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This Item Was Submitted to Loughborough University As a Phd Thesis by the Author and Is Made Available in the Institutional Repo This item was submitted to Loughborough University as a PhD thesis by the author and is made available in the Institutional Repository (https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/) under the following Creative Commons Licence conditions. For the full text of this licence, please go to: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/ A Sociotechnical Systems Analysis of Building Information Modelling (STSaBIM) Implementation in Construction Organisations By Enoch Sackey A Doctoral Thesis Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Doctor of Philosophy of Loughborough University June 2014 © Enoch Sackey (2014) i Abstract The concept of BIM is nascent but evolving rapidly, thus, its deployment has become the latest shibboleth amongst both academics and practitioners in the construction sector in the recent couple of years. Due to construction clients’ ‘buy-in’ of the BIM concept, the entire industry is encouraged to pursue a vision of changing work practices in line with the BIM ideas. Also, existing research recognises that the implementation of BIM affects all areas of the construction process from design of the building, through the organisation of projects, to the way in which the construction process is executed and how the finished product is maintained. The problem however is that, existing research in technology utilisation in general, and BIM literature in particular, has offered limited help to practitioners trying to implement BIM, for focusing predominantly, on ‘technology-centric’ views. Not surprisingly therefore, the current BIM literature emphasises on topics such as capability maturity models and anticipated outcomes of BIM rollouts. Rarely does the extant literature offer practitioners a cohesive approach to BIM implementation. Such technology-centric views inevitably represent a serious barrier to utilising the inscribed capabilities of BIM. This research therefore is predicated on the need to strengthen BIM implementation theory through monitoring and analysing its implementation in practice. Thus, the focus of this thesis is to carry out a sociotechnical systems (STS) analysis of BIM implementation in construction organisations. The concept of STS accommodates the dualism of the inscribed functions of BIM technologies and the contextual issues in the organisations and allows for the analysis of their interactive combination in producing the anticipated effect from BIM appropriation. An interpretive research methodology is adopted to study practitioners through a change process, involving the implementation of BIM in their work contexts. The study is based on constructivist ontological interpretations of participants. The study adopts an abductive research approach which ensures a “back-and-forth movement” between research sites and the theoretical phenomenon, effectively comparing the empirical findings with the existing theories and to eventually generate a new theoretical understanding and knowledge regarding the phenomenon under investigation. A two-stage process is also formulated for the empirical data collection - comprising: 1) initial exploratory study to help establish the framework for analysing BIM implementation in the construction context; and 2) case studies approach to provide a context for formulating novel understanding and validation of theory regarding BIM implementation in iii construction organisations. The analysis and interpretation of the empirical work follows the qualitative content analysis technique to observe and reflect on the results. The findings have shown that BIM implementation demands a complete breakaway from the status quo. Contrary to the prevailing understanding of a top-down approach to BIM utilisation, the study revealed that different organisations with plethora of visions, expectations and skills combine with artefacts to form or transform BIM practices. The rollout and appropriation of BIM occurs when organisations shape sociotechnical systems of institutions, processes and technologies to support certain practices over others. The study also showed that BIM implementation endures in a causal chain of influences as different project organisations with their ‘localised’ BIM ambitions and expectations combine to develop holistic BIM-enabled project visions. Thus, distributed responsibilities on ‘holistic’ BIM protocols among the different levels of influences are instituted and enforced under ‘binding’ contractual obligations. The study has illuminated the centrality of both the technical challenges and sociological factors in shaping BIM deployment in construction. It is also one of the few studies that have produced accounts of BIM deployment that is strongly mediated by the institutional contexts of construction organisations. However, it is acknowledged that the focus of the research on qualitative interpretive enquiry does not have the hard and fast view of generalising from specific cases to broader population/contexts. Thus, it is suggested that further quantitative studies, using much larger data sample of BIM-enabled construction organisations could provide an interesting point of comparison to the conclusions derived from the research findings. Keywords: Building Information Modelling (BIM); Construction Organisations; Sociotechnical Systems (STS); Sociotechnical Constituency (STC) Theory; BIM-enabled Case-Study Organisations; Digital Infrastructure in Construction; Organisational Studies; Technological Innovation. iv Acknowledgements This dissertation and the attainment of my Ph.D., is only possible by the support of many individuals who have endowed me with their insights, supports and direction. First and foremost I give thanks to God, whose many blessings have made me who I am today. I wish to express my sincere gratitude to my research supervisors; Dr Martin Tuuli and Professor Andy Dainty for their exceptional support, constructive criticisms and invaluable advice throughout this research. It has been a privilege to have had the chance to work with them and share in their valuable knowledge and expertise. My appreciation also goes to Loughborough University for financially supporting this research. I also acknowledge and thank all staff and fellow researchers of the School of Civil and Building Engineering for their support and encouragement throughout this research. I am deeply indebted to all the organisations and individuals who took part in this research by offering their valuable time for the interviews and the case studies. It has been a meaningful and wonderful experience to conduct the research and to learn from them. Finally, I am thankful to all members of my family and friends for their passionate support and encouragement. Last and not at all least, I owe my loving thanks to my partner, Dzifa for her unconditional support and for transcribing some of the audio interviews, and also, my Son, Nii Tettey for being a source of indescribable joy and constant inspiration. It is to them I dedicate this thesis. v Table of Contents Abstract………………………………………………………………………………………….iii Acknowledgement……………………………..……………………………………………..….v Table of contents………………………….…………………………………………………..…vi List of tables………………………………………………………………………………..…..xiv List of figures………………………………………………………..………………………....xvi List of appendices………………………………………………………………………….....xviii List of abbreviations……………………………………………………………..………...…...xix CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................................ 1 1 Introduction to the Research .................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Research Background ....................................................................................................... 1 1.3 A Sociotechnical View of BIM Implementation .............................................................. 3 1.4 Justification of the Research ............................................................................................. 4 1.4.1 The Significant Role of BIM in Construction Organisations .................................... 5 1.4.2 Prior Research into Implementation Issues ............................................................... 7 1.4.3 The Existing Research Gaps ...................................................................................... 9 1.5 Research Questions ......................................................................................................... 12 1.6 Research Aim and Objectives ......................................................................................... 15 Figure 1.1 Relationship between the key aspects of the research ............................................. 17 1.7 Research Strategy ............................................................................................................ 17 1.7.1 Research Context ..................................................................................................... 18 1.8 Summary of the Research Contribution .......................................................................... 19 1.9 Structure of the Thesis .................................................................................................... 20 1.10 Summary ......................................................................................................................... 22 CHAPTER TWO ........................................................................................................................
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