Archaeological Society Arch Notes

New Series Volume 12, Issue 2 ISSN 0048-1742 MarchiApril2007 -----

Not your typical archaeological find: Jean-Luc Pilon describes his experiences digging at an important Canadian World War 1 battle site. starting on p. 15. Photo by Jeen-LuG Pilon

OASNews Articles '1 3 President's message 6 Introducing the Huronia Chapter, by Marilyn Cornies 4 From the GAS office... 11 My recollections of Paul W. Sweetman, Archaeologist, by Charles Garrad I 10 Symposium call for papers 15 Digging into Vimy Ridge: Challenging our History, by Jean-Luc Pilon 22 GAS chapter listings

Visit us on the Web at www.ontarioarchaeology.on.ca Ontario Archaeological Society

Board of Directors Appointments & Committees President Editor, Ontario Jean-Luc Pilon rt [email protected]. Inet.ca • Hamson. Susan Jamieson. Eva McDonald, Alicia Henry van Lieshout (416) 446-7673 henry_vanliesh Director of Services

Car (416 edit

Vacant Director of John L. Crees jlcreese@trinity. Director of Public C) eorge (TMHC), Alicia Hawkins of Pikwakanagim), (705) 675-1151 ext. 4224 useum of Civilization) [email protected] Executive Director Lise Ferguson 1444 Queen Street East, Suite 102 Professional Committee Toronto, ON M4L lEI Chair: Alicia Hawkins Phone/fax: (416) 406-5959 Cathy Crinnion, Holly Martelle, Jean-Luc Pilon, [email protected] Paul Racher, Andrew Murray Board meetiug dates in 2007 Symposium 2007 Kingston January 6 Chair: Alan MacLachlan April 14 Volunteer Recognition Task Force July 14 September 29 Chair: Jean-Luc Pilon; Members: Carole Stimmell, Cathy Crinnion J

President's message

By Jean.Luc Pilon see for yourself), the bottom line is P.E.I., Nova Scotia, Quebec, President that licensing authorities can no Alberta, the Plains, Yukon, British I was recently at a meeting of the longer accept the destruction of Columbia. What do you feel like at • Kingston OAS Symposium plan­ sites by archaeologists without this moment? Neglected and ning committee and as a result I efforts to actually use the informa­ rejected? Here is insult to injury­ can assure you that this fall's event tion beyond the minimal require­ Chandler added two more stories will be very worthwhile attending, ments of license reports. I couldn't at the end of the "Top 10": one on not only because ofthe themes that help but think of the situation here possible Dorset-Norse contacts in have been proposed (see the call in and in Ontario in par­ the Eastern Arctic and a short sec­ for papers in this issue), but also ticular. Literally hundreds of sites tion on "Walking with Dinosaurs"!! because of the historically steeped every year are discovered, regis­ Ontario did not place in the "Top setting in which it will take place tered, sampled and excavated, yet 10" and did not even merit an hon­ and the activities that are being beyond compliance reports, their orable mention. Does this means planned. The heritage community destruction serves no obvious pur­ that Ontario's archaeological past in Kingston has a long history (did pose. At the same time, consultants pales in comparison to these and you know that next year the can legitimately point out that they other sites? Not by a long shot in Cataraqui Archaeological Research do not have the time or the my opinion! We could sit down Foundation will be 25 years old? resources to undertake analysis and discuss how the list was Congratulations!) and is proudly and publication on their own. And arrived at, who was asked to sug­ independent. They have much to the developers, it goes without say­ gest sites, how the questions were be admired for and emulated, so ing, are concerned with getting on asked, what were the criteria for make plans now to come and dip with their work, not necessarily being considered a "top" site, etc., your toes into Ontario's long and expanding our understanding of but this would be circular and complex past at the mouth of the the past. Pivotal in this discussion futile. At the same time, we might Cataraqui River at the beginning of is the Ontario Ministry of Culture also come to the realization that November, 2007. and the requirements that it places the story of Ontario's archaeologi­ What do Archaeology magazine on the archaeological consulting cal past is just not getting out there and The Beaver magazine have in process. There may be legal ques­ to a wider public; in fact, it is even common? Initially, not much, but tions which come into play about difficult for archaeologists to know bear with me. At the end of how much the developers can be what is going on just down the February, I picked up a copy of asked to pay, but as a profession, road. Archaeology in an airport news­ archaeology in some respects has In Ontario, just about all of the stand. In it I read an interesting become a blind executioner, where archaeology being done takes place article by Roger Atwood titled we should be more like the because of the needs of develop­ "Publish or Be Punished: Israel Medecins sans frontieres ofthe past. ment and impact studies. The con­ cracks down on delinquent dig­ The second part of the initial text of this work is such that the gers" (MarchIApril 2007). I was question was about The Beaver point of the exercise has become to astonished to read how the Israel magazine. Actually, Holly Martelle clear the archaeological concern Antiquities Authority has taken a brought my attention to the June­ on a property and then get on with tough stand with projects and July 2006 issue that featured the development. Government researchers, no matter how well "Canada's Top 10 Archaeological does not impose any necessity to funded they are, who fail to share Sites". Wow, what a choice Ann publish and so contracts cannot their discoveries with a wider audi­ Chandler had to make. Look include funds for analysis and pub­ ence. While there are many intrica­ through the list. There are sites lication. A consultant earning a liv­ cies to the tale (pick up a copy and from Newfoundland, Labrador, ing then goes on to the next project

March / April 2007 Arch Notes 12(2) 4

and the backlog simply continues plummeted and we no longer something to learn from the past to grow. There are, of course, spoke of global warming, but of that can help us prepare for the exceptions to this broad statement, record cold temperatures for future? Plus ~a change, plus c'est but as a general trend it is unfortu­ February. So go figure. pareil! nately too true. What is the solu­ What I find interesting in these tion? Something drastic like the discussions of global warming and Enfin, je me dois de terminer Israel Antiquities Authority the greenhouse effect is the lack of cette note avec quelques mots en imposed? That couldn't last long time depth. Serious commentators fran~ais pour les lecteurs fran­ because then developments across will speak oftrends developed over cophones. II y a une tradition the province would grind to a halt. the past century. Some even go parmi les gens de chez nous de The first step, however, might be back to the Middle Ages. This is all s'accommoder, de ne pas brasser la for the Ministry to at least recog­ in the recent past and there really soupe inutilement. En toute nize that it is an issue and bring has not been enough time to devel­ douceur, il y a peut"etre une occa­ concerned players to a table to take op significant trends. Much data sion pour prendre un peu de place stock of the situation and discuss exist on global temperature fluctu­ sur la scene de I'archeologie en options and strategies. ations spanning centuries and mil­ Ontario. Si vous en avez I'envie, On a more positive note, in my lennia since the end of the last ice faites-nous des suggestions pour first President's Message to you, I age, yet we hardly ever hear scien­ augmenter I'utilisation du fran~ais foretold of canoe races on the tists share with us insights from lit ou un besoin reel existe au sein for the National these studies. How did people cope de la societe ontarienne Capital's Winterlude instead of the in the past with climate change? d'archeologie. Soyez rassures que usual skating. Two weeks after Do archaeologists have something toutes vos idees sont les plus bien­ writing those words, temperatures to add to the debate? Is there really venues! From the OAS office...

Lise Ferguson, Chapter to celebrate the release of sit), GPS, an others. Executive Director White Raven with the author as she May (weekends) -Ancient Spring has sprung! OAS Chapters takes us into the fictional world of Pathways Project: Pedestrian are getting busy again after most archaeology, ancient myths, and a Surveys within the Dundas Valley had a break during part ofour cold bitter feud between environmen­ Project. Spokesperson, Dr. Bob Ontario winter, and there are lots talists and loggers! Autographed Henderson (McMaster U.). of other goings-on, some of which books are for sale ($25) to raise Summer -TBA Archaeological I will highlight here. funds for the Hamilton Chapter. Survey - Reconnaissance of the Free admission; RSVPs recom­ Reimer/Boyd Sites Project Chapters' Corner mended. Advance orders guarantee Director - James B. Bandow. Open (see the websites for the most up­ a signing. Light refreshments will to OAS members only! to-date information; you can link be served. to the Chapters through the OAS London website at Public Events· 2007 April 12 - The speaker for the ontarioarchaeology.on.ca) May - Map, Compass, & Survey meeting will be Dr. Chris Watts, Workshop , who will Hamilton TBA - Basic to advanced map talk about his work on Western April 5, 7 pm, Dundurn Castle ­ and compass skills for students of Basin sites in southwestern White Raven: An Evening With archaeology. Topics include trian­ Ontario in a presentation entitled Author & Archaeologist Deborah gulation, map reading, vectors and "Pot/Potter Hybrids and Networks Cannon. Join the Hamilton radials, calculating distance (tran- of Agency in Late Woodland

March / April 2007 Arch Notes 12(2) 5

Southwestern Ontario, ca. AD local history and making history beginning with the work ofFather 900-1300': public. We invite proposals for Jean de Brebeuf. The only book of papers on a wide range of themes, its kind, Words of the Huron will Ottawa including native history and spark discussion among scholars, May 10 - The"35 + I"Anniversary archaeology, and others. Deadline students and anyone interested in of the Ottawa Chapter with cake for submissions is April 30, 2007, North American archaeology, and refreshments. OAS members and presenters will be notified by Native studies, cultural anthropol­ • and friends are welcome. Check June IS, 2007. For further infor­ ogy, and seventeenth-century the Ottawa Chapter website for mation please contact: Jim North American history. details as they develop. Quantrell, City of Cambridge John L. Steckley has taught at Archives at Humber College since 1983 in the Toronto [email protected]; areas ofAboriginal languages, cul­ April 18 - Jim Sherratt, University additional information at: ture, and history. His books of Toronto at Mississauga, will be www.city.cambridge.on.ca include: Beyond Their Years: Five speaking on "19th Century Peel: Native Women's Stories; Full (As)sorted Tales of Pioneering New book Circle: Canada's First Nations; Life': Over the last five years, D.R. Words ofthe Huron by John L. Aboriginal Voices and the Politics Poulton and Associates have exca­ Steckley (Wilfrid Laurier Press) ­ of Representation in Canadian vated a large number of 19th cen­ see www.wlupress.wlu.ca/press/ Introductory Sociology tury farmsteads in Peel County. Catalog/steckley.shtml Textbooks and De Religione: Each archaeological investigation Words of the Huron is an Telling the 17th Century Jesuit of a historic site is unique, provid­ investigation into seventeenth­ Story in Huron to the Iroquois. In ing insight into the first century of century Huron culture through a 1999, he was adopted into the pioneer life in Upper Canada. The kind oflinguistic archaeology ofa Wyandot tribe of Kansas. (He is story of the G. Bland, P. McClure language that died midway also a past-President of the OAS!) and J. Lellar sites are no excep­ through the twentieth century. tions. The G. Bland site represents John Steckley explores a range of Significant heritage lands a wealthy pioneer family while the topics, including: the construction protected under Natural J. Lellar site gives us a glimpse ofa of longhouses and wooden Spaces Program young widow's struggle in the armour; the use of words for trees On March IS, there was an backwoods of Canada. in village names; the social announcement by the Ontario anthropological standards of kin­ Heritage Trust: The Honourable Call for papers ship terms and clans; Huron con­ Lincoln M. Alexander, Chairman The City of Cambridge Archives ceptualizing of European-borne of the OHT; David Ramsay, Board invites you to join them on disease; the spirit realm oforenda; Minister of Natural Resources; October 20, 2007, for History on Huron nations and kinship and Caroline Di Cocco, Minister the Grand, a one-day local history groups; relationship to the envi­ of Culture, announced the symposium to be held at the ronment; material culture; and the approval of 26 funding applica­ University of Waterloo School of relationship between the French tions to acquire significant natural Architecture in downtown missionaries and settlers and the heritage lands through Ontario's Cambridge. The aim of this sym­ Huron people. Steckley's source Natural Spaces Program. This posium is to provide a forum for material includes the first diction­ program provides tools and members of the academic com­ ary of any Aboriginal language, resources to help landowners vol­ munity, historical and heritage Recollect Brother Gabriel Sagard's untarily contribute to the stew­ groups, historic sites, museums Huron phrasebook, published in ardship of Ontario's rich natural and archives and the general pub­ 1632, and the sophisticated Jesuit heritage. The MNR granted $6 lic to share research and discuss missionary study of the language million to the OHT to acquire and issues arising from the study of from the 1620s to the 1740s, secure significant natural heritage

March / April 2007 Arch Nates 12(2) 6

properties. The Trust used the ners including trail and field natu­ Ancient Peru Unearthed funding to establish the "Natural ralist organizations, several con­ The Royal Ontario Museum pres­ Spaces Land Acquisition and servation authorities and one ents an exhibition of pre-Inca Stewardship Program': municipality. The proposed land artifacts highlighting the ancient "This program is helping to acquisitions include over 750 Sican culture. See: preserve and restore a diverse sys­ hectares (nearly 1,900 acres) of www.rom.on.ca!peru tem of natural areas across south­ provincially significant natural ern Ontario;' said Minister heritage lands. The Trust's contri­ Doors Open Ontario Ramsay. "We will continue to bution to these proposed land From March through October a work with landowners, First acquisitions is $2.5 million, which number oftowns and cities will be Nations and other partners to fur­ will be matched by the partners. swinging a lot of"Doors Open" to ther the protection and steward­ For more information, go to: heritage buildings and other sites ship of natural spaces:' http://tinyurl.com/2z6ct9 not normally open to the public. The 26 approved applications For info: were submitted by a range ofpart- www.doorsopenontario.on.ca EcoArchaeology Weekend for Adults­ Murphys Point Provincial Park Friday, September 14 to Sunday, September 24 involved in excavation at the site include lots ofexcavation, guided for a week each Fall under the hikes, canoeing, and great A successful archaeology project supervision of professional accommodation and meals. For has been going on at Murphys archaeologists and members of more information, a fee schedule Point Provincial Park since 2001. the Ottawa Chapter. The Hogg or to register, see The McParian House/Burgess Mill Bay Committee of the Friends of www.friendsofmu~hyspoint.ca. site dates to the early nineteenth Murphys Point Park is now ready e-mail century and includes remains to expand this project to the friendsofmu~hyspointpark@yah from a farmstead, a sawmill and a general adult population and has oO.ca or call Beth at (613) 267­ blacksmith shop. Since 2004, designed a unique ecoarchaeology 5340. Space is limited-please elementary students have been weekend experience that will register by July 31. Introducing the Huronia Chapter

By Marilyn E. Cornies knowledge. A local Chapter of the thanks to Michelle Bedard, Ellen In the past few years I have had the Ontario Archaeological Society Blaubergs, Dale Elder, Alicia opportunity to be involved in seemed the ideal solution. Hawkins, Jamie Hunter, Marg archaeological surveys and excava­ The formation of a Huronia Raynor, Teresa Wagner and Jason tions in that part ofOntario widely chapter rapidly gained support and Wootton-Radko. We would also known as Huronia. The present John Raynor, Michael Henry and I like to thank those individuals who residents of Huronia possess an applied to the Society. We could have applied to be members of the impressive amount of both passion not have accomplished this with­ chapter. Additionally, members of and knowledge of the history of out the assistance of the OAS the Board of Directors of the the area. What was lacking was a members in good standing who provincial body of the OAS must forum in which to share this supported our application. Special be thanked for their encourage-

March / April 2007 Arch Notes 12(2) 7 ment and support of our new The name and logo for the our inaugural meeting. chapter. Our application was newsletter is to be determined by accepted and we were then faced the members. Georgian Bay Native Friendship with the daunting task of organiz­ Ideas for long-term goals are Centre ing the chapter. An interim execu­ many and ambitious. Public educa­ 175 Yonge Street tive was elected to deal with the tion and awareness are to be major Midland, Ontario many nuts and bolts. The interim components of the Huronia Phone (705) 526-5589 executive consists of Marilyn Chapter. The intention is to www.gbnfc.com Cornies, president; Teresa Wagner, enhance the linkages between her­ vice-president; and Marg Raynor, itage groups, local municipalities Georgian Bay Metis Council secretary/treasurer. and First Nations communities and Unit 301 organizations with an interest in 9170 County Road 93 First meeting the rich heritage of Huronia. The Midland, Ontario The first meeting of the Huronia knowledge ofavocational and local Phone (705) 526-6335 Chapter of the OAS will be held informants in the area is vast. The (above The Source) May 16,2007, at 7 p.m. in Midland. chapter intends to collect and It will be at the Georgian Bay record this information in an effort Native Friendship Centre, with to enhance the current historical subsequent meetings to be held at and archaeological record. the Georgian Bay Metis Council The Chapter aims to compile (addresses below). Anyone wanting the historical records from existing to attend can e-mail me at primary and secondary works as [email protected]. well as to map the historical geog­ The meeting will be opened raphy with reference to both events with a smudging ceremony fol­ and locations. Research will be lowed by the signing ofthe charter. conducted in an effort to place A short meeting will then be held known sites within the chronology to inform members of upcoming of Huronia. The next step will then events and to solicit member ideas be the publication of these records for chapter activities. We will also in an accessible public format. The be actively soliciting member feed­ Chapter will encourage the preser­ back and suggestions on some of vation of significant sacred, his­ the preliminary ideas on the goals toric and cultural sites. and objectives of the chapter. The Chapter also hopes to assist Refreshments will be offered and in the promotion of the area as a Correction time allotted to allow members to historic site destination by working become acquainted with each with the tourism industry, which is In our last issue, an error other. of great importance to the area. All inadvertently crept into the A number of preliminary ideas of this, of course, is subject to the article about Ake Hultkrantz in have been developed in consulta­ input of the membership and is the Web reference for the tion with our founding members. offered only to form the basis of Shaman journal website. It In the short term the Chapter discussion. should be: intends to set up an interactive web The interim executive has been www.folkscene.hurn page and a Chapter newsletter. It working diligently in an effort to has been suggested that the ensure that the Huronia chapter not www.folkscene.hu newsletter be issued in a digital will be an interactive chapter with We regret any confusion this format to reduce costs and the time involvement from its members. may have caused readers. required to produce each issue. We hope to see many of you at

March / April 2007 Arch Notes 12(2) 8

March / April 2007 Arch Notes 12(2) 9

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AMICK Consultants Limited is currently looking for 2 Field Directors and 10-20 Field Crew Members for the upcoming 2007 field season. Candidates applying for the Field Director position must have, or be eligible for, an archaeological licence. Experience in report writing and artifact analysis is an asset. Field Crew Applicants do not require field experience although it is an asset. Pay is negotiable and will be dependent upon experience and skill sets. For qualifying personnel, there is potential for employment to extend through the winter months following the end of the field season. Full-time, permanent employment is a possibility based on qualifications and skill sets. We are looking for people to work out of each of our two offices: in London, and in Port McNicoll (near Midland).

AMICK Consultants Limited has several archaeological site excavations to complete in the upcoming field season, as well as numerous property assessments and test excavations.

Although our fieldwork will likely begin before the end of March and could last until mid­ December, we welcome applications for employment from students seeking summer work.

Resumes will be accepted only at the Lakelands District Office. All interviews will be held at the Lakelands District Office. If you have a preference for location, please note which district to which you are applying.

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March / April 2007 Arch Nates 12(2) 10

Either Side of Contact-OAS Symposium 2007

Call for Papers and Posters

From 2 to 4 November the Cataraqui Archaeological Research Foundation invites you to the his­ toric city of Kingston, an area witnessing thousands of years ofAboriginal occupation, the site of 17th and 18th century French fur trade post Fort Frontenac, and the strategic military and commer­ cial centre of British Upper Canada during the 19th century. Much of this legacy still remains in the town's architecture and street names.

Reflecting Kingston's diverse heritage, we invite papers and posters exploring the range of Ontario's human past from prehistory to the historic period. Themes we wish to include are:

Defence and Modified Landscapes Approaches to Material Culture Research Cultures in Contact Cultural Resource Management in Ontario: Everyone has a Role

Interested participants please send titles and abstracts to:

Program Committee OAS Symposium 2007 Cataraqui Archaeological Research Foundation 72 Gilmour Avenue Kingston, Ontario K7M 9G6 or bye-mail in Word or Word Perfect format to:

[email protected]

Conference sessions will be held at Confederation Place Hotel, on the waterfront and in the heart of downtown Kingston. The reception will be in the restored Memorial Hall of Kingston City Hall, a National Historic Site, while the Officers' Mess of Fort Frontenac will be the site of the banquet. Tours and workshops are currently being planned to take advantage of Kingston's over 20 museums and historic sites.

Watch for more information at www.ontarioarchaeology.on.ca and www.carf.info as well as forth­ coming Arch Notes.

See you in Kingston!

March / April 2007 Arch Nates 12(2) 11 Paul William Sweetman

From the Toronto Star February 21,2007, 10:36 AM From Charles Garrad SWEETMAN, Paul William. Peacefully, in his 90th Paul Sweetman died in Brighton, Ontario, but a year, on Saturday, February 17,2007, in Brighton, Reception was held in Toronto on Saturday February Ontario. Paul was predeceased by his wife Helen 24th, which enabled Mima Kapches, Peter Pauline (Polly), son Nicholas Paul and sister Eleanor Carruthers, Ella and Charlie Garrad to attend to Bissell. Beloved father of Jill Osborne (Gordon). represent the OAS and Paul's archaeological interests. Sadly missed by daughter in law Sandra, We were greatly outnumbered by his former music grandchildren Rebecca and Lauren Sweetman and and choral students, some of which most Padraig Osborne. Uncle of Lynn Gardner and family, impressively sang a group presentation of the Lord's Margaret Bissell and Mary Bissell and family. Retired Prayer. Charlie was then invited to read an item he Supervisor of Music with the Scarborough Board of had written for Arch Notes titled "My Recollections of Education. Past President ofThe Ontario Paul W. Sweetman, Archaeologist': Afterward, a Archaeological Society, 2006 recipient ofThe number of those in attendance said they had known Pendergast Award. Composer and Music Director of nothing about Paul's archaeological interest and were his much loved Gilbert and Sullivan operettaS'. A quite astounded to learn of it, especially his role in reception [was] held at the HUMPHREY FUNERAL the preservation of the Peterborough Petroglyphs. HOME A.w. MILES CHAPEL, 1403 Bayview Avenue (south of Eglinton Avenue East), on Saturday, February 24, from 1 p.m. to 3 p.m. in the Leaside Room. Donations may be made in Paul's memory to the Canadian Cancer Society, 20 Holly Street, Suite 101, Toronto, ON M4S 3Bl.

My Recollections of Paul W. SweetmanJ Archaeologist By Charles Garrad MacMillan-and a music teacher throughout his I first met Paul back in the 1960s when I was teaching career. He was also interested in military his­ befriended by Paul's principal archaeological col­ tory, particularly the career of Napoleon. Paul's last leagues, Ken Kidd and Frank Ridley. After Frank died major trip just a few years ago was to Vienna, both for in 1985 1 began visiting Paul and Polly periodically. I the music, and to visit Austerlitz. Paul knew every learned they were both retired teachers and had met detail of the Battle of Austerlitz in 1805, when at OCE. They married in 1942, had a daughter Jill, Napoleon defeated a larger Austrian and Russian and a son Nicholas. After Polly and Nick had passed force. on, and Paul moved to an apartment, their big cat Paul told me how he and Polly had met Kenneth named Tina adjusted and became Paul's companion, and Martha Kidd from the ROM at a party in 1947. almost to the end. At that time Paul had an archaeo­ Ken was writing his book on his work at Ste. Marie logical laboratory set up at his house in Don Mills Among the Hurons and was now looking for volun­ and was busy restoring ceramics pots from several teers to assist him at the Ossossane ossuary. Paul archaeological sites which he had helped excavate. insisted the real reason he was invited to join the crew Archaeology was only one of Paul's eclectic interests. was that he was the only one who could drive and had His principal interest was music-he was a graduate a driving licence, but he was being modest. It was at of the Faculty of Music under Sir Ernest Ossossane that Paul met Frank Ridley, who had found

March / April 2007 Arch Nates 12(2) 12 the ossuary, persuaded the owner to deed it to the of Music for the Scarborough School Board and ROM, and arranged for the ROM to excavate it, and retained that position until he retired in 1977. later even made and built the sign which marks the I gradually came to learn Paul's memories and ossuary site today. opinions of Ontario during the war, of the .state of This was not Paul's first exposure to things archae­ education at various times, of his musical perform­ ological. As a schoolboy, Paul's best friend was Claude ances, training choirs, and promoting the music of Bissell, later President of the University of Toronto. Gilbert and Sullivan. Also of his sense ofhumour, wit, Together they used to pick up arrowpoints and arti­ and intellectual skills which made him fun to visit. He facts when houses were being built at Baby Point. produced two kinds ofarchaeological reports, formal, They even became related when Paul's sister married for the government and for publication, and humor­ Lester Bissell. ous, for private circulation among his friends, the lat­ At the time Paul became involved in music as a ter copiously illustrated with clever cartoons and def- career, the musical initely not for wider superintendent for distribution. Paul the Toronto Public initially wrote of his School Board was friend Frank Ridley Alexander T. as the Reverend and Cringan, who was Right Honourable, the expert on but after Paul Iroquois Indian invented a fictitious music and had pub­ University of lished several arti­ Kleinberg, which cles in the Ontario awarded Ridley the Archaeological one and only Ph.D. Reports series for it ever granted, it David Boyle (Boyle was thereafter Dr. 1898:144-156; Ridley. Cringan 1900, 1903, These reports 1906). had best remain In 1957 Paul was private, but I will teaching at cite Paul's Recipe Lawrence Park for Northern Coffee Collegiate and there written in 1953: he introduced an Take three handfuls archaeological pro­ Paul Swaetman, at the Ault Park site sometime in 1957. of coffee, add one Emerson Archaeological Photographic Archives. Department of , gramme. He was, at University of Toronto; catalogue # BgFr-1-17 soiled sock, five ants, the time (1957, four black flies, one 1958), president of The Ontario Archaeological gallon of water. Boil for two hours, filter and serve. Society. Paul and his students excavated the Brimley In the 1950s and '60s Paul conducted archaeologi­ Road site and at Woodbridge. Beginning in 1962 he cal work with and for Ken Kidd at the ROM, Thomas operated Saturday morning classes for gifted students McIlwraith and Norman Emerson at the UoIT, for the and they excavated a site in Victoria County. Two of Historic Sites Board, and with Frank Ridley privately. the gifted students went into archaeology: Roberta Paul's reports for the Historic Sites Board are now in O'Brien and Peter Hamalainen. Frank Ridley took the Ontario Archives. In 1954 Paul was asked to be over Paul's teaching in 1964-65 when the Sweetman part of an expedition to investigate the newly discov­ family took a sabbatical to u.K. Paul spent a year in ered Peterborough Petroglyphs. The country through the British Museum reading music manuscripts. Not which the crew hiked was then absolutely primitive. long after they returned (1967) Paul became Director To cross one stream they undressed and carried their

March / Aprif 2007 Arch Nates 12(2) 13 clothes on their heads. One result of the expedition campfire at Ault Park than he had at any University. was Paul's first publication in Ontario History Other recognition in Paul's later years included an (Sweetman 1955). Another result was the preserva­ Honorary Life Membership, and a Fifty Year tion of the Petroglyphs on Paul's recommendation Membership recognition, from The Ontario (Vastokas & Vastokas 1973:10,143n8). The next year, Archaeological Society (2004 Arch Notes). 1955, was the joint Ridley/Sweetman expedition to In his last publication, Bruce Trigger named many Moose Factory and Moose River. In all Paul pub­ people who had influenced his life, including "Paul lished archaeological reports in five outlets, and pri­ Sweetman, a member of the Ontario Archaeological vately, and there are unpublished reports in the Society, encouraged my archaeological interests" Ontario Archives. (Trigger 2006:231). Paul encouraged many, and his In 1959 Paul and his friend Frank Ridley were influence will live on, both directly and indirectly invited to be part of a Canadian delegation to China. through those he inspired. Those of us who knew Paul represented the City ofToronto and the Toronto him enjoyed being with him. I am fortunate to have School Board; Paul and Frank together represented been one of them. Ontario archaeology. In China, Paul visited various schools, studied their curricula, met teachers, princi­ References pals and officials, and was astounded to find that in Boyle, David supposedly insular China, embargoed by the 1898 ''Archaeological Report 1898': Part of Report Americans, largely abandoned by Russia, they were ofthe Minister ofEducation Ontario, Toronto: teaching 52 languages in preparation for the day that Legislative Assembly China would again be a member of the world com­ Cringan, Alexander T. munity. Paul told me that at the time the best place in 1900 "Pagan Dance Songs of the Iroquois': In the world to learn Swahili, or Zulu, or Finish, was in Archaeological Report 1899, pp.168-189, part Peking. Paul and Frank were taken to the major of Report ofthe Minister ofEducation archaeological sites in both China and Russia, where Ontario, Toronto: Legislative Assembly they stayed several weeks on their way home. Paul 1903 "Iro'quois Folk Songs': In Annual particularly remembered the archaeological section Archaeological Report 1902, pp.B7-152, part of the Museum of Russia on the Red Square in of Report ofthe Minister ofEducation Moscow, opposite his hotel. Paul's report to the Ontario, Toronto: Legislative Assembly Toronto Board of Education would be interesting reading if it could be retrieved from the Board's 1906 "Indian Music': In Annual Archaeological Report 1905, pp.158-161, part of Report of the archives. Both Paul and Frank returned to Canada with a Minister ofEducation Ontario, Toronto: love for China and the wish to reciprocate the hospi­ Legislative Assembly tality they had received. The Sweetmans and Ridleys Garrad, Charles kept open houses for Chinese officials, delegations, 1990 "Paul W. Sweetman 1957, 1958': In The the Peking Opera, ballets and the like when they vis­ Presidents Remember: Forty Years ofthe ited Toronto. Ontario Archaeological Society, Special Paul took a deep satisfaction over the outcome of Publication No.9, p.15. Compiled and edited what seemed a minor event. At the Ault Park site in by Charles Garrad. Toronto: The Ontario 1957, Paul, ever the teacher, lectured the student exca­ Archaeological Society vators around the evening campfire about Ontario 2004 "Interviews with Paul Sweetman, Ontario archaeology. One of the University of Toronto stu­ Archaeologist". Conducted by Charles Garrad, dents was 18-year-old Bruce Trigger. Bruce later went January 2003, Department ofAnthropology, to Harvard, and returned to Canada to become : McGill University Canada's foremost anthropologist. In Paul's later 2004 "Paul Sweetman 50 Year OAS Member!" Arch years, Bruce wrote to him to say that, looking back on Notes, NS 9(4):8 his career, he learned more from Paul at the evening

March / April 2007 Arch Notes 12(2) 14

Sweetman, Paul W. Trigger, Bruce G. 1955 "A Preliminary Report on the Peterborough 2006 "Retrospection", Chapter 16. In The Petroglyphs'~ Ontario History 47(3):101-121 Archaeology ofBruce Trigger: Theoretical 1957 "Ontario Archaeological Society Activities'~ In Empiricism edited by Ronald F. Williamson New Pages in History 1957, pp.20-21. Edited and Michael S. Bisson, pp.225-257. Montreal by J. Norman Emerson, Toronto: The Ontario & Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press Historical Society Vastokas, Joan M. & Romas K. 1957 "Journal of a Voyage'~ (Report to Frank Ridley 1973 "Sacred Art of the Algonkians". A Study of the ofexpedition to Michipicoten) Peterborough Petroglyphs. Peterborough: Mansard Press 1958 "Ontario Archaeological Society Activities". Ontario History 50:58-59 Paul Sweetman Publications by outlet 1958 "The Boyd Site': Publication No.4 (Ontario New Pages in History Archaeology no. 4):1-3 1957 "Ontario Archaeological Society Activities" 1958 "The Pennycook Site - Lot 30, Concession 6, New Pages in History 1957:20-21 Haliburton County': Pennsylvania Archaeologist 28(2):94-96 Arch Notes 1963 "The Bristow Site, Thorah Island" [Summary 1963 [Lecture summary] "The Bristow Site, Thorah of talk given May 1963], 1963(May) Island'~ Arch Notes, May 1963 1967 '1\rchaeological Work in the Timmins Area, 1967 [Lecture summary] '1\rchaeological Work in 1966" [Summary of talk given April 1967], the Timmins Area, 1966'~ Arch Notes, May May 1967: 1-2 1967:1-2 1990 "The Corin Site, Thorah Island, Lake Simcoe, 1967 "The Bristow Site': Pennsylvania Archaeologist 1970-1989'; 90(2):18-22 371-2:2-21 1990 letter to the Editor about the condition of the 1967-1968 '1\rchaeological Survey ofVictoria Peterborough Petroglyphs, and Honorary County': Unpublished MS, Ontario Archives Doctorates for Ken and Martha Kidd, 1990 "The Corin Site, Thorah Island, Lake Simcoe, 90(5):18-19 1970-1989'~ Arch Notes 90(2):18-22 1992" G. Ruth (Marshall) Tovell" [obituary], 92-2 1990 letter to the editor concerning the condition 1994 "Walker, Caroline et al., On Leaving Bai Di of the Peterborough Petroglyphs and Cheng" [book reviewJ, 1994:34 requesting honorary doctorates for Kenneth E. and Martha Kidd. Arch Notes 90(5):18-19 Ontario Archaeology 1958 "The Boyd Site" The Ontario Archaeological n.d. (1990 ?) '1\n Album ofAboriginal Pottery Society Publication No. 4:1-3 Types': From Sites recorded by G. Laidlaw in Victoria County and Sites on Thorah Island, Ontario History Lake Simcoe, Brock Township, Durham 1955 '1\ Preliminary Report on the Peterborough Region. Toronto (Don Mills): Paul W. Petroglyphs'; 47:101-121 Sweetman, 1958 "Ontario Archaeological Society Activities 1992 [Obituary oj] "G. Ruth (Marshall) Tovell". (1957)': 50:58-59 Arch Notes 92(2):38 Pennsylvania Archaeologist 1994 [Review oj] "On Leaving Bai Di Cheng" by 1958 "The Pennycook Site - Lot 30, Concession 6; Caroline Walker et al. Arch Notes 1994(2):34 Haliburton County'; 28(2):94-96

March / April 2007 Arch Notes 12(2) 15

1967 "The Bristow Site" Pennsylvania Major references to Archaeologist 37(1-2):2-21 Garrad, Charles Ontario Archives 1990 "The Presidents Remember: Forty Years of 1967-1968 Archaeological Survey ofVictoria The Ontario Archaeological Society'; Special County Publication No. 9:14-15, Toronto: The Ontario Archaeological Society Privately n.d. An Album ofAboriginal Pottery Types 2004 "Interview with Paul Sweetman, Ontario Archaeologist". McGili University Unpublished 1957 "Journal of a Voyage" (Report to Frank Ridley 2004 "Paul Sweetman: 50 Year OAS Member!"Arch of expedition to Michipicoten). Notes NS 9(4):8 Reports to Historical Board (now in Ontario Vastokas, Joan M. and Romas K. Archives) 1973 "Sacred Art of the Algonkians". (pp.9-10,143), Peterborough: Mansard Press Report to Toronto Board of Education

Digging Into Vimy Ridge: Challenging our History

By Jean-Luc Pilon Curator of Ontario Archaeology Canadian Museum of Civilization Gatineau, QC For several years now, there has been a very fruitful collaboration between YAP Films, a Toronto-based documentary filmmaker, and No Man's Land, a U.K.-based archaeo­ logicallhistorical battlefield investigation group. Together, archaeological and histor­ ical investigations have featured promi­ nently in a number of documentaries and a television series in the u,K. that deal with scientific investigations into the trenches of the First World War. The award-winning filmmaker, headed Corroded "CANADA" shoulder title found beside the duckboards at by Elliott Halpern and Pauline Duffy, has a the very bottom of a test unit straddling the fighting trench from commendable record of contributing to the which the Royal Canadian Regiment sprung forward on the morning development of awareness, on the part of of the 9th of April. 191 7. never needing to return there. having won the day. Photo by Jean-Luc Pilon Canadians, of the military history of Canada. It was their efforts, for example, which large­ Second World War when they made "Canada's War in ly resulted in locating, recording and quite literally Colour'; saving priceless colour film footage taken during the The No Man's Land group is an association of indi-

March / April 2007 Arch Notes 12(2) 16

viduals who share a passion for archaeology-and have recently been accorded burials in military ceme­ battlefield archaeology in particular. Among them are teries with markers bearing their names, alongside amateur archaeologists, historians, archivists and their former comrades in arms. While this may only consulting archaeologists. To date, their field activi­ be symbolic, it has had very significant impacts on ties have been carried out in northern France and in descendants of these soldiers whose fates were never adjacent Belgium. Their work has added rich, con­ known. It also serves as a reminder to us that wars kill crete details to our understanding of well-known individuals who had names and life histories, not events such as the battle at Beaumont-Hamel, where only faceless, generic soldiers wearing grey uniforms the Newfoundland Regiment was decimated on the captured in fading black and white photographs.

Battlefield Archaeology Battlefield archaeology is a relatively new area of archaeological inquiry, which took on a much more scientific orientation fol­ lowing the widely publicized work of Douglas Scott and his colleagues. They sys­ tematically plotted artifacts on the site of the Battle of the Little Bighorn, where Lt. Col. George A. Custer made his last mis­ take, to the detriment not only of himself, but of 210 men of the US 7th Cavalry and unknown numbers of Native warriors on June 25, 1876. Thus, our understanding of these events, which had only been trans­ mitted through incomplete oral accounts, was greatly enhanced and a markedly dif­ A grim reminder of the reality of war: articulated foot bones with the remains of a British-issue boot. This foot appeered to have been ferent view of this battle has emerged. shovelled into a sandbag used in protecting the entrance to a tunnel Since then, an ever-widening range of which brought troops forward during the battle of Vimy Ridge. scientific techniques have been applied to Photo by Jean-Luc Pilon battlefields, both ancient and recent, and have thus led to a better understanding of first day ofthe Battle of the Somme, July 1, 1916. the actions which actually transpired there, relatively The nature of warfare in 1914-1918 was such that freer from the biases that can so easily enter into offi­ in the course of the excavations carried out by the No cial and even unofficial records of the times. In many Man's Land group, human remains are frequently instances, archaeology is the only source of informa­ encountered. Tens of thousands of Commonwealth tion about some battles that, save for the knowledge soldiers went missing and were never recovered from of their occurrence, went essentially undocumented. those fields of mud and glory. Often these grisly remains are quite literally stray bones-evidence that The Battle ofVimy Ridge - History, bombs, shells and grenades were very lethal and quite Documentaries and Archaeology effective. These scattered remains can also attest to April 9, 2007, marked the 90th anniversary of a First in-field burials that became forgotten and were later World War battle that has particular resonance for disturbed. Canadians: the Battle of Vimy Ridge. This battle has In some rare instances, in-field burials were recov­ taken on near mythical proportions, being hailed by ered intact by No Man's Land excavators and the Brigadier-General Alexander E. Ross as the moment application of forensic methods allowed some of the when the young Dominion rose to an important chal­ deceased individuals to actually be identified. As a lenge, and "It was Canada from the Atlantic to the result of this work, some First World War soldiers Pacific on parade. I thought then that in those few

March / April 2007 Arch Notes 12(2) 17 minutes I witnessed the birth of a nation:' logical investigations for this documentary project. To mark this anniversary and also to present new We therefore found ourselves less than three metres information and perspectives on that Easter Monday from the fence which marks the edge of Canadian battle, YAP Films undertook to produce a documen­ land in France, while, ironically, setting up a small tary of the battle and battlefield-Vimy: From base of operations within the footprint of Canadian Heaven to Hell. In fact, their approach was to exam­ memorial lands. ine the aerial component, the ground level perspec­ Previous historical research by No Man's Land his­ tive, and the subterranean element, as all three areas torians indicated that the area of interest included the contributed to the overall success of those four days. entrance to a tunnel as well as portions ofthe fighting In support of that documentary, YAP once again enlisted the collaboration ofthe No 'Man's Land group to carry out excava­ tions within the Vimy battlefield. It has been a tradition with the No Man's Land group to include in their activities persons with particular connections to the battle­ field. For example, in the case of their Beaumont-Hamel excavations, currently serving members of the Newfoundland Regiment were brought to the site to retrace some of the footsteps of their pred­ ecessors. At Vimy, I and my son Thomas (currently working at the Canadian War Museum as a guide) were invited to take part in the week-long excavations. It goes without saying that we gladly accepted. Excavations took place between the 1st and 6th ofOctober, 2006. While this would normally be a bit late in the season for out­ door work, the weather for most of October in France, like here in Canada, proved to be very atypical and was actually very pleasant. A seventh day of work at the site was added that had not been planned and which consisted of aerial photography and last minute cleaning up. Thomas and I unfortunately had already made plans to be elsewhere. Canada was granted by France, in perpe­ The headstone of Montreal native Lieutenant Marvin Jay Workman tuity, a significant portion ofVimy Ridge to of the 75th Battalion. Canadian Expeditionary Force. who died during serve as a memorial to its fallen soldiers, the assault on Vimy Ridge, April 9th, 1917. Photo by Jaan-Lua Pilon and today the site is administered by Veterans Affairs Canada. In the past, they have trench from which the Royal Canadian Regiment allowed-and indeed welcomed-a group of histori­ dashed forward in the early morning hours of Easter cally-minded military engineers into the labyrinth of Monday, 1917. Excavations were oriented mainly tunnels and subways which criss-cross Vimy Ridge. toward obtaining details pertaining to these two fea­ Unfortunately VAC did not grant permission to the tures. Additionally, two secondary excavation areas No Man's Land group to undertake surface archaeo- were also opened up. One was a short section through

March / April 2007 Arch Notes 12(2) 18 a possible communications trench, and the other was son dies in the Picardie region every year as a result in an area which proved to be very complex, with an of contact with live explosives. The First World War is earlier French trench that was filled in and later a conflict that continues to take lives 90 years later. impacted by at least two shells whose deep craters served as a dump at the end of the war. Some Personal Experiences While these goals seem straight-forward, a few As I was only an excavator on this project, I will not words of qualification are in order. A first element to attempt to summarize the findings of that week's point out is that while the RCR may have used the worth ofwork. Rather, I will review several otherwise fighting trench in this sector on April 9, 1917, the innocuous facts that emerged as the week wore on. trench itself aud the area in general had been contin­ A first point, which may appear laughable to many, uously fought over since basically the beginning of is the soil. Under the sod, the undisturbed soil con­ the war by both French and German troops. This his­ sists of a very fine limon (silt). The soil is clearly high tory greatly increased the anticipated level of archae­ in iron oxides and has a distinct buffto orange colour. ological complexity. While it only rained on one day, the soil never really This situation was further exacerbated following dried out and the evening dampness or mist would the war when Chinese Labour Battalions were produce a surface which had a very definite greasi­ brought in to smooth over the landscape in order to ness to it, such that before long, boots, gloves, knees return it to its original use as farmland. They under­ and bottoms were coloured with the buff limon. took to fill in the trenches and earthworks, and gen­ From now on, when I view black and white photo­ erally clean up the refuse of war. In doing so, several graphs taken at Vimy Ridge, or elsewhere for that hundred of these workmen died since the landscape matter in northwestern France or in Belgium during still had plenty of deadly, unexploded ammunition the First World War, I can add the colour ofthe dirt to laying about or lying just below the surface. In fact, it the grey tones and thus begin to colorize that still does. The local regional archaeologist, Monsieur decades-old, monochromatic conflict. Alain Jacques, informed me that on average one per- When even slightly wet, the surface of the limon rapidly transformed itself into a thick and heavy layer tenaciously adhering to the bottoms of our boots. It is a remarkable material, as if in some way, the iron oxides there now include iron compounds derived from human haemoglobin that has become locked into this soil but which seeks the earliest opportunity to leave, even if on the bottom of a boot. Again, fading photo­ graphs of soldiers returning from the trench often afford a glimpse of this unctu­ ous material whose weight I can now esti­ mate and actually feel. While the scars of war on the French landscape have faded, the scabs are still quite thin. Live artillery shells, grenades and mortar bombs continue to exact a toll Rifle ammunition was issued in bandoleers to facilitate their on the local farmers who still plough up the transportation in the field. Twin clips of five British .303 bullets would residues of war. While most of this materi­ be placed into each pocket of the bandoleer. While the leather or more likely cenvas bandoleer has long since rotted away, the bullets al is harmless ferraille (iron bits), as they remain in the same position as when they were dropped. Moreover, call it, some are deadly. In our excavations, the bullets remain quite live and experiments showed that the cordite we encountered 16 Stokes mortar bombs, they still contain is still highly flammable. Photo by Jaan-LUG Pilon numerous mortar firing mechanisms,

March / April 2007 Arch Notes 12(2) 19

innumerable live bullets and at least two unexploded, live hand grenades. Thankfully, there were two professional bomb disposal experts on the No Man's Land crew, who defused or otherwise removed to a safe place these dangerous artifacts for later disposal by the French military. On one occasion, everyone quickly scrambled upwind from one of the excava­ tion areas as a distinct smell was perceived (somewhat akin to garlic?) in the bottom of one of the deep pits. While it could not be determined where the smell had originat­ ed, nor its actual nature, there is a very real possibility of coming across various deadly gas canisters used by both sides during the A hand grenade being handled after being rendered harmless by a Great War. As such, the site was bedecked bomb disposal expert. Photo by Jean-Luc Pilon with ribbons indicating at all times to exca­ vators the current wind directions. Excavation methods were not those I am accustomed to employing. While trowels were very much part of the inventory of implements used, the greatest part of the excavated soil was removed with shovels, having first been loosened with pick axes. Considering the mere possibility of slam­ ming the pick onto a live grenade or mor­ tar bomb, it is quite amazing that this was the preferred excavation tool. Looking back, however, it is easy to see that only a fraction of the area that we eventually did excavate would have been opened up if trowels had been the main earth-movers. There were practical considerations. The archaeological crew was made up ofvolun­ teers using up holiday time, and the logis­ • tics were being paid for by a film company who was intent on obtaining film footage, perhaps not at the expense of safety or ethics, but they were not principally inter­ ested in the minutia which could have been salvaged through the application of more delicate techniques. At the same time, the complexity I allud­ ed to earlier meant that the only time we Unused Stokes mortar bombs placed in a restricted area. awaiting could be relatively certain of dealing with disposal by the French military. Artifacts such as these remain deadly deposits relating to April 9, 1917, was when and continue to hurt and kill. Photo by Jean-LUG Pilon

March / April 2007 Arch Notes 12(2) 20 we found ourselves on the very bottom of the trench­ spelling out the word CANADA raised from the es. Even then, that was no guarantee that this was the obverse face. Otherwise, the items found were mostly case since mixing of artifacts from earlier uses of the of British manufacture. trench could easily occur there up to the moment of This is not surprising as the Canadian "going over the top'~ Yet, the refuse dragged into the Expeditionary Force received most of its supplies and trenches after the war and the fill gathered from the equipment from British sources if not directly from surrounding battlefield still has a story to tell. After the British army. We must also remember that while all, archaeology is mostly about finding refuse, docu­ Canadians note with justifiable pride the concerted menting its contexts and interpreting its significance. efforts of its four divisions at Vimy Ridge, there were The imperatives of a documentary film impose diffi­ also British soldiers advancing on the ridge that day. cult choices, much like the excavation of a multi­ Moreover, the artillery support was heavily British component, stratified site does. If we are interested and the creeping barrage they provided was crucial to only in the earlier component, do we plough through the success of the day. the later layers without regard for the story they have Occasionally, some German and French bullet cas- to tell? If there is a limited budget and especially a finite amount of time allocated for the excavation, can we limit the film footage to good examples of fine excava­ tion techniques but few discoveries and results relating to the theme of the docu­ mentary? Over the course of the week of excava­ tions, a remarkable quantity of artifacts was recovered. In addition to live ammunition, bullets and casings, live grenades and mor­ tar bombs, a wide range of military arti­ facts were recovered including shrapnel artillery shell casing fragments, artillery shell fuses, bottles and bottle glass, rum jars, tobacco and cigarette tins, barbed wire fragments, French uniform buttons, a French helmet, wheels from a cart used on a wooden track in the Commons Tunnel, a reinforced air hose common up from the tunnel, innumerable corned beef and petrol tins, strands of communication wire, mortar detonation devices, grenade and mortar pins, a human femur, a human foot in the remains of a boot and other uniden­ tified items. Especially in the lower reaches of the trenches, most of the artifacts are believed to relate to the last group ofsoldiers to have used these trenches, the Canadians, yet The ploughzone over a section of the RCR fighting trench was incredibly there was only one artifact mechanically removed to expedite excavations. The outline of the which clearly indicated there had been trench is clearly visible as the trench fill contained various artifacts and especially fragments of chalk, and stands out in contrast to the Canadians among there: a single, curving, homogeneous. limon of the surrounding undisturbed surface. corroded brass shoulder title, with letters Photo by Jean-LUG Pilon

March / April 2007 Arch Notes 12(2) 21

ings were recovered as well, reminding us of the ear­ lier contest to control this strategic ridge. Of course, some of the more ubiquitous items such as shell frag­ ments and barbed wire could also relate to these other soldiers.

A Question of Perspective The Battle of Vimy Ridge is many things to many people. For Canadians, it is a critical moment in our evolving sense of nationhood. For the British, this , was part of a larger offensive, the Battle of Arras, which began on Easter Monday 1917 and continued on until the middle of May. From their perspective, no strategic breakthrough was achieved overall. For the Germans, the loss of Vimy Ridge was a major blow and the beginning of the end. Thus, perspective plays such an important role in interpreting the very same 'set of events and facts. No single interpretation is any more valid than the next, a lesson we do well to remember.

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