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6 Balkanism in Political Context
Balkanism in Political Context: From the Ottoman Empire to the EU Andrew Hammond Swansea Institute, University of Wales Keywords: Balkanism, Eastern Europe, Travel Writing, European Union, Ottoman Empire Abstract This article investigates the British tradition of balkanism, paying particular attention to the forms of power that representation of South-East Europe has supported. Using travel writing as a source material, I shall exemplify the tradition through the study of two periods in which balkanist discourse – with its motifs of discord, savagery, backwardness and obfuscation – has been especially powerful. During the nineteenth century, firstly, such discourse legitimised British assistance for the Ottoman Empire against the threat of Russian expansion. In contemporary times, secondly, the denigration of the entire Central and Eastern European region has worked to endorse the systematic interference of the European Union. For the Balkans, this has entailed wide-ranging EU control of economic structures and political frameworks, repeating the nineteenth-century concept of the peninsula as a borderland available for Western intervention and control. Introduction The debate about what the term ‘Europe’ signifies has acquired increasing urgency in recent years. Since the end of the Cold War, questions about the nature and constitution of European civilisation – what it believes, what its borders are, what you need to get in – have become a staple ingredient of political speeches, newspaper editorials and academic publications. Far from reassuring Western European populations, the defeat of communism seems to have initiated a profound crisis of identity. On the one hand, commentators have outlined the difficulties of defining this small, multifarious, expansionist region that is, after all, merely an appendage to the vast continental landmass of Eurasia. -
Saladin and the Ayyubid Campaigns in the Maghrib Saladino Y Las Campañas Ayyubíes En El Magreb
Alcantara 2 Vol XXXIV (3)_Maquetación 1 09/12/13 17:42 Página 267 AL-QANTARA XXXIV 2, julio-diciembre 2013 pp. 267-295 ISSN 0211-3589 doi: 10.3989/alqantara.2013.010 Saladin and the Ayyubid Campaigns in the Maghrib Saladino y las campañas ayyubíes en el Magreb Amar Baadj University of Toronto, Canada Este artículo trata sobre la conquista de Libia This article concerns the conquest of Libya y Túnez por Saladino (Salah al-Din) y los Ay- and Tunisia by Saladin (Salah al-Din) and the yubíes en las décadas de 1170 y 1180. En pri- Ayyubids in the 1170s and 1180s. First it pres- mer lugar se presenta una reconstrucción de ents a reconstruction of the campaigns con- las campañas dirigidas por los mamelucos ay- ducted by the Ayyubid mamluks Sharaf al-Din yubíes Sharaf al-Din Qaraqush e Ibn Qaratikin Qaraqush and Ibn Qaratikin in Libya and the en Libia y de la guerra entre los almohades y conflict in Ifriqiya (Tunisia) between the Al- los Ayyubíes en Ifriqiya (Túnez) basada en mohads and the Ayyubids based on the rele- fuentes primarias relevantes. A continuación vant primary sources. Then the extent to se estudia en qué medida Saladino fue el res- which Saladin was responsible for these mili- ponsable de estas expediciones militares y, fi- tary expeditions is considered and finally the nalmente, se discute el motivo de dichas issue of the motive behind them is discussed. expediciones. Se llega a la conclusión de que It is concluded that Salah al-Din and his amirs Saladino y sus emires invadieron el Magreb invaded the Maghrib in order to control the con el fin de controlar los puntos septentrio- northern termini of the eastern and central nales de los ejes oriental y central de las rutas axes of the trans-Saharan trade routes, thereby comerciales que cruzaban el Sahara y con esto gaining access to the West African gold which lograr tener acceso al oro de África Occidental passed along these routes. -
Survey of British Colonial Development Policy
No. E 68-A RESTRICTED r:;: ONE '\f ..- tf\rhi.§..l report is restricted to use within the Bank Public Disclosure Authorized INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT Public Disclosure Authorized SURVEY OF BRITISH COLONIAL DEVELOPMENT POLICY November 9. 1949 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Economic Department Prepared by: B. King TABLE OF CONTE.t-J'TS Page No. I. PREFACE (and Map) • • • • • • • • • t • • .. .. i II. SPi!IMARY • • •••• .. .. ., . , . · .. iv , . III. THE COLONIES UP TO 1940' •• .. .. .. .. • • • 1 TJi.BLES I '& II • .'. .. • • • • • • • • 8 . IV. THE COLONIES SINCE, 1940 ••• • • • • • • • • 10 TABlES III to VI • • • 0 • • • • • • • • 29 APPElIIDIX - THE CURRENCY SYSTEMS OF' THE cOtOlUAL EI'!PlRE .....,,,.,. 34 (i) I. PREFACE The British Colonial :empire is a sO!!lm-:hat loose expression embracing some forty dependencies of the United Kingdom. For the purposes of this paper the term vdll be used to cover all dependencies administered through the Colonial Office on December 31" 1948 cmd" in addition, the three :30uth African High Cowmission territories, which are under the control of the Commonwealth Relations Office. This definition is adopted" since its scope is the same as that of the various Acts of Parliament passed since lSll.~O to Dovcloptx;nt promote colomal development, including the Overseas Resourceshct y::rLcl1 established the Colonial Development Corporation. A full list of the~e ter:-itories 17ill be found in the list following. It [;hould be noted th'lt in conform..i.ty vri th the provisions of the recent Acts vIhieh apply only to flcolonies not possessing responsible govermnent,uYthe definition given above excludes the self-governing colony of Southern :Ehodesia, v(nose rela- tions with the United Kinr;dom are conducted through the Co:nmonlrealth Relations Office. -
Institution of Electrical Engineers. Further Details Can Be Obtained
No. 4276 October 13, 1951 NATURE 641 life-history, ecology, population studies, fishery and Gold Coast), senior assistant conservator of forests, utilization and includes observations on autotomy Gold Coast; J. M. Cave (assistant agricultural and autoplasy; a large female with a carapace officer, British Honduras), agricultural superintendent, length of 13·5 cm. is estimated to produce 549,000 St. Vincent, Windward Islands ; C. A. Lea (assistant eggs. No. 8 is a paper that should prove of use to director, Meteorological Services, Federation of zoologists everywhere. It contains a bibliography Malaya), director, Meteorological Services, Federation which is complete from Delius and Linrneus (both of Malaya; N. A. MacHattie (forester, Tanganyika), 1758) up to and including 1949; it comprises 1,216 superintending forester, Tanganyika; R. H. Ball entries and is a valuable compilation. There is also and P. Bradshaw, agricultural officers, Nigeria; a key for the whole of the Collembola carried down D. V. Chambers, R. Frank, W. G. Mathewson and to genera ; and, as the characters given are only J. Russell, agricultural officers, Tanganyika; T. J. those essential for generic identification, the name of Forbes and K. Landskroner, agricultural officers, each genus is followed by that of its author, the date Gold Coast; R. N. Green, agricultural officer, and a number in brackets referring to the citation of Somaliland Protectorate; G. Heys, agricultural t hat publication in the bibliography in which the officer, Nyasaland; A. J. Jones, entomologist, original definition of the genus is to be found. This Tanganyika; R. Knight, plant breeder, West African work is additionally welcome because it provides the Cocoa Research Institute, Gold Coast; C. -
Methodological Approach to the Study of Archaeological Mortars and Plasters from Mediterranean Sites
PLINIUS n. 40, 2014 METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH TO THE STUDY OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL MORTARS AND PLASTERS FROM MEDITERRANEAN SITES RAFFAELLA DE LUCA Dipartimento di Biologia, Ecologia e Scienze della Terra, Università della Calabria, Via P. Bucci, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS) The archaeometric study of ancient mortars and plasters has recently seen substantial development. This type of approach has been particularly interesting in order to obtain information on the raw materials used for the mixtures of these materials, their provenience and the technological processes involved in their manufacture, and therefore to shed some light into different aspects related to past life and technology. At the same time, the archaeometric study of mortars and plasters provides information on the history of the buildings/monuments analyzed, identifying the constructive phases and/or the different manufactures (Bakolas et al., 1995; Vendrell-Saz et al., 1996; Franzini et al., 2000; Moropoulou et al., 2000, 2003; Crisci et al., 2001, 2004; Damiani et al., 2003; Meir et al., 2005; Silva et al., 2005; Riccardi et al., 2007; Pavía & Caro, 2008; Franquelo et al., 2008; Barba et al., 2009; Jackson et al., 2009; Miriello et al., 2010, 2011a, 2011b, 2013a, 2013b; Barca et al., 2013). The present work proposes a methodological approach to be followed for the archaeometric study of ancient mortars and plasters. The methodology is based on the characterization of the samples through the application of a series of diagnostic methods. The analytical techniques used are: optical microscopy in transmitted polarized light (OM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy microanalysis (SEM-EDS), image analysis by JMicroVision software, and methods of statistical multivariate analysis of the compositional data. -
Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica & the Balearic Islands
BETCHART EXPEDITIONS Inc. 17050 Montebello Road, Cupertino, CA 95014-5435 SICILY, SARDINIA, CORSICA & THE BALEARIC ISLANDS Stepping Stones of Cultures Private-Style Cruising Aboard the All-Suite, 100-Guest Corinthian May 6 – 14, 2013 BOOK BY FEBRUARY 8, 2013 TO RECEIVE 1 FREE PRE-CRUISE HOTEL NIGHT IN PALERMO Dear Traveler, For thousands of years, wave after wave of civilizations have passed over the islands of the Mediterranean, leaving their mark on art and architecture, on language, culture, and cuisine. For this exceptional voyage we have selected four destinations that are especially fascinating examples of the complex history of the Mediterranean: Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica, and the Balearic Islands. This May, we would like you to join us on a private-style cruise to these delightful islands. The Carthaginians and the Greeks, the Romans and the Byzantines, the Arabs and the Normans all influenced the history and culture of Sicily. We’ll visit the magnificent Doric temple at Segesta, built by Greek colonists in 420 B.C., and explore the ancient town of Erice, dominated by a 12th-century Norman castle standing on the remains of a temple that tradition says was built by the Trojans. Sardinia is an especially remarkable island, with more than 7,000 prehistoric sites dating back nearly 4,000 years. We’ll explore the finest of these Nuraghic sites, as well as Alghero, an enchanting port town that for centuries was ruled by the kings of Aragon. To this day, many residents of Alghero speak the island’s Catalan dialect. The Balearic Islands are an archipelago off the northeast coast of Spain. -
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
RESTRICTED L/2167 GENERAL AGREEMENT ON 4 March 1964 TARIFFS AND TRADE Limited Distribution Original: English SUBMISSION BY THE SOUTHERN RHODESIAN GOVERNMENT FOR THE INFORMATION OF CONTRACTING PARTIES Following the dissolution of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland on 31 December 1963 and the resumption by the Southern Rhodesian Government on 1 January 1964 of its former status as a contracting party to the General Agreement, the Southern Rhodesian Government wishes to inform contracting parties that it has adapted to its own use the former Federal customs..and excise legislation and, for its part, is applying on a provisional l>a si s .the terms and provisions of the trade agreements concluded by the former Federal Government with the Governments of the Commonwealth of Australia.,..the Republic of South Africa, the Bechuanaland Protectorate, Swaziland and Basutoland, Canada, Portugal and Japan. The Southern Rhodesian Government would also inform contracting parties that in so far as trade with Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland is concerned its objective has been to disturb 3s little as possible the trading arrangements which existed up to £0, December 1963. Attached at Appendix A^ is a copy of a joint statement issued by the Northern and Southern Rhodesian ftovernments on 31 December 1963 regarding the interim arrangaments relating to trade between the two territories which became effective on 1 January 1964 and which will remain in force until replaced by alternative arrangements. At Appendix Bl is a copy of the Trade Agreement entered into between the Government of Nyasaland and the Government of Southern Rhodesia on 6 January 1964. -
Nyasa Clandestine Migration Through Southern Rhodesia Into the Union of South Africa: 1920S – 1950S
Settling in Motion: Nyasa Clandestine Migration through Southern Rhodesia into the Union of South Africa: 1920s – 1950s Anusa Daimon Centre for Africa Studies University of the Free State Bloemfontein, South Africa Abstract Illegal African migration into South Africa is not uniquely a post-apartheid phenomenon. It has its antecedents in the colonial/apartheid period. The South Africa colonial economy relied heavily on cheap African labour from both within and outside the Union. Most foreign migrant labourers came from the then Nyasaland (Malawi) and Portuguese East Africa (Mozambique) through official channels of the Witwatersrand Native Labour Association (WNLA). WNLA was active throughout the Southern Africa and competed for the same labour resource with other regional supranational ‘native’ labour recruitment agencies, providing various incentives to lure and transport potential employees to its bustling South African gold and diamond mining industry. However, not all migrant labourers found their way through formal WNLA channels. Using archival material from repositories in Harare (Zimbabwe), Zomba (Malawi), Grahamstown (South Africa), London and Oxford (UK), the article casts light on illicit migration mainly by Malawian labourers (Nyasas) through Southern Rhodesia into South Africa between the 1920s and 1950s. It argues that many transient Nyasas subverted the inhibitive WNLA contractual obligations by clandestinely migrating independently into the Union. They also exploited the labour recruitment infrastructure used by the state and labour bureaus to swiftly move across Southern Rhodesia. In essence, Nyasas settled in motion, using Southern Rhodesia as a stepping-stone or springboard en-route to the more lucrative Union of South Africa. An appreciation of such informal migration opens up space for creating a more comprehensive historiography of labour migration in Southern Africa. -
Trade and Commerce at Sepphoris, Israel
Illinois Wesleyan University Digital Commons @ IWU Honors Projects Sociology and Anthropology 1998 Trade and Commerce at Sepphoris, Israel Sarah VanSickle '98 Illinois Wesleyan University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/socanth_honproj Part of the Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation VanSickle '98, Sarah, "Trade and Commerce at Sepphoris, Israel" (1998). Honors Projects. 19. https://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/socanth_honproj/19 This Article is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by Digital Commons @ IWU with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this material in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This material has been accepted for inclusion by Faculty at Illinois Wesleyan University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ©Copyright is owned by the author of this document. Trade and Commerce At Sepphoris, Israel Sarah VanSickle 1998 Honors Research Dr. Dennis E. Groh, Advisor I Introduction Trade patterns in the Near East are the subject of conflicting interpretations. Researchers debate whether Galilean cities utilized trade routes along the Sea of Galilee and the Mediterranean or were self-sufficient, with little access to trade. An analysis of material culture found at specific sites can most efficiently determine the extent of trade in the region. If commerce is extensive, a significant assemblage of foreign goods will be found; an overwhelming majority of provincial artifacts will suggest minimal trade. -
Ground Water in the Sirte Area, Tripolitania United Kingdom of Libya
Ground Water in the Sirte Area, Tripolitania United Kingdom of Libya GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 1757-C Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Agency for International Development Mission to Libya Ground Water in the Sirte Area, Tripolitania United Kingdom of Libya By WILLIAM OGILBEE CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE HYDROLOGY OF AFRICA AND THE MEDITERRANEAN REGION GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 1757-C Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Agency for International Development Mission to Libya UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1964 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR STEWART L. UDALL, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Thomas B. Nolan, Director For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 CONTENTS Faga Abstract-- ____ ___--_-_____________________-___-_.__-_-_____-_.-.-__ Cl Introduction._ ____________________________________________________ 1 Geographic and climatic features.____-__-__---________-_____________ 3 Geology ____--_-______-__--_____________-----__-_____-__--_-_-_-__ 5 Ground water__ ___________________________________________________ 8 Occurrence ___________________________________________________ 8 Chemical quality______________________________________________ 9 Fresh-water aquifer in the Qa§r Bu Hadi area.__----__--_______-__ 10 Conclusions.._____________________________________________________ 13 Selected references,________________________________________________ 14 ILLUSTRATIONS FIGURE 1. Map showing location of the Sirte area and average annual rain fall in northern Tripolitania__-_--___---_--_-_-----_----_ C3 2. Map of the Sirte area showing location of wells and geologic and hydrologic features_____________-_____-____-_------_ 4 3. Graphic logs of typical wells in the Sirte area.-______________ 6 4. Generalized north-south geologic section A-A', Sirte to Qasr Bu Hadi____.____________________________ 7 5. -
Malawi Chapter 1
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Geography, History and the Economy Geography Malawi is a landlocked country bordered to the north and northeast by the United Republic of Tanzania, to the east, south and southwest by the People's Republic of Mozambique and to the west by the Republic of Zambia. It is 901 kilometres long and ranges in width from 80 to 161 kilometres. The country has a total area of 118,484 square kilometres, of which 94,276 square kilometres is land area. Fifty-six percent of the land area is arable. Malawi's most striking topographic feature is the Rift Valley which runs through the entire length of the country, passing through Lake Malawi in the northem and central part of the country to the Shire Valley in the south. To the west and south of the lake are fertile plains and high mountain ranges whose main peaks range from 1,698 to 3,002 metres. The country is divided into three administrative regions; Northern, Central and Southern. There are twenty-four districts, five in the Northern Region, nine in the Central Region and ten in the Southern Region. In each district there are Traditional Authorities (or chiefs) and the smallest administrative unit is the village. There are 43 Traditional Authorities in the Northcrn Region, 79 in the Central Region and 83 in the Southern Region. Malawi experiences a tropical continental climate with some maritime influences. Rainfall and temperature are greatly influenced by the lake and altitude, which varies from 37 to 3,050 meters above sea level. -
Tanzania-Zambia Railway: Escape Route from Neocolonial Control? Alvin W
University of South Florida Scholar Commons Anthropology Faculty Publications Anthropology 1970 Tanzania-Zambia Railway: Escape Route from Neocolonial Control? Alvin W. Wolfe [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/ant_facpub Part of the Anthropology Commons Scholar Commons Citation Wolfe, Alvin W., "Tanzania-Zambia Railway: Escape Route from Neocolonial Control?" (1970). Anthropology Faculty Publications. 10. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/ant_facpub/10 This Book Chapter is brought to you for free and open access by the Anthropology at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Anthropology Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. f.~m NONALIGNED THIRD WORLD ANNUAL 1970 ';;~~: Books International ot DH-T~ %n~ernational St. Louis, Missouri, USA . \ ESCAPE ROUTE ALVINW. WOLFE* THE FIRST REQUISITE for African development is that African countries combine what little wealth and power they have toward the end of getting a greater share of the products of world industry. They may be able to get that greater share by forcing through better terms of trade or better terms in aid, but they will never get any greater share by continuing along present paths, whereby each weak and poor country "negotiates" separately with strong and rich developed countries and supranational emities such as the World Bank and major private companies. If they hope to break thos.e ne,ocolonial bonds, Africans must unite-