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Democracy and Virtual Politics Young People, the Internet and Political Participation Hoff INTERNET, GOVERNANCE AND DEMOCRACY INTERNET, Democratic Transitions from Asian INTERNET, GOVERNANCE AND DEMOCRACY and European Perspectives Compiled by Jens Hoff GOVERNANCE The Internet and other modern information and A N communication technologies (ICT) challenge ED DEMOCRACY existing political thinking, systems and processes all over the world. Whether or not they will lead to more transparency in policy-making and Democratic Transitions from governance – or enhance democratic participation Asian and European Perspectives and empowerment – they have certainly provided new opportunities for politicians, governments and civil society. Asia and Denmark differ widely but, in both cases, the Internet acts as a frontrunner of globalization and forces policymakers, governments and civil society alike to consider how to use the Internet. www.niaspress.dk Compiled by Jens Hoff Hoff-cover.indd 1 3/11/05 15:12:40 Hoff_prelims.fm Page i Thursday, November 3, 2005 2:16 PM INTERNET, GOVERNANCE AND DEMOCRACY Hoff_prelims.fm Page ii Thursday, November 3, 2005 2:16 PM Hoff_prelims.fm Page iii Thursday, November 3, 2005 2:16 PM INTERNET, GOVERNANCE DEMOCRACY Democratic Transitions from Asian and European Perspectives Compiled by Jens Hoff Hoff_prelims.fm Page iv Thursday, November 3, 2005 2:16 PM First published in 2006 by NIAS Press Nordic Institute of Asian Studies Leifsgade 33, DK–2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark tel: (+45) 3532 9501 • fax: (+45) 3532 9549 E–mail: [email protected] • Website: www.niaspress.dk © Nordic Institute of Asian Studies 2006 All rights reserved. While copyright in the volume as a whole is vested in the Nordic Institute of Asian Studies, copyright in the individual papers belongs to their authors. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means – electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise – without the prior permission of the Nordic Institute of Asian Studies. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Internet, governance and democracy : democratic transitions from Asian and European perspectives. - (Nordic proceedings in Asian studies ; no.7) 1.Internet - Political aspects - Asia - Congresses 2.Internet - Political aspects - Denmark - Congresses 3.Democratization - Asia - Congresses 5.Asia - politics and government - 1945- - Congresses 6.Denmark - politics and government - 1972- - Congresses I.Hoff, Jens 303.4’833’095 ISBN 87-91114-67-5 Typesetting by Translations ved LJ Produced by Bookchase Printed and bound in Great Britain Hoff_prelims.fm Page v Friday, November 4, 2005 12:14 PM Contents Foreword … vii Introduction … ix Chapter 1 E-Democracy in Denmark:Black Clouds on a Blue Sky? Jens Hoff … 1 Chapter 2 Political Participation and Democratization: The Role of the Internet in Asia Dr. Indrajit Banerjee … 21 Chapter 3 Images of E-Government: Experiences from the Digital North Denmark Arne Remmen … 47 Chapter 4 E-Regulation in Asia: The Internet and a Freer Asia Peng Hwa Ang … 65 Chapter 5 Use of the Internet for Democracy, Development and Empowerment in Nepal Vinaya Kasajoo … 71 Chapter 6 Indigenous Peoples’ Experiments with ICT as a Tool for Political Participation and other Socio-Cultural Struggles in Sabah, Malaysia Jenifer Lasimbang and Debbie Goh … 89 Chapter 7 Democracy And Virtual Politics: Young People, the Internet and Political Participation Johannes Andersen … 105 Chapter 8 Adoption, Usage, and Impact of the Internet: Youth Participation and the Digital Divide in China Bu Wei … 123 Chapter 9 The Digital North Denmark: New Ways Towards the Knowledge- and Network Society … 143 Hoff_prelims.fm Page vi Thursday, November 3, 2005 2:16 PM Hoff_prelims.fm Page vii Thursday, November 3, 2005 2:16 PM Foreword Information and communication technologies (ICT), in particular the Internet, are technologies that penetrate and affect all societies today. They tie the world together in new ways, and play a major role in the reconfiguration of markets as well as states and civil society. Great hopes have been attached to these technologies; not least concerning their potential to spearhead transitions towards (more) democracy and better governance. The latter concerns are the focus of this book, which explores their potentials in a number of Asian countries as well as Denmark. Bringing together Asian and Danish researchers to discuss issues related to the Internet and democracy was the central idea behind the conference held on 24 September 2003 at the University of Aalborg in Denmark. The theme was “Democratic Transitions? Will the Internet Bring About More Democracy and Better Governance?” All chapters in this volume originate from presentations at that conference. The conference was a part of the cultural festival “Images of Asia”; a major event held in Denmark in August and September 2003 presenting a massive amount of Asian drama, music, literature, science, etc. to a Danish audience. One of the aims of the festival was to stimulate a dialogue between Asia and Denmark about the role of media in Asia and Denmark. This book is an outcome of that dialogue, and bears witness to its success (see also Bergquist 2004). Seen from a Danish perspective it was immensely interesting to hear and read about the attempts at using the Internet for democratic purposes; stimulating political participation and empowering citizens and communities, as well as the difficulties encountered, in various Asian countries engaging in such activities. Many of the contributors who live and work in Asian countries present here for the very first time analyses of the political and democratic uses of the Internet in their respective countries. In this sense this volume is really novel and represents a true pioneering effort. Hoff_prelims.fm Page viii Thursday, November 3, 2005 2:16 PM viii Internet, Governance and Democracy Making such pioneering effort possible is primarily due to the Asian participants, but also the Danish participants at the conference deserve credit for their engaged response. We would therefore like to take this opportunity to thank all participants at the original conference for their contributions to what was an enjoyable event, and an eye-opener for most of us whether coming from Denmark or not. Also, it is pleasing that everyone has taken the pain to rewrite their original presentations in the light of the discussions at the conference, and in a format that has made it possible to print them in this volume. Finally we will like to thank the sponsors who made the conference possible. These were the Department of Economics, Politics and Public Administration at Aalborg University; The Digital North Denmark; Danish Center for Culture and Development (DCCD); the Center for Research on Media and Democracy in the Network Society (MODINET); the Danish Association for International Co-operation (MS); and the Nordic Institute of Asian Studies(NIAS). Also warm thanks to Anders Højmark Andersen for his assistance in organizing the conference and to Lene Jakobsen, who took the trouble to linguistically revise, improve and proofread all the chapters in this volume. Jens Hoff Professor, Department of Political Science, University of Copenhagen Jørgen Delman Director, NIAS – Nordic Institute of Asian Studies REFERENCES Bergquist, Karin Bo (ed.), Images of Asia: Cultural Perspectives on a Changing Asia, Copenhagen: Danish Center for Culture and Development, 2004 Hoff_prelims.fm Page ix Thursday, November 3, 2005 2:16 PM Introduction JENS HOFF When I first began writing this introduction, images of the tsunami disaster in Southeast Asia kept appearing and disappearing on my TV screen in an apparently endless stream. Even in a secure haven like Copenhagen, it was difficult not to be deeply moved by the amount of suffering and destruction involved. This feeling was primarily generated by the heartbreaking pictures shown, but it was also due to the fact that even though the disaster hit one continent only, and hit it hard, the victims were from all continents. Hence, apart from the countries directly affected by the tsunami most victims were from Northern Europe; and among these a sizeable number was from Nordic countries. Thus the tsunami was a truly global disaster, as the whole world was affected and the whole world was reacting. Further-more, the disaster was global in scope because mankind was able to communicate about a disaster of such proportions in “real-time”. Indeed, the modern means of mass communication – TV, radio and the Internet – were indispensable not only for documenting the size and shape of the disaster but also for creating a global dialogue about it. A dialogue that more than ever before took place on the Internet. TV networks, newspapers and volunteers in many countries created websites that were used by relatives in their search for family members or friends, to create useful contacts, and ask for help from those who had been successful in their search. E-mail was used when public telephone systems became overburdened. In many cases this proved to be a quicker and more reliable way of obtaining information than through public authorities. The Internet also has been used by survivors to tell about their dreadful experiences when the tsunami hit, thus helping them to air their shock and despair. In Denmark it was even possible to see amateur Hoff_prelims.fm Page x Thursday, November 3, 2005 2:16 PM x Internet, Governance and Democracy videos of the tsunami strike on the homepage of national public service TV. How oddly it may sound, some have talked about the aftermath of the tsunami as the “the Internet’s biggest moment” [1], i.e. the Internet demon- strated some of its potential by helping relieve effects of the disaster. Thus, in the wake of the tsunami modern information and communication technology, not least the Internet, proved to play a pivotal role in obtaining information about the disaster as well as communicating and discussing it world-wide; a true example of what is meant by globalization.
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