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Diplomsko Delo UNIVERZA V MARIBORU FAKULTETA ZA NARAVOSLOVJE IN MATEMATIKO ODDELEK ZA BIOLOGIJO DIPLOMSKO DELO Nancy PAVLIČ Maribor, 2016 UNIVERZA V MARIBORU FAKULTETA ZA NARAVOSLOVJE IN MATEMATIKO ODDELEK ZA BIOLOGIJO Nancy PAVLIČ FILOGENETSKA ANALIZA RODU BELONOGIH MIŠI, APODEMUS Z METODO GEOMETRIJSKE MORFOMETRIJE Phylogenetic Analysis of Wood Mice, Apodemus with the Method of Geometric Morphometrics DIPLOMSKO DELO Mentor: Prof. dr. Franc JANŽEKOVIČ Somentor: Prof. dr. Boris KRYŠTUFEK Maribor, 2016 IZJAVA O AVTORSTVU Podpisana Nancy Pavlič, roj. 24.12.1983, študentka Filozofske fakultete ter Fakultete za naravoslovje in matematiko Univerze v Mariboru, dvopredmetnega študijskega programa Angleški jezik s književnostjo in biologija, izjavljam, da je diplomsko delo z naslovom Filogenetska analiza rodu belonogih miši, Apodemus z metodo geometrijske morfometrije pri mentorju prof. dr. Francu Janžekoviču in somentorju prof. dr. Borisu Kryštufku, avtorsko delo. V diplomskem delu so uporabljeni viri in literatura korektno navedeni; teksti in druge oblike zapisov niso uporabljeni brez navedbe avtorjev. Maribor,__________________ _________________________ (podpis študentke) Pavlič, N. Filogenetska analiza rodu belonogih miši, Apodemus z metodo geometrijske morfometrije. Diplomsko delo, Univerza v Mariboru, Fakulteta za naravoslovje in matematiko, Oddelek za biologijo, 2016 Pavlič, N. Filogenetska analiza rodu belonogih miši, Apodemus z metodo geometrijske morfometrije. Diplomsko delo, Univerza v Mariboru, Fakulteta za naravoslovje in matematiko, Oddelek za biologijo, 2016 IZVLEČEK Namen diplomske naloge je bil izvedba morfometrične analize variabilnosti v mandibuli pri rodu Apodemus z metodami geometrijske morfometrije. Predvsem sem preverjala ali se bodo rezultati morfometričnega pristopa skladali z rezultati filogenetske analize na mitohondrijski DNK. V diplomski nalogi sem analizirala variabilnost v obliki spodnje čeljustnice pri 22 vrstah rodu belonogih miši, Apodemus. V analizo sem vključila 22 vrst razdeljenih v 24 OTU-jev: A.agrarius, A. alpicola, A. argenteus, A. arianus, A. chevrieri, A. draco, A. epimelas, A.flavicollis, A. gurkha, A. hyrcanicus, A. ilex, A. latronum, A. mystacinus, A. pallipes, A. peniunsulae, A. ponticus, A. rusigeus, A. semotus, A. speciosus, A. sylvaticus-North, A. sylvaticus-South, A. uralensis-East, A. uralensis-West, in A. witherbyi. Analizirala sem 99 primerkov rodu Apodemus, iz vsake vrste okrog 5 mandibul. Uporabila sem metodo geometrijske morfometrije in na labialni strani vsake mandibule določila 50 drsnih oslonilnih točk, s katerimi sem izvedla analizo njene oblike. Ugotovila sem, da vrsta A. gurkha močno odstopa v obliki mandibule, kar se sklada tudi z ugotovitvami mitohondrijske analize DNK. Prav tako sem ugotovila, da se morfometrični rezultati na nivoju rodov skladajo z molekularno filogenijo, na nivoju medvrstne variabinosti pa mandibule ne vsebujejo filetske informacije. Ključne besede: Alysomys, Apodemus, Karstomys, Sylvaemus, mandibula, geometrijska morfometrija, filogenija I Pavlič, N. Filogenetska analiza rodu belonogih miši, Apodemus z metodo geometrijske morfometrije. Diplomsko delo, Univerza v Mariboru, Fakulteta za naravoslovje in matematiko, Oddelek za biologijo, 2016 Pavlič, N. Phylogenetic Analysis of Wood Mice, Apodemus with the Method of Geometric Morphometrics. Graduation thesis, University of Maribor, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Department of Biology, 2016 ABSTRACT The subject of this Graduation thesis was the implementation of morphometric analysis of the variability of the Apodemus mandible with the method of geometric morphometrics. The aim was to determin whether the results of morphometric approach were consistent with the results of phylogenetic analysis on mitochondrial DNA. I analyzed the variability in shape of the 22 Apodemus mandible species. In the analysis I have included 22 species distributed in 24 OTU's: A.agrarius, A. alpicola, A. argenteus, A. arianus, A. chevrieri, A. draco, A. epimelas, A.flavicollis, A. gurkha, A. hyrcanicus, A. ilex, A. latronum, A. mystacinus, A. pallipes, A. peniunsulae, A. ponticus, A. rusigeus, A. semotus, A. speciosus, A. sylvaticus-North, A. sylvaticus-South, A. uralensis-East, A. uralensis-West, and A. witherbyi. I analyzed 99 specimens of the genus Apodemus. I used the method of geometric morphometics and determined 50 landmarks and semilandmarks on the labial side of each mandible. This was the basis for further analysis of mandibles shape. The results suggest that the species A. gurkha deviates significantly in the form of the mandible, which is consistent with the results of mitochondrial DNA analysis. The results also show that at the level of genera the morphometric results are consistent with molecular phylogeny but at the level of interspecies variability of the mandible they do not contain any phyletic information. Key words: Alysomys, Apodemus, Karstomys, Sylvaemus, mandible, geometric morphometrics, phylogeny II Pavlič, N. Filogenetska analiza rodu belonogih miši, Apodemus z metodo geometrijske morfometrije. Diplomsko delo, Univerza v Mariboru, Fakulteta za naravoslovje in matematiko, Oddelek za biologijo, 2016 KAZALO VSEBINE 1. UVOD ............................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Geometrijska morfometrija ..................................................................................................... 1 1.1.1 Oslonilna točka (LM – Landmark) .................................................................................... 3 1.1.2 Drsna oslonilna točka (SLM – Semilandmark) ................................................................. 3 1.2 Filogenija ................................................................................................................................. 4 1.3 Pregled taksonomije ................................................................................................................ 6 1.3.1 Red: Glodalci, Rodentia ................................................................................................... 6 1.3.2 Družina: Prave miši in podgane, Muridae ....................................................................... 6 1.3.3 Rod: Belonoge miši, Apodemus (Kaup, 1829) ................................................................. 7 1.3.4 Taksonomska uvrstitev rodu Apodemus: ........................................................................ 8 1.4 Opis taksonomskih vrst ........................................................................................................... 9 1.4.1 Rod: Belonoge miši, Apodemus ....................................................................................... 9 1.4.1.1 Rod: Alysomys (Dukelski, 1829) ................................................................................... 9 1.4.1.2 Rod: Apodemus (Kaup, 1829) .................................................................................... 12 1.4.1.3 Rod: Genus 1 ............................................................................................................. 16 1.4.1.4 Rod: Genus 2 ............................................................................................................. 17 1.4.1.5 Rod: Karstomys (Martino, 1939) ............................................................................... 20 1.4.1.6 Rod: Sylvaemus (Ognev, 1924) .................................................................................. 23 1.5 Namen in hipoteze dela ........................................................................................................ 35 1.5.1 Namen dela ................................................................................................................... 35 1.5.2 Delovne hipoteze ........................................................................................................... 35 2. MATERIAL IN METODE DELA ......................................................................................................... 36 2.1 Material ................................................................................................................................. 36 2.2 Metode dela .......................................................................................................................... 40 2.2.1 Izbira in določanje oslonilnih točk ................................................................................. 40 2.2.2 Prokrustova analiza ....................................................................................................... 42 2.2.3 Primerjava oblike - Analiza glavnih komponent ............................................................ 43 3. REZULTATI...................................................................................................................................... 45 3.1 Prokrustova analiza in analiza glavnih komponent ............................................................... 45 3.2 Variabilnost med rodovi ........................................................................................................ 50 3.3 Filogenetska analiza .............................................................................................................. 53 4. DISKUSIJA ....................................................................................................................................... 59 5. POVZETEK .....................................................................................................................................
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