Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-19677-2 - Muslim Expansion and Byzantine Collapse in North Africa Walter E . Kaegi Index More information

Index

ʿAbd al-ʿA z ī z ,    apocalyptic beliefs, eschatological expectations, ʿA b d a l - M a l i k b . M a r w ā n ,   ,   ,    ,    ,    ,   ,   ,    ,    ,       ,    ,    ,    ,    ,    A p s i m a r see Tiberius II ʿAbd al-WāĶid Dhanūn Žā h a ,  ,   ,   Arabists’ disciplinary perspectives,  ʿA b d A l l ā h b . a l - Z u b a y r ,   ,    ,    ,    A r a b s , B y z a n t i n e s t e r e o t y p e s ,    ʿAbd Allāh b. Ḥu d h a y f a a l - A z d ī ,    a r c h a e o l o g i c a l e v i d e n c e ,   ,    ʿAbd Allāh b. Mūsā b. NuŴa y r ,    ,    ,   A r i a n i s m ,   ,    ,    ʿAbd Allāh b. Saʿd b. Abī SarĶ,    ,    ,    ,    , A r m e n i a n s ,   ,    ,    ,       ,    ,    ,    ,    A t l a s M o u n t a i n s ,   stay in North Africa,  A u g u s t i n e o f H i p p o , S a i n t ,   ,   ,    ,    ,    ʿAbd Allāh b. ‘Umar b. al-Khažžāb,  A u r e s M o u n t a i n s ,   ,   ,    ,    ,    ,    ,    , A b ū ’ l ʿArab,  ,     ,    ,    Abū’l A‘war al-Sulamī,  ʿAyn Jallūla = Cululis Th eodoriana,  ,  A b ū ’ l M a Ķāsin,  ʿA y y ā s h b . a l - A k h y a l ,    A b ū ’ l M u h ā j i r D ī n ā r ,   ,    ,    ,    ,    ,    c a m p a i g n s o f ,    –   ,    –  B a g h a i ( N u m i d i a ) ,   ,    r e p l a c e m e n t o f ,    –   a l - B a k r ī ,    adelphopoiesis ,   a l - B a l ā d h u r ī ,    ,    A d n a ,   ,    ,    ,    ,    B a l e a r i c I s l a n d s , S p a i n ,    –   “Africa” = Ifrīqiya, Roman concept,  M u s l i m r a i d o f ,   A f r i c a P r o c o n s u l a r i s ,  ,   ,   ,    ,    ,    , B a n ū ʿA b d a l - W ā d t r i b e ,       ,    B a n ū I f r a n t r i b e ,    “ A f r i c a n d r i l l , ”    –   B a r b a r y ,   Africans, stereotypes of,  ,  ,  Barberini Ivory (Paris),  Agapius of Membij,  B a r q a ,    ,    Akhbār majmū‘a fī fatḥ al-Andalus ,    ,    B a t n a M o u n t a i n s ,   ,   A l g e r i a ,   ,   battle lines, single and double, – archaeology of Romans and Byzantines, see also strategic culture   ,    Battle of the Masts (Battle of Phoenix),  ,  , a m b u s h e s see strategic culture    ,    amīr al-mu’minīn (Commander of the B a t t l e o f S b e i t l a see Sbeitla, Battle of B e l i e v e r s ) ,   ,    Bayān al-mughrib ,  ʿAmr b. al-‘ĀŴ,    ,    ,    ,    B e l i e v e r s , t h e ,   ,    ,    ,    amṣār ,  B e n a b b è s , M o h a m e d ,  ,   ananeosis ( r e n e w a l ) ,    ,    “ B e r b e r s , ”   ,    ,    ,    ,    ,    A n a s t a s i u s t h e S i n a i t e , S a i n t ,   ,   ,   ,    , use of term discouraged in favor of    ,    ,    “ a u t o c h t h o n o u s , ”  A n a t o l i a ,  B e s c h i l g a ,    A n d r é , P . J . ,   Bizerte (modern)/Hippo Diarrhytus (Latin) A n t i - T a u r u s r a n g e ,    see Hippo Diarrhytus A n t i c h r i s t ,   B o u G r a r a ( m o d e r n ) / G i g t h i s see Gigthis



© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-19677-2 - Muslim Expansion and Byzantine Collapse in North Africa Walter E . Kaegi Index More information

 Index

Bu s r b . A b ī A r žāž,  C h r i s t e n d o m i n ,  ,   ,   ,    ,    B y z a c i u m ( B y z a c e n a ) ,  ,   ,   ,    ,    ,    , Christians’ appeals to Muslims for    ,    ,    ,    ,    protection against autochthonous tribal c o n c e d e d t o M u s l i m s ,   r a i d s ,    d e f e n d i n g ,    d e fi n i n g ,  Byzantine authority and control in North e x t e n t o f ,  –  ,   ,   ,   ,   Africa grievances over Byzantine offi cials’ taxation, autochthonous tribes gaining control,     –  ,    b r e a k d o w n o f ,  ,  ,   ,    ,    ,    –  ,    , Islamicization, process of,     ,    ,    ,    ,    J e w s i n ,   Byzantine actions, listed (Table ), – v a l i d i t y o f t e r m ,  ,    Byzantine commanders, poor quality of, Vandals’ invasions of,  ,     ,    see also Byzantine authority and control conquest, use of term,  i n N o r t h A f r i c a ; B y z a n t i n e s ; C h r i s t i a n end of, interpreted by Christians,  contexts in North Africa; ethnicity ; e x t r e m e l y o v e r e x t e n d e d ,   ,    –  ,    ,    , geographical and logistical realities; North    ,    ,    ,    ,    ,    Africa and North Africans failure to provide local agency,  B y z a n t i n e s H e r a c l i a n f a m i l y t i e s w i t h ,   –  b e l i e v i n g t h e m s e l v e s a i d e d b y G o d ,  in imperial art on Africa and Asia,  considering themselves to be Romans,  lacking identity of interests with North failing to establish identity of interests with A f r i c a n s ,    –  ,    ,    –    N o r t h A f r i c a n s ,    –  ,    ,    –    lapse and restoration of, – knowledge of Islamic thought,  Muslims’ awareness of weakness of,  ,  l i t e r a r y s o u r c e s f o r ,   options for off ensives and resistance r e c o n q u e s t o f A f r i c a ,  (    –   ) ,    –   Byzantinists’ disciplinary perspectives, – , r e c o n q u e s t a g a i n s t V a n d a l s ,    ,   ,    responsibility for loss of, – n e g l e c t o f M u s l i m c o n q u e s t o f A f r i c a ,   rotation of military offi cers between North Africa and the East, – C a e s a r e a M a u r e t a n i e n s i s ,   s h i f t t o t r i b a l r e s i s t a n c e (    –   ) ,    –   c a m e l s status of defenses in Southern Tunisia, g o o d t e r r a i n f o r ,   ,       –   role in Muslim conquests not s t r a t e g i c a n d e c o n o m i c i n t e r e s t s ,    –  e s t a b l i s h e d ,    B y z a n t i n e E m p i r e C a p e B o n p e n i n s u l a ,   ,   ,    administrative centers, bureaucratic C a r t h a g e s t r u c t u r e s , i m p e r i a l p o l i c i e s o f ,   ,   –  a d m i n i s t r a t i v e c e n t e r a t ,  ,   ,    ,    as continuation/heir of Roman Empire,  B y z a n t i n e s r e o c c u p y i n g ,   cumbersome infrastructure of, for distant f a l l o f a n d i t s a f t e r m a t h (    –    ) ,   , r e g i o n s ,      –   h i s t o r i c a l a n d g e o g r a p h i c a l s c o p e ,  –  l o s s o f ,    ,    ,    ,    ,    ,    m a p s , x – x i ,  ,   m i n t a t ,    ,    a s m a r i t i m e e m p i r e ,   p l a g u e o u t b r e a k i n ,   ,   m i s t r u s t o f ,    ,    v i e w p o i n t f r o m ,   as protecting the Christian West,  C a t h o l i c d i s p u t e a n d d i s s e n t ,   ,   t a x e s ,    ,    ,    ,    ,    ,    –  ,    Catholic North Africa,  B y z a n t i n e – M u s l i m t r e a t y , s o - c a l l e d ,    ,    see also Christian contexts in North Africa Byzantine naval power C a u d e l , M a u r i c e ,   ,   i n B a l e a r i c s ,    ,    c e r e a l s , c u l t i v a t i o n o f ,   ,   n a v a l e x p e d i t i o n s o f ,   ,   ,    ,    ,    ,    , c e r t a i n t y see historiographical problems and    ,    ,    issues t r a n s f e r o f t o C e u t a ,    C e u t a ( m o d e r n ) = S e p t e m ( p o r t ) see Septem see also geographical and logistical realities C h a l c e d o n i a n C h r i s t i a n s ,   ,    ,    –  ,    Byzantine North Africa C h e r r y , D a v i d ,    b e c o m i n g m a r g i n a l t o t h e E m p i r e ,   C h o t t s ( d r y s a l t l a k e s ) ,  

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Index 

Christian contexts in North Africa, – “ c o n q u e s t ” o f N o r t h A f r i c a ,   –   ,    apocalyptic beliefs and eschatological use of term,  p r e d i c t i o n s ,   ,    ,    ,    ,    C o n s t a n s I I ,   ,    ,    –   ,    Catholic episcopate and laity in,  a c c e s s i o n a s e m p e r o r ,   ,    Catholic martyrs and martyrologies (after a s s a s s i n a t i o n o f ,   ,    ,    –  ,    ,    , V a n d a l s ) ,      ,    Chalcedonian and anti-Chalcedonian economic, military, and religious t h e o l o g i e s ,   i m p e d i m e n t s ,    –  Chalcedonian Orthodox monks, fl ight to gathering intelligence, – Sicily,  Gregory competing with,  C h r i s t i a n p o p u l a t i o n s ,  ,   ,   ,    h e x a g r a m ,   Christian presence, long history of,  ,  i n h i s t o r i o g r a p h y ,    –   ,    Christianity as foreign imposition on imitating his grandfather Heraclius, – a u t o c h t h o n o u s p e o p l e s ,   ,   p a y i n g t r i b u t e t o M u s l i m s ,   Christians and Muslims,  ,  r e e v a l u a t i o n o f ,    –   depositions of relics and dedication of reforms instituted by, – ,  c h a p e l s i n N u m i d i a ,   ,   shock of Muslim naval raids against Gigthis disappearance of Christians and their traces, a n d J i r b a ,    –   ,    a puzzle,  ,  ,  silver coin issue of,  D o n a t i s t s ,   s o l i d u s ,    ,    d r e a m s a n d v i s i o n s ,   ,   C o n s t a n t i n e , N u m i d i a ( C o n s t a n t i n a ) ,  ,   , e c c l e s i a s t i c a l d i s s e n t ,       ,    ecclesiastical structures and episcopal a d m i n i s t r a t i v e c e n t e r a t ,  ,    ,    e d i c t s ,   C o n s t a n t i n e I I I see Heraclius Constantine e d i c t s b a n n i n g d e b a t e o v e r C h r i s t o l o g y ,   C o n s t a n t i n e I V ,   ,   ,    ,    ,    ,    ,    ,    fl ight of North African Christians to d e a t h o f ,   Europeanized quarters, – Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus,  fl ood of religious exiles and refugees from C o n s t a n t i n e t h e S a c e l l a r i u s ,   Constantinople and Anatolia,  C o n s t a n t i n o p l e ,   Heraclius’ experiences in North Africa and a d m i n i s t r a t i v e c e n t e r a t ,  ,    “Crusader” status, debate over,  African saints’ remains transferred to,  interpretation of end of Byzantine authority, f o r t u n e s o f e m p i r e a t ,  ,    ,     ,    ,    m i n t i n ,   ,    ,    local civilian Christians’ suspicions of p e r s p e c t i v e s o f ,  ,   ,   ,    Byzantine ecclesiastics and government,  receiving intelligence about rising Muslim M o n o e n e r g i s m ,   p o w e r ,  ,   ,    –  Monophysites’ enduring diff erences with C o p t s ,    Chalcedonians and Catholics,  C o r i p p u s ,   ,   Monotheletes (Miathelites), Monotheletism, C o r s i , P . ,      –  C o u n c i l o f C h a l c e d o n ,   pax (peace) and concordia (concord) C o u n t o f A f r i c a ,   y e a r n i n g f o r ( m o s a i c i n s c r i p t i o n s ) ,   “Crusader” images and Heraclian heritage,  see also religious scapegoating; individual C r u s a d e s ,   theological/doctrinal terms cubicularius ,   ,    ,    C h r i s t o l o g i c a l d i s p u t e ,   ,   ,   ,   ,    ,    , Cululis Th eodoriana see ʿAyn Jallūla    ,    C y r e n a i c a ,   ,   ,   ,    c i r c u s f a c t i o n s ( B y z a n t i n e ) ,   C y r u s , P a t r i a r c h o f A l e x a n d r i a ,   c l i m a t i c c o n d i t i o n s ,   c o i n a g e , p a x , p u z z l e o f ,    –  D a h a r , t h e ,   colonialist and anti-colonialist frames of De civitate Dei ,   r e f e r e n c e ,   –   ,   D e G o e j e , M . J . ,    ,    see also historiographical problems and D e c i u s ,  issues; individual national groups and D e s p o i s ,    authors Diaconus, Paul,  comes excubitorum ,  Dictionnaire d’Archéologie chrétienne ,  

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-19677-2 - Muslim Expansion and Byzantine Collapse in North Africa Walter E . Kaegi Index More information

 Index

D i e h l , C h a r l e s ,   ,   ,   ,   ,    R o m a n i z a t i o n a n d a u t o c h t h o n o u s p e o p l e s ,    D i o c l e t i a n ,   see also E u r o c e n t r i s m ; h i s t o r i o g r a p h i c a l d i s c i p l i n a r y p e r s p e c t i v e s ,  –   problems and issues; individual terms and o f A r a b i s t s ,   groups o f B y z a n t i n i s t s ,  –   ,   ,   ,    E u r o c e n t r i s m ,  ,   ,    ,    ,    a n d e t h n i c i t y ,  see also historiographical problems and issues o f I s l a m i c i s t s a n d M u s l i m s ,    ,    ,    , e x h a u s t i o n , a s a b a t t l e s t r a t e g y ,      ,    see also historiographical problems and issues F a b i a ,   ,   ,   ,    ,    D j a ï t , H i c h e m ,  F a Ğāla b. ‘Ubayd,  ,  ,  Doctrina Jacobi nuper Baptizati ,   ,   ,   ,   , F a z z ā n o a s i s ,      ,    fi s h a n d s h e l l fi s h ,   ,   ,   D o n a t i s t c o m m u n i t i e s ,   fi t n a ( c i v i l w a r ) ,   ,   ,    ,    ,    ,    ,    ,    D o r s a l R a n g e ( T u n i s i a ) ,   ,   ,    f o r t i fi c a t i o n s ,   ,   ,    –   ,    ,    ,    ,    , d r e a m s a n d v i s i o n s ,   ,      ,    ,    ,    ,    ,    D y o p h y s i t e m o n k s ,   F o u r n e l , H e n r i ,    ,    F r e d e g a r i u s ( s o u r c e ) ,    ,    ,    ,    ,    E g y p t F r e n c h a r m y ,   Byzantine army in,  French scholarship on North Africa, – c o n t r o l b y M u s l i m s ,   ,    ,    see also colonialist and anti-colonialist e a r l y a t t e m p t s t o r e s c u e ,   frames of reference f a i l i n g a s a m o d e l ,    –   f u s i o n l e a d e r s h i p ,    s o u r c e s f o r ,   see also K ā h i n a ; K a s ī l a Ekthesis ,   ,   futūḥ ,  E l i a s o f N i s i b i s ,    Futūḥ al-buldān ,    ,    E l p i d i u s ,    Futūḥ Miṣr wa-akhbāruhā ,   e p i g r a p h i c a l e v i d e n c e ,    E t h i o p i a ,    G a b e s G a p , t h e ,   e t h n i c i t y G a u t i e r , E m i l e ,   autochthonous non-Romanized populations G e l a s i u s I , P o p e ,   ( l o c a l t r i b e s ) ,   G e n n a d i u s ,    “Berber” term disfavored, “autochthonous g e o g r a p h i c a l a n d l o g i s t i c a l r e a l i t i e s ,   –   peoples or tribes” or “non-Romanized c l i m a t i c c o n d i t i o n s ,   local people” preferred,  coastal navigation to North Africa, Byzantine disapproval of ethnic diversity diffi culties of,  a n d f e a r o f d i v i n e w r a t h ,   –   demographic and economic conditions, Byzantine leaders’ and historians’ failure to   –  u n d e r s t a n d a u t o c t h o n o u s p e o p l e s ,  ,   d i v e r s i t y a m o n g t h i r t e e n m i c r o - r e g i o n s ,   –   Byzantine stereotypes of Arabs and Persians, economic, military, and religious    i m p e d i m e n t s ,    –  composition of Byzantine army,  ,  failure to organize/provide all resources controversy over,  needed, – d i ffi c u l t y i n a s s e s s i n g e t h n i c d i v e r s i t y ,  fragmentation as impediment to unity, disciplinary perspectives,  s o u r c e o f v u l n e r a b i l i t y t o r a i d s ,  –  et h n i c a n d c u l t u r a l a ffi nity and confl i c t ,   –   l u x u r y i m p o r t s ,   Europeans’ stereotyping of North African Muslim-controlled territorial buff er between e t h n i c g r o u p s ,  ,  ,  ,   –   Egypt and North Africa,  fragmentation of, as impediment to N u m i d i a , s t r a t e g i c i m p o r t a n c e o f ,    –   resistance against Muslims, – r e s o u r c e s ,    ,    ,    growing Greek character of imperial Roman roads and fortifi c a t i o n s ,   ,    administration in North Africa, scope of, historical and geographical, – G r e e k n e s s ,  ,   see also m a p s ; i n d i v i d u a l f e a t u r e s a n d linguistic and cultural identity in North resources listed separately A f r i c a ,   ,   ,    G e o r g e I , P a t r i a r c h ,   R o m a n i t a s / R o m a n n e s s ,  ,   G e o r g e o f P i s i d i a ,  

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-19677-2 - Muslim Expansion and Byzantine Collapse in North Africa Walter E . Kaegi Index More information

Index 

Ghadāmis, oasis of,  Ibn Khaldūn’s cycles, applied to processes G i b b o n , E d w a r d ,   in Byzantine North Africa,  ,  , Gigthis (modern Bou Grara), – ,    ,    M u s l i m v i c t o r i e s a t ,   ,    ,    ,    interrupted development of North Africa, g o l d t r a d e ,   t h e o r i e s o f ,    –    G o r d i a n I ,    Islamicization, as complex process,  Grand Erg Oriental (desert),  M a g h r i b i h i s t o r i a n s / s c h o l a r s ,  ,   ,   ,    G r e g o r i a ,   ,   ,    ,    ,    Muslim, Byzantine, and Latin sources G r e g o r y , E x a r c h ,   ,    compared, – d e a t h o f ,   ,    ,    Muslim oral tradition, evaluating and r e b e l l i o n o f ,   ,   ,   ,    ,    ,    ,    ,    s c h o o l s o f ,   ,   ,   ,    G r e g o r y I , P o p e ,   neglect of military history and perspectives, G s e l l , S t é p h a n e ,    ,  N o r t h A m e r i c a n h i s t o r i a n s ,   Hadrian, Abbot (of England),  ,  older historiographical categories no longer H a d r u m e t u m ( S o u s s e ) ,   ,    w o r k i n g ,  ,  H a g i a S o p h i a C h u r c h ,   O r i e n t a l i s m ,   ,   ,   ,   H a m m a d a e l H a m r a h , t h e ,   stereotypes in Roman, Byzantine, and Ḥa s s ā n b . a l - N u ‘ m ā n a l - G h a s s ā n ī ,  ,    ,    , colonial historical writing,    ,    ,    team research and collaboration needed to Heraclian dynasty m o v e f o r w a r d ,   e n d o f ,   ,    ,    ,    turning point in Muslim–Byzantine p o l i c i e s o f ,    ,    ,    e n c o u n t e r s ,    –   p r e s t i g e o f ,    ,    see also disciplinary perspectives ; H e r a c l i u s ,  ,   ,   ,    ,    memory; sources for specifi c groups and death of,  events f a m i l i a l t i e s w i t h A f r i c a ,   ,   –  H o d n a M o u n t a i n s ,   ,   ,    ,    m i l i t a r y h e r i t a g e o f ,   –    H o l y L a n d ,   ,   o r d e r i n g m o v e m e n t o f t r o o p s t o E g y p t ,   North Africa’s long-term ties with,  H e r a c l i u s C o n s t a n t i n e ( C o n s t a n t i n e I I I ) ,   , h o l y w a r see jihād   ,    ,    ,    Homo, Léon,  d e a t h o f ,    ,    H o n o r i u s , P o p e ,   ,   H e r a c l o n a s ,    h o s t a g e e x c h a n g e s ,    h e x a g r a m s ( s i l v e r ) ,   ,   ,    “ ḤubāĶiba,” unresolved confusion of names in Hippo Diarrhytus (Latin)/Bizerte (modern), the Arabic historical tradition,    ,   ,    hypostrategos ,   historiographical problems and issues, – a b s e n c e o f h i s t o r i c a l c e r t a i n t y ,   ,    I b n ʿAbd al-Ḥa k a m ,   ,   ,    ,    ,    , Byzantinists’ disciplinary perspectives,    ,     –   Ibn Abī Dīnār,  colonialist and anti-colonialist frames of I b n a l - A t h ī r ,    ,    ,    ,    ,    r e f e r e n c e ,   ,   –   ,   I b n a l - Z u b a y r ,    ,    ,    ,    ,    ,    comparisons and cautions, – I b n ‘ I d h ā r ī ,    ,    ,    ,    C o n s t a n s I I i n h i s t o r i o g r a p h y ,    –   I b n K h a l d ū n ,   ,   ,   ,   ,   ,    ,    ,    , continuity existing in longer-term processes,    ,    ,    ,     –   I b n L a h ī ‘ a ,   ,    decolonialization of North African I b n M a Ŵād,  h i s t o r i o g r a p h y ,   Ibn Nājī,  ,  discredited or unproven historical I b n S a ʿd ,    a s s u m p t i o n s ,   i d e n t i t y e t h n i c i t y , d e fi cient/biased disciplinary c u l t u r a l a n d r e l i g i o u s ,   ,    treatment of,  of interests, Byzantine authority and North E u r o c e n t r i s m ,  ,   ,    ,    A f r i c a n s ,    –  ,    ,    –    h i s t o r i c a l s c o p e ,  –  see also ethnicity h o l y w a r /jihād c o n c e p t ,    ,    ,    I d r i s , H a d y R o g e r ,   ,   

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-19677-2 - Muslim Expansion and Byzantine Collapse in North Africa Walter E . Kaegi Index More information

 Index

I f r ī q i y a ,  ,   ,   ,   ,    ,    K e n n e d y , H u g h ,   Roman “Africa” (Tunisia and eastern K e r k e n n a h ,    Algeria),  Khalīfa b. Khayyāž al-‘UŴf u r ī ,    ,    ,    i n t e l l i g e n c e , c h a l l e n g e s f o r g a t h e r i n g ,  ,    –  K h a z a r p r e s s u r e ,    see also strategic culture Kitāb al-Ṭabaqāt al kabīr ,  i n v a s i o n r o u t e s ,    ,    kommerkiarioi ,  I s i d o r e , B i s h o p o f S e v i l l e ,  ,  Kyprianos, Bishop of Th e n a ,   I s l a m contribution to long-term transformation of LʾAfrica Romana i n t e r n a t i o n a l c o n g r e s s e s ,   North Africa, – L a m i s ,   ,    crushing Byzantine triumphalism,  L a r o u i , A b d u l l a h ,   ,   ,    ,    ,    e a r l y f o r m a t i o n o f t h o u g h t ,    –  ,    ,    L a w ā t a t r i b e ,    Islamicists’ and Muslims’ disciplinary L e K e f ( S i c c a V e n e r i a ) ,   p e r s p e c t i v e s ,    ,    ,    ,    ,    L e c l e r c q , H . ,   I s l a m i c i z a t i o n ,    L e o A f r i c a n u s ,   L e o n t i o s o f N e a p o l i s ,   ,    ,    ,    ,    ,    J a b a l N a f u s a h , t h e ,   L e o n t i u s , E m p e r o r ,   ,    ,    ,    ,    J a w a r a t r i b e ,    Les Maures et l’Afrique romaine ,   J e w s L e w i s , A r c h i b a l d ,   d i s a ff e c t e d ,   Liber Pontifi calis ,   ,    ,    ,    ,    ,    f o r c i b l e c o n v e r s i o n o f ,   ,   ,   L i b y a ,   ,   ,   h o s t i l i t y a g a i n s t ,   ,   ,    ,    limitanei ( h o m e g u a r d ) ,    i m p e r i a l r e p r e s s i o n o f ,   –   l i n g u i s t i c b a r r i e r s ,    s u s p i c i o n s c o n c e r n i n g ,    w o r s h i p p r o h i b i t e d i n A f r i c a ,   ,   Maghrib, Maghribi = North Africa, North jihād ,    ,    ,    African J i r b a ,   ,   ,    ,    ,    –   ,    ,    M a g h r i b i h i s t o r i a n s ,  ,   ,   ,   ,   ,   ,   , M u s l i m v i c t o r i e s a t ,   ,    ,    ,    ,       ,    ,    ,    J o h n , B i s h o p o f N i k i u ,   c r i t i c s a m o n g ,  J o h n , d u x o f T i g i s i s ,   ,    ,    r e s p o n s i b i l i t y o f ,   John the Almsgiver, Alexandrian Patriarch, magistri militum ,   ,    ,    ,    ,    ,    ,      ,    a l - M ā l i k ī ,   ,    ,    ,    ,    ,    ,    ,    John (Ioannes) the Cubicularius,  ,  M a l l o r c a ,    John Barkaines (of Barqa),  M a m m a s ,    ,    J o h n I V , P o p e ,   Manuel the eunuch,  J u l i e n , C h a r l e s - A n d r é ,   al-Maqqarī, AĶmad b. MuĶa m m a d ,   J u s t i n i a n I ,  M a r d a i t e s ,    and the Barberini Ivory,  m a r i t i m e t r a d e ,   p r o h i b i t i o n s c o n c e r n i n g J e w s ,   c o n t r o l l i n g M e d i t e r r a n e a n ,   J u s t i n i a n I I ,   ,   ,    ,    ,    l u x u r y i m p o r t s i n t o N o r t h A f r i c a ,   o v e r t h r o w o f ,    ,    ,    M a r t i n I , P o p e ,   ,   ,   ,   ,    M a r t i n a ,    ,    ,    ,    ,    K ā h i n a ,    ,    ,    ,    ,    m a r t y r s , m e m o r i e s o f C h r i s t i a n ,   ,    defeat and death of,  ,  Marwān (son of Mūsā b. NuŴa y r ) ,   e m e r g e n c e o f ,    –   M a r w ā n b . a l - Ḥa k a m ,    ,    ,    ,    s c o r c h e d - e a r t h p o l i c i e s o f ,    Marwānid family, and Muslim campaign to K a i r o u a n see al-Qayrawān conquer North Africa,  Kamsarakan, Narseh,  ,  Maslama b. Mukhallad al-AnŴā r ī ,   ,    ,    , K a s ī l a ,    ,     Byzantine encouragement of,  M a s t i a s ,    c o n t e s t e d m e m o r i e s o f t r i b a l l e a d e r s ,    –  M a t m a t a h i l l s ,   d e a t h o f ,   Mauretania, traditions of,  o c c u p y i n g Q a y r a w ā n ,   ,    M a u r e t a n i a I C a e s a r i e n s i s ,  ,   ,   K a s s e r i n e – T e b e s s a G a p ,    ,    ,    ,    ,    M a u r e t a n i a I I T i n g i t a n a ,  ,   ,    ,    ,    ,    Keegan, John,  M a u r e t a n i a S i t i f e n s i s ,  ,   

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-19677-2 - Muslim Expansion and Byzantine Collapse in North Africa Walter E . Kaegi Index More information

Index 

Mauri (= Moors), autochthonous participation a g g r e s s i v e s t r a t e g y o f ,    –   i n B a t t l e o f S b e i t l a ,    –  Muqaddimah ,  M a u r i c i u s ( M a u r i c e ) ,    M ū s ā b . N u Ŵa y r ,   see also Strategikon pushing westward, – M a x i m u s t h e C o n f e s s o r ,   ,   ,   ,   ,   , M u s l i m c i v i l w a r s see fi t n a    –  ,    ,    M u s l i m g r o u p t r a d i t i o n s a d v i s i n g P e t e r ,   ,   ,    e v a l u a t i n g ,   ,   ,    death of,  s c h o o l s o f ,   i n fl uence in Numidia,  Muslim military power in North Africa p o l e m i c s f r o m ,   ,    Egypt and signifi cance of failings as a model, trial and exile of,  ,  ,     –   M c C o r m i c k , M i c h a e l ,   m i l i t a r y l e a d e r s h i p , a s s e s s m e n t o f ,    –   M e d i t e r r a n e a n M u s l i m c o n q u e s t a s s l o w p r o c e s s ,    –   m a r i t i m e c o n t r o l o f ,   Muslim conquests/expeditions, v i e w o f A f r i c a f r o m ,   chronological table (Table ), – M e j e r d a ( s t r e a m ) ,   n a v a l e x p e d i t i o n s ,    memory seafaring tradition, Arab/Muslim lack of, of Byzantine trickery and murders of  autochthonous leaders,  strategic options for off ensives and resistance o f C h r i s t i a n m a r t y r s ,   ,    i n    –   ,    –   o f c i r c u s f a c t i o n s s t r i f e ,   v i c t o r i e s a t G i g t h i s a n d J i r b a ,   ,    –   ,    , communal memory, use of in history and    ,    ,    n a r r a t i v e s ,   see also Sbeitla ; strategic culture contested at Sbeitla/Sufetula, – M u s l i m s Heraclian family store of memories,  ,  a p o c a l y p t i c e x p e c t a t i o n s ,   Muslims’, of Byzantine conquest,  b e l i e v i n g t h e m s e l v e s a i d e d b y G o d ,    , of North Africans, –    ,    ,    o f t r i b a l l e g a c y o f K a s ī l a , c o n t e s t e d ,    –  bringing about long-term transformation of World War II operations, and North of North Africa into a new polity and A f r i c a n h i s t o r i o g r a p h y ,   ,    ,    ,    , s o c i e t y ,     co n t r i b u t i n g t o a u n i fi ed concept of North see also historiographical problems and A f r i c a / M a g h r i b r e g i o n ,   i s s u e s ; s o u r c e s interests, calculations, and leadership, M e r c i e r , E r n e s t ,   ,       –   ,    Michael the Syrian,  s t r u g g l e w i t h B y z a n t i u m ,    –  M i l a ,    Muslims’ and Islamicists’ disciplinary M i n o r c a ,    p e r s p e c t i v e s ,    ,    ,    ,    ,    Miracles of St. Artemios, Th e ,   see also historiographical problems and M i z i z i o s ,    ,    i s s u e s ; s o u r c e s M o d é r a n , Y v e s ,   M o n o e n e r g i s m ,   n a v a l e x p e d i t i o n s see Byzantine naval power M o n o p h y s i t e C h r i s t i a n s ,   ,    ,    ,    ,    N i c e p h o r u s ,    M o n o t h e l e t i s m ( M i a t h e l i t i s m ) ,   ,   ,   ,   , N i c e t a s ,   ,   ,   ,      ,   ,   ,    ,    ,    ,    ,    N i n e v e h , b a t t l e o f ,   M o o r s North Africa and North Africans invasions in North Africa,  Byzantine and Roman absence of concept of s t e r e o t y p e s o f ,   r e g i o n ,   see also M a u r i ; S b e i t l a , B a t t l e o f Byzantine identity of interests with lacking, m o r a l e ,       –  ,    ,    –    M o r i z o t , P . ,    discontent with fi scal and ecclesiastical M o r o c c o ,  ,   ,   ,   ,   ,    ,    policy,  M ’ s i l a ( H o d n a M o u n t a i n s ) ,   ,    interrupted development of, theories about, M u ‘ ā w i y a b . Ḥu d a y j ,   ,    ,    ,    ,       –    M u ‘ ā w i y a b . A b ī S u f y ā n ,   ,   ,    ,    ,    , Islam’s contribution to long-term    t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f a s r e g i o n ,    –   

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-19677-2 - Muslim Expansion and Byzantine Collapse in North Africa Walter E . Kaegi Index More information

 Index

North Africa and North Africans (cont.) Pseudo-Methodius, Apocalypse ,   ,   ,    ,    , local agency in, fragmented or discordant,    ,     public debate over Christology, banned by s t e r e o t y p e s o f ,  ,  ,  ,   ,   –   e d i c t ,    strategic options for autochthonous tribes in public works in North Africa, resources for,     –   ,    –   P y r r h u s , P a t r i a r c h ,   ,   ,   ,   unrest among local autochthonous peoples,    –   Q a t t a r a D e p r e s s i o n ,   see also B y z a n t i n e s ; e t h n i c i t y ; r e s i s t a n c e a l - Q a y r a w ā n ( m o d e r n K a i r o u a n ) ,   ,   ,    , against Muslims in North Africa    ,    Notitia Dignitatum ,   ,    f o u n d i n g o f ,   ,    ,    N u m i d i a ,  ,  ,   ,   ,   ,   ,   ,    ,    ,    , K a s ī l a o c c u p y i n g ,      ,    Q u r a y s h t r i b e ,    d e f e n d i n g ,    ,    ,    ,    ,    ,    ,    ,    ,    Rabanus Maurus,  t r a d i t i o n s o f ,    r a i d i n g b y M u s l i m s ,   ,    ,    a l - N u w a y r ī ,   ,    ,    see also Muslim military power in North Africa r a i n f a l l ,   o a s e s ,   a l - R a q ī q a l - Q a y r a w ā n ī ,   ,    ,    c u l t u r e o f ,   r e g i o n s see geographical and logistical realities O l b i a ,    ,    ,    r e l i g i o u s s c a p e g o a t i n g ,   ,   –   o l i v e c u l t i v a t i o n ,   ,   accusations of/trials for conspiracy or O l y m p i u s , E x a r c h o f R a v e n n a ,   ,   b e t r a y a l t o M u s l i m s o r “ S a r a c e n s , ”   –  Orientalism, assumptions and problems of,  , Heraclian decree against Jews at Carthage,    ,   ,   impediment to developing a coherent O u e d ( W ā d ī ) A k a r i t ,   ,   Byzantine and Romano-African defense, O u e d M e s k i a n a ,   – O u e d M o u l o u y a ,   ,    i m p e r i a l e ff orts to enforce conformity,  religion as essential component of both p a g a n i s m ,   Christian and Muslim frames of P a l e s t i n e , M u s l i m a c q u i s i t i o n o f ,   ,    ,    r e f e r e n c e ,   patricius ,   religious discord as cause of military patrikios ,   failure against the Muslims an unproven P a u l , C o n s t a n t i n o p o l i t a n P a t r i a r c h ,   h y p o t h e s i s ,   p a x c o i n a g e ,    –  see also Christian contexts in North Africa Persians, Byzantine stereotypic views of,  resistance against Muslims in North Africa, P e t e r , C o n s t a n t i n o p o l i t a n P a t r i a r c h ,      –   P e t e r , G e n e r a l o f N u m i d i a ,    ,    ,    ,    autochthonous core in Numidia, Aures r e f u s i n g t o m o v e t r o o p s t o E g y p t ,   ,   ,   ,   M o u n t a i n s ,    ,    ,    ,    P e y r o n n e t , R a y m o n d ,   Byzantine identity of interests lacking, P h i l a g r i u s ,    ,    ,       –  ,    ,    P h o c a s ,   ,    f r a g m e n t e d f r o m b e g i n n i n g t o e n d ,    –   o v e r t h r o w o f ,   ,    impact of religious disputes on unifying “ p h y l a r c h s , ”    resistance, – Pirenne Th e s i s ,   local grievances not eliminated after defeat place names (toponymics), comparisons of, for by Muslims,  clarifi c a t i o n ,   ,   ,    ,    ,    options for off ensives and resistance, – p o l l t a x ,    s h i f t t o t r i b e s (    –   ) ,    –   P r e f e c t u r e o f A f r i c a ,   suspicions over Byzantine defense eff orts P r e f e c t u r e o f G a u l ,   against Muslims,  P r e f e c t u r e o f O r i e n s ,   termination of, – P r i n g l e , D e n y s ,   ,   see also ‘Uqba b. Nāfi ‘ p r i s o n e r e x c h a n g e s ,    R ī f ,   ,   ,   P r o c o p i u s o f C a e s a r e a ,  ,   ,   ,    ,    ,    , Riḥlat al-Tijānī ,      ,    Riyāḍ al-nufūs , 

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Index 

R o m a n E m p i r e S i x t h E c u m e n i c a l C o u n c i l ,   ,   ,   ,    l i v i n g o n i n B y z a n t i u m ,  ,    ,    ,    S o p h r o n i u s , P a t r i a r c h o f J e r u s a l e m ,   o l d r o a d s y s t e m o f ,   ,    s o u r c e s political claims of,  absence of Christian records of experiences, Romanitas ,   ,    a m y s t e r y ,   see also ethnicity absence of records about Muslim conquests R o m a n o - A f r i c a n e l i t e s ,  ,   ,   ,    ,    ,    in interior,  written records left by,  Arabic and non-Arabic sources compared,  see also ethnicity ; North Africa and North Arabic sources and traditions on resistance Africans i n N u m i d i a ,    Romanos IV Diogenes,  challenges of generally for study of Byzantine “Rūm , ”    ,    and Muslim North Africa, – R u w a y fi ‘ b. Th ābit al-AnŴā r ī ,   ,    ,    f r a g m e n t a r y ,   ,   hi s t o r i c a l s o u r c e s o n M u s l i m c a m p a i g n s , S a b o r i u s ,    ,    ,       –   sacellarius ,   ,   ,    ,    ,    Muslim, Byzantine, and Latin sources S a h a r a n A t l a s ,   compared, – S a h i l ,   ,   Muslim oral traditions/reports, evaluation ṣā’ifa (summer raids),  o f ,   ,    St. Catherine’s (Mount Sinai),  no eyewitness Byzantine or Latin narrator/ S a r a c e n s ,   ,   ,   ,   ,   ,    ,    narrative at Sbeitla, suboptimal sources S a r d i n i a ,    ,    for other events,  ,  , – S a u m a g n e , C h a r l e s ,   Romano-African elites, written records left S a y f b . ‘ U m a r ,    by,  S b e i t l a , B a t t l e o f ,    –   see also disciplinary perspectives ; autochthonous participation of Mauri historiographical problems and issues (Moors) in, – S o u s s e ( H a d r u m e t u m ) ,   ,    ,    ,    contested memory at, – spatharius ,    ,    enduring geographical and strategic speculations, counterfactual,  ,  signifi c a n c e ,    –   s t e r e o t y p i n g see ethnicity ; historiographical Gregory’s headquarters at,  problems and issues humiliating terms of defeat/tribute, – S t o t z a s ,    h y p o t h e s i z e d l o c a t i o n o f b a t t l e ,    –   strategic culture and military doctrine and insights from Strategikon ,    –   A f r i c a n d r i l l ,    –   Muslim strategy of feigned fl ight and ambushes, as Muslim maneuver/formation, ambush, – ,    ,    ,    ,    ,    no eyewitness Byzantine or Latin narrator,  battle lines, single and double, and the r o u t a n d d e s t r u c t i o n ,    –   Strategikon ,    –   setting and strategic structures, – Battle of Sbeitla, strategic signifi cance of, s u b o p t i m a l s o u r c e s a b o u t ,    ,    –     –   ,    Sbeitla (modern Tunisian town)/Sufetula Byzantine strategic culture in North Africa, ( R o m a n r u i n s n e a r b y ) ,   ,    ,    ,    ,   –     ,    ,    ,    ,    ,    ,    ,    ,    , Byzantine troop estimates exaggerated by    ,    ,    M u s l i m s ,   Gregory’s headquarters at,  d e fi n i n g ,   rout and destruction at, – e x h a u s t i o n / V e g e t i a n s t r a t e g i e s ,   ,    ,    s c a p e g o a t i n g see religious scapegoating fi xed formations and positions/ranged S e b e o s ,    ,    combat,  ,  Septem (port) = Ceuta (modern), Sebta innovations, knowledge transfer through ( A r a b i c ) ,    ,    ,    ,    ,    r o t a t i o n ,    –   ,    S e r g i u s , P a t r i a r c h ,   intelligence, gathering of,  , – S e t i f ,    military institutional reforms, no evidence S e v e r i n u s , P o p e ,   of,  S h a h r b a r ā z , S a s ā n i a n G e n e r a l ,   ,   military manuals, lacking wisdom on s i r o c c o ,   ,   fi ghting Arabs or North Africans,  , 

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 Index

strategic culture and military doctrine (cont.) T o y n b e e , A r n o l d J . ,    m o b i l e s t r i k i n g f o r c e s , a n d N u m i d i a ,    t r a n s h u m a n c e ,    Muslim/Islamic strategic culture, tactical transhumant movement,  i n n o v a t i o n s , d i p l o m a t i c s k i l l s ,    ,    –   , T r e a d g o l d , W . ,       –  t r i b a l r e s i s t a n c e see resistance against Muslims North African military fundamentals in North Africa s u m m a r i z e d ( H o m o ,     ) ,    t r i b e s passive strategy and tactics of Byzantines,  B a n ū ʿAbd al-Wād,  p e r s o n a l p r e s e n c e o f e m p e r o r ,    –   B a n ū I f r a n ,    q u a l i fi ed local recruits, lack of,  J a w a r a ,    r o l e o f c a m e l , n o t e s t a b l i s h e d ,    L a w ā t a ,    s t a ffi ng, engaging winning Byzantine Q u r a y s h ,    commanders, – t r i b u t e , e x a c t e d b y M u s l i m s ,   ,    –  , s t r a t e g i c o p t i o n s f o r r e s i s t a n c e i n    –  ,    –      ,    s t r a t e g i c s t r u c t u r e s , a n d S b e i t l a ,    –   T r i p o l i , M u s l i m o c c u p a t i o n o f ,   Strategikon , a n d B y z a n t i n e s ,   ,    –   T r i p o l i t a n i a ,  use of arms, lack of training in,  T r u e C r o s s ,  ,   ,    see also fortifi cations; geographical and T u b n a ( T o b n a , T u b u n a e ) ,   ,    ,    ,    logistical realities; resistance against T u n i s ,   Muslims in North Africa; Strategikon T u n i s i a ,   ,   ,   ,   ,    ,    ,    Strategikon , ( M a u r i c i u s )   ,    ,    c o r e a r e a o f i n v e s t i g a t i o n ,  i n s i g h t s i n t o S b e i t l a f r o m ,    –   status of Byzantine defenses in southern S t r a t o s , A . ,    (    –  ) ,    –   Sufetula (Roman ruins)/Sbeitla (modern Typos ,   ,    T u n i s i a n t o w n ) see Sbeitla S u l a y m ā n ,    ‘ U m a r , C o m m a n d e r o f t h e B e l i e v e r s ,   ,    , s u r v e i l l a n c e p o s s i b i l i t i e s ,    ,     Sūs al-AqŴā ,   ,    unrest among local and autochthonous North S y r i a , B y z a n t i n e w i t h d r a w a l f r o m ,   A f r i c a n s ,    –   ‘Uqba b. Nāfi ‘ a l - F i h r ī ,   ,   ,    ,    ,    ,    , Ṭabaqāt ‘ulamā’ Ifrīqiya wa-Tūnis ,     ,    ,    a l - Ža b a r ī ,   ,    ,    ,    ,    c a m p a i g n s o f ,    –   T a h ū d a ,    d e a t h o f ,   T a l b ī , M o h a m e d ,  e x p e d i t i o n o f    /  ,    –   T a n g i e r / T i n g i s ,   f o u n d a t i o n o f Q a y r a w ā n b y ,   Žā r i q b . Z i y ā d ,   ,    ,    ,    s i g n i fi c a n c e o f r e s i s t a n c e t o ,    –   T a u r u s r a n g e ,    ‘Uthmān b. ʿAff ā n ,    ,    ,    ,    ,    taxeotes , s t o r y a b o u t ,   T e b e s s a ,    ,    ,    ,    ,    Valentine, General Aršakuni,  ,  T e l e g h m a ,   ,   V a n d a l s ,  ,   ,    ,    ,    ,    ,    ,    T e l l A t l a s ,   ,   ,   V e g e t i a n s t r a t e g y ,    t e r r a i n , i n v e s t i g a t i o n s o f ,  ,   o f e x h a u s t i o n ,   themal paradigm (“theme system”) in V i s i g o t h i c S p a i n B y z a n t i n e m i l i t a r y ,    ,    ,    ,    ,    B y z a n t i n e s r a i d i n g ,    ,    Th e o d o r e , P o p e ,   ,   ,   ,   M u s l i m e x p e d i t i o n ,   Th e o d o s i u s I ,  ,    v i s i o n s a n d d r e a m s ,   ,   Th e o k t i s t o s ,    V i t a l i a n , P o p e ,    Th e o p h a n e s t h e C o n f e s s o r ,   Th e u d i m i r ,    W a h b b . ‘ U m a y r ,    T i b e r i u s I I ( A p s i m a r ) ,   ,    ,    ,    W a l ī d ,    Byzantine fl e e t c o m m a n d e r ,   ,    a l - W ā q i d ī ,   ,    ,    a l - T i j ā n ī ,   w a r f a r e , u n d e r s t a n d i n g s e v e n t h - c e n t u r y ,  ,    T i k a r w ā n ,   “ w i n t e r i n g s , ”    ,    ,    T i m g a d ,    World War II, operations in North Africa,  , T i n g i s / T a n g i e r ,      ,    ,    ,   

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-19677-2 - Muslim Expansion and Byzantine Collapse in North Africa Walter E . Kaegi Index More information

Index 

a l - Y a ‘ q ū b ī ,   ,    Z a b i J u s t i n i a n a ,   ,    ,    ,    ,    ,    Y a r m ū k , b a t t l e o f ,   ,   ,   ,   ,    ,    ,    , Z e u g i t a n a see Africa Proconsularis    ,    ,    Z o r o a s t r i a n s ,    Y a z ī d I ,   ,    Z u h a y r b . Q a y s a l - B a l a w ī ,   ,    ,    ,    ,   

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