold). Thermal storage could shave peaks, level loads, and even provide ancillary services. The 1. What are optimum strategies, and how do we decide when value is both location and time dependent, and hugely variable in size. We need tools that help design programs we are near enough? based on value, programs could range from purchase incentives through tariff provisions. 2. What services would add robustness or flexibility to the Existing research: Pike; Florida Power & Light Company (FPL); National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) grid, and what is that worth for a given utility in a specific Research Support Facility (RSF). location? . [Summaries of existing research pending] 3. How do we acquire these grid resources? 4. What do equipment manufacturers have to do to respond to these utility requirements?

Continued . . .

301 ■ MARCH 2014 HEATING, VENTILATION, & AIR CONDITIONING ROADMAPS Development of cost effective CHP systems. Work with major manufacturers on developing low- Key research questions: cost combined heat and power (CHP) systems using waste heat, gas, etc. 1. Can CHP become a standard in commercial buildings?

Existing research: U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), and manufacturers including Caterpillar, Ice-Bean. . See also the CHP technology roadmpaps in this portfolio. . [Summaries of existing research pending]

Existing building equipment replacement and upgrade. Quantify the potential for existing Key research questions: building energy savings and implement programs to encourage building upgrades and equipment replacements. 1. How much energy can be saved? 2. Address the issues of refrigerants and how to replace old Existing research: None identified. R22 and R11 systems? 3. Address how local codes will handle new ZL refrigerant and end use of natural refrigerants? 4. Develop procedures and incentives for energy audits and building recomissioning

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303 ■ MARCH 2014 HEATING, VENTILATION, & AIR CONDITIONING ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : HEATING, VENTILATION, AND AIR CONDITIONING (HVAC) Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Commercial Integrated Buildings (2 of 5) Definitions” section

For commercial building and groups at Workforce issues - Consumer demand for Market demand for energy buildings where appropriate need to Retirement wave, poorly reduced / low cost of efficiency / "Green" transition to energy production at the prepared newcomers, utilities / operation market differentiation system and not at component levels as inadequate apprenticeship

Drivers done today programs

Lack of valuation of Lack of adequate benchmarking

systems approach in and mechanisms for market Capability Gaps Capability utility / regulatory internalization of value of low programs energy buildings

Outcome based codes and Benchmarking database and utility programs that reward building rating tool based on actual building performance large enough sample to based on integrated whole- include end use

Technology Technology systems approaches differentiation Characteristics

Commercial Building Building rating system with Outcome-based codes Energy Consumption benchmarking database and incentive Survey (CBECS ++) programs ENERGY STAR Portfolio

U.S. EIA Manager

R&D R&D Programs

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

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R&D Program Summaries

Building rating system with benchmarking database. Research and assess building rating Key research questions: systems worldwide. Develop recommendations for US building rating system. Develop proposed database for 1. What countries have best-in-class building rating systems? benchmarking purposes. 2. What are characteristics of best-in-class rating systems? Existing research: ENERGY STAR Portfolio Manager. 3. How can building rating systems best be utilized to achieve . [Summaries of existing research pending] benchmarking capability? 4. How can building rating system best internalize the value of energy efficiency, demand response capabilities, and ancillary service capability into the market value of a building and its rent levels earned by the owner?

Commercial Building Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS). Wide sample of commercial Key research questions: building energy use characteristics adequate to establish statistically significant benchmarks for broad sector of 1. What is the distribution of energy use within primary existing commercial building types. Include energy end use splits covering primary areas of building energy use commercial building usage types? (HVAC, lighting, hot water, server, work areas, plugs, key process energy end uses). 2. What is the distribution of energy use within the primary Existing research: U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA).. energy end use in commercial buildings? . U.S. EIA’s Commercial Building Energy Consumption Survey “is a national sample survey that collects 3. What are the primary energy end use categories in information on the stock of U.S. commercial buildings, including their energy-related building commercial buildings that are important to quantify? characteristics and energy usage data (consumption and expenditures). Commercial buildings include all buildings in which at least half of the floorspace is used for a purpose that is not residential, industrial, or agricultural. By this definition, CBECS includes building types that might not traditionally be considered commercial, such as schools, hospitals, correctional institutions, and buildings used for religious worship, in addition to traditional commercial buildings such as stores, restaurants, warehouses, and office buildings.”. See http://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/.

Outcome-based codes and incentive programs. Investigate barriers and mechanisms for Key research questions: implementing programs to incentivize whole building approaches that deliver low energy buildings. Develop 1. What are the primary benefits to programs based on actual programs to incentivize low energy buildings as opposed to efficient equipment. energy end use (based on billed results)? Existing research: None identified. 2. What sorts of drivers and barriers would be acceptable to market to enforce performance based programs? 3. What EVI [?] targets would be achievable and valuable enough to make this approach worthwhile?

305 ■ MARCH 2014 HEATING, VENTILATION, & AIR CONDITIONING ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : HEATING, VENTILATION, AND AIR CONDITIONING (HVAC) Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Commercial Integrated Buildings (3 of 5) Definitions” section

Market demand Consumer Renewable on For commercial building and groups at for energy demand for grid - Demand buildings where appropriate need to efficiency / reduced / low responsive HVAC transition to energy production at the "Green" market cost of utilities / Integrated system and not at component levels as

differentiation / operation System done today Drivers

Lack of adequate Need M&V for Integration of buildings and benchmarking and Need to routinely measure occupant feedback utilities - today there is mechanisms for market and value building services mechanisms - regional utilities that are internalization of value of to utility (DR, EE, and and dashboards and trying to integrate but there Capability Gaps Capability low enrgy buildings ancillary services) reporting is no common approach and standard

Understanding

Technology Technology miscellaneous loads

Characteristics (diverse end uses in commercial spaces)

Miscellaneous loads in

R&D R&D commercial building

Programs CalPlug; NREL

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

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R&D Program Summaries

Miscellaneous loads in commercial buildings. The U.S. EIA’s Commercial Building Energy Key research questions: Consumption Survey is bill-and model-based, but projects even lower plausibility of estimates of “miscellaneous” 1. How to structure a ‘census’ of end uses by building size, loads that may reach 1/3 of overall use by 2035. Must launch large, detailed end use surveys. use, etc.? Existing research: California Plug Load Research Center (CalPlug); National Renewable Energy Laboratory 2. How to cost-effectively learn actual energy use dimensions (NREL). in a large enough sample? . [Summaries of existing research pending] 3. How to project future trajectories by end use? 4. How to do interventions to meet owner, user, and utility needs?

307 ■ MARCH 2014 HEATING, VENTILATION, & AIR CONDITIONING ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : HEATING, VENTILATION, AND AIR CONDITIONING (HVAC) Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Commercial Integrated Buildings (4 of 5) Definitions” section

Workforce issues - For commercial building and groups Market demand Consumer demand Market demand for energy Retirement wave, poorly at buildings where appropriate need for energy for reduced / low efficiency / "Green" prepared newcomers, to transition to energy production at efficiency / cost of utilities / market differentiation inadequate apprenticeship the system and not at component "Green" market operation

Drivers programs levels as done today differentiation

Ongoing operations Lack of adequate benchmarking support for and mechanisms for market continuous internalization of value of low

commissioning energy buildings Capability Gaps Capability

Simple system to report energy use to occupants / operators in manner to affect

use / maintenance

Technology Technology Characteristics

Auto DR - Development standards and Building energy dashboard protocols for easy installation of utility / development customer demand control systems Pulse; Lucid; SciWatch; Honeywell; EPRI; many others many other vendors; NREL

Evaluate and communicate EE and DR capabilities Utility-based programs that encourage the continued maintenance of

of variable speed HVAC systems HVAC equipment R&D R&D

Programs Enerfit; Catalyst; Digi-RTU; BPA, DOE, & PNNL EWEB; SMUD; Davis Energy Group; Robert Mowris; Western HVAC Performance Alliance; Purdue University / NBI.

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

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R&D Program Summaries

Auto DR - Development standards and protocols for easy installation of utility / Key research questions: customer demand control systems. At present, there are many different types of energy 1. How can we link grid with commercial building management management systems. These systems are not designed for taking utility rates in real-time and control the systems to implement DR programs to handle peak demands, loads to reduce peak demand (i.e., demand response (DR)). Development of standards and protocols are renewable, etc.? needed. 2. What kind of software tools are needed for ease of installation, Existing research: Honeywell, Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), and many others. quantification of benefits, etc? . [Summaries of existing research pending] 3. What kind of education and training is needed?

Utility-based programs that encourage the continued maintenance of HVAC Key research questions: equipment. Incentive for building owners/operators to “retro commission” or have continuous HVAC 1. What kind of incentives will encourage building maintenance. This will allow energy savings to be “real” for the life of the equipment. owners/operators to maintain the HVAC equipment? 2. Is there a way to make this “easy” and “cost effective”? Existing research: Eugene Water and Electric Board (EWEB), Sacramento Municipal Utility District (SMUD), Robert Mowris, Western HVAC Performance Alliance, Purdue University, New Buildings Institute (NBI). . [Summaries of existing research pending]

Evaluate and communicate EE and DR capabilities of variable speed HVAC Key research questions: systems. Study EE and demand response (DR) capabilities of variable speed rooftop and chiller HVAC 1. What are the full year energy savings profiles of variable speed systems. Quantify energy savings and peak load reduction capabilities of variable speed HVAC equipment systems compared to fixed speed systems? compared to fixed speed systems. Determine economic values to utilities. 2. How much reduction in cooling output is required to produce a Existing research: Subject matter experts indicated that research was ongoing at Enerfit, Catalyst, and given power input reduction? DigiRTU. Bonneville Power Administration (BPA), U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), and Pacific Northwest 3. How should utility DR programs be structured to best utilize the National Laboratory (PNNL) are also collaborating on tests of the Catalyst rooftop unit (RTU). capability of variable speed equipment—for example variable . The Catalyst RTU research project includes validating the control package and quantifying the Catalyst speed reduction or thermostat setback? How to optimize? savings including breaking out fan savings and comparing the savings to PNNL's modeled savings. BPA is supporting a second year of data collection for the project which began in 2012 with other funders. A 4. What is the DR potential of variable speed HVAC systems final report is expected late in 2013. see 5. Can a BMS platform be used to coordinate multiple end uses of http://www.bpa.gov/energy/n/emerging_technology/pdf/E3T_Current_Projects.pdf. DR? . [Summaries of other existing research pending]

Continued . . .

309 ■ MARCH 2014 HEATING, VENTILATION, & AIR CONDITIONING ROADMAPS Building energy dashboard development. Development and research of dashboard system Key research questions: that can deliver information to building occupants and operators in actionable format 1. What pieces of information to occupants/operators need in order to alter their behavior and deliver true energy savings? Existing research: Pulse, Lucid, SciWatch, and many other vendors. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory is also doing research in this area. 2. What is the best way to present this information in order to achieve greatest attention? . See information about NREL’s Building Agent project in Appendix B. . [Summaries of other existing research pending] 3. What are implications of dashboard requirements or building system, electrical, control system design?

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311 ■ MARCH 2014 HEATING, VENTILATION, & AIR CONDITIONING ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : HEATING, VENTILATION, AND AIR CONDITIONING (HVAC) Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Commercial Integrated Buildings (5 of 5) Definitions” section

Market demand for Consumer demand Workforce issues - Retirement For commercial building and groups Renewable on energy efficiency / for reduced / low wave, poorly prepared newcomers, at buildings where appropriate need grid - Demand "Green" market cost of utilities / inadequate apprenticeship to transition to energy production at responsive HVAC differentiation operation programs the system and not at component / Integrated Drivers levels as done today System

Integration of buildings and utilities - Lack of adequate Tools for integrated today there is regional utilities that are Need to understand and benchmarking and design with feedback on trying to integrate but there is no valuation of thermal mechanisms for market results (software, common approach and standard storage and related internalization of value dashboards, hands on

of low energy buildings feedback) Capability Gaps Capability

Optimization tools for design to support well

educated designers

Technology Technology Characteristics

Standards to support whole Optimization tools Benefits of Tools and building approaches for designers zoning in procedures for commercial integrated design

R&D R&D AHRI; ASHRAE; CSA NREL buildings and operation

Programs NIST; NREL

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

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R&D Program Summaries

Standards to support whole building approaches. Current standards as well as incentive Key research questions: programs are focused on single metric and prescriptive approaches. 1. Evaluate and consider some of the whole building systems. 2. Change incentive programs to consider hybrid systems and Existing research: Air-Conditioning, Heating, and Refrigeration Institute (AHRI), American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), CSA International. building level metric. . [Summaries of existing research pending] 3. Develop new rating metrics for equipment to support systems analysis. 4. New simplified user friendly tools to support whole building approach.

Optimization tools for designers. Assume a design team and a project. How do we provide Key research questions: optimization tools that allow rapid screening of system options (shell and systems) with sensitivities? 1. How do we get private sector to value doing this? 2. What are the tool specifications? Existing research: National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). . [Summaries of existing research pending] 3. How do we qualify designers? 4. How do we acquire the resource?

Benefits of zoning in commercial buildings. There is disagreement within the industry Key research questions: regarding the energy and other benefits of zoned systems compared to large central systems. Meter 1. Does improved comfort and control lead to increases in energy existing buildings with ductless VRF + DOAS compared to central VAV systems, or other central systems. use? Isolate benefits of zoning. 2. Does loss of easy implementation of economizers offset gains Existing research: None identified. from fan energy savings? 3. Are there some conditions where more highly zoned systems use more energy than central systems?

Tools and procedures for integrated design and operation. Develop, test, Key research questions: demonstrate and deploy simulation tools and interfaces that can be used in the different stages of design 1. Define use cases, work flow and information at each stage. and in commissioning retrofit and routine operation to maximize energy efficiency at each stage in the life 2. Identify, extend and validate suitable simulation tools. cycle. 3. Develop efficient methods of construction models of existing Existing research: National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), National Renewable Energy buildings. Laboratory (NREL). 4. Develop software and hardware architectures and specifications . NREL: See Appendix B. for integrating simulation and measures performance. . NIST: See Appendix B.

Continued . . .

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R&D Program Summaries

Other R&D Project Summaries generated at the Sep. 2012 National Energy Efficiency Technology Roadmapping Summit not included in Commercial Integrated Building roadmaps in previous pages . . .

Valuing non-energy benefits. Utility incentive programs take a narrow cost-benefit approach looking Key research questions: only at kW and kWh. Customers assign real value to comfort, lack of glare, and drafts, and offer amenity. We 1. What ‘amenities’ (including reliability) do customers value, need to understand what they value, how much, and how to use their payments for these services in programs? and how much? Existing research: American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy (ACEEE), Behavior, Energy, and Climate 2. What is ‘fair’ to ratepayers in accommodating these Change (BECC). customer-paid costs in program evaluation? . [Summaries of existing research pending] 3. How do we explain these to stakeholders?

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315 ■ MARCH 2014 HEATING, VENTILATION, & AIR CONDITIONING ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : HEATING, VENTILATION, AND AIR CONDITIONING (HVAC) Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Residential HVAC (1 of 3) Definitions” section

Contractor interest in Consumer demand Reduced loads / energy efficiency and for lower first cost need for smaller Electric utilities need Increase occupant heath profitable operation of new systems systems for resources to

meet growing loads comfort and safety (IAQ) Drivers

Develop training and distribution channels that facilitate contractor Heating, cooling, and involvement in low energy DHW (Domestic Hot System controls to technologies Water) integrated be DR ready, appliance equipment should be

built to be DR ready Capability Gaps Capability

Small scale chiller/HP to produce hot and cold water Provide market support to Controls capable of for radiant systems, fan coil use and sales of new receiving and sending Ductless heat pump with baseboard distribution technologies demand response control DHW capabilities signals based on "learned" characteristics of dwelling

and its occupants

Technology Technology Characteristics

Residential scale chiller/heat pump for hydraulic space conditioning

Multiaqua; GE; AO Smith; Stiebel; Rheem ; EcoCute Develop model training and Develop a split system (DHP) Smart interactive demand marketing for technology that will provide response controls contractors heating cooling and DHW Retrofit radiant heating and cooling Comverge; NRECA / Steffes

R&D R&D for residential and light commercial smart grid pilot Programs GTI with UOWCEL

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

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R&D Program Summaries

Retrofit radiant heating and cooling for residential and light commercial. Purpose: Key research questions: develop generic performance specification for radiant heating and cooling systems. Scope: Residential and light 1. What testing methods is needed to provide designers, commercial new and existing buildings HAVC. Goals: Method of testing radiant, hydronic system/panels. Best manufactures, energy efficiency programs, contractors, and practices for design and installation of retrofit radiant systems. owner’s information needed to make decisions? Existing research: Gas Technology Institute (GTI) with UOWCEL [?] . 2. What material(s) spread the between fluid . [Summaries of existing research pending] tubing optimally for each of the generic system configurations? 3. What is the moisture control required in radiant cooling dwellings by climate zone and occupancy scenario? 4. What controls are needed for radiant since the standard room thermostat is not optimal? 5. What is the optimal for comfort control strategy? 6. What is the optimal demand reduction strategy and in a related matter what level of thermal mass storage is needed?

Residential scale chiller/heat pump for hydronic space conditioning. Purpose: Develop Key research questions: test standard for residential code chiller/heat pump. Explore the viability and best practices for field conversion 1. How shell 65K, single phase chillers/heat pumps is rated of condensers to chillers. Scope: 65K<, single phase air source condensers used to chill and heat water. Goal: and certified? Make available in the market place equipment that supports. 2. Can a field installed refrigerant to water heat exchanger Existing research: Multiaqua, HPWHs by GE, AO Smith, Stiebel, Rheem, EcoCute. achieve OEM chiller/heat pump efficiency and reliability? . [Summaries of existing research pending] 3. What are the best practices for field installed conversions? 4. What is the design for a cost effective storage tank to move chiller operation off peak? 5. What does it take to add domestic hot water to equipment?

Continued . . .

317 ■ MARCH 2014 HEATING, VENTILATION, & AIR CONDITIONING ROADMAPS Smart interactive demand response controls. Purpose: generic specification for interactive Key research questions: smart demand response controls for residential HVAC systems. Scope: Residential dwellings. Goals: Market 1. Under what scenarios can turning “on” customer’s cooling place functional specification for smart demand response controls. system reduce or eliminate peak demand? Existing research: Comverge; National Rural Electric Cooperative Association (NRCA) / Steffes smart grid pilot. 2. What is the optimal building thermal mess for eliminating . [Summaries of existing research pending] peak time compressor operation with and without right ventilation cooling?

Develop a split system (DHP) technology that will provide heating cooling and Key research questions: DHW. Identify temperature delivery equipment for each load to be met. Provide distribution for heat and 1. Can conventional refrigerants provide the range of cooling. Provide Hx for refrigerant to domestic hot water (DHW). temperatures? 2. Do costs allow this integration? Existing research: None identified. 3. What is the effective cop’s across the various delivery outputs?

Develop model training and marketing for contractors. Contractors need to understand the Key research questions: technologies and sales requirements of low energy systems. 1. What are the key skills and knowledge gaps that should be addressed? Existing research: None identified. 2. What business case must be made to persuade shops and HVAC installers to invest understanding the technologies? 3. Which tools are needed to support installation and testing? 4. What commission is needed with the technologies?

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319 ■ MARCH 2014 HEATING, VENTILATION, & AIR CONDITIONING ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : HEATING, VENTILATION, AND AIR CONDITIONING (HVAC) Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Residential HVAC (2 of 3) Definitions” section

Diffusion of common Accurate characterization Increase occupant heath Design zonal Driver not communication of systems in real-world comfort and safety (IAQ) controls to serve specified protocol in energy performance

saving devices low load zones Drivers

Ventilation air distribution for uniform comfort at low Testing infrastructure There is a need w/ CFM and thermal loads for rapid response lab Develop zone based and field test for new for smaller heating and cooling Capability Gap systems robust furnaces and Availability of systems that respond not specified enough for new heat pumps to Cross technology efficient and to low load conditions products independent serve homes controls integration responsive of certification and with shells that ventilation are more efficient Capability Gaps Capability independent of products manufactures

Low load shell design. Inverter driven Integrated Ventilation systems Demonstrate size of Reduce HVAC load. Minimal PTHP, small Develop lab test and controls for that provide fresh air potential market for HVAC distribution for through wall field test different types of with low energy smaller units. i.e. 1 heating and cooling. (LRV zone heating and (ERV, low power specifications to 1/2 to heat pump is X

Technology Technology ducting, water, radiant heating/cooling cooling systems distribution) evaluate new versus watts/year

Characteristics systems) equipment for HVAC

Low energy ventilation systems, Field and lab testing of ducted installations of Control of electric heat recovery, and Identify and evaluate R&D R&D low energy mini-split heat pumps resistance zonal heaters “through the wall” distribution Programs in conjunction with PGE (With Life Breath PTHP technologies ductless mini-split heat and Venmar); BPA pumps LBNL; NRCAN BPA

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

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R&D Program Summaries

Low energy ventilation systems, heat recovery, and low energy distribution. Establish Key research questions: metrics for IAQ assessment and measurement. Track IAQ needs across home. Provide reference to national 1. Can adequate IAQ be maintained with point ventilation? standards. Implement ventilation systems (ducted ERV, integrated with HVAC distribution, point source 2. Do fan power ventilation systems provide net energy ventilation). efficiency with and without heat recovery or can ventilation Existing research: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Natural Resources Canada (NRCAN). systems provide all of the home’s distribution system? . LBNL: pollution and envelope tightness. . [Summaries of existing research pending]

Field and lab testing of ducted installations of mini-split heat pumps. Mini split heat Key research questions: pumps with wall hung indoor heads has been evaluated. Ducted application, while popular, has lower HSPF and 1. What is the tested and monitored performance of ducted SEER ratings. What are the real performance and energy efficiency application of those systems?. mini splits? How the compare to wall do hung units? Existing research: PGE working with life breath and venmar; Bonneville Power Administration (BPA). 2. Are there limitations or installation issues that result in loss . [Summaries of existing research pending] of performance and low energy savings? 3. What types of ducted invented driven mini-split are available?

Identify and evaluate “through the wall” PTHP technologies. Develop systems that meet Key research questions: needs of individual zones matched to low load in these zones. 1. Can zone heating that addresses a single zone provide temperature control for the whole house? Existing research: BPA. 2. What are the load limits that would allow zone systems to [Summaries of existing research pending] . provide innless at single and discontinue? 3. What level of distribution is required for what level of develop efficiency?

Continued . . .

321 ■ MARCH 2014 HEATING, VENTILATION, & AIR CONDITIONING ROADMAPS Control of electric resistance zonal heaters in conjunction with ductless mini-split Key research questions: heat pumps. With the installation of ductless heat pumps (DHPs) in homes with zonal electric heat there is 1. Are there commercial available controllers of electric no control of the interaction of the two systems. Occupants do not get clear signals when the electric resistance resistance heaters that can communicate with other system is operating when it is not needed (i.e. when DHP is cooling on or when DHP could handle the load if not controls? being out powered by electric resistance). 2. Are there commercial available controllers the clearly Existing research: None identified. indicate when they are on and have to turn the electric resistance heat off at the controller? 3. What is the energy savings penalty when electric resistance and DHP system compete? 4. What control strategies produce the most energy saving? 5. What is technically possible?

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323 ■ MARCH 2014 HEATING, VENTILATION, & AIR CONDITIONING ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : HEATING, VENTILATION, AND AIR CONDITIONING (HVAC) Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Residential HVAC (3 of 3) Definitions” section

Consumer demand Reduced loads / Electric utilities need Accurate characterization of for lower first cost need for smaller for resources to systems in real-world

of new systems systems meet growing loads performance Drivers

Heating, cooling, and Testing infrastructure for rapid response lab domestic hot water and field test for new systems robust enough (DHW) integrated for new products independent of certification

appliance and independent of manufactures Capability Gaps Capability

Ductless heat Develop lab test and field test pump with DHW specifications to evaluate new

capabilities equipment for HVAC

Technology Technology Characteristics

Design optimization of HPWH in residential Develop testing applications methods that span the variable inputs and WCEC; GE; AO Smith; outputs including lab Stiebel; Rheem; EcoCute; and field evaluation R&D R&D Univ. of Maryland Center

Programs for Environmental Energy PG&E ATC; SCE; Engineering BPA; EPRI

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

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R&D Program Summaries

Design optimization of HPWH in residential applications. There is a wide range of variations Key research questions: in how to integrate heat pump water heater (HPWH) in residential sectors. The optimum design differs with 1. When should cold air be exhausted from home? heating system (electrical resistance versus ductless heat pump (DHP)), ventilation system (heat recovery 2. When should HPWH be located inside? ventilators (HRV) versus exhaust only), climate (heating versus cooling), and home configuration (basement, garage). Research is needed to establish a guideline for optimal design. 3. How can we best take advantage of ventilation heat recovery? Integration with ventilation issues. Existing research: University of California Davis Western Cooling Efficiency Center (WCEC), General Electric (GE), AO Smith, Stielbel, Rheem, EcoCute, University of Maryland Center for Environmental . . [Summaries of existing research pending]

Develop testing methods that span the variable inputs and outputs including lab Key research questions: and field evaluation. Develop lab testing specifications that span operating temperature range fan. 1. Can a widely varying operation speeds be summarize into Develop testing specifications for varying compressor and fan speeds. Establish field testing requirements to usable performance metrics? integrate lab results and field operation. 2. Once tested do observed performance verify test results? Existing research: Pacific Gas & Electric (PG&E) ATC [?]; Southern California Edison (SCE); Bonneville Power Administration (BPA); Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI). . [Summaries of existing research pending]

325 ■ MARCH 2014 HEATING, VENTILATION, & AIR CONDITIONING ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : HEATING, VENTILATION, AND AIR CONDITIONING (HVAC) Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Modeling, Lab and Field Testing (1 of 9) Definitions” section

Validation of Need to understand where Stake holders requesting post Pre-occupancy regulatory market and contract performance of Need to understand energy savings can be achieved occupancy building performance driven requirements (incentives, LEED, RFPs) for new HVAC where energy savings and demonstrate actuals data and analysis and reporting performance prediction and validation technologies can be achieved and through utility demonstrate actuals

field test Drivers

Electric utility need for Consumer demand for reduced / IAQ separate ventilation from resources to meet growing low cost of utilities / operation HVAC loads / equipment Reduced first cost of loads, and/or to replace oil new systems / design and fired power plants

Need predictable, enforceable rooftop unit Need to optimize Current energy modeling engines under

Capability Gaps Capability efficiency Need to account use of ambient or development by DOE (energy +) do not standards to for large number indoor conditions, have wide market adoption because Quick modeling for enable maximum of variables in e.g., economizer, perceived to be too detailed, too difficult integrated design. savings building modeling, indoor ventilation to use - and hence to expensive to use. Use model to standards, and controls, and heat Tools for accelerating inputs, and understand loads, training recovery accelerating computation time( 2 minutes not just energy use Need functional or less) are needed performance test definition for factory testing

Need reliable and effective economizer Need benchmarking categories at end Need to tie systems & use level; to improve modeling and better model to controls (i.e., represent real world conditions building seals, actuators, needs / loads

Technology Technology Need to optimize use of ambient or dampers)

Need to reduce high energy use indoor conditions, e.g., Characteristics to distribute heating and cooling economizer, indoor ventilation beyond the actual vent need controls, and heat recovery

Improved building energy simulation software with Rooftop unit performance parametric analysis capabilities to model more accurately Simplified, reduce order test protocols

Building simulation software variations in real-world operating conditions model for quick analysis

R&D R&D Programs More variability, determined automatically in simulation for more realistic systems modeling Development of RTU testing protocols for systems performance maps NREL ASHRAE 1608\; WCEC; NREL

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

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R&D Program Summaries

Development of RTU testing protocols for systems performance maps . The American Key research questions: Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) is currently working on updating the 1. What is the performance variation for the RTU with various testing standard for roof-top units; ASHRAE 1608-RTAR. options (economizer, heat pump/ and control packages (DCU, economizer, etc.)? Existing research: ASHRAE 1608, UC Davis WCEC, National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). . NREL is currently working on a Technology Performance Exchange, funding in part by Bonneville Power 2. What is the performance variation access across the range Administration; see . https://performance.nrel.gov/. of independent variables (climate, loads, cycling, sizing, . [Summaries of existing research pending] etc.)? 3. What are the key independent variables (that influence energy use), and what is the expected range and distribution of each of these variables?

More variability, determined automatically in simulation for more realistic systems Key research questions: modeling. Building modeling for design has been a great boon to designing energy-efficient buildings, but 1. How to integrate uncertainty quantification into work flows there is much room for improvement. We need to develop the capability to program-in more variability for of A&E professionals? specific building conditions. Ideally, the program could anticipate some of the specific features. We should also 2. How (and in what format) can we provide high quality make it much easier to try out alternative scenarios and perhaps have modules that would automatically suggest general templates of high systems for quick scenario design optimization options. evaluations? Existing research: National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). 3. Where do we get the data for modeling? . [Summaries of existing research pending]

327 ■ MARCH 2014 HEATING, VENTILATION, & AIR CONDITIONING ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : HEATING, VENTILATION, AND AIR CONDITIONING (HVAC) Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Modeling, Lab and Field Testing (2 of 9) Definitions” section

Electric utility need for Stake holders requesting resources to meet growing post occupancy building Validation of performance of new Need to understand where energy loads, and/or to replace oil performance data and HVAC technologies through savings can be achieved and

and coal fired power plants analysis and reporting utility field test demonstrate actuals Drivers

Reduced first cost of new systems / design

Current energy modeling Need to define engines under development performance by DOE (energy +) do not parameters of new have wide market adoption HVAC Need benchmarking Need to quantify because perceived to be too technologies. Capability Gaps Capability categories at end Need functional and deliver detailed, too difficult to use - EVAP cool, VRF, use level; to improve performance predictable energy and hence to expensive to zonal controls, modeling and better test definition savings from HVAC use. Tools for accelerating Energy efficiency desiccant cooling metering to pay represent real world for factory distribution zone inputs, and accelerating for performance conditions testing control systems computation time ( 2 minutes

or less) are needed

Technology Technology Characteristics Advance testing and Validated building HVAC distribution modeling for new energy models system zoning controls HVAC technologies

R&D R&D Modeling, Lab and Field Testing Programs Cadmus group & NBI

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

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R&D Program Summaries

Modeling, lab, and field testing. (Summary not yet provided.) Key research questions: 1. Questions not yet specified.

Existing research: Cadmus group &New Buildings Institute (NBI). . [Summaries of existing research pending]

329 ■ MARCH 2014 HEATING, VENTILATION, & AIR CONDITIONING ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : HEATING, VENTILATION, AND AIR CONDITIONING (HVAC) Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Modeling, Lab and Field Testing (3 of 9) Definitions” section

Electric utility need for Stake holders requesting resources to meet growing post occupancy building Validation of performance of new Need to understand where energy loads, and/or to replace oil performance data and HVAC technologies through savings can be achieved and

and coal fired power plants analysis and reporting utility field test demonstrate actuals Drivers

Reduced first cost of new systems / design

Current energy modeling Need to define engines under development performance by DOE (energy +) do not parameters of new have wide market adoption HVAC Need benchmarking Need to quantify because perceived to be too technologies. Capability Gaps Capability categories at end Need functional and deliver detailed, too difficult to use - EVAP cool, VRF, use level; to improve performance predictable energy and hence to expensive to zonal controls, modeling and better test definition savings from HVAC use. Tools for accelerating Energy efficiency desiccant cooling metering to pay represent real world for factory distribution zone inputs, and accelerating for performance conditions testing control systems computation time ( 2 minutes or less) are needed

Technology Technology Advance testing and modeling Validated building Characteristics for new HVAC technologies energy models

Alternative heat sinks to Comparison of air side economizer improve air conditioning Field energy efficiency R&D R&D verification of enabled systems to local heating and VAV fan coding systems such as radiant and VRF

Programs WCEC operation Reid hart CEE presentation

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 330

R&D Program Summaries

Field verification of VAV fan operation . Measure energy input of multiple VAV fan under actual in- Key research questions: building operation with fan output and schedule. Current simulation affinity curves underestimate VAV fan use 1. What is actual VAV KW/ load curve or large building VAV based on limited field tests. fans? Existing research: Portland Energy Conservation, Inc. (PECI) (complete) VAV field survey protocol. 2. What are typical load profiles in a cross section of . [Summaries of existing research pending] buildings? 3. What characteristics (control sequence, setup, CX, schedule, operation) input load profile. 4. How do actual load profiles and curves compare to simulation default and assumed load profiles and curves.

Comparison of air side economizer enabled systems to local heating and coding Key research questions: systems such as radiant and VRF. Performed field testing to verify the performance of VRF and 1. Do the benefits of localized heating and coding systems radiant systems with the intent of determining how the lack of air side economizer impacts their system with dedicated outside air in energy reductions outweigh performance. Develop and verify alternative economizer strategies. the loss of air and side economizer energy savings? Existing research: Subject matter experts reported in September 2012: “Reid Hart CEE presentation.” 2. This should be defined in all climate zones. . [Summaries of existing research pending] 3. Results could be used inform policy decisions to provide exceptions for economizer requirements in current codes. 4. Provide recommendations for alternative economizer strategies and verification of the performance of these.

Alternative heat sinks to improve air conditioning energy efficiency. (Summary not yet Key research questions: provided.) 1. Questions not yet specified.

Existing research: University of California Davis Western Cooling Efficiency Center (WCEC). . [Summaries of existing research pending]

331 ■ MARCH 2014 HEATING, VENTILATION, & AIR CONDITIONING ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : HEATING, VENTILATION, AND AIR CONDITIONING (HVAC) Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Modeling, Lab and Field Testing (4 of 9) Definitions” section

Need to understand Reduced first cost of Need to understand where Validation of IAQ separate Consumer demand for where energy savings new systems / design energy savings can be achieved performance of ventilation from HVAC reduced / low cost of can be achieved and and demonstrate actuals new HVAC loads / equipment utilities / operation demonstrate actuals technologies through utility field test

Drivers Validation of performance Electric utility need of new HVAC technologies for resources to meet through utility field test growing loads, and/or to replace oil and coal fired power plants

Current energy modeling engines under development by Need to Need to optimize Need to account DOE (energy +) do not have Need to define reduce high use of ambient or Need to tie Need benchmarking for large number wide market adoption because performance

Capability Gaps Capability energy use to indoor conditions, model to categories at end use level; of variables in perceived to be too detailed, too parameters of distribute e.g., economizer, building to improve modeling and building modeling, difficult to use - and hence to new HVAC heating and indoor ventilation needs / loads better represent real world standards, and expensive to use. Tools for technologies. cooling controls, and heat conditions training accelerating inputs, and EVAP cool, beyond the recovery accelerating computation time( VRF, zonal actual vent 2 minutes or less) are needed controls, need desiccant

cooling Technology Technology

Characteristics Improved building energy simulation software Advance testing and with parametric analysis capabilities to model Building simulation software modeling for new HVAC more accurately variations in real-world technologies operating conditions

R&D R&D Need more accurate modeling to

compare systems more easily Increase modeling flexibility Determine field tests Programs Cornell University; LBNL; NREL; NREL; PNNL; WhiteBox Stanford University ORNL

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 332

R&D Program Summaries

Determine field tests. Determine fld testing and data collection needed to validate building simulation Key research questions: model and ongoing inputs to update modeling for building record and energy savings results or usage. Reverse 1. Ease and cost effectiveness of modifying model to reflect engineering of models to accurately reflect actual operations and conditions. “as is”. Existing research: Sanford University. 2. Does the model have the flexibility to modify for changes in . [Summaries of existing research pending] systems and operating parameters? 3. What is the “scope” of a building simulation (can it model all system configurations including controls in the market place)? 4. Would we benefit from new buildings data bases for modeling comparisons or predictability of results? 5. What tests or data is required to validate modeling results?

Increase modeling flexibility. Make it easier to test alternative scenarios without complex and time Key research questions: consuming re-development of models. 1. Need more detail on specific system operation-variable- speed as an example. This is likely covered by other Existing research: National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL); Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL); research topics, but it is needed to enable this R&D WhiteBox. program. . [Summaries of existing research pending] 2. Increase modularity. Create local models (e.g. Water heating system only) that can be integrated into a large model as needed.

Continued . . .

333 ■ MARCH 2014 HEATING, VENTILATION, & AIR CONDITIONING ROADMAPS Need more accurate modeling to compare systems more easily. Building modeling for Key research questions: design has been a great boon to designing energy-efficient buildings, but there's much room for improvement. 1. What are the current “in accuracies” in modeling that need We should make it much easier to try out alternative scenarios without having to do detailed re-designing of the updated? building model. 2. How to accurately model ”new” technologies such as VRFs, Existing research: Researchers at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory’s (LBNL) and Cornell University are DEV, etc.? working on aspects of this, as is the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). The Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) is also doing research in this area. . LBNL’s Simulation Research Group is involved in research, development, and deployment of building design and operation software tools. Recent products that they’ve launched include EnergyPlus whole building simulation tool (http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/energyplus/), Building Controls Virtual Test Bed (http://simulationresearch.lbl.gov/bcvtb), and the GenOpt generic optimization program (http://simulationresearch.lbl.gov/GO/). . The LBNL Simulation Research Group also manages the “Modelica Library for Building Energy and Control Systems,” a free and expanding library of open-source dynamic simulation models for building energy and control systems (http://simulationresearch.lbl.gov/modelica). Administrators of this library seek contributions to the library’s holdings, and are particularly interested, as of early 2012, in expanding the library; validating models currently in the library; enhancing documentation; and improving the numerical robustness of large system models. . A team within the Cornell University Program of Computer Graphics is working on a three-year grant funded by the Department of Energy (using American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) funds) to use computer building simulations to streamline green design; see Appendix B for more information. . ORNL: See Appendix B. . EPRI: See Appendix B.

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 334

335 ■ MARCH 2014 HEATING, VENTILATION, & AIR CONDITIONING ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : HEATING, VENTILATION, AND AIR CONDITIONING (HVAC) Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Modeling, Lab and Field Testing (5 of 9) Definitions” section

Validation of Reduced first cost of Need to understand where energy performance new systems / design savings can be achieved and of new HVAC demonstrate actuals technologies through

Drivers utility field test

Need Need to define Need to account Current energy modeling engines under For continuation for large number benchmarking performance see roadmap categories at end development by DOE (energy +) do not parameters of of variables in have wide market adoption because “Modeling, Lab building use level; to new HVAC and Field Testing perceived to be too detailed, too difficult modeling, improve modeling technologies. Capability Gaps Capability (6 of 9)” and better to use - and hence to expensive to use. EVAP cool, standards, and Tools for accelerating inputs, and training represent real VRF, zonal world conditions accelerating computation time( 2 minutes controls, or less) are needed desiccant cooling

Data management. Ability to store large amount of Advance testing and Validated building Building simulation data, mine the data, synthesize the data, provide modeling for new HVAC

Technology Technology energy models software information technologies Characteristics

Ability to define validation protocols more quickly (and effectively) for new Performance testing R&D R&D and innovative building energy for residential HVAC

Programs modeling methods NREL; ORNL STD 140

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 336

R&D Program Summaries

Ability to define validation protocols more quickly (and effectively) for new and Key research questions: innovative building energy modeling methods. Current methods for validation energy models 1. Define a more collaborative/centralized structure for are based on comparing output of other engines (ASHRAE 140) research needs to happen to how mine quickly extending STD 140/validation protocols? add protocols for new methods. 2. How do you validate VRF models (independent of lab/field Existing research: STD 140. data? . [Summaries of existing research pending] 3. Develop online test suite of models and a continue integration system for automation of test protocols. For instance, a user submits a new validation protocol for energy plus which kicks off automated simulating and reports on whether or not passes.

Performance testing for residential HVAC. (Summary not yet provided.) Key research questions: 4. Questions not yet specified.

Existing research: National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). . ORNL: See Appendix B. . NREL: See Appendix B.

337 ■ MARCH 2014 HEATING, VENTILATION, & AIR CONDITIONING ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : HEATING, VENTILATION, AND AIR CONDITIONING (HVAC) Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Modeling, Lab and Field Testing (6 of 9) Definitions” section

IAQ separate ventilation Stake holders Electric utility from HVAC loads / requesting post need for equipment Validation of occupancy resources to Need to understand where energy performance of new building meet growing savings can be achieved and HVAC technologies performance loads, and/or to Consumer demand for demonstrate actuals reduced / low cost of through utility field test data and replace oil and Drivers utilities / operation analysis and coal fired power reporting plants

Reduced first cost of new systems / design

Current energy Need to modeling engines under optimize use Need to quantify Need Need to development by DOE Need to Need Energy of ambient or (energy +) do not have benchmarking and deliver functional tie model account for predictable performance to efficiency

Capability Gaps Capability indoor wide market adoption large categories at metering to conditions, because perceived to be end use level; energy savings test definition building e.g., number of from HVAC for factory needs / pay for too detailed, too difficult variables in to improve performance economizer, to use - and hence to modeling and distribution testing loads indoor building zone control expensive to use. Tools modeling, better ventilation for accelerating inputs, represent real systems controls, and standards, and accelerating and training world heat recovery computation time (2 conditions minutes or less) are

needed

Technology Technology Characteristics Building simulation software Validated building energy models

Field validation of variable speed system Do field tests to compare building models to performance (variable capacity) actual energy use to provide feedback to help R&D R&D develop more accurate building simulations

NREL; MNCEE; PNNL; utilities testing RTU Programs retrofit devices NIST; EEB HUB

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 338

R&D Program Summaries

Do field tests to compare building models to actual energy use; provide feedback Key research questions: to help develop more accurate building simulations. Do field tests to compare building model 1. Questions not yet specified. to actual energy use when built. Provide feedback to building modeling developers to help them develop more accurate building simulations. Existing research: Building modeling developers to help them develop more accurate building simulations. Teams at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) are working in this area at its Energy Efficient Buildings Hub (EEB HUB). . NIST’s Energy and Environment Division is engaged in one facet of this research with their “Design and In- Situ Performance of Vapor Compression System” project. More information in Appendix B. . EEB HUB: Located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. They plan to devote a significant part of their efforts to comparing measured performance to modeled performance, including computational tools that will enable robust and rapid design of integrated building systems (http://www.eebhub.org/). . [Summaries of other existing research pending]

Field validation of variable speed system performance (variable capacity). Need field Key research questions: data to define energy use of variable capacity A/C and heat pumps, especially multi-zone and heat recovery. Also 1. Do current rating methods adequately capture performance need data on integration of U.S. systems with ventilation. differences between single-speed and variable speed systems? Existing research: National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Minnesota Center for Energy and Environment (MNCEE), and Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)plus half-dozen utilities testing RTU retrofit devices. 2. If not, how should performance be characterized? . [Summaries of existing research pending] 3. What data set is needed to provide for model validation?

339 ■ MARCH 2014 HEATING, VENTILATION, & AIR CONDITIONING ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : HEATING, VENTILATION, AND AIR CONDITIONING (HVAC) Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Modeling, Lab and Field Testing (7 of 9) Definitions” section

Reduced first Validation of Pre-occupancy regulatory Consumer desire for comfort and aesthetics Reduced first cost of new cost of new performance of market and contract driven systems / design systems / new HVAC requirements (incentives, design technologies LEED, RFPs) for through utility performance prediction field test and validation IAQ separate Consumer demand Need to ventilation from for reduced / low Validation of Drivers performance of understand HVAC loads / cost of utilities / where energy equipment operation new HVAC Stake holders requesting technologies savings can be post occupancy building through utility achieved and performance data and field test demonstrate Need to understand analysis and reporting actuals where energy savings can be achieved and demonstrate actuals Electric utility need for resources to meet growing loads, and/or to replace oil and Protocol for Need modeling tool coal fired power controls plants input and output to meet to unify the indoor air

Capability Gaps Capability currently needs – Current energy modeling fractured no engines under landscape of development by DOE Need to Need tools available. excess vented air (energy +) do not have account benchmarking Output protocol Need to Need benchmarking wide market adoption for large categories at should include beyond optimize use of categories at end use level; to because perceived to be number of end use level; output that can occupant Need to ambient or improve modeling and better too detailed, too difficult variables to improve be easily needs reduce high indoor represent real world to use - and hence to in building modeling and imported into any energy use to conditions, e.g., conditions expensive to use. Tools modeling, better platform (such as distribute economizer, for accelerating inputs, standards, represent real CSV) heating and indoor and accelerating and world cooling ventilation computation time( 2 training conditions beyond the controls, and Need to tie model to minutes or less) are actual vent heat recovery building needs / loads needed

need

Technology Technology Characteristics

Center repository of building modeling specific Improved building energy simulation software with Data management. Ability to store large components. Versines, editable, community parametric analysis capabilities to model more accurately Building simulation software amount of data, mine the data, synthesize

driven access and validation variations in real-world operating conditions the data, provide information R&D R&D

Building energy modeling component library Programs

NREL; SPC 205

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 340

R&D Program Summaries

Building energy modeling component library. Present data used for BEM are developed and not Key research questions: shared nor linked to other projects. The industry needs to standardize on data format for model. Specific data 1. How to populate database of BEM components for all and methods for snaring and accessing data in a central fashion. building types and technologies? What is the taxonomy? Existing research: National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) building component library, SPC 205. 2. How to validate and verify data? What happens when there . [Summaries of existing research pending] is 1000000 all components? Which one is right? 3. How to provide performance data from manufactures?

341 ■ MARCH 2014 HEATING, VENTILATION, & AIR CONDITIONING ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : HEATING, VENTILATION, AND AIR CONDITIONING (HVAC) Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Modeling, Lab and Field Testing (8 of 9) Definitions” section

Validation of performance Need to understand where Validation of performance of Need to understand where energy of new HVAC technologies energy savings can be new HVAC technologies savings can be achieved and Reduced first cost of new systems / design through utility field test achieved and demonstrate

through utility field test demonstrate actuals actuals Drivers

IAQ separate Consumer Electric utility need for ventilation from demand for resources to meet HVAC loads / reduced / low cost growing loads, and/or to equipment of utilities / replace oil and coal fired Need to quantify and operation power plants deliver predictable energy savings from HVAC distribution zone control systems Energy efficiency Need functional metering to performance test pay for definition for factory performance testing Need to optimize use of ambient or indoor conditions, e.g., economizer, indoor ventilation Need to reduce high energy use to controls, and heat recovery distribute heating and cooling

beyond the actual vent need Capability Gaps Capability Need to define performa Current energy nce modeling engines Need benchmarking categories under development by at end use level; to improve paramete DOE (energy +) do not modeling and better represent rs of new Need to tie model to have wide market real world conditions building needs / loads HVAC adoption because technolog perceived to be too ies. EVAP detailed, too difficult to use - and hence to cool, expensive to use. VRF, Tools for accelerating zonal inputs, and Need to optimize use of ambient or indoor conditions, e.g., controls, accelerating desiccant computation time( 2 Need to account for large number of variables economizer, indoor ventilation controls, and heat recovery minutes or less) are in building modeling, standards, and training

cooling needed

Technology Technology Characteristics Need to reduce costs Need better understanding of trade-offs among the and increase cost various approaches to drilling for ground-source heat predictability for ground- pump installation and heat exchanger placement source heat pump installations

Improved building energy simulation software with parametric Advance testing and modeling Validated building Geoexchange with heat recovery analysis capabilities to model more accurately variations in Building simulation software

for new HVAC technologies energy models ventilator (HRV) (may be abandoned) real-world operating conditions

R&D R&D Programs Geothermal bore testing to evaluate performance of different boring technologies and integrating this knowledge into the building structure

ORNL

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 342

R&D Program Summaries

Geothermal bore testing for different boring technology performance, integrating Key research questions: into the building structure. (It would be worthwhile to have some good data on what kind of drilling is 1. Develop algorithms for DOE2 and Energy+ that predict the generally most cost-effective under certain conditions for geothermal heating and cooling systems. Test the performance of ground source heat pump systems, different methods against each other for cost-effectiveness. If not already available, develop a best practices including hybrid systems that integrate easily towers, guide for what conditions favor which drilling techniques. boilers, and thermal storage. Existing research: Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). 2. Inputs to the algorithms should be hourly building loads, . In January 2011, E Source offered the following citations on work that may be relevant: data from a typical home conductivity test, geometry of the well field including bore depth, logout in plan (type of well o Harvey M. Sachs, Geology and Drilling Methods for Ground-Source Heat Pump Installations: An Introduction for Engineers (Atlanta, Ga.: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air- field: vertical, horizontal, slinky), and proximity (thermal Conditioning Engineers, 2002). losses) to zones above the well field it the building is on top of the field, ground water movement, and supplemental o Kevin B. McCray, “Guidelines for the Construction of Vertical Boreholes for Closed Loop Heat Pump Systems,” (Westerville, Ohio: National Ground Water Association, n.d.) systems’ operational characteristics. (http://intraweb.stockton.edu/eyos/energy_studies/content/docs/proceedings/MCCRA.PDF). 3. Outputs should include anticipated well-water inlet and o Publications through the National Groundwater Association (www.ngwa.org). outlet temperatures and anticipated well-water . ORNL: See Appendix B. temperatures and predict up to 50 years out (to understand heat pooling under the building). The module should be integrated with the operation of supplemental systems.

343 ■ MARCH 2014 HEATING, VENTILATION, & AIR CONDITIONING ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : HEATING, VENTILATION, AND AIR CONDITIONING (HVAC) Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Modeling, Lab and Field Testing (9 of 9) Definitions” section

Stake holders requesting post occupancy building performance data and analysis and reporting

Drivers Need to understand where energy Validation of Electric utility need Consumer demand IAQ separate Reduced first savings can be performance of new for resources to for reduced / low ventilation from cost of new achieved and HVAC technologies meet growing loads, cost of utilities / HVAC loads / systems / design demonstrate actuals through utility field test and / or to replace oil operation equipment and coal fired power plants

Capability Gaps Capability Need to reduce Need to quantify Need to optimize use high energy use of ambient or indoor and deliver Need Need benchmarking Need to tie to distribute predictable functional Energy categories at end use level; to model to conditions, e.g., efficiency heating and economizer, indoor energy savings performance improve modeling and better building cooling beyond from HVAC test definition metering to represent real world needs / loads ventilation controls, pay for the actual vent and heat recovery distribution zone for factory conditions need

control systems testing performance

Technology Technology Characteristics Improved building energy simulation software with Validated building energy models parametric analysis capabilities to model more accurately variations in real-world operating conditions

Verification of natural ventilation performance R&D R&D

Programs Purdue University; DOE EERE CBI (with CPP, Arup, Cambridge University, UC San Diego, and the Environmental Energy Technologies Division at LBNL)

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 344

R&D Program Summaries

Verification of natural ventilation performance. : Many software packages are available that Key research questions: claim the ability to model multi-zone air flow and natural ventilation. HVAC systems that are designed as hybrid 1. How accurately do the current available multi-zone air flow passive/active systems rely on these tools for design. This program is intended to verify the performance of tools, Energy+, TAS, predict indoor air and many these models with regard to occupant comfort and interior temperatures. temperatures? Perform modeling and real building Existing research: Purdue University did a lit review. The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Energy verification to answer this. Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) Commercial Building Initiative (CBI) has a series of projects on this 2. How accurate do the tools predict airflow? (collaborators include CPP, Arup, Cambridge University, UC San Diego, and the Environmental Energy Technologies Division at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL)). 3. Generate a modeling “test practices” guide for natural ventilation systems. . [Summaries of existing research pending]

345 ■ MARCH 2014 HEATING, VENTILATION, & AIR CONDITIONING ROADMAPS

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 346 S ENSORS , M ETERS , E N ERGY M A N AGE M EN T

S YSTEMS ROADMAPS

This section contains the following roadmaps: Other relevant sources: . Smart Device-Level Controls Responsive to User and Environment The list below is intended to be broadly representative rather than exhaustive . Easy / Simple User Interface Controls and will be updated as new information becomes available. . Energy Management Services Sources pending. . Low-Cost Savings Verification Techniques

. Real-Time Smart Electric Power Measurement of Facilities . Enterprise Energy and Maintenance Management Systems . NOTE: For industrial strategic energy management research, see the Mechanical Roadmap in the Industrial Food Processing section of this

document

347 ■ MARCH 2014 SENSORS, METERS, ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : SENSORS, METERS, & ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Smart Device-Level Controls Responsive to User and Environment (1 of 5) Definitions” section

Business drivers Utility tariff’s energy Increasing development and to decrease cost efficiency programs move availability of analytics / and increase to pay-for-performance intelligent systems

productivity Drivers

Need Consumer-oriented solutions Need multifunctional, standardization which combine multiple needs, modular generic control / of protocols energy savings and security, sensor packages that are convenience, and other available at low cost (10%

consumer uses of device cost or less) Capability Gaps Capability

Open license Standardized wireless Sensors that integrate Technology improvements to sensor communication systems, i.e., Wi- with other control modulate, control speed and technologies Fi, Zigbee, Home plug, Z-wave systems (lighting, other factors better ; need more

HVAC) use specific devices

Technology Technology Characteristics

Integration of Smart Appliances with building system and other end loads, as

R&D R&D well as the grid Programs GE; Whirlpool; NREL; LBNL

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICI ENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 348

R&D Program Summaries

Integration of smart appliances with building system and other end use loads, as Key research questions: well as the grid. To maximize benefits of small appliances for grid and energy savings and deliver value to 1. What are the practical limits for load shifting in an both utility and building users. effective way without interfering with comfort or service (power, duration, frequency)? Existing research: General Electric (GE), Whirpool, National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL). 2. What are the potential energy savings at the end use level (not just load shifting) as a result of smart . [Summaries of existing research pending] communicating appliances? 3. Can we leverage safety, security, and convenience benefits to get consumers interested in smart appliances?

349 ■ MARCH 2014 SENSORS, METERS, ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : SENSORS, METERS, & ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Smart Device-Level Controls Responsive to User and Environment (2 of 5) Definitions” section

Business drivers Utility tariff’s energy Increasing development and to decrease cost efficiency programs move availability of analytics / and increase to pay-for-performance intelligent systems

productivity Drivers

Need Consumer-oriented solutions Need multifunctional, standardization which combine multiple needs, modular generic control / of protocols energy savings and security, sensor packages that are convenience, and other available at low cost (10%

consumer uses of device cost or less) Capability Gaps Capability

Open license Standardized wireless Testing and certification of sensor communication systems, i.e., Wi- equipment to conform to

technologies Fi, Zigbee, Home plug, Z-wave interoperability “EPRI level”

Technology Technology Characteristics

Open communication protocols for

R&D R&D enabling integrated devices Programs LBNL; NIST; ANSI

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICI ENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 350

R&D Program Summaries

Open communication protocols for enabling integrated devices. Lots of building systems Key research questions: cannot communicate to each other. This obstacle to communication limits interoperability and effective integrated 1. What kind of universal performance specification could building controls. be developed to motivate OEMs to interoperate open communication protocols into their products? Existing research: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)(ZigBee and WiFi); American National Standards Institute (ANSI). . [Summaries of existing research pending]

351 ■ MARCH 2014 SENSORS, METERS, ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : SENSORS, METERS, & ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Smart Device-Level Controls Responsive to User and Environment (3 of 5) Definitions” section

Utility tariff’s energy Business drivers to Increasing development and Changing utility efficiency programs move decrease cost and availability of analytics / price structures:

to pay-for-performance increase productivity intelligent systems peak pricing Drivers

Need standardization of protocols Need stand alone systems that connect to whole Need to address the fact that many Need sufficient intelligence system to enable optimum energy use and facilitate stand-alone devices run uncontrolled somewhere in the system to integrate automated environmental adaptability with no occupant present and deliver stand alone devices and manage

too much heating, lighting, etc. conflicting inputs and data gaps Capability Gaps Capability Need analysis of physics of building systems with interacting cyber physical component and the

associated integrated controls Technology Technology

Standardized wireless Technology improvement to enable System to get user Characteristics communication systems, coarse-graining of sensed input/feedback on i.e., Wi-Fi, Zigbee, Home information and analysis to provide comfort at local plug, Z-wave actionable items in priority order. area

Scan existing technology

from cell phones for R&D R&D transformation to new uses

Programs with standardized wireless communication systems

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICI ENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 352

R&D Program Summaries

Scan existing technology from cell phones for transformation to new uses with Key research questions: standardized wireless communication systems. Cell phones are now ubiquitous and versatile. Cell 1. What is an effective system architecture for using cell phones and buildings can exchange information. Cell phones are mobile sensors and remote interface / phones in commercial applications? communication devices. Operators can require alarms or change control settings remotely, and occupants can 2. What are the opportunities for integrating cell phones send preferences to the central system. into energy management and building control systems? One example of such a system is the iPhone app for General Motors’ Chevrolet Volt electric vehicle that allows 3. How can location information be used by energy users to monitor charging status and can be notified when charging ends (either on-schedule or prematurely). This management and building control systems? system seems like it could easily lend itself to vehicle controllability via GM’s On Star system. See http://gm- volt.com/2009/12/10/chevy-volt-will-connect-to-blackberry-iphone-and-apps/, http://www.chevrolet.com/volt- 4. What sensors could be added/built in to cell phones to electric-/. E Source reported in February 2011 that this application of cell phone technology appeared to be the make them more useful as part of building energy only such project currently in development. management systems? Existing research: None identified.

353 ■ MARCH 2014 SENSORS, METERS, ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS ROADMAPS National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : SENSORS, METERS, & ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Smart Device-Level Controls Responsive to User and Environment (4 of 5) Definitions” section

Changing utility price Utility tariff’s energy efficiency Business drivers to Increasing development and structures: peak pricing programs move to pay-for- decrease cost and availability of analytics / Drivers performance increase productivity intelligent systems

Need sufficient intelligence Need to address the fact that Need stand alone systems that Capability somewhere in the system to many stand-alone devices run connect to whole system to enable Need multifunctional, Consumer-oriented solutions integrate stand alone devices uncontrolled with no occupant optimum energy use and facilitate modular generic control / Gaps which combine multiple and manage conflicting inputs present and deliver too much automated environmental sensor packages that are needs, energy savings and and data gaps heating, lighting, etc. adaptability available at low cost (10% security, convenience, and of device cost or less) other consumer uses

Need analysis of physics of building systems with interacting Need standardization of protocols cyber physical component and the Need stand alone systems that associated integrated controls connect to whole system to enable optimum energy use and facilitate automated environmental adaptability

Technology Characteristics

Cheap, standardized, user- Technology Standardized wireless aware, modular control sensor improvement to Occupancy sensor integrated Technology improvements to communication systems, i.e., Wi- packages responding to enable coarse- into lighting fixtures (stairwells, modulate, control speed and Fi, Zigbee, Home plug, Z-wave occupancy temperature light graining of parking garages, outdoor other factors better ; need level, air quality, and user input sensed parking lots, private offices) more use specific devices Open license sensor information and technologies analysis to System to get user provide Testing and certification of Sensors that integrate with other input/feedback on comfort at actionable items equipment to conform to control systems (lighting, HVAC) local area in priority order. interoperability “EPRI level”

R&D Programs

Web Enabled Programmable Thermostat (WEPT) research for enhancing whole building energy savings

BPA E3T; QuEST; Ecobee; Emme; Nest; Mountain Logic; EcoFactor

Driver Commercially Available Technology Existing R&D Program or Project

Capability Gap Commercially Unavailable Technology R&D Program Requirement

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R&D Program Summaries

Web enabled programmable thermostat research for enhancing whole building Key research questions: energy savings. Web enabled programmable thermostats that control HVAC equipment and integrate with other 1. What is the minimum dataset needed to be collected? systems can help deliver significant reductions in energy use and improve occupant comfort and convenience. 2. How much energy is existing web based systems saving? Existing research: Bonneville Power Administration (BPA) Energy Efficiency Emerging Technologies (E3T), QuEST, Ecobee, Nest, Mountain Logic, EcoFactor. 3. How can / is data being used / processed to save . Bonneville Power Administration’s Energy Efficiency Emerging Technology (E3T) team is working with Quantum energy? Energy Services (QuEST) and the Clark Public Utilities District to evaluate WEPT systems in modular classroom 4. What additional opportunities to save more energy buildings at Several Washington State School Districts and develop a whole-building regression analysis tool to with all systems? estimate and verify HVAC savings; see http://www.bpa.gov/energy/n/emerging_technology/WEPT.cfm. . [Summaries of other existing research pending] 5. What level of control / automation is needed?

Self-reporting performance. Recently a number of new products have been introduced that have the Key research questions: capability to gather and report performance data at of unprecedented value and low cost. Examples include 1. Establishing standard ways to access and aggregate residential smart thermostats, digital lighting control systems, and HVAC rooftop unit controllers. There is a need to data from various vendors. develop new approaches and methods of energy savings performance verification that leverages the ability of this type of self-reporting equipment. 2. Establishing performance metrics for comparing the energy efficiency performance of specific Several potential elements of new approaches are listed below for illustration: technologies. . The unit of analysis would not be individual devices; rather it should be vendor’s networked groups of devices 3. Developing techniques to emulate or otherwise that individually or collectively meet measurable performance standards. establish baseline performance. . Performance metrics would be developed to measure and report energy savings performance. 4. Establishing national scale standard testing for . Energy savings would be verified with active performance monitoring of installed equipment. Field trials could qualifying products (e.g., Energy Star). be designed to work with vendors to structure tests and collect the data using the vendor’s data systems for group’s equipment. . This approach relies on the newly installed equipment to gather data and report performance, so measurement of existing baseline equipment (as need for calculating energy savings) is not directly supported. Two approaches might be used: o A post/post verification approach that utilizes on/off periods alternating the efficient case with emulation of the pre-installation baseline case. Emulation of the pre-installation baseline can be challenging, so this might be addressed with simplified measurements of relevant independent variables such as temperature or light level of pre-installation baseline. o Using surveys or other baseline data to establish generic baseline performance. Existing research: No existing research identified.

355 ■ MARCH 2014 SENSORS, METERS, ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : SENSORS, METERS, & ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Smart Device-Level Controls Responsive to User and Environment (5 of 5) Definitions” section

Utility tariff’s energy Business drivers to Changing utility price Increasing development efficiency programs move to decrease cost and structures: peak pricing and availability of analytics / pay-for-performance increase productivity

intelligent systems Drivers

Need multifunctional, modular Consumer-oriented solutions which Need sufficient intelligence generic control / sensor packages combine multiple needs, energy Need analysis of physics of somewhere in the system to integrate that are available at low cost (10% savings and security, convenience, building systems with interacting stand alone devices and manage of device cost or less) and other consumer uses cyber physical component and the Need conflicting inputs and data gaps associated integrated controls standardization of protocols Need to address the fact that Need stand alone systems that

Capability Gaps Capability many stand-alone devices run Need stand alone systems that connect connect to whole system to enable uncontrolled with no occupant to whole system to enable optimum optimum energy use and facilitate present and deliver too much energy use and facilitate automated automated environmental adaptability heating, lighting, etc. environmental adaptability

Occupancy sensor integrated into lighting Technology improvements to modulate, control speed fixtures (stairwells, parking garages, outdoor Cheap, standardized, user- and other factors better; need more use specific devices parking lots, private offices) aware, modular control sensor packages responding to Technology Technology Sensors that integrate with other Testing and certification of equipment to occupancy temperature light Characteristics control systems (lighting, HVAC) conform to interoperability “EPRI level” level, air quality, and user input

Possibility of using power line carrier R&D R&D to distribute control signals over low

Programs transmission voltage lines

Echelon

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

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R&D Program Summaries

Possibility of using power line carrier to distribute control signals over low Key research questions: transmission voltage lines. The attraction of power line carrier signals for controls is compelling. Power 1. Is it cheaper or cost effective? lines are available virtually wherever control is needed. This eliminates the need for installing an additional set of 2. What are the full characterizations of data transfer wires or more expensive wireless equipment. If barriers to implementing this in commercial applications could be capabilities (e.g. bandwidth, security) compared to removed, it could simplify and reduce the cost of installation of controls, especially for retrofit. wireless protocols? Existing research: Echelon. 3. What are current roadblocks for large scale . [Summaries of existing research pending] implementation?

357 ■ MARCH 2014 SENSORS, METERS, ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : SENSORS, METERS, & ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Easy / Simple User Interface Controls (1 of 3) Definitions” section

Diffusion of common Smart grid Diffusion of common Greater demand for Smart grid technology People more "plugged in" communication technology communication protocols into performance verification development electronically, digital protocols into energy- development energy-consuming devices information, social networking consuming devices Lack of engagement

Availability of cross- and interest in energy Drivers cutting, low-cost Integration of energy management, efficiency from People like cool, new Availability of cross- Integration of energy technology building security information systems in customers technologies cutting, low-cost management, security blocks building management technology building information systems in blocks building management

Energy management systems (EMS) do not Need to establish truly consider demographic operability. Make user universal, simple, Lack of designs Lack of experience as important to EMS Need to seamless plug and play for user enabled learning manufacturers as it is to Intuit and Sony establish truly interoperability demand response systems universal, Capability Gaps Capability simple, Need to implement control management seamless plug systems where appropriate that reflect and play user / occupant preferences interoperability

Universal interoperable link to other standard business / Built in Energy information User initiated DR consumer systems intelligence- display systems that are capability (peak Technology Technology learning aligned with decision load shifting) Characteristics algorithms maker needs Portable controls

User interface for demand response Energy savings impacts for

and load shifting energy information display R&D R&D EcoFactor; EnergyHub; Honeywell; Programs LBNL Ecobee

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

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R&D Program Summaries

User interface for demand response and load shifting. Demand response (DR) has a large Key research questions: consumers acceptance barrier due to perceived inconvenience. User interfaces can learn occupant preferences and 1. How can we program devices for DR? provide "seamless demand response" and add value to EMS. 2. How can customer feedback mitigate perceived Existing research: EcoFactor, EnergyHub, Honeywell, and Ecobee. inconvenience of demand response? . [Summaries of existing research pending] 3. How can two-way communication enable better DR program? 4. How can DR feature be used for site renewables integration?

Energy savings impacts for energy information display. R&D and pilot tests are ongoing in this Key research questions: area to determine the persistence of energy efficiency savings of in-home energy displays (IHDs). 1. Questions not yet specified.

Existing research: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL). . Researchers at the Brattle Group reviewed twelve utility pilot programs in the U.S.A., Canada, and Japan focused on the energy conservation impact of IHDs and customer receptivity to these technologies. They conclude that consumers are more likely to use energy up to 7% more efficiently with the direct feedback provided by IHDs, and up to 14% more efficiently when IHDs are coupled with an electricity prepayment system. This study of pilot programs also finds that IHD feedback has positive time-of-use rates impacts upon demand response programs. See Ahmad Faruqui, Sanem Sergici, and Ahmed Sharif, "The Impact of Informational Feedback on Energy Consumption: A Survey of the Experimental Evidence," Energy 35 (2010), 1598-1608. . Alan Meier, Senior scientist in the Energy Analysis Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), studies ways to reduce energy consumption by analyzing how both people and equipment use energy. His research involves buildings, equipment and, transportation, including residential thermostats and real-time energy displays. See http://eetd.lbl.gov/ea/akmeier//.

359 ■ MARCH 2014 SENSORS, METERS, ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : SENSORS, METERS, & ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Easy / Simple User Interface Controls (2 of 3) Definitions” section

People more "plugged in" Lack of Diffusion of common Market electronically, digital information, engagement and communication protocols into awareness social networking interest in energy energy-consuming devices (e.g., BPA E3T, efficiency from utility demos customers Smart grid technology Drivers and outreach) development People like cool, new technologies Availability of cross-cutting, low- cost technology building blocks

Integration of energy management, security information systems in

building management Capability Gaps Capability

Energy management systems (EMS) do Need to implement control Need to develop user- Need to establish truly Need to conduct not consider demographic operability. management systems where friendly Interfaces that universal, simple, market research to Make user experience as important to EMS appropriate that reflect user / recognize different levels seamless plug and play understand customer

manufacturers as it is to Intuit and Sony occupant preferences of user sophistication interoperability drivers Technology Technology

Characteristics Universal link to Energy information display User-friendly energy other standard systems that are aligned management business / with decision maker needs systems consumer systems

UI interoperability

R&D R&D Determine customer needs Manufacturers like Nest,

Programs for controls adoption EcoFactor, EnergyHub, Manufacturers Honeywell, and EcoBee

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

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R&D Program Summaries

UI interoperability. User interface (UI) enhancement through application programming interfaces (APIs) for Key research questions: energy management systems (EMS) and other applications. 1. What are the appropriate "APIs" that would link EE to top SW system, not just BMs but ERP, outlook, etc. Existing research: Manufacturers. . [Summaries of existing research pending]

Determine customer needs for controls adoption. Conduct R&D to determine customer needs for Key research questions: easy/simple GUI for controls and then design R&D profile to develop a comprehensive/integrated user interface 1. Which type of GUI's the customer will mostly likely system that customer can understand and use and test it in customer sites. prefer? Existing research: Manufacturers like Nest; EcoFactor; EnergyHub; Honeywell and EcoBee. 2. How does the integrated system, feedback and . [Summaries of existing research pending] protocols act as sub system in a manner to enable simple customer experience? 3. what will be the behavior change and how to quantify and evaluate the change?

361 ■ MARCH 2014 SENSORS, METERS, ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : SENSORS, METERS, & ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Easy / Simple User Interface Controls (3 of 3) Definitions” section

People more "plugged in" electronically, digital information, Lack of engagement Diffusion of common Availability of cross- Market social networking and interest in communication cutting, low-cost awareness energy efficiency protocols into energy- technology building (e.g., BPA from customers consuming devices blocks E3T, utility demos and People like cool, outreach) Drivers new technologies Integration of energy Smart grid management, security technology information systems in development building management

Lack of design for user enabled

DR (load controlled, pricey) Capability Gaps Capability

Energy management systems (EMS) do not Need to implement control Need to develop user-friendly Need to conduct market consider demographic operability. Make user management systems where Interfaces that recognize Need to establish truly universal, research to understand experience as important to EMS appropriate that reflect user different levels of user simple, seamless plug and play customer drivers manufacturers as it is to Intuit and Sony / occupant preferences sophistication interoperability

Technology Technology Energy information display User-friendly energy Tailored to user device User initiated DR Built-in Intelligence Characteristics systems that are aligned with management systems (phone, tablets, computers capability (peak Portable controls learning algorithm decision maker needs load shifting)

Study / determine what energy

R&D R&D management devices people Learning algoritm User interface and human comfort factors Human factors/anthropology research User controls Vs. Smart system

Programs actually use San Diego State University; IEEE / Fraunhofer; PIRC; ENERGY STAR; LBNL, UC Pike; Fraunhofer; ENERGY STAR; LBNL University of Macedonia; Nest; Davis, & UC Berkeley Fraunhofer; NELC Pike; BestBuy; Fraunhofer EcoFactor; EnergyHub

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

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R&D Program Summaries

User controls vs. smart system. As system become smarter and learn to improve efficiency, what Key research questions: level of user override should be allowed? 1. In what circumstances should user override be allowed? How should this parameters be incorporated into user interface? Existing research: Fraunhofer; National Energy Leadership Corps (NELC). . [Summaries of existing research pending]

Learning algorithm. User inputs and outputs with smart/learning EMs systems. Key research questions: 1. What are the variables and parameters that a learning systems need to utilize? Existing research: San Diego State University, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) with the University of Macedonia, Nest, EcoFactor, EnergyHub. 2. How much guidance along those lines can/should the user provide either when setting up or during usage of the system? . [Summaries of existing research pending] 3. How much output of "smart" system should be shared with user and to what end?

User interface and human comfort factors. What user interfaces link to more advanced Key research questions: human comfort system, e.g., radiant, conductive and ventilation system that affect comfort envelope. 1. Beyond air temp, what user interfaces best represent/link to user perception of comfort to control advanced HVAC systems? Existing research: Fraunhofer, U.S. Department of Energy Building America Program Partnership for Improved Residential Construction (PIRC), ENERGY STAR, National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). Also a 2. similarly for lighting, what new SSL systems, tasks and ambient, collaboration among Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), University of California Davis, and what user interface best interact with user perceptions/needs? University of California Berkeley. . Subject matter experts reported in September 2012: “LBNL/UC Davis/UC Berkeley (on thermostats).” . NREL: See Appendix B. . [Summaries of existing research pending]

Human factors and anthropometric research. Research into human factors/resources to Key research questions: energy management systems to explore what are the key characteristics. 1. What are different needs for different sector decision makers— e.g building manager compared to residential customer Existing research: Pike, Fraunhofer, ENERGY STAR (for thermostats initially); LBNL. compared to industrial plant manager? . [Summaries of existing research pending] 2. What other apps should energy management be integrated with customers? 3. What devices should use interface be integrated into?

363 ■ MARCH 2014 SENSORS, METERS, ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS ROADMAPS Study / determine what energy management devices people actually use. E Source Key research questions: reported in February 2011 that, to date, there has been much more research about which energy management 1. Why don't consumer use the feature? devices (EMDs) people do not use, and little positive research relating to which EMDs people actually do use. This 2. What is buyer's motivation to purchase? research suggests that consumers’ good intentions in buying programmable thermostats, ECM furnaces, and other products do not often lead to overall energy savings because many consumers do not use take full advantage of the products’ features or use the features. Existing research: Pike, BestBuy and Fraunhofer. . [Summaries of existing research pending]

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICI ENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 364

365 ■ MARCH 2014 SENSORS, METERS, ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : SENSORS, METERS, & ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Energy Management Services (1 of 4) Definitions” section

People getting Changing utility price Business drivers to overwhelmed Smart grid structures: peak pricing Smart grid decrease cost and with device technology Escalating technology Business drivers to increase productivity settings development energy prices development decrease cost and Business drivers to decrease increase productivity

cost and increase productivity Drivers

Incremental efficiency gains at product / equipment level

Optimization and automation of control system responses Self learning control systems Very small marginal savings Consumers (residential / small, medium

Capability Gaps Capability Consumers (residential/small, medium business) business) need to control energy costs do not have expertise to manage energy and be able to respond to higher rates and changing rate standards

Cheap, standardized, Web based home, small Whole house energy Cost effective and secure user aware, modular Self learning control commercial energy monitoring and Open source code and delivery of energy control sensor packages systems that management systems disaggregated device level standard communication management software (i.e. responding to provide action and services monitoring from meter data protocols for EMS to for residential and small Technology Technology occupancy temperature oriented enhance cost effectiveness businesses Alara and

Characteristics light level, air quality communication and and accesibility Siemens APOGEE) maintenance alerts and user input Affordable two way communicatable

programmable thermostats R&D R&D

Programs Home energy management demonstration projects—lessons learned

Fraunhofer; Japanese field demos (Toyota, Hitachi, Kyocera)

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

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R&D Program Summaries

Home energy management demonstration projects—lessons learned. One of the foci of the Key research questions: federal stimulus package (American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) of 2009, Public Law 111-5) was to foster 1. Finding and synchronizing learnings across funded energy efficiency by promoting and/or funding good home energy management projects? http://www.recovery.gov/Pages/default.aspx). Existing research: Fraunhofer demo lab; Japanese field demos (Toyota, Hitachi, Kyocera).

367 ■ MARCH 2014 SENSORS, METERS, ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : SENSORS, METERS, & ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Energy Management Services (2 of 4) Definitions” section

Business People Smart grid Business drivers to drivers to getting Changing technology decrease cost and Smart grid utility price Incremental decrease cost overwhelmed Escalating development increase productivity and increase with device technology structures: efficiency gains

Drivers energy prices productivity settings development peak at product / pricing equipment level Escalating energy prices

Optimization and

Capability Gaps Capability Consumers (residential / small, medium business) Consumers (residential/small, medium business) need to automation of Very small do not have expertise to manage energy control energy costs and be able to respond to higher control system marginal savings rates and changing rate standards responses

Self learning control systems Technology Technology

Characteristics Self learning control Cheap, standardized, user aware, systems that provide action modular control sensor packages Whole house energy Web based home, small Affordable two way oriented communication responding to occupancy monitoring and commercial energy communicatable and maintenance alerts temperature light level, air quality disaggregated device management systems programmable and user input level monitoring from and services thermostats

meter data R&D R&D

Programs Residential energy disaggregation

Belkin; MIT; Stanford; Bidgely; Verdigris; Green Button

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

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R&D Program Summaries

Residential energy disaggregation. Disaggregate whole house energy consumption by device level. Use Key research questions: smart meters or CTC lamps to read load. Use software to disaggregate load and inform homeowners of energy use 1. How much energy do homeowners save by knowing their with suggestions to save energy. energy use? Existing research: Belkin, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Stanford University, Bidgely, Verdigris, Green 2. Which level of granularity is necessary to achieve Button. significant savings? (1 kHz, 1Hz, 1min, 1hr)? . [Summaries of existing research pending] 3. What suggestions will the software provide? 4. How can the utility provide a rebate for these tools? 5. What is the cost per home?

369 ■ MARCH 2014 SENSORS, METERS, ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : SENSORS, METERS, & ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Energy Management Services (3 of 4) Definitions” section

People getting Smart grid technology overwhelmed with Smart grid technology Changing utility price development Smart grid technology device settings development structures: peak pricing development Business drivers to Escalating energy prices Business drivers to decrease cost and increase Business drivers to decrease cost and increase Smart grid technology productivity decrease cost and productivity development

Drivers increase productivity Smart grid technology People getting development People getting overwhelmed with device People getting overwhelmed with device settings overwhelmed with Incremental efficiency settings device settings gains at product / Changing utility price equipment level Changing utility price structures: peak pricing structures: peak pricing Changing utility price structures: peak pricing

Consumers Optimization and Consumers (residential/small, CG5 Self Very small (residential/small, Optimization and Capability Gaps Capability automation of medium business) do not Rates are changing and learning control marginal medium business) do automation of control control system have expertise to manage hard to understand systems savings not have expertise to system responses responses energy manage energy

Self learning control Self learning control Whole house energy Web based home, Cost effective and secure system that optimize systems that provide monitoring and small commercial delivery of energy energy use based on action oriented disaggregated device energy management software (i.e. environmental conditions, communication and level monitoring from management for residential and small occupant preferences, and maintenance alerts meter data systems and businesses Alara and utility signals Affordable two way services Siemens APOGEE) Technology Technology Cheap, standardized, user communicatable Open source code and Characteristics aware, modular control programmable standard communication sensor packages thermostats protocols for EMS to responding to occupancy enhance cost effectiveness temperature light level, air and accesibility quality and user input

Integrated household energy management products and services including electric vehicle wiring, energy

R&D R&D audits, smart phone applications, etc. Programs EPRI

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

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R&D Program Summaries

Integrated household energy management products and services including electric Key research questions: vehicle wiring, energy audits, smart phone applications, etc. In November 2011, Minnesota- 1. Questions not yet specified. based Best Buy, Inc., introduced an enhanced Home Energy Management Department that provides tools and education through easily-accessible on-site and online sources (http://www.bestbuy.com/site/regularCat%3Apcmcat257000050007/Home-Energy-Why-Best- Buy/pcmcat257000050007.c?id=pcmcat257000050007). This approach could serve as a useful model for how to engage the under-served residential energy management market. Existing research: Research on this topic at the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI); see Appendix B.

371 ■ MARCH 2014 SENSORS, METERS, ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : SENSORS, METERS, & ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Energy Management Services (4 of 4) Definitions” section

Business drivers to People getting Smart grid Smart grid People getting Changing utility Changing utility decrease cost and overwhelmed with technology technology overwhelmed with price structures: price structures: increase device settings development development device settings peak pricing peak pricing productivity

Smart grid Business drivers to technology Drivers Business drivers to Incremental Changing utility decrease cost and development Escalating energy decrease cost and efficiency gains at price structures: increase prices increase product / equipment peak pricing productivity productivity level

Incremental efficiency gains at Escalating energy product / equipment prices level

Consumers Consumers Optimization and (residential/small (residential/small, Optimization and Rates are changing automation of , medium Self learning Very small marginal medium business) Very small marginal automation of and hard to Capability Gaps Capability control system business) do not control systems savings do not have savings control system understand responses have expertise to expertise to responses manage energy manage energy

Cheap, standardized, user aware, modular control Whole house energy monitoring and Self learning sensor packages Open source code control system responding to occupancy disaggregated device Cost effective and level monitoring from Web based home, secure delivery of and standard that optimize temperature light level, air small commercial communication energy use based quality and user input meter data energy management energy software (i.e. for protocols for EMS to on environmental Self learning control management residential and small enhance cost conditions, Technology Technology systems that provide systems and businesses Alara and effectiveness and occupant Affordable two way services accesibility preferences, and Characteristics action oriented Siemens APOGEE) communicatable utility signals communication and programmable maintenance alerts thermostats

Value engineering of web- R&D R&D Self learning smart building controls for based energy management

Programs small buildings systems

NBI; LBNL University of Florida; LBNL

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

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R&D Program Summaries

Self learning smart building controls for small buildings. Develop, test and deploy technology Key research questions: that allows customers, utilities and service providers to optimize building operation with little if any technical 1. What human interface is needed? expertise and engagement. 2. What types of sensors are needed? Existing research: New Buildings Institute (NBI), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL). 3. What are the analytic protocols to make learning work? . [Summaries of existing research pending] 4. What level of automation is needed now and in the future? 5. How is optimization achieved? 6. Notification protocols?

Value engineering of web-based energy management systems. Examine the cost structure of Key research questions: energy management systems to identify levers to pull to reduce costs. For example, if sensors are a key barrier to 1. What elements of systems are key drivers of cost? cost effectiveness how can these costs be brought down?. 2. Can these drivers be influenced by technology Existing research: University of Florida, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL). advances? . [Summaries of existing research pending] 3. What additional research should be done to reduce costs?

373 ■ MARCH 2014 SENSORS, METERS, ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : SENSORS, METERS, & ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Low-Cost Savings Verification Techniques (1 of 7) Definitions” section

Push for Demand by utilities performance Justification of Increasing development and and owner for based DSM investment Concerns availability of analytics / measurement based procurement about cost of intelligent systems verification measurement Drivers Demand by utilities and "Business drivers and owner for verification to decrease cost measurement based and increase verification. "Business drivers to productivity" decrease cost and increase productivity"

Push for performance Increasing development and based procurement availability of analytics /

intelligent systems Capability Gaps Capability

Need to transform raw Need to leverage building Need to improve Lack of large datasets of Need to be able to attribute data and implement management systems and standardization and building characteristics energy performance feedback loops into analytics to verify system specificity of M&V actionable insights and energy use improvements and effects performance for M&V protocols and tools through improved data

analytics Technology Technology

Characteristics Analytics tools that can take database of Software tools to implement International building phychrometrics and related Performance Measurement and energy use profiles to produce Verification Protocols (IPMVP) and other standardized signatures more specific M&V protocols

Acceptable

R&D R&D M&V M&V project for universal software Programs DOE CEC PIER

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICI ENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 374

R&D Program Summaries

M&V project for universal software. Universal software protocol for monitoring and verification (M&V) Key research questions: would increase the reliability of measurements from complex systems, simplify implementation, and reduce costs 1. Questions not yet specified. for savings verification procedures. Existing research: California Energy Commission (CEC) Public Interest Energy Research (PIER) program. . The CEC PIER program is currently working on that makes use of Pacific Gas & Electric’s Universal Translator tool; see Appendix B for more information.

Acceptable M&V. (Summary not yet provided.) Key research questions: 1. Questions not yet specified.

Existing research: U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Uniform Methods Project. . [Summaries of existing research pending]

375 ■ MARCH 2014 SENSORS, METERS, ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : SENSORS, METERS, & ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Low-Cost Savings Verification Techniques (2 of 7) Definitions” section

"Business drivers to Push for performance Demand by utilities and owner for Justification of DSM Concerns about cost of decrease cost and based procurement measurement based verification. investment measurement and verification

increase productivity" Drivers

Increasing development and availability of analytics / intelligent systems

Capability Gaps Capability Need to improve Need to be able to attribute standardization and Need to leverage building energy performance specificity of M&V protocols management systems and improvements and effects and tools analytics to verify system performance for M&V

Software tools to implement International Experimental design coupled with and Technology Technology Performance Measurement and Low cost metering that can complementary to both Characteristics Verification Protocols (IPMVP) and other meet full IPMVP utility more specific M&V protocols existing technology and technology in new applications

R&D R&D Comparison of low cost whole Innovative research building metering compared to design for field studies Programs high-cost true M&V compliant devices and statistic tools

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICI ENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 376

R&D Program Summaries

Comparison of low cost whole building metering compared to high-cost true M&V Key research questions: compliant devices and statistic tools. There are numerous approaches electric bill disaggregation with 1. What approaches or hybrid methods can be used for varying cost and accuracy. different contexts? 2. Is amp only metering drastically different from true Existing research: None identified. power metering? 3. Is true cost of International Performance Measurement and Verification (IPMVP) compliance worth it? 4. Comparison of measuring/modelling tools: a. Low cost data logging; b. statistical analysis; c. revenue quality metering; d. variance in accuracy; and e. cost effectiveness.

Innovative research design for field studies. Innovative field study design approaches that can Key research questions: dramatically reduce cost and time requirements. Current practice for field studies typically involves a one-off study 1. How can this standard approach be improved upon? design for a particular measure (e.g. heat pump water heaters installed in 40 homes with multi-channel 1-minute 2. Are there better combinations of secondary research, lab interval data collected for 1 year). Installation of test technologies in multiple field sites and in-field metering is inherently expensive and time consuming. testing, and field measurements? 3. To minimize costs, what is best measured in the field, As an illustrative example, consider an upfront experiment design which integrates a longer term approach for what does not need to be measured in the field? reuse of data, uses permanent real-time systems for speed, limits field studies to measurement of key independent variables and confines equipment testing to lab setting. Envisioned is an intelligently designed permanent field test 4. Are there more effective ways to combine lab test and installation in real homes, collecting data in real time on key variables which can be used in conjunction with lab field tests? How can one-off studies be replaced with tests. Effectively this will create a real time study of the region with data stores easily accessible for use in testing reusable real-time information systems? new technologies in the laboratory, modeling them with computers, or utilizing in other ways. Ultimately combining emerging technologies, bringing metering to the next level, combining web capabilities; predict energy savings for 5. How can relatively expensive engineering time be order of magnitude reductions in time and expenses. replaced? Existing research: None identified. 6. Are there synergies available by combining a series of improvements in the end-to-end process? 7. Are there better experimental design approaches streamline the entire process?

377 ■ MARCH 2014 SENSORS, METERS, ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : SENSORS, METERS, & ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Low-Cost Savings Verification Techniques (3 of 7) Definitions” section

Concerns about Increased interest among Demand by utilities and cost of legislators in efficiency and owner for measurement Justification of measurement

renewable based verification DSM investment and verification Drivers

Increasing Push for "Business drivers development and performance to decrease cost availability of based and increase analytics / intelligent

procurement productivity" systems Capability Gaps Capability

Need to transform raw data and Lack of large Need to be able to attribute implement feedback loops into datasets of Need to improve energy performance actionable insights through building standardization and improvements and effects improved data analytics characteristics and specificity of M&V

energy use protocols and tools

Technology Technology Characteristics

Analytics tools that can take database of building phychrometrics and Low cost metering that can related energy use profiles to produce standardized signatures meet full IPMVP utility

R&D R&D Whole building regression

analysis validation Programs NBI; Retrofficiency; First Fuel; Energy RM; Opower.

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICI ENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 378

R&D Program Summaries

Whole building regression analysis validation. Validation of multi fuel engineering based Key research questions: regression analysis to show whole building energy use by end-use. The primary target is commercial buildings. 1. What level of accuracy can be achieved by this method? Focus is on standardization of signatures of routine and non-routine changes. 2. how well can routine and non-routine changes in Existing research: New Buildings Institute (NBI), Retrofficiency, First Fuel, Energy RM, Opower. buildings be identified and quantified? . [Summaries of existing research pending] 3. can the method achieve the 10x reduction in M&V cost needed to open the market? 4. what is being done currently and by whom? 5. How much is the R&D is public domain Vs. private?

379 ■ MARCH 2014 SENSORS, METERS, ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : SENSORS, METERS, & ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Low-Cost Savings Verification Techniques (4 of 7) Definitions” section

"Business drivers Justification of to decrease cost DSM investment and increase Increased Demand by utilities Increasing interest among and owner for productivity" Justification of development and legislators in measurement availability of Concerns about cost

Drivers DSM investment efficiency and based verification. analytics / intelligent of measurement and renewable systems Push for verification performance based Demand by utilities and procurement owner for measurement

based verification. Capability Gaps Capability

Need to transform raw data Need to transform raw data Need to leverage building and implement feedback Need to be able to attribute and implement feedback Need to improve management systems and loops into actionable energy performance loops into actionable standardization and analytics to verify system insights through improved improvements and effects insights through improved specificity of M&V performance for M&V data analytics data analytics protocols and tools

Software tools to implement International Very low cost embedded Software and analytics to use Technology Technology Performance Measurement and and networked energy smart meter data for monitoring Characteristics Verification Protocols (IPMVP) and other use sensors and verification more specific M&V protocols

Low cost embedded energy use sensors and communication for real time monitoring of Innovative end-use metering R&D R&D Wireless metering finely dissagregated end uses (i.e., NILM) equipment and practices

Programs DOE EERE EPRI; INTEL; BELKIN; NBI; Carnegie Mellon EPRI; DOE University

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICI ENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 380

R&D Program Summaries

Low cost embedded energy use sensors and communication for Key research questions: real time monitoring of finely disaggregated end uses. Embedding 1. Develop low cost, small kw sensors with integrated communication chips. energy use sensors and communication into all energy using equipment by OEMS will 2. Develop communication systems and protocols for standardized reporting provide the scale to drive down the price of end use metering, utilizing real time 3. can we drive the equipment and transaction cost so low that OEMs will want to communications enables as needed low cost monitoring (for example, non-intrusive load monitoring (NILM)). integrate into their products. 4. How does this energy info system integrate into building controls? Existing research: Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), Intel, Belka, University of Washington, Carnegie Mellon University, New Buildings Institute (NBI). 5. what standards and protocols are needed to communicate, what the devise is, . [Summaries of existing research pending] where it is. 6. Are the advantages to including other sensors such as pressure temp occupancy etc? 7. should higher level efficiency meterics be incorporated into sensor bundle?

Wireless metering. According to a 2006 Federal Energy Management Program study, Key research questions: energy costs can be reduced by taking action to resolve problems identified by examining 1. Questions to address include development of wireless meters with low costs, metered data. While metering systems do not directly improve energy efficiency, they do essential requirements for measurement, and wireless data enable focused, energy efficiency actions and upgrades. It is estimated that using systems transmission to an onsite collection point. results in energy efficient actions that deliver electricity energy savings of at least 2%. Existing research: The U.S. Department of Energy’s Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) Federal Energy Management Program issued a Wireless Metering Challenge in 2013; see http://www1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/news_detail.html?news_id=19132.

Innovative end-use metering equipment and practices. Need for Key research questions: innovative end-use metering and data management equipment and approaches that can 1. Are there options for low cost sensors, data loggers, and communications? dramatically reduce costs and time requirements for installation, configuration, 2. Are there intrinsically safe, easy to install, self configuring sensors and meters? communication, and data management during field studies. Approaches could include nonintrusive load monitoring–digital signal based load disaggregation and low cost end use 3. Are there integrated sensor-logger-communication- web site-analysis- sensors and communications. presentation systems? Existing research: Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). 4. Can powerful low cost consumer and IT technology be applied to field studies? . The U.S. Department of Energy’s Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy 5. Can public networks and software services be leveraged? (EERE) Federal Energy Management Program issued a Wireless Metering Challenge in 6. Is there simple sensor-data logging equipment that can be installed by 2013; see http://www1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/news_detail.html?news_id=19132. untrained homeowners? . EPRI is researching nonintrusive load monitoring. 7. Are there innovative low cost sensors that can be leveraged?

381 ■ MARCH 2014 SENSORS, METERS, ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : SENSORS, METERS, & ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Low-Cost Savings Verification Techniques (5 of 7) Definitions” section

Increasing development and Demand by utilities and Concerns about cost of availability of owner for measurement Justification of measurement and analytics / based verification. DSM investment verification

intelligent systems Drivers

"Business drivers to decrease cost and Push for performance

increase productivity" based procurement Capability Gaps Capability Need public domain low Need to transform raw data and Need to leverage building cost transparant implement feedback loops into management systems and "reference" algoritms for actionable insights through analytics to verify system M&V for different improved data analytics performance for M&V measures / contexts

Transparent automation of measure- Software and analytics to

specific, measurement based, DDC use smart meter data for Technology Technology

system,energy saving calculations monitoring and verification Characteristics

Transparancy in automated M&V

R&D R&D integrated with automated retro CX Programs California monitoring-based commissioning program; PNNL

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICI ENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 382

R&D Program Summaries

Transparency in automated M&V integrated with automated retro commissioning. Key research questions: Identify DDC system points to monitor efficiency increase to valc [?]. 1. How to quantify system based on baseline and past installation direct digital controller (DDC) building Existing research: California monitoring-based commissioning program, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory automation systems (BAS) trends? (PNNL)returning projects. 2. How to create permanent efficinecy index? . [Summaries of existing research pending] 3. How to provide online documentation? 4. How to trend data without slowing down control?

383 ■ MARCH 2014 SENSORS, METERS, ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : SENSORS, METERS, & ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Low-Cost Savings Verification Techniques (6 of 7) Definitions” section

Push for Increasing "Business drivers to Demand by utilities and Concerns about cost of performance development and Justification of DSM decrease cost and owner for measurement measurement and based availability of analytics investment increase productivity" based verification verification

procurement / intelligent systems Drivers

Need to transform Need public raw data and domain low cost implement feedback transparant Need to leverage building Need to improve standardization management systems and

Capability Gaps Capability loops into actionable "reference" and specificity of M&V protocols analytics to verify system insights through algoritms for M&V and tools improved data for different performance for M&V analytics measures / contexts

Transparent automation of Software tools to implement

Technology Technology measure-specific, measurement International Performance Measurement

Characteristics based, DDC system, energy saving and Verification Protocols (IPMVP) and

calculations other more specific M&V protocols

R&D R&D Programs Measuring and using independent variables

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICI ENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 384

R&D Program Summaries

Measuring and using independent variables. Develop methods to better utilize independent Key research questions: variable. 1. What independent variables can be used as proxies for energy (e.g. variable frequency drive (VFD) speed as Existing research: None identified. proxy for KW?) 2. What are the key independent variables for important energy efficiency measures? 3. can these independent variables be monitored independently in the field and then combined with lab test (of energy use as a function of these field measured independent variables)?

385 ■ MARCH 2014 SENSORS, METERS, ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : SENSORS, METERS, & ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Low-Cost Savings Verification Techniques (7 of 7) Definitions” section

"Business drivers to decrease cost and Increased interest among legislators in Demand by utilities and owner for Justification of increase productivity" efficiency and renewable measurement based verification. DSM investment

Drivers Push for performance based procurement Increasing development and availability of analytics / intelligent systems

Lack of large datasets of building

characteristics and energy use Capability Gaps Capability

Need to transform raw data and implement feedback loops into actionable insights Need to be able to attribute energy through improved data analytics

performance improvements and effects

Technology Technology Characteristics

Analytics tools that can take database of Large "big data" databases and building phychrometrics and related energy use applications to store energy use, profiles to produce standardized signatures building data for buildings

R&D R&D Characterizing buildings for energy analysis

Programs DOE

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICI ENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 386

R&D Program Summaries

Characterizing buildings for energy analysis. Naked energy data without context has limited value. Key research questions: Need to understand building and usage characteristics and do this at very low cost. 1. What information could be gathered with the "ideal" meter? Existing research: U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)-building performance database. 2. How do we affordably characterized buildings in term of DOE: Buildings Performance Database, https://www1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/commercial/bpd.html. . construction HVAC so we can design smart retrofit program? 3. Can we create standard taxonomy for building system and components?

387 ■ MARCH 2014 SENSORS, METERS, ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : SENSORS, METERS, & ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Real time smart electric power measurement of facilities (1 of 3) Definitions” section

Business drivers to decrease Increasing Diffusion of common cost and increase productivity Increasing development and availability of People getting Diffusion of development and communication analytics / intelligent systems overwhelmed common availability of analytics protocols into energy with device communication / intelligent systems consuming devices settings protocols into Use of codes to lock Business drivers to decrease cost and increase

Drivers energy consuming in efficiency gains productivity devices Availability of cross-cutting, low cost technology Increasing development building blocks (i.e. wireless, ultra compact heat and availability of analytics exchangers, advanced controls, ASDs) / intelligent systems

Diffusion of common communication protocols Policies requiring into energy consuming devices energy disclosure

Increasing development and availability People getting overwhelmed

of analytics / intelligent systems with device settings Capability Gaps Capability

Lack of low cost power End-use hardware with feedback measurement options for new or from gas and energy usage retrofit

Need standard protocols and Need standards How layout sensors systems to aggregate low level Need better benchmarking and distribution Many existing software analysis tools data into high level actionable designed and comparisons circuits to align with require specialized expert operators knowledge distribution to inform EMS - algorithm panels decisions layer and physical layout

Need cost-effective, accurate load metering to drive instantaneous and long

Technology Technology term energy saving opportunities Characteristics

Gateway to extract high frequency usage data directly from smart Data collection ,analysis, customer feedback systems Interval data analysis tools (i.e. Northwrite) meters for local use. This enables shorter intervals as it is not to optimize whole sytem energy performance

limited by utility's smart meter bandwith and the delays R&D R&D

Develop metrics for interval data Standards research Market screening and development of gateway standards and Programs hardware for high frequency local smart meter usage Regional Climate Center NIST Grid2Home

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICI ENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 388

R&D Program Summaries

Standards research. Developing standards for measuring facility energy use would help simplify and Key research questions: standardize energy measurement. Work with NIST priority action group to help develop useful standards. 1. Is there a universal metric that can be applied to all sectors? Existing research: National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). 2. How does the cost of the measurement compare to the [Summaries of existing research pending] . value?

Develop metrics for interval data. Related to significant drivers such as time of day, weather etc., Key research questions: high/low ratios. The first step to analyzing energy use is good data. Developing standardized metrics will help make 1. What type of meter sensing is needed for what size the information more accessible and make it easier for more people to be able to analyze the data. businesses? Existing research: Regional Climate Center. 2. How can this information be shared and leveraged? . [Summaries of existing research pending] 3. Who is responsible and what quality data is required?

Market screening and development of gateway standards and hardware for high Key research questions: frequency local smart meter usage. This program will enable customers to capture and react to high 1. Screen existing smart meter market and identify frequency data from existing utility smart meters by accessing local channels rather than going through the utility availability and protocols for local ports / channels that cloud. can provide smart meter interval data directly to the customer. Existing research: Grid2Home. 2. Develop standards for communicating and organizing . [Summaries of existing research pending] this data. 3. Develop hardware that will access, store and present this data to customers directly. 4. Provide access to this database for third parties. (e.g. disaggregators, auditors) to use this data for analytics.

389 ■ MARCH 2014 SENSORS, METERS, ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : SENSORS, METERS, & ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Real time smart electric power measurement of facilities (2 of 3) Definitions” section

Diffusion of Diffusion of Business common common drivers to Increasing development and availability Availability of cross-cutting, low cost technology communication communication decrease cost of analytics / intelligent systems building blocks (i.e. wireless, ultra compact heat protocols into protocols into and increase exchangers, advanced controls, ASDs) energy energy productivity consuming

Drivers consuming devices devices

Policies requiring Use of codes to lock energy disclosure in efficiency gains

Capability Gaps Capability Need cost-effective, Need standard How layout sensors Need standards accurate load metering protocols and systems and distribution benchmarking to drive instantaneous to aggregate low level and Need better designed circuits to align with distribution panels and long term energy data into high level EMS - algorithm comparisons to saving opportunities actionable knowledge layer and physical inform decisions

layout

Technology Technology Characteristics Data collection ,analysis, Interval data customer feedback systems to analysis tools (i.e. Standardized panels with optimize whole sytem energy Northwrite) integrated CTs with low performance voltage / plug and play / standardized output

R&D R&D Review existing research (i.e. DOE, Smart grid R&D

Programs workshop, etc.) California Utilities (ETP, RD+D, Smart Grid); LBNL; PGE

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICI ENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 390

R&D Program Summaries

Review existing research (i.e. DOE, Smart grid R&D workshop, etc.). To develop Key research questions: continuously updated database of existing technologies to include characteristics such as; building size, building 1. Populate database based on existing technologies. type, frequency of data, number of installations, stage of technology development, local compared to cloud, 2. Maintain this database continuously for X years through analytics compared to no analytics, software compared to no software, control compared to no control. outreach and regular market screening efforts. Existing research: California Utilities (ETP, RD+D, Smart Grid), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), 3. Proactively distribute and measure use of this database Portland General Electric (PGE). accordingly to key players. . [Summaries of existing research pending]

391 ■ MARCH 2014 SENSORS, METERS, ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : SENSORS, METERS, & ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Real time smart electric power measurement of facilities (3 of 3) Definitions” section

People getting Use of Business Diffusion of overwhelmed with Increasing development and availability Increasing development codes to drivers to common Increasing device settings and availability of lock in decrease cost communication development and of analytics / intelligent systems analytics / intelligent efficiency and increase protocols into availability of systems gains productivity energy consuming analytics / intelligent

Drivers devices systems Availability of cross-cutting, low cost technology building blocks (i.e. wireless, Availability of cross-cutting, low Use of codes to lock ultra compact heat exchangers, cost technology building blocks advanced controls, ASDs) (i.e. wireless, ultra compact heat in efficiency gains exchangers, advanced controls, ASDs) Diffusion of common communication Policies requiring protocols into energy consuming devices energy disclosure Diffusion of common communication protocols into

energy consuming devices Capability Gaps Capability

Need standard protocols and Need cost- How layout systems to Need better effective, accurate sensors and Need End-use Many existing aggregate low designed load metering to distribution Need standards standard hardware software level data into distribution drive circuits to align benchmarking protocols and with analysis tools high level panels instantaneous and with EMS - and systems to feedback require actionable long term energy algorithm layer comparisons to aggregate low from gas specialized knowledge saving and physical inform level data into and energy expert opportunities layout decisions high level usage operators actionable

knowledge

Technology Technology Characteristics

Standardized panels with integrated CTs with Data collection ,analysis, customer feedback systems Low cost reliable data collection and feedback low voltage / plug and play / standardized output to optimize whole sytem energy performance system for small to medium size businesses

R&D R&D Automated fault diagnostics detection User installable sensors for Programs commercial buildings Regional Climate Center’ BC Hydro; Schneider; UC Berkeley LBNL; CSIRO

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICI ENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 392

R&D Program Summaries

User-installable sensors for commercial buildings. M&V diagnostics and efficiency require Key research questions: monitoring that is load specific and inexpensive to install. Research is needed for systems that can be safely and 1. What sensing technology would be suitable as a low/no quickly installed to collect critical metrics. cost add-on for circuit breaker panels? Existing research: Schneider, University of California Berkeley. 2. How can voltage be measures on multiple phases . [Summaries of existing research pending] without needing an electrician to install loads? 3. Can a low voltage connector be added to new breakers or meters that allow for high bandwidth metering (8kHz) for fault diagnostics and load disaggregation?

Automated fault diagnostics detection. Fault diagnostics to auto detect opportunities by leveraging Key research questions: existing data collection. 1. Can we help end use customers (by way of evaluation tools) to gauge which fault detection (FD) products are Existing research: BC Hydro, Regional Climate Center, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research suited for their needs? Organisation (CSIRO). 2. Guide sophistication of fault detection (FD) products to . [Summaries of existing research pending] get to the point where they pin-point a problem and recommend a fix action? 3. Can fault detection (FD) product performance be standardized?

393 ■ MARCH 2014 SENSORS, METERS, ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : SENSORS, METERS, & ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Enterprise and Maintenance Management Systems (1 of 9) Definitions” section

Policies requiring People getting overwhelmed Business drivers to decrease cost Market driven communication Smart grid Energy with device settings and increase productivity interface standard technology disclosure development

Drivers Availability of cross- Diffusion of common cutting, low-cost Increasing development and availability of communication protocols into technology building analytics / intelligent systems energy-consuming devices blocks Lack of engagement and interest in energy efficiency from customers

Performance based Policies requiring procurement Energy disclosure

Data Capability Gaps Capability ownership and security issue Need to integrate formal Standard Need to transform raw data Establish truly energy management protocols for and implement feedback universal, simple, practices into performance loops into actionable seamless plug and consumers services and metrics and insights through improve play

business processes data data analytics interoperability Technology Technology

Characteristics Tools Integrated tools measure turning data ID, M&V, DR, control, into action MMS, engagement

Create “Beige Button”—an architect features and meter / equipment integration to bring

R&D R&D building operational characteristic and schedules Programs through the life of the building

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICI ENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 394

R&D Program Summaries

Create “Beige Button”—architect features and meter/equipment integration to bring Key research questions: building operational characteristic and schedules through the life of the building. 1. Does any toll currently track all these? Integrating physical features (assumed energy simulation models), operational assumptions, and other 2. How to integrate hard architecture vs. fast moving characteristics that affect performance and link them to meters/equipment for full picture of whole buildings and technology software? portfolios. 3. Prevent silos. Existing research: None identified.

395 ■ MARCH 2014 SENSORS, METERS, ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : SENSORS, METERS, & ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Enterprise and Maintenance Management Systems (2 of 9) Definitions” section

Market driven Smart grid technology development Performance based People getting overwhelmed Business drivers to decrease cost communication interface procurement with device settings and increase productivity standard

Policies Lack of engagement requiring and interest in energy Drivers Increasing development and availability of Energy efficiency from diffusion of common disclosure customers analytics / intelligent systems Availability of cross- communication protocols into cutting, low-cost energy-consuming devices technology building blocks

Data ownership and security Need to transform raw Establish truly issue Business Need to integrate formal Standard data and implement universal, simple, model and energy management protocols for feedback loops into seamless plug

Capability Gaps Capability cost- practices into consumers performance actionable insights and play effectiveness services and business metrics and through improve data interoperability processes data analytics

Need better and more accurate data from systems submeters, and more properly cx

Tools EMIS cost Integrated tools measure ID, M&V, DR, Enterprise energy management software Automation of data collection analytics , Technology Technology turning /benefit control, MMS, engagement (many providers, easily 30+ companies) and commissioning process

Characteristics data into analysis - action utility support

Building optimization case Turning data into action: testing and demonstrating R&D R&D studies results of leveraging EMIS for energy savings and

demand reductions Programs BNL; United Technologies Research Center PGE; NEEA; utilities

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICI ENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 396

R&D Program Summaries

Turning data into action: testing and demonstrating results of leveraging EMIS for Key research questions: energy savings and demand reductions. Utilities across the country are interested in achieving O&M 1. What percentage savings can we expect from different and behavioral savings for commercial buildings through utilizing technology. But no one really knows which applications of Energy Management Information Systems approaches are the most effective in turning ubiquitous data into action. This research project will examine average (EMIS) and do these savings persist (or how can we savings from case studies and demonstrations of different EMIS applications to more specifically determine ensure they persist)? expected energy saving results. a. Behavior / competition (behavior only). Existing research: Portland General Electric (PGE), Northwest Energy Efficiency Alliance (NEEA), utilities across b. Monitoring-based commissioning (operations country. and maintenance plus retrofit). . [Summaries of existing research pending] c. Energy coaching.

Building optimization case studies. Need for independent data based and technically valid (IMPU) Key research questions: studies to validate and document actual savings achieved. Too many self-savings “claimed” results. 1. Base line energy use. 2. Identify all projects and operational changes. Existing research: Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), United Technologies Research Center (UTRC). . [Summaries of existing research pending] 3. Adjust for weather, seasonality, independent business changes. 4. Determine actual implementation costs. 5. Determine actual achieved savings. 6. Calculate achieved return on investment as forecasted.

397 ■ MARCH 2014 SENSORS, METERS, ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : SENSORS, METERS, & ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Enterprise and Maintenance Management Systems (3 of 9) Definitions” section

Market driven communication Smart grid technology Lack of engagement Business drivers to decrease Performance based interface standard development procurement and interest in energy cost and increase productivity efficiency from customers Policies requiring Drivers Energy disclosure Diffusion of common Availability of Increasing communication cross-cutting, low- development and protocols into energy- cost technology availability of analytics consuming devices building blocks / intelligent systems People getting overwhelmed Data ownership with device settings and security issue

Business model and

Capability Gaps Capability cost-effectiveness

Need better Need to integrate formal Need to transform raw data and Establish truly Standard protocols and more energy management practices implement feedback loops into universal, simple, for performance accurate data into consumers services and actionable insights through seamless plug and metrics and data from systems business processes improve data analytics play interoperability submeters, and more properly

cx

Technology Technology Characteristics Tools EMIS cost / Integrated tools measure ID, M&V, Automation of data collection turning data benefit analysis DR, control, MMS, engagement analytics, and commissioning process into action - utility support

Targeted market

R&D R&D segment validation Programs Manufacturers

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICI ENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 398

R&D Program Summaries

Targeted market segment validation. Prioritize key building type/market segments to test and Key research questions: validate energy analytic tools. Focus on limited building types will allow focused analytic development rather than 1. How well does analytics model actual building energy trying to do everything. use/performance? Existing research: Manufacturers. 2. How well does model identify savings opportunities? . [Summaries of existing research pending] 3. How well do predicted savings match forecasted?

399 ■ MARCH 2014 SENSORS, METERS, ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : SENSORS, METERS, & ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Enterprise and Maintenance Management Systems (4 of 9) Definitions” section

Lack of engagement and Policies requiring Performance based interest in energy efficiency Business drivers to Availability of cross-cutting, Smart grid Energy disclosure procurement from customers decrease cost and low-cost technology technology

increase productivity building blocks development Drivers

Market driven People getting Increasing development and Diffusion of common communication overwhelmed with availability of analytics / communication protocols into interface

device settings intelligent systems energy-consuming devices standard Capability Gaps Capability Need to integrate formal Standard Need to transform raw data and Establish truly Data energy management protocols for implement feedback loops into universal, simple, ownership practices into performance actionable insights through seamless plug and and security consumers services and metrics and data improve data analytics play interoperability issue business processes

Existing information Develop a standard Technology Technology technology utilized energy data model for EMS Characteristics management players data

Leverage existing IT for energy

management - adapt into the space R&D R&D

Programs ASHRAE; BACNET Research; open-ADR, University of Arizona

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

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R&D Program Summaries

Leverage existing IT for energy management - adapt into the space. Leverage existing Key research questions: information technologies (IT) such as ethernet, XML, etc., so as to not inventing anything. 1. Standardized data models protocols. 2. Define consistent performance metric definitions and Existing research: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), BACNET Research, open-ADR, University of Arizona. benchmarking data. . University of Arizona: Autonomic Computing Laboratory, http://acl.ece.arizona.edu/. 3. Protocols still allowing proprietary systems—effect . [Summaries of existing research pending] interoperability.

401 ■ MARCH 2014 SENSORS, METERS, ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : SENSORS, METERS, & ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Enterprise and Maintenance Management Systems (5 of 9) Definitions” section

People getting overwhelmed Market driven Smart grid technology with device settings communication development Business interface standard Lack of drivers to Policies engagement and Performance decrease Availability of requiring interest in energy cost and

Drivers based cross-cutting, Energy efficiency from increase Increasing development and diffusion of common disclosure procurement customers low-cost productivity availability of analytics / communication technology intelligent systems protocols into energy- building blocks consuming devices

Business model

Capability Gaps Capability and cost- Need to integrate formal Standard Need to transform raw data and effectiveness energy management protocols for implement feedback loops into Establish truly universal, practices into performance actionable insights through improve simple, seamless plug consumers services and metrics and data data analytics and play interoperability

business processes Technology Technology

Characteristics Enterprise energy management software Easily consumed data/metrics Integrated tools measure ID, M&V, Standard communication

(many providers, easily 30+ companies) presentation format DR, control, MMS, engagement protocol for enterprise EMS data R&D R&D Identify good EMS data Programs presentation methods

LBNL

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICI ENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 402

R&D Program Summaries

Identify good EMS data presentation methods. Data and form of presentations (user interface Key research questions: design). 1. What data is most relevant for an energy management? 2. What forms should EMS data and analytics be presented Existing research: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL). to user? . [Summaries of existing research pending] 3. What data expression forms are best suited for identifying? 4. Review current market and tools. 5. Relate presentation form/data to target actions. 6. Energy savings outcomes of different programs designs.

403 ■ MARCH 2014 SENSORS, METERS, ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : SENSORS, METERS, & ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Enterprise and Maintenance Management Systems (6 of 9) Definitions” section

Smart grid People getting overwhelmed with device settings Market driven technology communication development Lack of interface standard engagement Policies Business requiring Performance and interest in

Drivers drivers to energy Energy based decrease cost Availability of efficiency from Increasing disclosure procurement and increase cross-cutting, customers development and diffusion of common productivity low-cost availability of analytics communication technology / intelligent systems protocols into energy- building blocks consuming devices

Business model and cost-effectiveness

Capability Gaps Capability Data Need to integrate formal Need to transform raw data and implement Establish truly universal, ownership energy management Standard protocols feedback loops into actionable insights through simple, seamless plug and and practices into for performance improve data analytics play interoperability security consumers services and metrics and data issue business processes

Enterprise energy

Technology Technology Standard Existing information management software Develop a standard communication protocol Characteristics Defined technology utilized energy (many providers, easily 30+ data model for for enterprise EMS data method to management players companies) EMS data protect data

Development of security Enhance development of standard enterprise R&D R&D protocols Automated point level communication protocols for building mapping Programs ad facility information ASHRAE (performed by IT word) ASHRAE;SSPC 135 ASHRAE; LONworks; BACnet

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

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R&D Program Summaries

Development of security protocols. In developing and promulgating enterprise energy management Key research questions: systems, it is very desirable to standardize protocols for multiple reasons, including ways to communicate with a 1. What are agreed protocols for security? central system and for security. 2. How data gets used and who owns it? Existing research: Stakeholders indicate that the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) is working on this (through IT word). . [Summaries of existing research pending]

Automated point mapping. Inaction often results from data provided by enterprise energy and Key research questions: maintenance systems because the gathered data and inaccurate. This data is incorrect because point mapping 1. Are there semi-automated process to improve point (assign a variable name and description to a measurement point methods an enterprise energy and maintenance mapping? management system) is manual, tedious and error prone process. 2. Are there semi-automated pathways to perform quality Existing research: ASHRAE, SSPC 135. assurance (QA) / quality control (QC)steps for the point . [Summaries of existing research pending] mapping process? 3. Are there ways to automate point mapping?

Enhance development of standard enterprise level communication protocols for Key research questions: building ad facility information. Bacnet, Obix and other communication effort are improving greatly, but 1. Can details, satirized point mapping (Assign a variable there are key aspects that are not being addressed by these standards bodies. name and description to a measurement point within an enterprise energy and maintenance management Existing research: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), LONworks, system) occur and be supported by existing enterprise BacNet. level communication standards for building and facility . [Summaries of existing research pending] information?

405 ■ MARCH 2014 SENSORS, METERS, ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : SENSORS, METERS, & ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Enterprise and Maintenance Management Systems (7 of 9) Definitions” section

People getting overwhelmed with device settings Market driven Smart grid communication technology interface standard development Lack of Policies engagement and Drivers requiring Performance Business interest in diffusion of common Availability of cross- Energy based drivers to Increasing energy communication cutting, low-cost disclosure procurement decrease cost development and efficiency from protocols into energy- technology building and increase availability of analytics customers consuming devices blocks productivity / intelligent systems

Business model and

cost-effectiveness Capability Gaps Capability

Data Need to integrate formal Need better and Standard Need to transform raw data and Establish truly ownership energy management more accurate data protocols for implement feedback loops into universal, simple, and practices into consumers from systems performance actionable insights through seamless plug and security services and business submeters, and metrics and data improve data analytics play interoperability

issue processes more properly cx

Technology Technology Characteristics

Enterprise energy management Existing information Standard communication Develop a standard Automation of data software (many providers, technology utilized energy protocol for enterprise data model for collection analytics , and

easily 30+ companies) management players EMS data EMS data commissioning process R&D R&D

Programs Development of algorithms / intelligence interface of sensor information with central system

Cisco; Google; Microsoft; IBM; others?

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICI ENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 406

R&D Program Summaries

Development of algorithms / intelligence interface of sensor information with Key research questions: central system. In developing and promulgating enterprise energy management systems, it is very desirable 1. Questions not yet specified. to standardize protocols for multiple reasons, including ways to communicate with a central system. Existing research: Many programs and enterprises are working on this, including Cisco, Google, IBM, Microsoft, and others; ongoing research from private firms tends largely to be proprietary and, therefore, not thoroughly or consistently reported through companies’ web pages. . Some information about the work of Microsoft Research’s Sensing and Energy Research Group in this area can be found in Appendix B.

407 ■ MARCH 2014 SENSORS, METERS, ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : SENSORS, METERS, & ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Enterprise and Maintenance Management Systems (8 of 9) Definitions” section

People getting overwhelmed with device settings Market driven Smart grid communication technology interface standard development Lack of Policies engagement and Drivers requiring Performance Business interest in diffusion of common Availability of cross- Energy based drivers to Increasing energy communication cutting, low-cost disclosure procurement decrease cost development and efficiency from protocols into energy- technology building and increase availability of analytics customers consuming devices blocks productivity / intelligent systems

Business model and

cost-effectiveness Capability Gaps Capability

Data Need to integrate formal Need better and Standard Need to transform raw data and Establish truly ownership energy management more accurate data protocols for implement feedback loops into universal, simple, and practices into consumers from systems performance actionable insights through seamless plug and security services and business submeters, and metrics and data improve data analytics play interoperability

issue processes more properly cx

Technology Technology Characteristics

Tools Integrated tools turning Integrated controls measure ID, M&V, Standard Develop a Automation of and sensors (all communication standard data data collection data Easily consumed DR, control, MMS, systems report to protocol for model for EMS analytics , and into data/metrics engagement one place) enterprise EMS data data commissioning action presentation format

process R&D R&D

Programs Demonstration EMIS of tool integration: Develop Standard data prototypes, testing, and validation model for EMS data

PIER; PGE; NEEA ASHRAE; JPC 2018

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

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R&D Program Summaries

Develop Standard data model for EMS data. (Summary not yet provided.) Key research questions: 1. What data do you collect? 2. What format do you provide the data? Existing research: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), JPC 2018. . [Summaries of existing research pending] 3. How do you provide the data?

Demonstration EMIS of tool integration: prototypes, testing, and validation. In Key research questions: commercial energy management and information system software market, there are many functionalities available 1. How accurate are rapid building assessment techniques currently. The future will require integrated solutions that combine EMIS with enabling functions for energy savings, (low-touch audits using interval data), and how demand response, building control, and M&V. This research project will test integrated prototypes propose by specifically can these techniques identify building EE and industry (key that research does not need to develop the approaches, but test what is already commercialized), RD opportunities? validating the accuracy of the algorithms and capability of approach. 2. How accurate are fault detection and diagnostic Existing research: California Energy Commission (CEC) Public Interest Energy Research (PIER) program, Portland algorithms (using system-level data) and how actionable General Electric (PGE), Northwest Energy Efficiency Alliance (NEEA). are the recommendations? . [Summaries of existing research pending] 3. What energy-savings opportunities can automatically be addressed through automated system optimization and which require human analysis and intervention? 4. How can tools with integrated M&V be used to quantify savings at whole building level? What bar for rigor must be met?

409 ■ MARCH 2014 SENSORS, METERS, ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : SENSORS, METERS, & ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Enterprise and Maintenance Management Systems (9 of 9) Definitions” section

People getting overwhelmed with device settings Market driven Smart grid communication technology interface standard development Lack of Policies engagement and Business requiring Performance interest in drivers to Drivers Energy based energy decrease cost disclosure procurement efficiency from and increase Increasing Diffusion of common customers productivity development and communication Availability of availability of analytics protocols into energy- cross-cutting, low- / intelligent systems consuming devices cost technology building blocks

Need to integrate Capability Gaps Capability Data formal energy Need better ownershi management Lack of Standard Need to transform raw data Establish truly and more p and practices into building protocols for and implement feedback universal, accurate data security consumers operations performance loops into actionable simple, seamless from systems issue services and documentation metrics and insights through improve plug and play submeters, business data data analytics interoperability and more processes properly cx

Business model and

cost-effectiveness

Technology Technology Characteristics

Process / ownership Tools turning and updating building Enterprise energy management software Standard communication Automation of data collection data into action data model (many providers, easily 30+ companies) protocol for enterprise EMS data analytics, and commissioning process

R&D R&D Automated QA/QC of meter and

Programs sensor measured values

Manufacturers

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

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R&D Program Summaries

Automated QA / QC of meter and sensor measured values. Inaction often results from data Key research questions: provided by enterprise energy and maintenance management systems because the captured data and inaccurate. 1. Are there ways to automate quality assurance (QA) / This data is incorrect because meters and sensors are often installed and configured incorrectly. quality control (QC) of installation and configuration of meters and sensors? Existing research: Manufacturers. . [Summaries of existing research pending] 2. Are there ways to semi-automate quality assurance (QA) / quality control (QC) of installations and configuration of meters and sensors? 3. Are there effective guidance documents for implementing quality assurance (QA) / quality control (QC) of meters and sensors

411 ■ MARCH 2014 SENSORS, METERS, ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS ROADMAPS

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICI ENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 412 I N D U S TR IA L FO O D P ROCESSING ROADMAPS

Other relevant sources: This section contains the following roadmaps: . Heating The list below is intended to be broadly representative rather than exhaustive and will be updated as new information becomes available. . Cooling . Mechanical Sources pending.

. Infrastructure

413 ■ MARCH 2014 INDUSTRIAL FOOD PROCESSING ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : INDUSTRIAL FOOD PROCESSING Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Heating (1of 2) Definitions” section

More and cheaper products due to Energy Security Need to sustain Change in growth Fuel switch globalization of from manufacturing competitive of processed advantage foods. combustion

to electric Drivers Climate Change Aging workforce / lack Product quality of trained workforce Need to reduce risks of technology Pushback against Need more implementation over-regulation Need ways to reuse lower efficient [non- Need cheap grade heat in processes refrigerated] bulk Increasing budgets for energy storage Need to eliminate storage of emerging R&D to cut peaks. need for central [perishable] food Enable direct steam (generation) Need more knowledge / items with short use of in food processing acceptanc e/ implementation shelf life at intermittent on- plants of known waste heat ambient site generation recovery techniques in the temperatures Need new

Capability Gaps Capability operation of compressors, pasteurization boilers, cooling systems processes to reduce energy in canning Aseptic bulk storage similar operations LI [lithium to orange juice and other ion] or lead Lithium bromide or similar PCW food products acid battery absorption chillers packs

Condensing type Hyperbaric pasteurization Microwave and variable economizers recovering radio frequency based sensible and heating methods

Technology Technology Smart distributed steam from steam boiler exhaust Characteristics generation [Miura boilers]

Develop absorption chillers to Develop and accomplish freezing with low demonstrate aseptic Develop prototype to prove grade heat (120°-180°F) bulk storage pilot scale feasibility and validate for apple juice, wine effectiveness in heating process such as Partner with DOE CHP program to pasteurization, cooking, R&D R&D demonstrate multi-effect LiBr thawing, and tempering of

Programs chiller for food plant refrigeration various foods with waste heat OSU Food Innovation Center

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 414

R&D Program Summaries

Need to develop prototype to prove feasibility and validate the Key research questions: effectiveness in heating process. Examples include pasteurization, cooking, 1. Questions not yet specified. thawing, tempering of various foods. Existing research: Ongoing R&D in this area at Oregon State University’s Food Innovation Center (http://fic.oregonstate.edu/)..

Develop absorption chillers to accomplish freezing with low grade Key research questions: heat (120-180F). (Summary not yet provided.). 1. Questions not yet specified. Existing research: None identified.

Develop and demonstrate aseptic bulk storage pilot scale for Key research questions: apple juice, wine. (Summary not yet provided.). 1. Questions not yet specified. Existing research: None identified.

Partner with DOE CHP program to demonstrate multi-effect lithium Key research questions: bromide (LiBr) chiller for food plant refrigeration with waste heat. 1. Questions not yet specified. (Summary not yet provided.). Existing research: None identified.

415 ■ MARCH 2014 INDUSTRIAL FOOD PROCESSING ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : INDUSTRIAL FOOD PROCESSING Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Heating (2of 2) Definitions” section

Fuel switch from combustion to electric Increasing and uncertain future Need to reduce risks of cost of electricity Climate More and cheaper products due to technology implementation and gas

Change globalization of manufacturing Drivers Product quality enhancement needed

Pushback against over- regulation

Increasing budgets for Need to eliminate need Need cheap energy Need ways to reuse lower emerging R&D for central steam storage to cut peaks. grade heat in processes (generation) in food Enable direct use of processing plants intermittent on-site generation Need new pasteurization Capability Gaps Capability processes to reduce energy in canning operations Smart distributed steam generation to lower costs and complexity

LiBr or similar absorption chillers that can achieve freezing temperatures (0F) Better batteries or Develop sterilization and Universal oven (combination RF capacitors or any similar pasteurization based on Technology Technology heating and convection) technology that has less Binary fluid ejector heat pumps microwave (replacing steam) Characteristics than 2.5-year payback (thermally driven)

Better batteries or Pilot-scale demonstration capacitors or any similar Develop universal oven to of microwave sterilization technology that has less Develop proof-of-concept

demonstrate effectiveness of and pasteurization than 2.5-year payback for Binary Fluid Ejector R&D R&D

technology technology Heat Pump Programs OSU Food Innovation Center WSU Food Engineering, May-Ruben Technologies Ocean Beauty Sea Foods

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 416

R&D Program Summaries

Develop proof-of-concept for Binary Fluid Ejector Heat Pump. Key research questions: (Summary not yet provided.) 1. Questions not yet specified.

Existing research: R&D ongoing at May-Ruben Technologies (http://may- rubentechnologies.com/), contact Research Support Officer Chelsea Ruben, http://may- rubentechnologies.com/ index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=76&Itemid=116.

Develop universal oven to demonstrate effectiveness of Key research questions: technology. (Summary not yet provided.) 1. Questions not yet specified. Existing research: Ongoing R&D in this area at Oregon State University’s Food Innovation Center (http://fic.oregonstate.edu/).

Pilot-scale demonstration of microwave sterilization and Key research questions: pasteurization technology. (Summary not yet provided.) 1. Questions not yet specified. Existing research: Ongoing R&D in this area involving the Food Engineering team of Washington State University’s (WSU) Biological Systems Engineering department (http://bsyse.wsu.edu/core/research/Emphasis/Food/Food.html), and at Ocean Beauty Sea Foods, LLC (http://www.oceanbeauty.com/).

Better batteries or capacitors or any similar technology that has Key research questions: less than 2.5-year payback. (Summary not yet provided.) 1. Questions not yet specified. Existing research: None identified.

417 ■ MARCH 2014 INDUSTRIAL FOOD PROCESSING ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : INDUSTRIAL FOOD PROCESSING Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Cooling (1 of 4) Definitions” section

EE ROI hurdle Need to sustain rates Energy Water Increasing and uncertain future competivie Cost Savings

cost of electricity and gas advantage Increased Drivers product quality

"Lowest-cost" Equipment refrigeration system Less-efficient systems needed to installations often Tank installed because refrigeration Ways to quantify upgrade heat have increased chilling evaporator defrost technology and control content in waste energy consumption uses energy is not well understood in the infiltration into streams to higher, due to design and intensive Capability Gaps Capability industry. coolers and freezers more useful temp. equipment selection refrigerants ranges compromises or coolants

CO2 trans-critical Ambient air-cooled Fast acting doors- Better defrost heat pumps refrigeration compressor vestibules-air curtains, Electrodialysis controls, float (Mayekawa) oil cooling using a glycol high rise warehouses, for cold drainers, effective loop may increase automated storage and stabilization frost-free piping refrigeration compressor retrieval systems capacity and reduce Technology Technology (ASRS)

Characteristics energy use. Needed heat exchanger design is available. Regional contractors need to offer as a design option Fast acting doors- Better defrost controls, float CO2 trans-critical drainers, effective frost-free vestibules-air heat pumps piping curtains, high rise (Mayekawa) warehouses, Electrodialysis Design for ambient air-cooled

R&D R&D automated storage Logix Refrigeration Controls for cold refrigeration compressor oil (IntelliFrost™), Cascade and retrieval Programs stabilization cooling using a glycol loop Energy, and Henningsen Cold systems (ASRS) Storage

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 418

R&D Program Summaries

Better defrost controls, float drainers, effective frost-free piping. Key research questions: (Summary not yet provided.) 1. Questions not yet specified.

Existing research: Stakeholders referred to R&D that includes Logix Refrigeration Controls’ IntelliFrost™ product and work at Cascade Energy and Henningsen Cold Storage. . Logix® IntelliFrost™ Automatic Defrost System: http://www.logix- controls.com/docs/Logix_IntelliFrost_ Technical_Brief.pdf. . Cascade Energy: http://www.cascadeenergy.com/default.asp. . Henningsen Cold Storage: henningsen.com

Fast acting doors-vestibules-air curtains, high rise warehouses, Key research questions: automated storage and retrieval systems (ASRS). (Summary not yet 1. Questions not yet specified. provided.) Existing research: None identified.

CO2 trans-critical heat pumps. See Mayekawa, http://www.mayekawausa.com. Key research questions: 1. Questions not yet specified. Existing research: None identified.

Electrodialysis for cold stabilization. (Summary not yet provided.) Key research questions: 1. Questions not yet specified. Existing research: None identified.

Design for ambient air-cooled refrigeration compressor oil cooling Key research questions: using a glycol loop. (Summary not yet provided.) 1. Questions not yet specified. Existing research: None identified.

419 ■ MARCH 2014 INDUSTRIAL FOOD PROCESSING ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : INDUSTRIAL FOOD PROCESSING Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Cooling (2 of 4) Definitions” section

Need to reduce Climate Change Tech nology Cheaper Product risks of Adoption due to global technology Increased uncertainty manufacturing Drivers implementation of gas & electric costs

Need natural gas driven Use of multi-stage ammonia Lack of available refrigeration Fewer than six regional refrigeration for effective non- compressor refrigeration contractors low temperature Existing hazardous options that also do most work. They are freezing (less than compressor refrigerants to can provide conservative and risk- -25°F) is less technology is replace ammonia Capability Gaps Capability usable waste averse and prefer proven efficient inefficient (Air heat designs and technologies refrigeration)

Cascade-type refrigeration Natural gas Hydrocarbons, engine driven systems (using More efficient refrigeration Incorporating increased halocarbons screw 1st stage CO2 & compressors, possibly EE industrial and other compressors 2nd stage NH3) including Mycom and refrigeration design chemicals with heat are available Vilter. Q: Does this refer to Technology Technology concepts not initiated recovery and more the scavenging heat pump Characteristics by regional refrigeration from driver efficient at low system marketed by Vilter temperatures system contractors for NH systems? (less than -25F) 3

Natural gas engine driven screw Cascade-type Provide funding for compressors with Hydrocarbons, refrigeration demonstrations. Demos need R&D R&D Standardized industrial heat recovery halocarbons and systems to involve manufacturers, refrigeration compressor Programs from driver other chemicals consultants, vendor, installers ratings are needed and end users

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

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R&D Program Summaries

Standardized industrial refrigeration compressor ratings are Key research questions: needed. (Summary not yet provided.) 1. Questions not yet specified. Existing research: None identified.

Provide funding for demonstrations. Demos need to involve manufacturers, Key research questions: consultants, vendor, installers and end users. 1. Questions not yet specified.

Existing research: None identified.

Natural gas engine driven screw compressors with heat recovery Key research questions: from driver. (Summary not yet provided.) 1. Questions not yet specified. Existing research: None identified.

Cascade-type refrigeration systems. (Summary not yet provided.) Key research questions: 1. Questions not yet specified. Existing research: None identified.

Hydrocarbons, halocarbons and other chemicals. (Summary not yet Key research questions: provided.) 1. Questions not yet specified.

Existing research: None identified.

421 ■ MARCH 2014 INDUSTRIAL FOOD PROCESSING ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : INDUSTRIAL FOOD PROCESSING Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Cooling (3 of 4) Definitions” section

Climate Increasing and uncertain future Need to sustain More and cheaper products due to Change cost of electricity and gas competitive

globalization of manufacturing advantage Drivers

Use of more energy intensive Lack of available Liquid nitrogen Equipment is needed to mechanical effective non- freezes fruit upgrade heat content in cooling rather hazardous and vegetable Existing compressor waste streams to than absorption refrigerants to products but is technology is inefficient higher, more useful cooling when replace ammonia expensive (Air refrigeration) temperature ranges waste heat is

Capability Gaps Capability available

Good alternatives Reusable liquids to toxic that can freeze Air and refrigerants such refrigeration Binary fluid fruit and Lack regional absorption- as ammonia compressors ejector heat vegetable pump type chiller expertise and products that minimize Technology Technology industrial-scale US waste heat (thermally Characteristics equipment mfrs. generation driven)

Develop and demonstrate alternatives to regulated Develop reusable refrigerants like ammonia, liquid for direct such as CO2, cascade, multi- [immersive] R&D R&D stage, or combo mixtures freezing of food Develop equipment to upgrade heat

Programs products (e.g. content in waste streams to higher, more fruits & useful temperature ranges, such a binary vegetables) fluid ejector heat pump (thermally driven)

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

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R&D Program Summaries

Develop reusable liquid for direct [immersive] freezing of food Key research questions: products (e.g. fruits & vegetables). (Summary not yet provided.) 1. Questions not yet specified. Existing research: None identified.

Develop equipment to upgrade heat content in waste streams to Key research questions: higher, more useful temperature ranges, such a binary fluid 1. Questions not yet specified. ejector heat pump (thermally driven). (Summary not yet provided.) Existing research: None identified.

Develop and demonstrate alternatives to regulated refrigerants Key research questions: like ammonia, such as CO2, cascade, multi-stage, or combo 1. Questions not yet specified. mixtures. (Summary not yet provided.) Existing research: None identified.

423 ■ MARCH 2014 INDUSTRIAL FOOD PROCESSING ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : INDUSTRIAL FOOD PROCESSING Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Cooling (4 of 4) Definitions” section

Increasing and uncertain future [Driver not [Driver not

cost of electricity and gas specified] specified] Drivers

Refrigeration evaporator Ways to quantify Ammonia is less defrost technology is not and control efficient at very Need better and well understood in the infiltration into low suction less expensive industry. This leads to the coolers and temperatures insulation installations of less than freezers (below -25F) materials

efficient systems Capability Gaps Capability

Refrigerants with Better (higher R- Systems to proven high efficiency value, durable, etc.) minimize and reliability at very and less expensive infiltration while low evaporator insulation materials refrigerator and Lack of coils temperatures freezer doors are that don’t open

Technology Technology frost up Characteristics

Develop alternative Develop Explore refrigerants for cooling coils alternative ammonia that are Develop better that don't frost methods of more efficient (higher R-value, R&D R&D up or are self- getting and reliable at durable, etc.) and

Programs defrosting products in suction less expensive and out of temperatures insulation freezers below -25°F materials

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 424

R&D Program Summaries

Explore alternative methods of getting products in and out of Key research questions: freezers. (Summary not yet provided.) 1. Questions not yet specified. Existing research: None identified.

Develop cooling coils that don't frost up or are self-defrosting. Key research questions: Summary. 1. Questions not yet specified.

Existing research: None identified.

Develop better (higher R-value, durable, etc.) and less expensive Key research questions: insulation materials. (Summary not yet provided.) 1. Questions not yet specified. Existing research: None identified.

Develop alternative refrigerants for ammonia that are more Key research questions: efficient and reliable at suction temperatures below -25°F. 1. Questions not yet specified. (Summary not yet provided.) Existing research: None identified.

425 ■ MARCH 2014 INDUSTRIAL FOOD PROCESSING ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : INDUSTRIAL FOOD PROCESSING Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Mechanical (1 of 5) Definitions” section

Consumer desire to be Increasing “green” and and uncertain Availability of new reduce future cost of technologies embedded & electricity Increasing cost and

Drivers used energy and gas decreasing availability of raw materials

CG-10: Need Need to apply Need fan wall leak detection technologies from application for tools and other industries air movement to meters supplement

product cooling Capability Gaps Capability

Compressed Laser food air leak processing management (marker and practices, Fan wall micro products, perforations)

services

Technology Technology Characteristics

Preliminary study how laser perforation of blueberry can improve fruit infusion with Investigate new more yield and better products that may Understand fan R&D R&D quality reduce the effort wall technology

Programs and its application required for leak OSU Food Innovation to industry detection Center

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 426

R&D Program Summaries

Preliminary study how laser perforation of blueberry can improve Key research questions: fruit infusion with more yield and better quality. (Summary not yet 1. Questions not yet specified. provided.) Existing research: Ongoing R&D in this area at Oregon State University’s Food Innovation Center (http://fic.oregonstate.edu/).

Investigate new products that may reduce the effort required for Key research questions: leak detection. (Summary not yet provided.) 1. Questions not yet specified. Existing research: None identified.

Understand the fan wall technology and its application to industry. Key research questions: (Summary not yet provided.) 1. Questions not yet specified.

Existing research: None identified.

427 ■ MARCH 2014 INDUSTRIAL FOOD PROCESSING ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : INDUSTRIAL FOOD PROCESSING Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Mechanical (2 of 5) Definitions” section

Aging workforce / lack of trained workforce Increasing EE ROI hurdle rates cost and Increasing Increased awareness of impact Need to sustain decreasing and uncertain Drivers of behavior on energy usage Increasing cost competitive advantage availability future cost of and decreasing of raw electricity Lack of energy efficiency availability of Employer pressure to materials and gas knowledge in the industry raw materials increase productivity

Need integrated Need Need training education industrial process dedicated for use of mechanical optimization for industrial staff equipment Need consultants with experienced

Capability Gaps Capability in energy management or mechanical working on EE continuous energy improvement systems at plant level

DOE, Hydraulics Some industrial Premium Variable Energy Industrial Institute, EE programs efficient frequency Efficient management Assessment Compressed provide motors drive gear boxes software, metering Centers, Lean Technology Technology Air Challenge, equipment, i.e. administrator, but

Characteristics training NEEA Nortwright, eSight Pac NW lacks this

Test certification Test cash incentive for Strategic Energy Management

R&D R&D program (RETA) training

BPA, ETO, NEEA, NWFPA, Programs NEEA Idaho Power ENERGY STAR

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 428

R&D Program Summaries

Strategic Energy Management. Strategic Energy Management (SEM) is an approach of industrial Key research questions: energy management that combines (1) embedding energy efficiency in the organization’s culture, (2) assisting 1. Questions not yet specified. organizations identify low-cost energy efficiency opportunities, and (3) measuring the impact of their actions. The Pacific Northwest has settled on a common SEM curriculum. A cluster of non-competitive industries is coached through a year of monthly, half-day energy management training sessions. The training sessions are supplemented by a minimum of three site visits. These site visits identify major energy users (energy drivers), ensure executive engagements, and engage employees. To measure the energy savings utility meter and production data is collected and an energy model is developed. SEM programs are scaled to large industrial sites. Utilities can invest up to $50,000 to train the site and develop the energy model because of the large potential for savings. On average sites enrolled in SEM program reduce their energy consumption by 7.5%. Large organizations can assign an individual to attend training and manage energy. Existing research: The Northwest Energy Efficiency Alliance (NEEA), the ENERGY STAR program, Bonneville Power Administration (BPA), and the Northwest Food Processors Association (NWFPA) are involved in developing Strategic Energy Management solutions. There is internal and national consensus on the requirements for an SEM program. In 2011 , the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) released the specification of an energy management system (50001). ISO 50001 is an auditable standard for energy management systems designed to improve energy performance. ISO 50001 is widely adopted in Germany. Initially adoption in North America has been limited to companies with European headquarters. US Department of Energy (US DOE) developed Superior Energy Performance (SEP) help set energy performance goals and a method for measuring energy savings. BPA signed an agreement with US DOE to participate in the SEP accelerator. If BPA can find a utility and industry that wants to participate in SEP, BPA will combine SEP with the High Performance Energy Management (HPEM) program. BPA worked with US DOE to define the method of measuring energy savings. BPA posts these requirements in BPA Measuring Tracking & Reporting (MT&R) Guidelines. The MT&R Guidelines are published on BPA’s web sites. In 2011, BPA contracted an impact evaluation of the MT&R Guidelines. This is the only impact evaluation of energy management measurement guidelines that BPA is aware of. The Energy Trust of Oregon (ETO) runs a small-to-medium SEM pilot. The pilot is very similar to large SEM.NEEA developed Online SEM, web-based SEM training. Online SEM has not been tested without significant in-person coaching or with rigorous energy savings measurement. Online SEM is not customizable—content can not be tailored to an individual site. . NEEA’s work in this area includes a Strategic Energy Management study they released in January 2012; see http://neea.org/research/reportdetail.aspx?ID=1619. . ENERGY STAR Strategic Energy Management approach: http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=guidelines.guidelines_index. . For SEM at BPA, see http://www.bpa.gov/energy/n/industrial/index.cfm. . NWFPA’s work in this area can be found at http://www.nwfpa.org/nwfpa.info/component/content/article/37-boiler/55--energy-roadmap-projects-put- nwfpa-membership-on-the-road

429 ■ MARCH 2014 INDUSTRIAL FOOD PROCESSING ROADMAPS Test cash incentive for training. (Summary not yet provided.) Key research questions: 1. Questions not yet specified. Existing research: Stakeholders indicated that the Northwest Energy Efficiency Alliance (NEEA) is working in this area; see http://neea.org/.

Test certification program. (Summary not yet provided.) Key research questions: 1. Questions not yet specified.

Existing research: See programs at RETA and NEEA. . Refrigerating Engineers & Technicians Association (RETA), http://www.reta.com/. . Northwest Energy Efficiency Alliance (NEEA); http://neea.org/.

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 430

431 ■ MARCH 2014 INDUSTRIAL FOOD PROCESSING ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : INDUSTRIAL FOOD PROCESSING Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Mechanical (3 of 5) Definitions” section

Potential for high energy savings realization rates, but with wide Need to provide continued confidence bands, so there is a training and support to Need for SEM approaches need to maintain rigor while industrial facility staff in order scaled to small (< 1 aMW ) Drivers avoiding monthly models to sustain energy savings industries

Customized on- Identify opportunities to

Energy modeling line training implement scalable SEM Capability Gaps Capability

When connected to energy consumption and Energy management Software should Hardware that Hardware sensors Non-evasive sensors production data, the software should use software that combines reduces energy enables tracking key would send data to that can be placed on data analysis to identify opportunities, deliver all SEM requirements modeling time process indicators energy management equipment to log run

Technology Technology alerts against backsliding, generate to a single platform and cost without an electrician software time and / or flow Characteristics

performance reports, and customize training R&D R&D Scalable Industrial Strategic Programs Energy Management

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 432

R&D Program Summaries

Scalable Industrial Strategic Energy Management. Strategic Energy Management Key research questions: (SEM) is an approach of industrial energy management that combines (1) embedding energy efficiency in 1. Hardware: Can non-evasive sensors be used to track key process the organization’s culture, (2) assisting organizations identify low-cost energy efficiency opportunities, indictors and communication with an energy management software and (3) measuring the impact of their actions. platform? The Pacific Northwest has settled on a common SEM curriculum. A cluster of non-competitive industries 2. Hardware: Do non-evasive sensors reduce the cost of energy is coached through a year of monthly, half-day energy management training sessions. The training modeling? sessions are supplemented by a minimum of three site visits. These site visits identify major energy users (energy drivers), ensure executive engagements, and engage employees. To measure the energy 3. Software: Can energy modeling, individual coaching, training savings utility meter and production data is collected and an energy model is developed. modules, and reporting be combined on a single software platform? SEM programs are scaled to large industrial sites. Utilities can invest up to $50,000 to train the site and 4. Software: Does combining all energy management functions on a develop the energy model because of the large potential for savings. On average sites enrolled in SEM single platform increase energy savings and reduce program cost? program reduce their energy consumption by 7.5%. Large organizations can assign an individual to 5. Coaching / Behavior Change: What combination of alerts, attend training and manage energy. messaging, and training is most effective for establishing energy To address small industrial end users, SEM programs need to reduce the utilities’ financial commitment efficiency in organization’s culture? and end-users’ time commitment. For utilities to continue to meet industrial energy management targets 6. Coaching / Behavior Change: What data sources and analysis are for energy efficiency they will need technologies that scale energy management cost effectively for small (< 1 aMW) and medium facilities. needed to enable customized alerts, messages, and training? Existing research: There is internal and national consensus on the requirements for an SEM program. In 2011 , the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) released the specification of an energy management system (50001). ISO 50001 is an auditable standard for energy management systems designed to improve energy performance. ISO 50001 is widely adopted in Germany. Initially adoption in North America has been limited to companies with European headquarters. US Department of Energy (US DOE) developed Superior Energy Performance (SEP) help set energy performance goals and a method for measuring energy savings. BPA signed an agreement with US DOE to participate in the SEP accelerator. If BPA can find a utility and industry that wants to participate in SEP, BPA will combine SEP with the High Performance Energy Management (HPEM) program. BPA worked with US DOE to define the method of measuring energy savings. BPA posts these requirements in BPA Measuring Tracking & Reporting (MT&R) Guidelines. The MT&R Guidelines are published on BPA’s web sites. In 2011, BPA contracted an impact evaluation of the MT&R Guidelines. This is the only impact evaluation of energy management measurement guidelines that BPA is aware of. The Energy Trust of Oregon (ETO) runs a small-to-medium SEM pilot. The pilot is very similar to large SEM. Most participants are “medium.” ETO also can apply gas savings. It is difficult for BPA to apply lessons from ETO’s small-to-medium SEM pilot to small industrial sites. NEEA developed Online SEM, web-based SEM training. Online SEM has not been tested without significant in-person coaching or with rigorous energy savings measurement. Online SEM is not customizable—content can not be tailored to an individual site. In 2014 BPA will offer Small Industrial HPEM—a pilot small SEM program—to 10 industrial sites. The goal of the pilot is test theories about online training, enabling technologies that may improve small SEM cost effectiveness.

433 ■ MARCH 2014 INDUSTRIAL FOOD PROCESSING ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : INDUSTRIAL FOOD PROCESSING Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Mechanical (4 of 5) Definitions” section

Consumer desire Increasing and Increasing cost and Increased awareness of to be “green” and uncertain future cost decreasing availability of impact of behavior on reduce embedded of electricity and gas raw materials energy usage

& used energy Drivers

Need leak Need low cost Need methods for Need dedicated detection easy to install extending storage time industrial staff tools and sensors and for raw product (use of working on energy meters controls mechanical equipment) efficiency at plant

level Capability Gaps Capability

Raw product storage Advanced conveyance Separations Non invasive [preservation] technology (belts, (product from waste, sensors for alternative to rollers, etc.) water from product) flow / pressure refrigeration with low energy

and freezing

Technology Technology Characteristics

Non invasive Raw product storage Advanced sensors for Demonstrations at [preservation] conveyance flow / selected processes alternative to technology pressure where separations are refrigeration (belts, rollers, energy intensive and R&D R&D and freezing etc.) costly and where Programs separated stream can be recycled

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 434

R&D Program Summaries

Advanced conveyance technology (belts, rollers, etc.). (Summary not yet Key research questions: provided.) 1. Questions not yet specified

Existing research: None identified.

Demonstrations at selected processes where separations are Key research questions: energy intensive and costly and where separated stream can be 1. Questions not yet specified recycled. (Summary not yet provided.) Existing research: None identified.

Non invasive sensors for flow / pressure. (Summary not yet provided.) Key research questions: 1. Questions not yet specified

Existing research: None identified.

Key research questions: 1. Questions not yet specified Raw product storage [preservation] alternative to refrigeration and freezing. (Summary not yet provided.) Existing research: None identified.

435 ■ MARCH 2014 INDUSTRIAL FOOD PROCESSING ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : INDUSTRIAL FOOD PROCESSING Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Mechanical (5 of 5) Definitions” section

Smart grid Consumer desire Smart grid technology Carbon emissions technology to be “green” and development penalties and / or development reduce embedded Drivers incentives & used energy

Need smart motor that works Need smart battery charging with smart grid for vehicles mechanical non

essential Capability Gaps Capability

Motor respond to signals from grid, energy Smart chargers that respond efficiency to demand. Response signal- versus surge balanced with process

management requirements

Technology Technology Characteristics

Motor respond to signals from grid, energy Smart chargers that respond efficiency

R&D R&D to demand. Response signal- versus surge balanced with process Programs management requirements

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 436

R&D Program Summaries

Motor respond to signals from grid, energy efficiency versus surge Key research questions: management. (Summary not yet provided.) 1. Questions not yet specified Existing research: None identified.

Smart chargers that respond to demand. Response signal- Key research questions: balanced with process requirements. (Summary not yet provided.) 1. Questions not yet specified Existing research: None identified.

437 ■ MARCH 2014 INDUSTRIAL FOOD PROCESSING ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : INDUSTRIAL FOOD PROCESSING Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Infrastructure (1 of 6) Definitions” section

Need to sustain Aging workforce / lack competitive advantage of trained workforce Solid state lighting Lack of energy Employer Increasing cost and efficiency pressure to Need to reduce risks of technology implementation decreasing availability knowledge in increase

of raw materials the industry productivity Drivers Change in growth of processed foods

Need better efficacy of lighting in Need better training of food processing cold storage areas Need more focus on workforce: academic and HVAC in plants. Learn

trade school curriculum from commercial roadmap Capability Gaps Capability

Implement K12, More widespread Establish community college and Training for knowledge / awareness standards of Improved operations and university programs on of heat load in service and control systems energy basics maintenance refrigerated spaces comfort practices

LED, occupancy Technology Technology

Characteristics controls

Outreach, education, Better controls, cost Reach out to industry suppliers Training for operations directed courses effective for refrigerated for case studies. Have standard and maintenance

and workshops area lighting testing and write up of results practices R&D R&D NWFPA, OSU

Programs EPRI Digital Lumens and others Improved control systems

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 438

R&D Program Summaries

Better controls, cost effective for refrigerated area lighting. (Summary Key research questions: not yet provided.) 1. Questions not yet specified

Existing research: Ongoing R&D at the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI, http://et.epri.com/index.html).

Outreach, education, directed courses and workshops. (Summary not Key research questions: yet provided.) 1. Questions not yet specified

Existing research: Ongoing R&D at the Northwest Food Processors Association (NWFPA, http://www.nwfpa.org/) and in Oregon State University’s (OSU) Department of Food Science and Technology (http://oregonstate.edu/dept/foodsci/extservices/ext_index.htm).

Reach-out to industry suppliers for case studies. Have standard testing Key research questions: and write up of results 1. Questions not yet specified

Existing research: Stakeholders indicated ongoing R&D at Digital Lumens (www.digitallumens.com) and others.

439 ■ MARCH 2014 INDUSTRIAL FOOD PROCESSING ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : INDUSTRIAL FOOD PROCESSING Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Infrastructure (2 of 6) Definitions” section

Population Environmental Employer Increased Consumer growth regulations pressure to awareness of Climate EE ROI Demand for increase impact of behavior Change hurdle rates green / local productivity on energy usage products EE promoted Water scarcity, Drivers in mainstream cost, health media issues

Need better energy management Need to include embedded systems for industry energy costs of water supply benchmarking (KPI, dashboard) and waste water treatment

when making decisions Capability Gaps Capability

Real time energy monitoring Training on EIS hardware, main interpretation and Integrate flow meters and and sub metering use Some information other water use data into available on embedded energy information and energy in water monitoring systems

Data compilation analysis and Technology Technology

Characteristics presentation software focused on industrial (benchmarking, dashboards and KPIs)

Identify EMCS with water flow

Market survey, industrial monitoring, R&D R&D challenge upstream survey industry Programs why they do not BPA, NEEA use

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 440

R&D Program Summaries

Market survey, industrial challenge upstream. (Summary not yet Key research questions: provided.) 1. Questions not yet specified

Existing research: Ongoing R&D at the Bonneville Power Administration’s (BPA) Energy Efficiency department (http://www.bpa.gov/Energy/N/) and the Northwest Energy Efficiency Alliance (NEEA, http://neea.org/).

Identify EMCS with water flow monitoring, survey industry why they Key research questions: do not use. (Summary not yet provided.) 1. Questions not yet specified Existing research: None identified.

441 ■ MARCH 2014 INDUSTRIAL FOOD PROCESSING ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : INDUSTRIAL FOOD PROCESSING Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Infrastructure (3 of 6) Definitions” section

Aging workforce / Consumer desire to Pushback Lack of energy lack of trained against over- be “green” and workforce reduce embedded & Increased efficiency regulation EE ROI Non energy used energy awareness of knowledge in the hurdle benefits of the

Drivers impact of industry rates technology Increasing cost and Employer pressure to behavior on decreasing availability increase productivity Product quality energy usage Need to sustain of raw materials choices and behavior need to be competitive advantage enhanced

Lack of industry and plant energy reduction- Need energy efficient related goals and implementation plans. Lack of development in (current) training management awareness and commitment to

Capability Gaps Capability energy management systems

RETA (CEV) not ETOROC widespread Energy awareness implemented formally, adoption by providers training focused on More widespread NEEA work with MED (refrigeration operations industrial energy use implementation CEI (or need to educate training) (PGE / NEEA industrial ISO 50001) in industrial

training) food processing

Technology Technology Characteristics

Develop delivery Energy awareness ETOROC mechanisms for C&I, RETA (CEV) not training focused on ISO 50001 widespread adoption industrial energy use R&D R&D implemented formally, by providers NEEA work with MED (PGE / NEEA ITP, NEEA Programs (refrigeration need to educate industrial training) operations training)

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 442

R&D Program Summaries

Develop delivery mechanisms for C&I, ISO 50001. (Summary not yet Key research questions: provided.) 1. Questions not yet specified

Existing research: Research in this area is ongoing at the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) Advanced Manufacturing Office (AMO, formerly known as the Industrial Technologies Program or ITP; see http://www1.eere.energy.gov/ manufacturing/) and Northwest Energy Efficiency Alliance (NEEA, http://neea.org/).

RETA (CEV) not implemented formally, NEEA work with MED need Key research questions: to educate. (Summary not yet provided.) 1. Questions not yet specified Existing research: None identified.

ETOROC widespread adoption by providers (refrigeration Key research questions: operations training). (Summary not yet provided.) 1. Questions not yet specified Existing research: None identified.

Energy awareness training focused on industrial energy use (PGE / Key research questions: NEEA industrial training). (Summary not yet provided.) 1. Questions not yet specified Existing research: None identified.

443 ■ MARCH 2014 INDUSTRIAL FOOD PROCESSING ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : INDUSTRIAL FOOD PROCESSING Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Infrastructure (4 of 6) Definitions” section

Change in growth Energy of processed foods Security Changing Need to sustain Increased Consumer demographics transportation Demand for Consumer competitive Environmental impacting desire to be costs green / local Climate Water scarcity, advantage regulations purchasing “green” and products

Drivers Change cost, health issues reduce Product quality Carbon embedded & needs to be emissions Increased scrutiny used energy enhanced penalties and / or incentives by regulators

Need better clarity and documentation for sustainability (i.e.: life cycle cost analysis, embedded energy). Prep for green supply Need better traceability chain inspections by customers information systems from farm

Capability Gaps Capability to consumers

Need better data acquisition and analysis, tracking sustainability of food lines Case studies, publically available on overall life cycle energy assessment in food processing Auto ID systems and bio sensor

technologies

Technology Technology Characteristics

Templates for sustainability Auto ID metrics, KPIs, monitoring, systems and bio sensor

R&D R&D plans, measures

technologies Programs

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 444

R&D Program Summaries

Templates for sustainability metrics, KPIs, monitoring, plans, Key research questions: measures. (Summary not yet provided.) 1. Questions not yet specified Existing research: None identified.

Auto ID systems and bio sensor technologies. (Summary not yet provided.) Key research questions: 1. Questions not yet specified

Existing research: None identified.

445 ■ MARCH 2014 INDUSTRIAL FOOD PROCESSING ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : INDUSTRIAL FOOD PROCESSING Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Infrastructure (5 of 6) Definitions” section

Lack of energy Increasing cost Increased Carbon efficiency Aging workforce Consumer and decreasing Climate transportation emissions availability of knowledge in / lack of trained Demand for Change penalties and / Employer costs raw materials the industry workforce green / local or incentives pressure to products Drivers increase Product quality need to be Environmental Availability of new Increased awareness of impact productivity Consumer desire to Technologies of behavior on energy usage enhanced regulations Need to sustain be “green” and competitive reduce embedded & advantage used energy Increased scrutiny by regulators

Need better energy management systems for industry benchmarking Need better traceability Need better data acquisition and

Capability Gaps Capability (KPI, dashboard) information systems from analysis, tracking sustainability farm to consumers of food lines

Auto ID (smart) enable Product quality electricity management system attribute and Reliable Smart traceability system for food processing industry composition sensors benchmarks from farm to consumer that control thermal or for food Self correcting energy mechanical processing management systems based processes: monitor industry

Technology Technology on known inputs e.g.: seasonal ethylene content to

Characteristics variations in defrost control temperature

Need to define smart traceability information system, the components, the governance body and hardware / Development of software required for the system R&D program not benchmark and standards yet defined and industrially-oriented OSU Food Innovation Center

R&D R&D energy management

Programs software

NWFPA, EPA, DOE

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 446

R&D Program Summaries

Development of benchmark and standards and industrially- Key research questions: oriented energy management software. (Summary not yet provided.) 1. Questions not yet specified Existing research: Research ongoing at the Northwest Food Processors Association (NWFPA, http://www.nwfpa.org/) and at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) [is this EPA-DOE collaboration the ENERGY STAR program? See http://www.energystar.gov/ index.cfm?c=home.index).

Need to define smart traceability information system, the Key research questions: components, the governance body and hardware/software 1. Questions not yet specified required for the system. (Summary not yet provided.) Existing research: Research is ongoing at the Oregon State University (OSU) Food Innovation Center (http://fic.oregonstate.edu/).

R&D program not defined. (Summary not yet provided.) Key research questions: 1. Questions not yet specified

Existing research: None identified.

447 ■ MARCH 2014 INDUSTRIAL FOOD PROCESSING ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : INDUSTRIAL FOOD PROCESSING Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Infrastructure (6 of 6) Definitions” section

Changing Increasing cost Lack of energy Energy Change in growth Water scarcity, cost, demographics and decreasing efficiency Security of processed foods health issues Availability of new impacting purchasing availability of knowledge in Technologies choices and behavior

raw materials the industry Need to sustain competitive advantage Drivers

Need better efficacy of lighting in food processing Need better clarity and documentation for sustainability cold storage areas (i.e.: life cycle cost analysis, embedded energy). Prep

for green supply chain inspections by customers Capability Gaps Capability

Fiber optics Order of magnitude No systems More standardized templates training price reduction in Order of magnitude improvement on available on the for documentation of efficient lighting shelf for industrial sustainability for green supply systems with low lighting system efficacy energy systems chain and other inspections Electro toxicity luminescent

paint

Technology Technology Characteristics

R&D program Develop industrial

not yet defined software systems

R&D R&D Programs

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 448

R&D Program Summaries

Develop industrial software systems. (Summary not yet provided.) Key research questions: 1. Questions not yet specified

Existing research: None identified.

R&D program not defined. (Summary not yet provided.) Key research questions: 1. Questions not yet specified

Existing research: None identified.

449 ■ MARCH 2014 INDUSTRIAL FOOD PROCESSING ROADMAPS

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 450 C O M B IN ED H E AT A N D P OW ER (CHP) ROADMAPS

This section contains the following roadmaps: U.S. Clean Heat and Power Association, http://www.uschpa.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=1. . Production . Resources U.S. Clean Heat and Power Association, “National CHP Roadmap: Doubling Combined Heat and Power Capacity in the United States by 2010,” . Delivery March 2001, http://www1.eere.energy.gov/manufacturing/distributedenergy/pdfs/c hp_national_roadmap.pdf, accessed March 2, 2012. Selected Sources Regarding Combined Heat and Power Research U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. “Combined Heat and Power Partnership.” and Development in the United States http://www.epa.gov/chp/. U.S. Department of Energy Northwest Clean Energy Application Center. BCS, Incorporated, Waste Heat Recovery: Technology and Opportunities in U.S. http://www.chpcenternw.org/. Industry. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Energy Industrial

Technologies Program, March 2008.

Energy and Environmental Analysis, Inc., “Combined Heat and Power Installation Database,” [last updated May 10, 2010], http://www.eea- Combined Heat and Power and Waste Heat Recovery Policy inc.com/chpdata/, accessed March 2, 2012. Landscape in the Pacific Northwest

Heat is Power, http://www.heatispower.org/. To develop a more nuanced idea of what barrier(s) exist for CHP and waste heat recovery development in the Pacific Northwest, Bonneville Power Administration staff have Anna Shipley, Anne Hampson, Bruce Hedman, Patti Garland, and Paul Bautista. developed a draft “Combined Heat and Power / Waste Heat Recovery Policy Landscape Combined Heat and Power: Effective Energy Solutions for a Sustainable Report.” External stakeholders have provided critical commentary to this draft report, Future. ORNL/TM-2008/224. Oak Ridge, Tenn.: Oak Ridge National tentatively scheduled for revision and release in 2014. Laboratory, Dec. 2008. Once completed, the Policy Landscape Report will be paired with the CHP Energy Efficiency William Steigelmann and Barry Hinkle, “CHP: The ‘Ugly Duckling’ of Energy Technology Roadmap to provide regional stakeholders with a much more complete Efficiency,” Report 1335, International Energy Program Evaluation understanding of the technology and policy barriers associated with any future investments Conference, 2009, http://www.cee1.org/eval/db_pdf_es/1335es.pdf. in combined heat and power and waste heat recovery systems.

451 ■ MARCH 2014 COMBINED HEAT AND POWER (CHP) ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Production (1 of 7) Definitions” section

Renewable power Grid quality and Environmental impact of generation creates Greater energy consistency negatively centralized power generation income stream to efficiency to impacted by alternative and transmission support management power system Drivers reduce cost of waste streams interconnection D89 Availability of new technologies

Need plug-and-play interconnection system and standards (see Interstate Renewable Energy Council (IREC)) Heat recovery from low and Co-dependency issue: How to moderate temperature waste integrate CHP? Stranded asset Need U.S. EPA air quality type heat streams problem; lost host certification of biogas Capability Gaps Capability generator set equipment

Biogas generator sets. Technical CHP—need designs with and other barrier: Need U.S. EPA- Organic Rankine cycle and inherent high salvage value. type certification Kalina Cycle®. ™. Technical Technical barrier: Modularity barrier: Not well known; need and portability; also, demonstration project & case willingness of CHP generators Interconnection technologies. studies to look beyond the fence for Other barrier: Need to adopt other potential thermal energy standards

Technology Technology users Characteristics

Demonstrate cost-effective low/moderate heat recovery Develop standards for modular (organic Rankine cycle, / portable CHP technology to Develop type certification air quality Standards Kalina Cycle®, or other) in encourage secondary market / emission profiles to U.S EPA data development R&D R&D industrial environments use of CHP equipment to standards for biogas engines

Programs Existing R&D in this area reduce risk indicated but not specified

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 452

R&D Program Summaries

Demonstrate cost-effective low/moderate heat recovery (organic Key research questions: Rankine cycle, Kalina Cycle®, or other) in industrial environments. 1. Questions not yet specified (Summary not yet provided.) Existing research: As of March 2012 roadmapping workshop participants indicated that there was ongoing R&D in this but did not specify where the R&D was being done.

Develop standards for modular/portable CHP technology to Key research questions: encourage secondary market/use of CHP equipment to reduce 1. Questions not yet specified risk. (Summary not yet provided.) Existing research: None identified.

Standards development. (Summary not yet provided.) Key research questions: 1. Questions not yet specified

Existing research: None identified.

Develop type certification air quality emission profiles to U.S EPA Key research questions: data standards for biogas engines. (Summary not yet provided.) 1. Questions not yet specified Existing research: None identified.

453 ■ MARCH 2014 COMBINED HEAT AND POWER (CHP) ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Production (2 of 7) Definitions” section

Renewable power generation Availability of new technologies Greater energy efficiency creates income stream to support to reduce cost

management of waste streams Drivers

Very high temperature in alpha type engines reduces durability of piston

seals. For e.g, Stirling Danmark requires 2 week service every 6 months Direct electric power conversion from heat Capability Gaps Capability Free piston Direct conversion Thermal equivalent to photovoltaic Stirling Danmark has commercial scale Material testing Stirling engine of heat to electric cells; heat recovery modules that Stirling projects fueled by biogas in for Stirling engine design is in Denmark. Stirling Engine has solar piston; redesign power generate electrical power directly from pilot-phase by waste heat stream (liquid and gas) dish application operational since of Stirling Infinia. Bosch 2010. WhisperGen’s MicroCHP stirling thermocouple/eng free piston engines use natural gas. Challenge is ine design design in applying to fuel source in U.S. (Stirling development

Biopower) Technology Technology

Characteristics More efficient, compact, and long-lasting thermoelectric materials used in batteries Develop and demonstrate Advanced Marlow Industries Stirling engine designs Thermoelectric Redesign materials for piston that avoid the piston seal Materials for Efficient rings and thermocouple probes; problem of the alpha Waste Heat Recovery Research to result in commercial research and development design. Free piston and materials & systems for direct ongoing at Stirling Biopower beta designs are example U.S. DOE / PPG Industries / PNNL conversion of thermal energy to R&D R&D and Stirling Danmark alternatives electrical energy

Programs Stirling Biopower and Stirling R&D institutions not Existing R&D in this area Danmark identified indicated but not specified

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 454

R&D Program Summaries

Advanced Thermoelectric Materials for Efficient Waste Heat Recovery. (Summary Key research questions: not yet provided.) 1. Questions not yet specified

Existing research: See U.S. DOE / PPG Industries / Pacific Northwest National Laboratory study, "Advanced Thermoelectric Materials for Efficient Waste Heat Recovery in Process Industries" (http://www1.eere.energy.gov/industry/imf/pdfs/14cps_16947_advanced_thermoelectric_materials.pdf).

Develop and demonstrate Stirling engine designs that avoid the piston seal Key research questions: problem of the alpha design. Free piston and beta designs are example alternatives 1. Questions not yet specified Existing research: Workshop participants indicated ongoing research in this area but specific institutions not identified.

More efficient, compact, and long-lasting thermoelectric materials used in Key research questions: batteries. (Summary not yet provided.) 1. Questions not yet specified Existing research: R&D ongoing at Marlow Industries (http://www.marlow.com/resources/future-concepts/power-generators-page2.html)..

Redesign materials for piston rings and thermocouple probes. (Summary not yet Key research questions: provided.) 1. Questions not yet specified

Existing research: R&D ongoing at Stirling Biopower (www.stirlingbiopower.com/) and Stirling Danmark (www.stirling.dk).

Research to result in commercial materials & systems for direct conversion of Key research questions: thermal energy to electrical energy. (Summary not yet provided.) 1. Questions not yet specified Existing research: As of March 2012 roadmapping workshop participants indicated that there was ongoing R&D in this but did not specify where the R&D was being done.

455 ■ MARCH 2014 COMBINED HEAT AND POWER (CHP) ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Production (3 of 7) Definitions” section

Renewable power generation creates income stream to Greater energy efficiency to Availability of new technologies

support management of waste streams reduce cost Drivers

Waste heat recovery from contaminated exhausts is a large untapped opportunity Many facilities are hesitant to implement heat Heat recovery from “the exhausts of industrial processes that are recovery because corrosive, fouling, particulate-laden, sticky or otherwise contaminated Many contaminant of previous poses technical challenges that increases capital and maintenance costs. Many biomass-derived fuels resistant material coatings failures due to Example industries include metals and glass manufacturing. have impurities, such as are proprietary, limiting poor design and Refer to tars, siloxanes, and H2S, their widespread use materials fhttp://www.moderneq.com/documents/whitepapers/NASA_Recuperation_study.pd that pose challenges

degradation http://www.gulfcoastcleanenergy.org/Portals/24/Reports_studies/WHR_DOE%20ITP.pdf Capability Gaps Capability

There are many Examples: "Smart" soot blowers; commercialized coatings. pulse detonation at smaller Work with coating Commercialized surface cleaning Examples are ElectroFin® scales; material coatings companies to broaden the technologies include soot blowers, (http://www.luvata.com/el use of their coating acoustic horns, pulse detonation, ectrofin), EonCoat (http://www.eoncoat.com/ Advanced sensor technology for products and technologies mechanical cleaners. Advanced ), FlameControl heat recovery from contaminated to solve CHP barriers; technologies improve upon these. sharing research and e.g. soot blowers that target (http://www.flamecontrol.

Technology Technology exhausts. Example: Slagging and development or patents contaminated areas com/hr_coating_n.html), Characteristics fouling monitoring system for etc. A non- black liquor recovery boilers commercialized coating is Stirling Biopower’s coating for biogas

Develop Demonstration of heat recovery from advanced contaminated exhausts and publications on best surface cleaning practices, lessons learned and case studies. technologies for Develop new sensors and contaminated monitoring equipment for

R&D R&D Develop material coatings for heat recovery from waste heat contaminated exhausts R&D program contaminated waste heat

Programs not yet defined

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 456

R&D Program Summaries

Demonstration of heat recovery from contaminated exhausts and Key research questions: publications on best practices, lessons learned and case studies. 1. Questions not yet specified (Summary not yet provided.) Existing research: None identified.

Develop advanced surface cleaning technologies for Key research questions: contaminated waste heat. (Summary not yet provided.) 1. Questions not yet specified Existing research: None identified.

Develop new sensors and monitoring equipment for contaminated Key research questions: exhausts. (Summary not yet provided.) 1. Questions not yet specified Existing research: None identified.

Develop material coatings for heat recovery from contaminated Key research questions: waste heat. Refer to Ichiro Suzuki, Corrosion-Resistant Coatings Technology (New York: 1. Questions not yet specified Marcel Dekker [Taylor & Franicis Group], 1989) Existing research: None identified.

457 ■ MARCH 2014 COMBINED HEAT AND POWER (CHP) ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Production (4 of 7) Definitions” section

Renewable power generation creates income stream to Greater energy efficiency to Availability of new technologies

support management of waste streams reduce cost Drivers

Heat recovery from low and Many facilities are hesitant to implement Organic Rankine cycle and Kalina Kalina Cycle® is a heat recovery because of previous failures Cycle®. Technical barrier: Not moderate temperature waste heat proprietary technology, streams (<1000F) is a vast, largely due to poor design and materials well known; need demonstraton limiting its availability

degradation project & case studies untapped opportunity Capability Gaps Capability

Industrial heat pumps can recover latent and ORCs are available from sensible heat from several companies for Kalina Cycle® exhausts up to 200F waste heat recovery from can recover heat (mechanical) and 400F temperatures ranging from up to 1000F (absorption). Refer to ~200F to 750F

Technology Technology Nyle Systems LLC, and

Characteristics Broad, Carrier, York etc.

Demonstration of Demonstration of industrial low-cost heat pump moderate temp heat heat pump systems with high systems with high recovery with ORCs coefficient of performance coefficient of Nucor Steel, Seattle

R&D R&D Contact Nyle Systems LLC performance and Kalina Cycle® Programs

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 458

R&D Program Summaries

Demonstration of industrial heat pump systems with high Key research questions: coefficient of performance. (Summary not yet provided.) 1. Questions not yet specified Existing research: For existing research, workshop participants suggested contact Nyle Systems LLC..

Demonstration of moderate temp heat recovery with Organic Key research questions: Rankine Cycles (ORCs). (Summary not yet provided.) 1. Questions not yet specified Existing research: For existing research, workshop participants suggested Nucor Steel, Seattle and Kalina Cycle®.

Low-cost heat pump systems with high coefficient of performance. Key research questions: (Summary not yet provided.) 1. Questions not yet specified

Existing research: None identified.

459 ■ MARCH 2014 COMBINED HEAT AND POWER (CHP) ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Production (5 of 7) Definitions” section

Greater energy efficiency to reduce cost

Smaller scale economic development Shorter product cycles (less Drivers certain thermal hosts for CHP)

The majority of waste heat Co-dependency issue: How to sources are small scale (even Improved small-scale system integrate CHP? Stranded asset in large facilities) Many cost effectiveness technologies are only cost problem upon loss of thermal host

effective at larger scales. Capability Gaps Capability

Example: Pratt-Whitney Economic scaled-down heat Provide gas treatment systems (formerly UTC) is reducing cost Modular plug-and-play / recovery equipment for to fit smaller installations; of ORCs by incorporating CHP that can be relocated / reused small-scale operations refine CHP technologies that standard chiller components. (positive salvage value)

don't require gas treatment

Technology Technology Characteristics

Pre-package systems to limit engineering costs; standardize small units as normal CHP asset redeployment strategies production models, flexibility to phase-in (enhanced salvage value for failed R&D R&D additional units for future growth; material projects); designed to increase

Programs testing to drive-down production costs project financeability

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 460

R&D Program Summaries

CHP asset redeployment strategies. Enhanced salvage value for failed Key research questions: projects designed to increase project financeability. 1. Questions not yet specified

Existing research: None identified.

Pre-package systems. Limit engineering costs; standardize small units as normal Key research questions: production models, flexibility to phase-in additional units for future growth; material testing 1. Questions not yet specified to drive-down production costs. Existing research: None identified.

461 ■ MARCH 2014 COMBINED HEAT AND POWER (CHP) ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Production (6 of 7) Definitions” section

Renewable power generation Environmental impact of centralized power creates income stream to support generation and transmission management of waste streams

Drivers Availability of new technologies

Need U.S. EPA air quality type certification of biogas generator set equipment Unproven technologies; need fuel analysis,

data, and independent verification Capability Gaps Capability

Independent data ResConverting stack and waste heat to power acquisition and is needed to make industrial and home Independent verification by an More independent analysis of real-time applications more efficient while power unbiased, third-party with no vested verification of electricity and heat recovery from “dirty” fuel sources would interests in a particular company of emerging / early demand at industrial provide for combustion with little fuel cleanup. air pollution and greenhouse gas commercial CHP facilities, i.e., we need TAPEC and nano-scale heat to light surfaces emissions measured in real time systems. to quantify the baseline are several technology paths for CHP.

under cycling conditions

Technology Technology Characteristics

Real-time data acquisition and data Independent data monitoring by an independent acquisition and Quantify heat Identify third party to analyze engineering, analysis of heat and electricity emerging economic, and environmental demand, electricity demand and Nano technology is being explored Converting waste heat to electricity technology performance of CHP and combined demand, and the temperature of for heat-to-power from biogas in an efficient, simple way by using options for cooling, heating, and electric temperature of heat demand at See work of Grant Norton, sound. industry as a power (CCHP) distributed demand in real-time

R&D R&D industrial Chemical Engineer, Washington See work of Orest Symko U. of Utah program area generators at industrial facilities; at one-second time facilities (in real State University and Kelvin Lynn, WSU on piezo

Programs emissions and solid waste should intervals in time) electric crystals be monitored industrial facilities

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 462

R&D Program Summaries

Converting waste heat to electricity in an efficient, simple way by using sound. Key research questions: Industrial settings such as stack heat using thermo acoustic piezo energy conversion (TAPEC) but also in home. 1. Questions not yet specified

Existing research: See work of Orest Symko U. of Utah (http://www.physics.utah.edu/people/faculty/symko.html), and Kelvin Lynn, WSU on piezo electric crystals http://www.cmr.wsu.edu/center_director).

Nano technology is being explored for heat-to-power from biogas. (Summary not yet Key research questions: provided.) 1. Questions not yet specified

Existing research: See work of Grant Norton, Chemical Engineer, Washington State University (http://www.mme.wsu.edu/~norton/).

Identify emerging technology options for industry as a program area. (Summary not yet Key research questions: provided.) 1. Questions not yet specified

Existing research: None identified.

Independent data acquisition and analysis of heat demand, electricity demand, Key research questions: and the temperature of heat demand in real-time at one-second time intervals in 1. Questions not yet specified industrial facilities. (Summary not yet provided.) Existing research: None identified.

Real-time data acquisition and data monitoring. To be conducted by an independent third party Key research questions: to analyze engineering, economic, and environmental performance of CHP and combined cooling, heating, and 1. Questions not yet specified electric power (CCHP) distributed generators at industrial facilities; emissions and solid waste should be monitored Existing research: None identified.

Quantify heat and electricity demand and temperature of demand at industrial Key research questions: facilities (in real time). (Summary not yet provided.) 1. Questions not yet specified Existing research: None identified.

463 ■ MARCH 2014 COMBINED HEAT AND POWER (CHP) ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Production (7 of 7) Definitions” section

Grid quality and consistency can Financial value of be negatively impacted by storage is expected alternative power system

Drivers to increase interconnection

Cost-effective storage for CHP-generated Need plug-and-play interconnection power; dispatchable power system and standards (see Interstate

Renewable Energy Council (IREC)) Capability Gaps Capability

Computer simulation tools for determining the optimal combinations of CHP generators, combined cooling, heating, and Waste heat electric power (CCHP) generators, expansion of Recovering waste heat thermal storage, cooling storage, pressurized of compression (for use Standardized power conversion and electrical storage gas and air and / or storage) modules with input from electrical generation device, with output to

facility power bus

Technology Technology Characteristics

Develop CHP & CCHP design tools Reverse fuel Create standardized power switching (gas Industrial Develop phase 1 computer energy storage conversion modules for R&D R&D to power) simulation tools for optimizing and shaping interconnecting site's generator Programs CCHP generation and storage at technologies power with site's power bus industrial facilities

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 464

R&D Program Summaries

Create standardized power conversion modules for Key research questions: interconnecting site's generator power with site's power bus. 1. Questions not yet specified (Summary not yet provided.) Existing research: None identified.

Develop phase 1 computer simulation tools for optimizing CCHP Key research questions: generation and storage at industrial facilities. Computer simulation tools 1. Questions not yet specified can identify optimal installed capacities, control strategies, and deployment and installation approaches for combined cooling, heating, and electric power (CCHP) systems; phase III models could be ultimately used by industry directly. Existing research: None identified.

Develop CHP and CCHP design tools. Tools to be used by industry to select Key research questions: the optimal installed capacity of a CHP or combined cooling, heating, and electric power 1. Questions not yet specified (CCHP) generator for a facility as well as optimal operating and control strategies Existing research: None identified.

Industrial energy storage and shaping technologies. (Summary not yet Key research questions: provided.) 1. Questions not yet specified

Existing research: None identified.

Reverse fuel switching (gas to power). (Summary not yet provided.) Key research questions: 1. Questions not yet specified Existing research: None identified.

465 ■ MARCH 2014 COMBINED HEAT AND POWER (CHP) ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Resources (1 of 7) Definitions” section

Increasing cost and Public perception – CHP can heal an decreasing availability Aging workforce, lack of of raw materials environmental

Drivers trained workforce black eye

Decrease the transportation Supply chain for No directory or database of costs to transport the fuel competent CHP engineering / construction firms with resources engineering and analysis; expertise in CHP & its applications in right solution for specific various industries. Interested

application training gap facilities don't know who to go to Capability Gaps Capability

Multiple transportation strategies CHP exist, but they need to be Barrier: Other - Engineering optimized for the particular training

application or location

Technology Technology Characteristics

Develop user-friendly tool for industrial Transportation optimization is an facilities to conduct a pinch point Organize workshops R&D program across a number of analysis to optimal thermal integration with known suppliers to of heat streams from CHP with establish a network and

R&D R&D sectors but not specifically addressing the issue different quantities and temperatures test for competency Programs of heat demanded at facility DOE / OTT / universities

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 466

R&D Program Summaries

Transportation optimization. This R&D program applies across a number of Key research questions: sectors but these have not specifically addressed issues and concerns specific to industrial 1. Questions not yet specified CHP systems. Existing research: Stakeholders indicated ongoing research at the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and the DOE’s Office of Transportation Technologies (OTT) within the Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), as well as at universities. . DOE’s Office of Transportation Technologies (OTT): http://www1.eere.energy.gov/vehiclesandfuels/

Develop user-friendly tool for industrial facilities to conduct a Key research questions: pinch point analysis to optimal thermal integration of heat streams 1. Questions not yet specified from CHP with different quantities and temperatures of heat demanded at facility. (Summary not yet provided.) Existing research: None identified.

Organize workshops with known suppliers to establish a network Key research questions: and test for competency. (Summary not yet provided.) 1. Questions not yet specified Existing research: None identified.

467 ■ MARCH 2014 COMBINED HEAT AND POWER (CHP) ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Resources (2 of 7) Definitions” section

Reduce waste Public perception – Aging workforce, CHP can heal an

Drivers lack of trained environmental workforce black eye

Supply chain for competent CHP Need better biomass waste engineering and analysis; right drying and improved CHP solution for specific application systems than rotary drum

training gap or hot air Capability Gaps Capability

Industrialization of non- conductor / convection Pre-drying pre- Micro wave drying of energy materials for drying - treatment for slow and Develop training wet biomass and higher IR-RF -MW (infrared - radio fast pyrolysis, primarily program for system temperature gasifier frequency - micro wave) wood materials

Technology Technology suppliers of CHP Characteristics

Commercialize high temperature brick kiln wood gasifier - Need performance data R&D Thermochemical Commercialize OctaFlame model 001 under Specialized pyrolysis program microwave wet construction - Springdale R&D R&D advanced training optimized moisture biomass drying Lumber

Programs for fuel energy systems (biochemical)

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 468

R&D Program Summaries

Commercialize high temperature brick kiln wood gasifier. Need Key research questions: performance data R&D on brick kiln wood gasifier system now being evaluated at 1. Questions not yet specified Springdale Lumber in Spokane, Washington. Existing research: Borgford LLC’s OctaFlame model 001 is under construction at Springdale Lumber; see http://www.borgfordbioenergy.net/index.htm.

Specialized advanced training. Support and expand current programs to train Key research questions: graduates and post doctors for renewable industry with emphasis on new technology and 1. Questions not yet specified ability to communicate complex ideas with the public. Existing research: None identified.

Commercialize microwave wet biomass drying systems. For more Key research questions: information contact Rotawave Ltd. out of the U.K., rotawave.com. 1. Questions not yet specified

Existing research: None identified.

Thermochemical pyrolysis program optimized moisture for fuel Key research questions: energy (biochemical). For more information contact Manuel Garcia Perez at 1. Questions not yet specified Washington State University, www.bsyse.wsu.edu/garcia-perez. Existing research: None identified.

469 ■ MARCH 2014 COMBINED HEAT AND POWER (CHP) ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Resources (3 of 7) Definitions” section

Renewable power generation

creates income stream to Drivers support management of waste streams

Need CHP system that handles dirty biogas or cheap biogas scrubbing

from waste water treatment Capability Gaps Capability

Biogas clean-up Biological gas treatment technologies for meeting system self regenerating the higher purity levels carbon media required by CHP prime

movers

Technology Technology Characteristics

Self regenerating Develop new gas R&D R&D carbon media material treatment

technologies Programs

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 470

R&D Program Summaries

Self regenerating carbon media material. (Summary not yet provided.) Key research questions: 1. Questions not yet specified

Existing research: None identified.

Develop new gas treatment technologies. (Summary not yet provided.) Key research questions: 1. Questions not yet specified

Existing research: None identified.

471 ■ MARCH 2014 COMBINED HEAT AND POWER (CHP) ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Resources (4 of 7) Definitions” section

Renewable power generation creates income Greater energy efficiency Customer demand for

stream to support management of waste streams to reduce cost sustainability and “green” Drivers

Absorption chillers cold enough for freezing and

higher efficiency Capability Gaps Capability

High efficiency, low cost absorption chillers for chilled Cost effective, efficient Optimally thermally integrating Inexpensive absorption water or freezing commercial chillers are typically absorptions chilling (or other absorption chillers with the chillers with a coefficient of single effect with a coefficient of performance (COP) <= process) to convert heat to heat supply from distributed performance >= 0.7

0.7 freezing CHP generators

Technology Technology Characteristics

R&D R&D Research and development of cost

effective, higher efficiency absorption Optimal integration of CHP Programs chillers to achieve freezing temperatures generators and absorption chillers

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 472

R&D Program Summaries

Cost effective, higher efficiency absorption chillers to achieve Key research questions: freezing temperatures. (Summary not yet provided.) 1. Questions not yet specified Existing research: None identified.

Optimal integration of CHP generators and absorption chillers. Key research questions: (Summary not yet provided.) 1. Questions not yet specified

Existing research: None identified.

473 ■ MARCH 2014 COMBINED HEAT AND POWER (CHP) ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Resources (5 of 7) Definitions” section

Increasing cost and decreasing

Climate Change Energy Security availability of raw materials Drivers

Solid biomass depends on trucking for delivery, increasing cost

Technology development Increase energy Studies to better to design torrefaction density of biomass understand bio-oil spray reactors and proof of energy sources to Studies of Better control of Study of biochar and droplet vaporization concept of new decrease thermochemical pyrolysis formation conditions and and oxidation behavior. approaches to utilize the transportation processes to conditions to its relation with Design of bio-oil volatile compounds costs produce produce less contaminants (PHAs and gasification and generated during biomass complex bio-oils dioxins) formation

combustion chambers torrefaction Capability Gaps Capability

Biomass Identification of gasifiers with Biomass gasifiers Bio-oil technologies and methanation with methanation standardization Design approaches conditions to reactors. The reactors. Poor and development for torrefaction produce bio- concept has to understanding of of systems to reactor and new chars with low be demonstrated pyrolysis reactions gasify and uses for the contents of at lab and bench and the effect of combust these resulting solid and contaminants scale additives to control Technology Technology liquids volatile products these reactions (PHAs and

Characteristics dioxins)

Develop cost-effective Develop cost-effective Develop cost-effective Develop cost and environmentally Develop Selective thermochemical thermochemical effective technology sustainable Biomass pyrolysis technologies (pyrolysis, processes to produce to gasify pyrolysis technologies for

R&D R&D processes to gasification or methane from oils and its slurries production of torrefied lignocellulosic materials for heat and power produce less combustion) to produce

Programs biomass to be co-fired production complex bio-oils bio-char and power Manuel Garcia-Perez in coal power plants WSU Pullman WSU Pullman WSU Pullman WSU Pullman WSU Pullman

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 474

R&D Program Summaries

Cost-effective and environmentally sustainable technologies for Key research questions: production of torrefied biomass to be co-fired in coal power plants. 1. Questions not yet specified (Summary not yet provided.) Existing research: Researchers at Washington State University (WSU) Center for Sustaining Agriculture and Natural Resources (CSANR)are conducting R&D about producing torrefied biomass; see http://csanr.wsu.edu/.

Cost-effective technology to gasify pyrolysis oils and its slurries for Key research questions: heat and power production. (Summary not yet provided.) 1. Questions not yet specified Existing research: Researchers at Washington State University (WSU) Center for Sustaining Agriculture and Natural Resources (CSANR)are conducting R&D about gasifying pyrolysis oils and its slurries; see http://csanr.wsu.edu/.

Cost-effective thermochemical processes to produce methane from Key research questions: lignocellulosic materials. (Summary not yet provided.) 1. Questions not yet specified Existing research: Contact Manuel Garcia Perez at Washington State University, www.bsyse.wsu.edu/garcia-perez.

Cost-effective thermochemical technologies (pyrolysis, gasification Key research questions: or combustion) to produce bio-char and power. (Summary not yet provided.) 1. Questions not yet specified Existing research: Researchers at Washington State University (WSU) Center for Sustaining Agriculture and Natural Resources (CSANR)are conducting R&D about producing bio-char and power using Cost-effective thermochemical technologies; see http://csanr.wsu.edu/.

Selective biomass pyrolysis processes to produce less complex bio- Key research questions: oils. (Summary not yet provided.) 1. Questions not yet specified Existing research: Researchers at Washington State University (WSU) Center for Sustaining Agriculture and Natural Resources (CSANR)are conducting R&D about producing less complex bio-oils from the pyrolysis processes; see http://csanr.wsu.edu/.

475 ■ MARCH 2014 COMBINED HEAT AND POWER (CHP) ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Resources (6 of 7) Definitions” section

Increasing cost and decreasing

Climate Change Peak Oil Energy Security availability of raw materials Drivers

High costs of collecting forest-derived biomass at source. Need portable Increase energy pre-treatment equipment, density of biomass designed considering energy sources to difficult truck decrease maneuverability and transportation costs

access Capability Gaps Capability

Solid biomass densification, such as pellet mills, briquetters, balers, Portable, biomass grinders, presses, chippers. densification Pyrolyisis also densifies biomass. equipment Challenge is portability and designed for in- design for sites with difficult woods use

Technology Technology access

Characteristics http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/engli sh/engineer/facts/11-035.pdf

Solid Biomass

R&D R&D Densification Programs

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 476

R&D Program Summaries

Solid biomass densification. (Summary not yet provided.) Key research questions: 1. Questions not yet specified Existing research: None identified.

477 ■ MARCH 2014 COMBINED HEAT AND POWER (CHP) ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Resources (7 of 7) Definitions” section

Increasing cost and decreasing

Climate Change Peak Oil Energy Security availability of raw materials Drivers

Anaerobic digesters without co-products or Wet biomass is Most high solids anaerobic tipping fees from co- Methane production is generally not cost digester designs suffer from diested wastes are often inhibited with feedstocks effective or suitable of wet medium and high water usage, not cost effective, except that have a low pH, or a as feedstocks for high solids content complexity, high cost and/or on large facilities or if nutrient or mineral thermochemical (SC>10%) biomass poor performance. WSU's environmental costs deficiency or which processes such as is not well UASB design is addressing might be incurred that contain chemicals such as gasification and developed. these issues. AD averts Capability Gaps Capability sanitizers combustion

Co-products such as nutrients (N, K, P), artificial peat product, animal bedding, topsoil bedding, nursery greenhouse bulk soil, turf top-dressing, and transportation erosion controlbiochar Anaerobic digesters for Anaerobic Commercially available digesters for low solids Several designs of acidic, nutrient digesters for high solids deficient or other medium and biomass, such as

Technology Technology digesters are in problematic high solids complete mix and plug Characteristics flow digesters. Challenge research phase. feedstocks feedstocks. An example is Demonstration and economic evaluation of is medium and high solids anaerobic digesters on commercial farms content feedstocks WSU's UASB design. Refer to having several co-products http://www.ecy.wa.gov/p ubs/0907064.pdf Develop co-products from anaerobic digestion solids and liquids, such as nutrients (N, K, P), artificial peat, animal bedding, topsoil bedding, Anaerobic digestion using waste feedstocks, Development of nursery greenhouse bulk soil, turf top-dressing, R&D R&D such as agricultural, municipal, industrial, high solids (solids and erosion control-biochar Programs commercial and green wastes content >15%) Craig Frear, WSU Pullman Craig Frear WSU Pullman anaerobic digesters

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

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R&D Program Summaries

Anaerobic digestion using waste feedstocks. Digestion to include Key research questions: agricultural, municipal, inudstrial, commercial and green wastes. 1. Questions not yet specified

Existing research: Contact Craig Frear, Washington State University, http://www.bsyse.wsu.edu/core/directory/faculty/cfrear.html.

Develop co-products from anaerobic digestion solids and liquids. Key research questions: Co-products to include nutrients (N, K, P), artificial peat, animal bedding, topsoil bedding, 1. Questions not yet specified nursery greenhouse bulk soil, turf top-dressing, and erosion control-biochar. Existing research: Contact Craig Frear, Washington State University, http://www.bsyse.wsu.edu/core/directory/faculty/cfrear.html.

Demonstration and economic evaluation of anaerobic digesters on Key research questions: commercial farms having several co-products. (Summary not yet 1. Questions not yet specified provided.) Existing research: None identified.

Develop high solids (solids content >15%) anaerobic digesters. Key research questions: (Summary not yet provided.) 1. Questions not yet specified

Existing research: None identified.

479 ■ MARCH 2014 COMBINED HEAT AND POWER (CHP) ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Delivery (1 of 8) Definitions” section

Grid quality and consistency Peak power generation CHP systems require on-site Availability and use of can be negatively impacted (eg. Combined power and thermal energy storage when waste products as fuel by alternative power system hydrogen: CHHP) exporting power to grid for CHP production Drivers interconnection

Hybrid CHP systems for industrial Need improvements in the interface Grid voltage, quality, k Var applications (e.g., solar & fuel cell or technologies between CHP variability drives fuel cell biomass & fuel cell) need one generation and storage system inverter to shut down common inverter that’s insensitive opportunities of fuel input resources

to grid variations Capability Gaps Capability

Wide variety of commercial inverters Interfaces currently exist with other are available; however, are they are technology, adapt to CHP sufficiently flexible to tolerate grid Barrier: Technical voltage variability and quality? Other: Cost Barrier: Technical

Other: Cost

Technology Technology Characteristics

Flexible inverter technology to Interface between CHP generation R&D R&D accommodate grid voltage and resource storage

Programs variability and quality

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

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R&D Program Summaries

Interface between CHP generation and resource storage. (Summary Key research questions: not yet provided.) 1. Questions not yet specified

Existing research: None identified.

Flexible inverter technology to accommodate grid voltage Key research questions: variability and quality. (Summary not yet provided.) 1. Questions not yet specified Existing research: None identified.

481 ■ MARCH 2014 COMBINED HEAT AND POWER (CHP) ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Delivery (2 of 8) Definitions” section

Availability of cross-cutting, Industrial self low-cost technology building Major advances reliance: run a blocks (i.e. wireless, ultra in heat pump plant without compact heat exchangers, technology Drivers outside power advanced controls, ASDs)

How to use 140°F Optimal use and lower hot waste of low-grade 1) between electricity waste heat

2) in processes Capability Gaps Capability

Appropriately apply absorption Re-invigorate and make Micro-technology and heat pump chiller with CHP heat to provide low economically available pinch technology exists but needs to be temperature (i.e. freezing is best to analysis on equivalence refined, optimized and applied food processing?) Barrier: Technical Barrier: Technical

Barrier: Technical

Technology Technology Characteristics

Demonstrate absorption Find analysts capable of perform full analysis of an chillers coupled with CHP operating plant for optimum effective energy use: integrate CHP, maximize other process heat recovery, R&D R&D systems for providing

chilling and/or freezing utilize low temperature heat by new technologies, to Programs and power to industry enable CHP by improving economics and to avoid electricity use by direct thermal drive from waste heat

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

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R&D Program Summaries

Demonstrate absorption chillers coupled with CHP systems for Key research questions: providing chilling and/or freezing and power to industry. (Summary not 1. Questions not yet specified yet provided.) Existing research: None identified.

Analysts capable of perform full analysis of an operating plant for Key research questions: optimum effective energy use. There is a need for qualified analysts to integrate 1. Questions not yet specified CHP, maximize other process heat recovery, utilize low temperature heat by new technologies, to enable CHP by improving economics and to avoid electricity use by direct thermal drive from waste heat. Existing research: None identified.

483 ■ MARCH 2014 COMBINED HEAT AND POWER (CHP) ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Delivery (3 of 8) Definitions” section

Lack of Availability of cross-cutting, low-cost competitive CHP technology building blocks (i.e. engineering Shifts the control of electricity Financial value of wireless, ultra compact heat Smart grid produced, distribution, use to storage is expected exchangers, advanced controls, ASDs) technologies Drivers Maintain / improve within the industrial facility to increase across all competitive advantage sectors Availability of Major advances in new technologies heat pump technology

Capability Gaps Capability Bring together the disparate Thermal measurements How to store electricity: batteries, manufacturers and vendors (e.g. in plants pumped storage hydro, flywheels heat exchange industry) to apply expertise to the CHP industry

The individual technologies exist but There are technologies that need to Battery technology, or flywheel or there need to be increased be applied, including technology in other storage, has simply not yet collaboration and good engineering to other industries and found been applied to CHP apply theses technologies effectively internationally (i.e., Europe) Barrier: Technical Barrier: Technical

Technology Technology Barrier: Technical Characteristics

Develop lower cost equipment for obtaining measurements of Battery technology applied to CHP New CHP technology temperature, heat and mass flow DOE, battery manufacturer, and auto Equipment manufacturers,

R&D R&D manufacturer National labs (e.g. PNNL), and universities (WSU- Programs micro technology center)

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

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R&D Program Summaries

Battery technology applied to CHP. There is much ongoing battery technology Key research questions: R&D but it is has not been directed at CHP applications (at least wide-spread). 1. Questions not yet specified

Existing research: Research ongoing at the U.S. DOE, battery manufacturers, and auto manufacturers.

New CHP technologies. U.S. DOE and every major technology manufacturer is Key research questions: working on new technologies to fill this gap; the challenge is to bring these technologies to 1. Questions not yet specified the CHP industry. Existing research: Research ongoing at equipment manufacturers, National labs (e.g. PNNL), and universities (WSU-micro technology center).

Develop lower-cost equipment for obtaining measurements of Key research questions: temperature, heat, and mass flow. (Summary not yet provided.) 1. Questions not yet specified Existing research: None identified.

485 ■ MARCH 2014 COMBINED HEAT AND POWER (CHP) ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Delivery (4 of 8) Definitions” section

Shifts the Maintain / improve Availability of cross-cutting, CHP systems require on- control of Major Industrial self competitive low-cost technology building site thermal energy electricity advances in reliance: run a advantage blocks (i.e. wireless, ultra storage when exporting produced, compact heat exchangers, heat pump plant without power to grid distribution, technology outside power Drivers advanced controls, ASDs) use to within Lack of competitive the industrial CHP engineering Smart grid technologies facility across all sectors Recover and reuse mineral nitrogen

Smart controls to adjust inputs (fuel) and outputs Technical How to use 140°F and lower (heat & electricity) to meet Thermal measurements Optimal use of low- knowledge to hot waste 1) between resource (fuel) demand in in plants grade waste heat apply recovered electricity 2) in processes an optimal strategy

heat from CHP Capability Gaps Capability

Smart grid technology is in infancy with Thermal driven most technologies still customized and (low temperature) not commercialized for industrial Complete analysis to Low grade heat utilization, heat pump to raise applications; need software to tie smart integrate CHP, process, 140-200F gas from boiler, lower temperature grid technologies together and low heat or water from cooling tower water to usable temperature recovery to make electricity temperature (see May-Ruben Low temperature absorption (or

Technology Technology Technologies as a other) chiller vapor lowest Characteristics example) possible temperature (<140°F) heat source

Thermal measurements / data collection system Improve absorption New interface Study if Organic Commercially chillers to operate and software Rankine Cycle is cost viable thermal- more efficiently on needs for

R&D R&D effective in a system driven heat lower temperature existing pump

Programs driven heat and still technologies achieve cooling, on better freezing

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

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R&D Program Summaries

Thermal measurements / data collection system. (Summary not yet Key research questions: provided.) 1. Questions not yet specified

Existing research: None identified.

Commercially viable thermal-driven heat pump. Need to lift low Key research questions: temperature (100°-140°F) heat to higher temperature (160°-200°F) so it can be utilized 1. Questions not yet specified in process (reference: May-Ruben Technologies). Existing research: None identified.

New interface and software for existing smart technologies. This Key research questions: could include smart technology for individual industrial equipment inside the plant linked to 1. Questions not yet specified CHP system to give comprehensive ability to manage load and supply to meet price signals. Existing research: None identified.

Improve absorption chillers to operate more efficiently on lower Key research questions: temperature driven heat and still achieve cooling, on better 1. Questions not yet specified freezing. (Summary not yet provided.) Existing research: None identified.

Study if Organic Rankine Cycle is cost effective in a system. Input = Key research questions: 140°F H2O or 170°F boiler exhaust gas, output = 50°F H2O or cool exhaust gas, and heat 1. Questions not yet specified pump process producing electricity. Existing research: None identified.

487 ■ MARCH 2014 COMBINED HEAT AND POWER (CHP) ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Delivery (5 of 8) Definitions” section

Shifts the control of Financial value Grid quality and consistency can be Availability of new Smart grid technologies electricity produced, of storage is negatively impacted by alternative technologies across all sectors distribution, use to within expected to power system interconnection

Drivers the industrial facility increase

How to store electricity: Hybrid CHP systems for Grid voltage, quality, Demonstration of fuel cell batteries, industrial applications (e.g., kVAR variability drives CHP at industrial sites pumped storage solar & fuel cell or biomass & fuel cell system hydro, flywheels fuel cell) need one common inverter to shut down inverter that’s insensitive to

Capability Gaps Capability grid var.

Need to develop new, Molten carbonate fuel Electrical energy storage for peak improved inverter technology Solid oxide fuel cell cells are usage cost effective method to store Technology to operate within a wide range systems are under commercially 20 MWh of electrical energy and Characteristic(s) of voltage, kVAR tolerances development

available cover 90% for later use not yet defined

Technology Technology Characteristics

R&D New inverter / smart inverter program needed specifically for MW- Demonstration of not yet scale fuel cell systems. R&D Integration of CHP generators with defined commercially available fuel electrical, thermal, and cooling underway for PV systems but cell CHP at industrial sites storage systems not for fuel cell power plants. R&D R&D (Can a programmable inverter

Programs serve both?)

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 488

R&D Program Summaries

Demonstrate commercially-available fuel cell CHP at industrial Key research questions: sites. (Summary not yet provided.) 1. Questions not yet specified Existing research: None identified.

Integrate CHP generators with electrical, thermal, and cooling Key research questions: storage systems. (Summary not yet provided.) 1. Questions not yet specified Existing research: None identified.

New inverter / smart inverter needed specifically for MW-scale fuel Key research questions: cell systems. R&D underway for photovoltaic (PV) systems but not for fuel cell power 1. Can a programmable inverter serve both photovoltaic and MW-scale fuel cell plants. systems? Existing research: None identified.

489 ■ MARCH 2014 COMBINED HEAT AND POWER (CHP) ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Delivery (6 of 8) Definitions” section

Future reduction of Kyoto, global Shorter product cycles Water scarcity and policies concerning (less certain thermal hosts cost, related health

energy for CHP) concerns Drivers

Heat storage capacity: What Fuel cell systems serving industrial applications happens when facilities reach must operate 24/7 to maximize system efficiency; Modular / portable CHP for capacity to utilize heat / steam / some applications use power 24/7 but heat less multiple or changing "host" other electricity? than 24/7; gap is how to store heat until required

requirements by application Capability Gaps Capability

CHP systems generally engineered Phase change materials exist for thermal for a specific application or industry, storage, however, they need to be significantly tailored or developed for fuel cell applications not flexible or portable for quickly Technology Barrier: Technical adapting to new or changing Characteristic(s)

applications not yet defined

Technology Technology Characteristics

Engineering Engineer fuel cell Engineer existing needed to match systems to run 24/7 phase change Modular/portable CHP R&D fuel cell thermal but store electricity materials (e.g. microturbine fuel cell on wheels program output to and heat as needed molten salts, etc.) not yet absorption chiller to match fuel cell R&D R&D defined input require thermal production methods Programs at MW-scale level

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

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R&D Program Summaries

Engineer existing phase change materials (e.g. molten salts, etc.) Key research questions: to match fuel cell thermal production at MW-scale level. (Summary not 1. Questions not yet specified yet provided.) Existing research: None identified.

Engineer fuel cell systems to run 24/7 but store electricity and Key research questions: heat as needed. Engineer fuel cell systems to run 24/7 (to maximize efficiency), but 1. Questions not yet specified store electricity and heat as needed when on-site applications do not require electricity or heat or both Existing research: None identified.

Engineering needed to match fuel cell thermal output to Key research questions: absorption chiller input require methods. (Summary not yet provided.) 1. Questions not yet specified Existing research: None identified.

Modular / portable CHP microturbine fuel cell on wheels. (Summary Key research questions: not yet provided.) 1. Questions not yet specified

Existing research: None identified.

491 ■ MARCH 2014 COMBINED HEAT AND POWER (CHP) ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Delivery (7 of 8) Definitions” section

Smart grid CHP systems require Availability of cross-cutting, Major Smart grid technologies on-site thermal energy low-cost technology advances in Availability of new technologies across all sectors storage when exporting building blocks (i.e. heat pump technologies across all power to grid wireless, ultra compact heat technology Drivers sectors exchangers, advanced controls, ASDs)

Smart controls to adjust inputs (fuel) and Bring together the disparate manufacturers outputs (heat & electricity) to meet resource and vendors (e.g. heat exchange industry) to

(fuel) demand in an optimal strategy apply expertise to the CHP industry Capability Gaps Capability

Advanced sensors and controls including wireless technology are being developed and applied for complex building HVAC systems that can also be applied to CHP technology. Smart grid enabled equipment is only now emerging in the commercial

Technology Technology and industrial sector and will need to be integrated with advanced controls and sensors Characteristics for an integrated package

Develop software and hardware for smart grid enabled CHP that also integrates and

R&D R&D adapts the new and emerging advanced

Programs sensors, diagnostics and controls

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 492

R&D Program Summaries

Develop software and hardware for smart grid-enabled CHP that Key research questions: integrates and adapts new and emerging advanced sensors, 1. Questions not yet specified diagnostics, and controls. Develop software and hardware systems for CHP that is similar to advanced sensors, diagnostics and controls currently found in the HVAC industry for fans, pumps, motors, valves, etc. Existing research: None identified.

493 ■ MARCH 2014 COMBINED HEAT AND POWER (CHP) ROADMAPS

National Energy Efficiency Product/Service Area : Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Technology Roadmap Portfolio

Technology Roadmap: See “Technology Area Delivery (8 of 8) Definitions” section

Water scarcity and cost, related health Drivers concerns

High rates of water usage with current centralized power generation

plants for cooling these plants Capability Gaps Capability

Low cost condensing heat Low cost air cooling in Low cost generator exchangers for condensing place of water cooling cooling with closed

water in exhaust gases for the generators loop water cooling

Technology Technology Characteristics

CHP systems that Lower cost gas-to-liquid and

R&D R&D efficiently use water liquid to liquid heat exchangers Programs

Driver: Commercially Available: R&D Program Requirement: No Explicit Systems Integration Explicit Systems Integration

Capability Gap: Commercially Unavailable: Existing R&D Program or Project:

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 494

R&D Program Summaries

CHP systems that use water efficiently. (Summary not yet provided.) Key research questions: 1. Questions not yet specified

Existing research: None identified.

Lower cost gas-to-liquid and liquid to liquid heat exchangers. Key research questions: (Summary not yet provided.) 2. Questions not yet specified

Existing research: None identified.

495 ■ MARCH 2014 COMBINED HEAT AND POWER (CHP) ROADMAPS

NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP PORTFOLIO ■ 496