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Source, Transfert Et Devenir Des Microplastiques (Mps) En Mer

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Source, Transfert Et Devenir Des Microplastiques (Mps) En Mer Délivré par UNIVERSITE DE PERPIGNAN VIA DOMITIA Préparée au sein de l’école doctorale Energie et Environnement (ED 305) Et de l’unité de recherche CEFREM UMR 5110 Spécialité : Océanologie Présentée par Mel CONSTANT SOURCE, TRANSFERT ET DEVENIR DES MICROPLASTIQUES (MP) EN MER MEDITERRANÉE NORD-OCCIDENTALE Soutenue le 17 décembre 2018 devant le jury composé de François GALGANI, Chargé de Rech., IFREMER, Bastia Rapporteur Richard SEMPÉRÉ, Dir. de Rech., MIO, Aix Marseille & Rapporteur Toulon Wolfgang LUDWIG, Prof., CEFREM, Perpignan Examinateur Miquel CANALS, Prof., GRC-GM, Barcelona Examinateur Alexandra TER HALLE, Chargée de Rech. CNRS, Examinateur IMRCP, Toulouse Serge HEUSSNER, Dir. De Rech., CEFREM, Perpignan Directeur de thèse Philippe KERHERVÉ, MdC, CEFREM, Perpignan Co-directeur de thèse Table des matières Remerciements ........................................................................................................................ iv Abréviations ............................................................................................................................ vii Introduction ........................................................................................................................... viii Chapitre 1 Les déchets marins ................................................................................................ 1 I. Histoire des recherches scientifiques sur les déchets marins ......................................... 3 II. Origine, abondance et composition des déchets marins ................................................. 6 II.A. Origines, transferts et devenirs des déchets marins ................................................. 6 II.B. Distribution des déchets marins ............................................................................. 11 II.C. Composition des déchets dans l’environnement marin.......................................... 12 III. Impacts des déchets marins .......................................................................................... 15 III.A. Impacts directs des déchets marins ........................................................................ 15 III.B. Impacts indirects des déchets plastiques : émission de polluants .......................... 22 IV. Enjeux sociaux-économiques des déchets dans l’environnement marin...................... 24 IV.A. Conséquences sociaux-économiques des déchets marins ...................................... 24 IV.B. Mesures d’atténuation des risques ......................................................................... 24 V. Généralités sur les plastiques ....................................................................................... 29 V.A. Définition d’un plastique ....................................................................................... 29 V.B. Types et propriétés des plastiques .......................................................................... 30 V.C. Composition et toxicité des plastiques ................................................................... 30 V.D. Principaux secteurs producteurs de déchets plastiques .......................................... 35 VI. Persistance des déchets plastiques: les processus de dégradation et de fragmentation en microplastiques ..................................................................................................................... 39 VI.A. Diversité et chronologie des processus de dégradation ......................................... 39 VI.B. Les méthodes d’étude de la dégradation des plastiques ......................................... 41 Chapitre 2 Les microplastiques (MP) ................................................................................. 45 I. Définition ..................................................................................................................... 47 II. Sources et origines ....................................................................................................... 48 II.A. MP primaires .......................................................................................................... 48 II.B. MP secondaires ...................................................................................................... 49 III. Risques ......................................................................................................................... 50 IV. Matériels et Méthodes d’étude des MP ........................................................................ 53 IV.A. Méthodes d’échantillonnages ................................................................................. 53 IV.B. Extractions des MP de leurs matrices .................................................................... 60 IV.C. Identification .......................................................................................................... 62 V. Distribution des MP ..................................................................................................... 65 V.A. Voies d’entrées des MP dans l’environnement ...................................................... 65 V.B. Transferts ............................................................................................................... 66 V.C. Distribution des MP terrestres................................................................................ 67 V.D. Distribution des MP marins ................................................................................... 70 i V.E. Solutions de réduction des MP dans les océans ..................................................... 78 VI. Les nanoplastiques ....................................................................................................... 79 VI.A. Définition ............................................................................................................... 79 VI.B. Formation ............................................................................................................... 79 VI.C. Méthodes de détection ........................................................................................... 79 VI.D. Présence ................................................................................................................. 80 VI.E. Risques ................................................................................................................... 80 Chapitre 3 Les MP dans le Golfe du Lion : objectifs, approches et méthodologie .......... 82 I. Problématique : méthodologie et état de l’art .............................................................. 84 II. Objectifs de la thèse ..................................................................................................... 86 II.A. Sélectionner des protocoles méthodologiques adaptés au site d’étude .................. 87 II.B. Quantifier les stocks de MP dans les différents compartiments du golfe du Lion. 88 II.C. Comprendre le rôle des forçages externes sur les variabilités spatio-temporelles et les échanges entre compartiments. ................................................................................... 89 III. Matériels et méthodes ................................................................................................... 90 III.A. Les sites d’études ................................................................................................... 90 III.B. Méthodes de prélèvement ...................................................................................... 96 III.C. Méthodes d’extractions des MP dans les échantillons ........................................... 99 III.D. Méthodes d’identification des MP ....................................................................... 100 III.E. Limitations méthodologiques ............................................................................... 101 Chapitre 4 Les sources atmosphériques et fluviales ......................................................... 106 I. Compartiments “atmosphère”,“fleuve” et “berge” : les MP flottants ........................ 108 I.A. Abstract ................................................................................................................ 109 I.B. Introduction .......................................................................................................... 110 I.C. Materials and Methods ......................................................................................... 112 I.D. Results .................................................................................................................. 120 I.E. Discussion and conclusions ................................................................................. 130 Chapitre 5 Le devenir des MP en zone côtière du GdL .................................................... 138 I. Compartiment “surface” : les MP flottants ................................................................ 140 I.A. Introduction .......................................................................................................... 142 I.B. Materials and Method .......................................................................................... 143 I.C. Results .................................................................................................................. 148 I.D. Discussion ............................................................................................................ 156 I.E. Conclusion ........................................................................................................... 160 II. Compartiment “plage” : les MP échoués ..................................................................
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