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Posterior Chamber Scleral Fixation of Intraocular Lenses in Post DOI: 10.7860/JCDR/2017/20989.9533 Original Article Posterior Chamber Scleral Fixation of Intraocular Lenses in Post- Ophthalmology Section Vitrectomised Aphakic Eyes FRANCIS KWASI OBENG1, VIPAN KUMAR VIG2, PREETAM SINGH3, RAJBIR SINGH4, BODHRAJ DHAWAN5, NIKHIL SAHAJPAL6 ABSTRACT Materials and Methods: Records of all patients who had Introduction: The best method of aphakia correction is in the undergone secondary PCSFIOL implantation with sutures bag implantation of Posterior Chamber Intraocular Lens (PCIOL). after combined PPV and lensectomy from 2010 to 2014 were When this ideal procedure is not possible due to lack of integrity reviewed retrospectively for visual outcomes and complications. of posterior capsule or zonules, the other alternatives are broadly Patients’ demographic data, indication for PPV, best corrected categorized into two: extraocular and intraocular. Whereas, the preoperative and postoperative visual acuities, complications former includes contact lenses and aphakic glasses, the latter of surgery, and indications of PCSFIOL and length of follow up ones are further divided into anterior and posterior chamber were collected and analyzed. methods. Anterior Chamber Intraocular Lenses (ACIOL) can be Results: A total of 148 eyes of 148 patients (127 males and with or without iris claw. At the posterior chamber, fixation of the 21 females) were identified. Mean age at surgery was 32.5+8 lenses can be with glue or sutures. years (range 2.5-73 years) with a mean follow up 23+14 months When there is combined Pars Plana Vitrectomy (PPV) and (range 3-114 months). A total of 95.27%, 2.70% and 2.02% lensectomy or if the indication of PPV is dropped nucleus or of patients had improvement, maintenance and worsening of intraocular lens, a modality of aphakia correction should be their final postoperative visual acuities respectively. A total of devised. Posterior Chamber Scleral Fixation of Intraocular 32 (21.62%) of 148 eyes had postoperative complications from Lenses (PCSFIOL) with sutures is a preferred method because PCSFIOL with Epiretinal Membrane (ERM) formation being the of its low complication profile. However, data on correction of most common. They all required one form of management or aphakia after combined PPV and lensectomy is limited. To fill in the other. Suture breakage leading to PCSFIOL subluxation or this gap in knowledge, we evaluated the secondary PCSFIOL in dislocation occurred in four eyes (2.70%). aphakic eyes after previous PPV and lensectomy. Conclusion: PCSFIOL with sutures is a preferred method in Aim: To assess the outcome and complication profile of a the management of post-vitrectomised aphakic eyes when large series of patients who underwent secondary PCSFIOL the capsular or zonular support is not adequate for in the bag implantation with sutures after combined PPV and lensectomy. implantation of posterior chamber intraocular lenses. Keywords: Aphakia correction, Lens, Scleral fixated intraocular lens, Vitrectomy INTRODUCTION affected by PAK will have reduction in Best Corrected Visual Acuity PCSFIOL implantation with sutures in correction of aphakia after (BCVA) even after best treatment modalities are applied [3]. Superior combined PPV and lensectomy is gradually becoming popular limbic keratconjunctivitis and giant papillary conjunctivitis may also especially when the capsular support, be it anterior or posterior, occur with their use. is inadequate or absent. Relative Spectacle Magnification (RSM) in Anterior chamber intraocular lens implantation may bring about simple terms refers to how images increase in size on the retina corneal endothelial decompensation, glaucoma and cystoid when extraocular methods are utilized in correction of aphakia. macular oedema [4]. Use of tissue fibrin glue in placing PCIOL RSM is 1.00, 1.10, and 1.30 when aphakia is corrected with PCIOL, has just started gaining grounds in ophthalmology. Therefore, contact lens and aphakic glasses respectively. In other words, an literature on it is equally very little. In the American Academy of image size magnifies by 10% and 30% with the use of contact lens Ophthalmology 2012 Spotlight on Cataract Surgery Session, only and aphakic glasses respectively instead of a normal PCIOL. This 7.2% of the audience agreed to use this method in case they were may give way to aniseikonia and difficulty in fusion. Their worst faced with deficient capsular support [5]. According to Agarwal A effect is the miscalculation of distances and bumping into objects. et al., tissue glue has two main components which naturally occur These types of glasses are also associated with complications like in blood: fibrinogen and thrombin. They are kept separate until it pincushion distortions, reduced visual field and jack-in-the-box is time for their use because when the latter comes into contact phenomenon apart from being heavy to wear [1]. Contact lens with the former it promotes rapid conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin wear may be associated with eye lid, corneal and conjunctival producing local fibrin clot. The thrombin in the glue also interacts complications. On the eyelid, blepharoptosis may occur. According with endogenous fibrinogen in the sclera bringing about accelerated to a research conducted by Robertson DM et al., the most feared fibrotic healing which in turn helps to hold the haptics in place after complication of contact lens wear is Pseudomonas Aeruginosa the glue has degraded. Tissue glue, however, contains human Keratitis (PAK) whose treatment is very difficult [2]. Another study products making viral transmission from one patient to another a risk published by Weed NC et al., established that 87.5% of patients factor [6]. Although, PCSFIOL with sutures may be associated with Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research. 2017 Mar, Vol-11(3): NC09-NC13 9 Francis Kwasi Obeng et al., Posterior Chamber Scleral Fixation of Intraocular Lenses in Post-Vitrectomised Aphakic Eyes www.jcdr.net such complications as postoperative inflammation, erosions over RESULTS the sutures, induced astigmatism and suture breakage in years after [Table/Fig-1] shows summary of visual outcome. BCVA did not surgery [6], its advantages far outweigh its complication profile. To change after PPV and the final BCVA after placement of PCSFIOL, date, multiple published case series have shown favourable results but individuals had better visual acuities than before its implantation when PCSFIOL is implanted with sutures after cataract surgery in but the percentages did not change. The mean difference between which there is posterior capsular rupture. The purpose of our study final postoperative and preoperative visual acuity was 1.1+0.1 log was to evaluate the outcomes and complication profile of a large MAR units which was statistically significant (p=0.001). This is shown series of patients who underwent secondary PCSFIOL implantation in the graph pad below with its corresponding [Table/Fig-2,3]. with sutures after combined PPV and lensectomy. The underlying vitreoretinal diseases for which PPV was performed were retinal detachment (n=88 eyes; 59.46%); endophthalmitis MATERIALS AND METHODS (n=27 eyes; 18.24%); vitreous haemorrhage (n=18 eyes; 12.16%); The medical records of patients who underwent PCSFIOL dropped IOL (n=7 eyes; 4.73%); intraocular foreign body (n=6 implantation after combined PPV and lensectomy in our hospital eyes; 4.05%); dropped nucleus (n=1 eye; 0.68%) and non-settling were retrospectively analyzed. The study reviewed the records of panuveitis (n=1; 0.68%). In all 84 eyes (56.76%) had PPV as a result consecutive patients who underwent the surgery mentioned above of traumatic, and 64 eyes (43.24%) non traumatic causes. between 2010 and 2014 and had a minimum follow up of three Out of the total number, the major indications for PCSFIOL were months. Three experienced surgeons performed all the surgeries. planned lensectomy (n=137 eyes; 92.57%); dropped IOL into Institutional ethical approval was required for this research and in vitreous (n=10 eyes; 6.76%) and dropped nucleus (n=1 eye; a wider dimension, the tenets of Declaration of Helsinski utilized in 0.68%). Those in whom planned lensectomy was performed were an attempt to respect human rights of the participants. In addition patients who had developed cataract of diverse aetiologies together to general demographic data, information on baseline preoperative with vitreoretinal disease prior to the PPV. Since the cataractous visual acuity, indication for surgery, postoperative complications, lenses were not allowing enough fundus view for appropriate PPV, latest Best Corrected Visual Acuity (BCVA) and indication for any lensectomy was performed. Some patients had also lost the integrity subsequent surgical procedures was collected and analyzed. Out of their zonular fibres. of the 160 patients whose medical records were reviewed, 12 were The mean preoperative BCVA was 1.7+0.60 logMAR units, which excluded from the study because they were followed up for less depended on the underlying vitreoretinal disease with which they than three months or lost to follow up. reported for the first time. [Table/Fig-1] presents a summary of the Aurolens single piece intraocular nonfoldable lenses (Aurolab, visual outcome. In all 95.27% of patients had improvement, 2.70% No.1, Sivagangai Main Road, Veerapanjan, Madurai-625 020, unchanged and 2.02% worsening of their final postoperative visual India) were used for all PCSFIOL implantations. These were single acuity compared to preoperative measurement. The mean difference piece Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) lenses with eyelets, optic between final postoperative and preoperative visual acuity was 1.1 diameter of 6.5 mm and overall length of 13.0 mm. The secondary + 0.1 logMAR units which was statistically significant (p=0.0001). implantation of Intraocular Lens (IOL) was planned when the vitreo- Overall 32 of 148 eyes (21.62%) developed postoperative com- retinal disease had subsided and remained stable for a minimum of plications from PCSFIOL as shown in [Table/Fig-3]. eight weeks. IOL power was calculated using the SRK/T (Sanders- The most common complication was ERM formation (10 eyes; Retzlaff-Kraff theoretical) formula.
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