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Incidence Des Politiques Migratoires De L'union Européenne Sur La UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À MONTRÉAL INCIDENCE DES POLITIQUES MIGRATOIRES DE L' UNION EUROPÉENNE SUR LA GESTION MIGRATOIRE EN AFRIQUE DE L'OUEST :LE CAS DE LA POLITIQUE ÉTRANGÈRE ESPAGNOLE AU SÉNÉGAL MÉMOIRE PRÉSENTÉ COMME EXIGENCE PARTIELLE DE LA MAÎTRISE EN SCIENCE POLITIQUE PAR MYLÈNE CODERRE-PROULX SEPTEMBRE 201 3 UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À MONTRÉAL Service des bibliothèques · A yertlssement La diffusion de ce mémoire sa fait dans la~ respect des droits de son auteur, qui a signé le formulaire Autorisation de repfOdulre et da diffuser ua travail da rechercha da cycles s up~rfaurs (SDU-522- Rév.01-2006). Cette autorisation stipule que ccconformément à l'article 11 du Règlement no 8 des études de cycles supérieurs, [l'auteur] concède à l'Université du Québec à Montréal une lic~nce non exclusive d'utilisation at de . publication de la totalité ou d'une partie importante de [son] travail de recherche pour des fins pédagogiques et non commerciales. Plus précisément, [l'auteur) autorise l'Université du Québec à Montréal à reproduire, diffuser, prêter, distribuer ou vendre dea copies de. [son] travail da rechercha à dea flna non commerciales sur quelque support qua ce soit, y compris l'Internat Cette licence at catte autorisation n'antrainent pas une renonciation da [la] part [de l'auteur} à [ses) droits moraux ni à [ses) droits de propriété intellectuelle. Sauf ententâ contraire, [l'auteur) conserva la liberté de diffuser et de commercialiser ou non ce travail dont [il] possède un exemplaire ..» REMERCIEMENTS Je voudrais tout d'abord remercier les personnes ressources rencontrées au Sénégal. Le partage de connaissances, de témoignages, d'espoirs et d'humanité a profondément contribué à donner un sens à la réalisation de ce mémoire. J'aimerais souligner l'accueil et le soutien reçus par l'équipe d'Enda Diapo!. Parmi eux, j 'ai pu vivre le dynamisme de la société civile sénégalaise à travers son engagement pour la consolidation de la démocratie et le développement du Sénégal. Un merci spécial est destiné à Moustapha Diouf, président de l'Association des jeunes rapatriés de Thiaroye-sur-mer. Sa disponibilité et son engagement auprès des expulsés d'Espagne m'ont fortement motivée à vouloir donner une voix à la cause des sans-papiers sénégalais dans mon mémoire. Je remercie tous ceux qui ont accepté de me partager leurs récits malgré la douleur que cela peut parfois ressusciter. J'accorde une attention particulière à Hélène Alex, amie et journaliste de la BBC Afrique à Dakar. Ses mots d'encouragement et la transmission de son savoir durant mon séjour au Sénégal ont largement contribué à faire croître la passion et la confiance investies dans mes recherches. À Simon, celui avec qui je partage joies et préoccupations du quotidien, je te remercie de ton soutien émotionnel et d'alimenter notre intérêt commun pour l'Afrique de l'Ouest. Enfin, je ten à remercier mon directeur de recherche, Issiaka Mandé qui a su mettre à ma disposition un soutien sans faille. La confiance qu'il m'a manifestée tout au long de la réalisation de ce mémoire a été une de mes principales sources de motivation, et pour cela, je lui en suis très reconnaissante. TABLE DES MATIÈRES LISTE DES FIGURES ....................... ....... .................. ... ..................................... .... .. .......... .... .. v LISTE DES ABRÉVIATIONS, SIGLES ET ACRONYMES ...................................... .... .. ... vii RÉSUMÉ ....... .. ... ... .. .. ................. .. .. ...... ..... ............................................................................. ix INTRODUCTION ...... .. ................. .. ..... ............... ............................................ ......................... 1 PREMIÈRE PARTIE LA QUESTION MIGRATOIRE DANS LES RELATIONS BILATÉRALES HISPANO­ SÉNÉGALAISES CHAPITRE I VI;RS UNE INSERTION DES MIGRATI ONS AFRICAINES DANS LES POLITIQUES EUROPÉENNES ET ESPAGNOLES .... .. ........ .. ...... .. .. ............ ............................................ 10 1.1La communautarisation de la question migratoire au se in de 1'UE .. .... .. .......................... 10 1.2La dynamisation d'un dialogue DE-Afrique ...................... .. .. ............................................ 13 1.3La coopération migratoire entre l'Espagne et le Maroc ................................ .. ................... 16 CHAPITRE II UN NOUVEAU RÉSEAU MIGRATOIRE: DES CÔTES SÉNÉGALAISES AUX CANARIES........................................................ .. .... ...... ............................................... ... .. .. 21 2.1 Systèmes et réseaux migratoires ........................................ ................ .. ...................... .. ..... 21 2.2 Les facteurs de départ des pirogues sénégalaises ............................... ............................... 25 2.3 Le périple migratoire et le rapatriement.. .. .... ........ ............ .. .. .. .... .. .................. ............ ...... 32 2.4 Plaidoyers et protection des migrants ..................................... ................ ........ ................... 36 CHAPITRE III LA SÉCURISATION DE L'ENJEU MIGRATOIRE ENTRE L'ESPAGNE ET LE SÉNÉGAL ...... .................... ...... .. .... .. ... .................... ......................... .. .................. .................. 41 3.1 Migration et sécurité .. .. .... .. ...... .. ......... ........ .................................... ............. .. .. ................. 41 3.2 La rhétorique autour de la question migratoire .... .. ............ .. ................. .. .... ...................... 44 3.3 L'extemalisation des contrôles ...... .. .. .. .. ........ .. .... .. .. ............ .. ...... .. .... .......... .. ................... 50 IV CHAPITRE IV L'ENJEU MIGRATOIRE AU SÉNÉGAL ET L'AIDE AU DÉVELOPPEMENT DE L'ESPAGNE ... .. ......... ................. ...... ............. .......................... .. .............................................. 58 4.1 Migration et Développement.. .... ..................... .. ..... ... .... ..... ........................... ......... .......... 58 4.2 Les migrations comme priorité d' intervention de la politique de développement espagnole au Sénégal ... .. .. .... ... .. ..... ...... ....... .. ........ ...... ...... ... .. .. ......................................... 62 4.3 Entre conditionnai ité migratoire et rente géographique ............. ........ .. ....................... ...... 69 CONCLUSION PARTIE!. ...... ....... ................. .... ......... ... .. .......... ..... .................... ...... ... .... .. ... 73 DEUXIÈME PARTIE LA GESTION DES MIGRATIONS OUEST-AFRICAINES AU SÉNÉGAL CHAPITRE I L'INTÉGRATION RÉGIONALE ET LES MIGRATIONS OUEST-AFRICAINES AU SÉNÉGAL .. .... ....... ..... ..... .. ... ...................... .. ............. .. ..... ............................................. .. 77 L. L Le rôle du Sénégal dans le système migratoire ouest-africain ............... .... .. .... .. .. .. ....... .. .. 77 1.2 Évo lution de la gestion régionale des migrations par la CEDEAO ....... ..... ............... ....... 80 1.3 Obstacles et lacunes à la mise en pl ace d' un espace de libre-circulation, de droit de résidence et d'établissement ..... .. .............. .................. .. ....... ...... ....................................... 84 CHAPITRE II LE CADRE INSTITUTIONNEL ET LÉGISLATIF DE LA GESTION MIGRATOIRE AU SÉNÉGAL ....... .................... ...... ..... .. .. .................... ............ ........ ... ... ................... ...... .. ..... 89 2.1 La gestion migratoire ......................... ... ................. .. ........... .. ....... ..................................... 89 2.2 Les acteurs institutionnels .... .. .................................. .. ....... ... .......... .. ... ... ........... ..... .. .... .. ... 91 2.3 La gestion migratoire de 1960-1 999 ....... .. ........................ ............ .... ........... ..................... 95 2.4 La gestion migratoire de 2000-201 2 ................ ............ ... .... .. .......... .. ....... ....................... 100 CHAPITRE III LA GESTION DES FLUX MIGRATOIRES: UN CADRE LÉGISLATIF À PORTÉE LIMITÉE ............................ ......... .. ............................. .. ......................................................... 105 3.1 Le droit de libre-circulation pour les ressortissants des pays membres de la CEDEAO 105 3.2 Le droit d'asile ........................................................................... ..................................... 109 3.3 Entrées et sorties des ressortissants sénégalais et protection de leurs droits à l'étranger 112 CHAPITRE IV LA GESTION DU STOCK MIGRATOIRE AU SÉNÉGAL: L'INFORMELLISATION DES DROITS DE RÉSIDENCE ET D'ÉTABLISSEMENT ............... ................................ 117 4.1 Le droit de résidence et d'établ issement pour les ressortissants des pays membres de la CEDEAO .......................................... ................ .......... ... .... .............. .. ........ ... .... .... 117 v 4.2 Une intégration par le bas : entre réseau migratoire, « wolofisation »et persécution de l'étranger ..... ..... ..... ...... .... .. ........................................................... .. .............. ....... ....... l 21 CHAPITRE V LE TRANSIT MIGRATOIRE .... ..... ............... ....................... .......... .. ... .. ........................... ... 127 5.1 Le transit migratoire: un concept flou ........................................................................ .. ... l 27 5.2 L'état de la question au Sénégal... ................. ..
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