"Tabula" of Cebes

The Salmasius-Elichmann edition of the "Tabula" of Cebes

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Citation Lutz, Cora E. 1979. The Salmasius-Elichmann edition of the "Tabula" of Cebes. Harvard Library Bulletin XXVVII (2), April 1979: 165-171.

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Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA Tl1e Sal111asius- Elichma1111Edition of tl1e Tabula of Cebes Corfl E. Lutz

LA UDE DE SAUMAISE ( 1588-165 3) is genera11y kno,vn for a bad error jn judgment, \vhcn, in 1 649, at the instigation of Charles II~ he ,vrote a L.-'1tindefense of King Charles I.1 1,.his -- n1ight have receded into the limbo of comparable n1istakcs ,vhich do not affect the course of history, if John J\1lilton had not \vritten a rcfut~tion of such bitterness and vchen1ence that the incident re~u 1t e d in the v ir tu a 1annihilation of Sa.u 1naise. Salmasius, as he ,vas kno,vn to .i\1ilton2nd is still kno,vn to the schol- arly ,vorld, \Vas the n1ost distinguished cla~-sicistof his generation 111 Europe. A native of Burgundy, he ,vas educated in Paris andin Iicidcl- berg, and eventually served as Professor of Latin at Leyden. Iiis chief in tcrest , vas in t cxtual criticism as I1c strove to produce good and -ac- cura t c texts of son1c of the Greek and Latin authors and to provide adequate commentaries on others. His greatest achievement ,vas his commentary on Solinus' Polyhistor, a vast con1pcndiun1 of natural history largc1)· taken fron1 Pliny. Other classical texts \vhich he edited or commented upon include Florus' ,vork on Roman history and \Tirru- vius' /Je Arcbitectura.

Tllrough a curious set of circumstanccs 1 Salmasius gained the ap- preciation of classical scholnrs b)' an act of devotion to the 1nc111oryof his friend and personal physician, Dr. Johannes Elichtnann ( 1600-

16 3 9) . This cn1inent scientist and lingu ist1 ,vho is said to have kno-\vn sjxrcen languages,,vas particu1arl)• interested in Arabic and Persian be- cause he ,vishcd to understand the achicvcn1ents of the Arabic ,vorJd

1 De{en1fo regfo, pro Carolo lt rege Anglinc (Leyd(;n? l650). j Iohannjs J\-tiltonis Def e1nio pro j)Ojntlo .:znglicanotcont1'a Claudii ano11j•Jui, tdias Sab11a;ii,,Defe11sioneu1 regimn (Paris, I 6j 1), Jn thE: Defenrio secunda ( ! 654), ~·Elton says,, uy t tl 1ere arc those who e \'-C n pl ace th c respo ns ihi1i ty for his death on me and 1 on those l, arbs of n1ine, too keen Iy s h-Jrpene d. - Co uzpl et e Prose JV orks of Jo bn Afilton (N~,V" l-lavc-n, u;.,ll6)1 I\T1 559,

Harvard University - Houghton Library / Harvard University. Harvard Library bulletin. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Library. Volume XXVII, Number 2 (April 1979) Harvnrd Library Bulletin in medicine.3 In the course of his studies he can1c upon an Arabic 1nann- script containing a paraphrase of the Greek text of the Tabula of Cebesj along \yjth that of Theophrastus' Golden Verses.~ The Arabic paraphrase ,vas the ,vork of a ]earned scholar, Ahn1ud ibn 1'vluhan1n1adibn 1\'1iska,vayh( d. lo 3o), ,vho also compiled a collection of lf' ise Sayings and ,vrote a number of treatises on ethical philosophy nnd history ..ti From this Arabic manuscript, Dr. FJichmann prepared an edition of the Tabula of Ce bes ,vith his o,vn Latin translation ,vhich he intended to have prin red along ,vith the Greek The short dialogue is an alicgory of human life, a kind of Pilgrini's Progress,in ,vhich a group of youthsi visiting a temple of Saturn~ sec a strange votive taolet depict~ ing a complex scene \Vhich is interpreted to thcn1 by an Old J\-1anas a representation of the journey of life. It ,vas reputed to have been the ,vork of Cebes the Theban, friend of Socrates, ,vho i~ n1cntioncd by· Plato in the I'baedo,and later by Diogenes I_}acrtiusand Aulus Gellius. After Elichmann's early death, Salmasius bad this ,vork pr1nted -and also E]ichn1ann's ArabicJ J....atin. and Greek vcrsjons of the Anrea Car- 1nhiaof Pythagoras. Prefaced hy an extensive Introduction by· Sal- rnasius,the book ,vas pub1ishedby· I. I\1-aircin Leyden in r640.ij Copies are no, v preserved as treasores in a nu rnber of rare book Iibra ri es, in- eluding Houghton.. · Salmasius ,v3s the ideal person to prepare· EHchmann 's edition for publication. Since he himself \Vas an experienced Arabic scho]ar, he \vent over the text very carefuHy~comparing jt with the Greek. He found, as Elichmann had said, tha.t the Arabic text represented a paraphrase of a Greek manuscript considerably older than those jn exis- tence in his time. To account for numerous inaccuracies ~nd ~ctua.1 errors in the Arabic, he suggests that this ,va.s not surprising since

:eL. G. l\1ichaud1 Riogn1p1JieUniversellc, A'11ttcnneet Afoderne (Paris! 1880 ),

XIIl 1 14-15, and N e-ue lJeutscbe 11iograpbii?(Berlin, 1959 ), IV, 440. 4 Rijksur1i,·ers-itcit.Bihliotheca Acaden1iae Lugduno-Batav:-lc, Catt1logtH todictan arabicorun1, IV, 19r,. n. r93-3, ·

0 i\t Stcinschneider 1 Die rtrahircben Vhersetzungen aus den Griechiscben ( Graz.1 J960), pp. 43~44. App3rently Elichn1~no did not 1

Tabula Cebetit 1 Graece, Arnbicet Laiiuet Item Aure.1 Can-11inaPJ·tl1agorae cum parap hrasi Ara b~ca, A ucto re Io han nc EU chman no, l\1.D. Cum Praef ad one Cl. Sal- m asii. L ugd uni Ih ta von11nt Typ is Io h annis 1\·1aire Cl:; I=- C XL. In another vo lu1nc printed i r1the s:ame y.e~I', this occurs as a third volume bound in \\'"ith s~1rn ~s i us' ed i~ tion of Simplidus' Co1JnJ1entary on the E11cbiridian of Epictetus, and a second vol- u ntc of S:aln1asiusi no tcs on th is te.xt.

Harvard University - Houghton Library / Harvard University. Harvard Library bulletin. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Library. Volume XXVII, Number 2 (April 1979) Sal111asius~Elicb1ni1J~11_Edition of _t(JeTabula of C ebes 1 6 7 Arabic scholars learned Greek fro1n Greek-speaking people "'ho lived many centuries after the classical pcrjod and in lands far removed from ancient Grcece. 1 Apparently the notes and cornmentary ,vhich Elich- mann had expected to publish \Vith the triple texts \Vere not a,Tailablc, so Sal1n a si us himscl f cxa1nincd the text in dctai 1 and furnish cd no tcs on the textual problems he encountered. In scores of instances of ques- tionable rcadingsr he cited cxarnplcs of the classical Greek usage and the findings of the lcxicographcrs. 8 In making his comparisons hcr,vecn the Arabic and the Greek) he depended not sole!y upon the readings from the Greek 1nanuscript used by Elichmann, but he also included those found in other Greek manuscripts to ,vhich he had access.g; II is com men ts .are not Iimi ted to linguistic questions, ,but h c g ivcs his 1n-

tcr pr cta tion of the setting of the dialognc~ the participant.s1 the 1neaning of the allegory, and the value of its instruction. Besides .serving as a high tribute to the· 111cn1oryof his friend and tcstin1onial to his rc1narkablc achievements in con1parative linguis- tics/0 the edition of the triple text of the Tabula rightly seen1~d to Sa.hn~siusto constitute a significant ~dvancc in the study of this little book ,vhich had a remarkah]c impact upon scholars fron:i the time of the Renaissance into the eighteenth century·. Briefly, the history· of the text before Elichmann'.s tin1e is this. Apparently the dialogue composed hy· the Thehan Cebcs, frjend of Socr,ates.,,v:1s lostJ but in the first century of our era, a short composition of the same namet ,vritten in simple, classical Greek~ made its appcar~ncc and ,vas n1cntioned by J..,.ucianand TcrtuHian, ,,,.ho considered it the originaL It is preserved in thirteen Greek manuscriptstonly t,vo of ,vhich ,vcrc copied before the fifteenth centut)T· In addition to the jntrinsic appeal of the lively dialogue) the interest of the hu1nanists in the Platonic School n1ay account in :son1e degree for the \vidc popularity of the Tahu!«. It \Vas first trans]ated

1 Sal1nasiu~'I'raef ~tio covcr.s 3 3 unnulnbc.rcd pages. llis rcnr.irks on the faulty kno,vkdgc of GrQck by the A:r~hic scho1~rs occurs on p1gcs 7 and 8 of my nun1bcr- in g. On p~gcs 6 and 9 he note~ :.:1.n instance of a s trio us error '-V hen the Arabic calls the niai(l hltcrlocuwr of the di~loguc. 1-3:cr~dcs instead of the Old l'vlan. s 14 pages of the Praefntio arn given to a consideration of individual words and phrascs of the dial o guc. Praefraloi p, 14. 10 On page 4 of the Fraefatio, Salinasius dfacusses Elich1nann's theory of the rela- tionship of the Persian and Arabic 1angua gcs ,vi th Gre ck, -a.nd a l:so the common an- c:e~try of these and the GE:rrn-an languages.

Harvard University - Houghton Library / Harvard University. Harvard Library bulletin. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Library. Volume XXVII, Number 2 (April 1979) 168 Hnrvt1rdLibrary llulletin into Latin by the I talia.n scholar, Ludovicus Odaxins~edited by Philip Beroa1dus,and prin tcd in Bologna in 1497. The next year the Greek text ,vas printed for the first time by Z. Ca11tergusin Rome. Aldus l\1anutiusprinted the G-rcck text \Vith an anony1nous J...,atintranslation in a n1ost unusual ,va}r! he p1accd t,vo pages of the Cebes text in the center of en.chguire of the text of Lascarisi Greek Grammar in the editions of 1 502 and I 5 10. 11 I-le 1na}r have thought of it -asaffording a

short relief to the boys from the rjgors of the grammar1 as a chaHenge to measure their progress jn the Greek Janguage, or even as a salutary lesson in life .. In Paris, the Odaxius translation \v·as printed in 1498. The Tabula \Vas first introduced to the German-speaking countries ,Yhen Aestican1pianus,after studying under Bcroa]dus in Bologna, re- turned to Bas-cland discussed the dialogue ,vith scholars there in r 501. His edition of the ,vork ,vas published in Frankfort in 1 507 and in Leipzig jn 1 51 z. Thereafter., in the sixteenth century·, the dialogue ,vns translnted into Latin by six pro1ninent Ger1nan scholars and by t,vo hun1anistsfro1n the Lov{ Countries. At the san1e time four comn1en- taries (one of 440 pages!) 1vere ,vritten by outstanding scholars.]2 It is curious that, ,vith all the attention given the text by these learned ment none suspected that this n1ight not be the actual dialogue ,vhich ,vas \Vritten by the Ccbes \vho ,vas a friend of Socrates. Only jn a 1 56 r edition of the Tabzlla did the brilliant classicist, Hierony1nous 1~'olf, raise the question~ and then he did not support his conjecture ,vith proof. 15 Even Sahnasius, jn his Praefatio, says that those ,vho doubt thnt this is a genuine ,vork of the Socratic Cebes are rnistaken.. u In

his English translation of 16703 John Davies mentions 1,roJtis state- n1ent but says he does not concur ,vith. it.16 Fjnally, at the end of the nineteenth century, Praechter made a thorough analysis of the vocab-

ll .For a di~cu~sion of this rare phenomenon~ see C. E. Lutz, ,iit\n Unusual Educa.. tinn~l ])c,·kc nf Aldus in Essays mi A1.«nurcriptrand Ran~ Bool·i (Hc1n1~ clent x97 5 }, pp. r 39--14 8. 12 An account of tl1e l-,lnc/Jlebenof the Cc bes text v.ill appear in my article in the Cato.logur Tr.an1/ntioJ1ton.ct Conunentarionun sponsored hy the Union Acad~- rn iq u c I 11tern at ion-a.le. 18 ' 1Cc b etis The bani n1enti o fit in Phaedo n c Plat on is. Sed an ha.ec T abu] a .,:;;it j l- Jiu.,, nonnihil duhito.a Eel Cambrjdge! 165 5, p. 73. S;}lma!-;iusrPraef,1tio~ p. ro: 1De quo perpcram quidam dubirc1nt an genuinum opus Socradci illius C..ebetis fuerit. R-ado dubitandi vana est et futHis/' Eliclunann gives ~s ,a .subtit1e to his text~ 1LAenigma Cebetis, Amici Platonis_i, 1 1tl P.refoce .c; Y ct there are some Crl d cks, as ,~/ o lfi u )1 ~Tho affirm it is not his.'

Harvard University - Houghton Library / Harvard University. Harvard Library bulletin. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Library. Volume XXVII, Number 2 (April 1979) SahJ1asius-Elicl.HnaJfp Ed)tiou of .tbr; Tabuht" of Cebes 1 69 ulary· of the dialogue~ and the theory that it is a ,\Tork of the first century ,vas -accepted.. 16 The first significant advance in the study of the Cebes text can1e ,vith Salinasius'publication of Elichn1ann's edition in 1640+ As Dr. Elich-

n1ann had planned1 Salmasiuspresents three texts in parallel col11n1ns. Occup)"ing the entire left-hand page of each opening is the Arabic text of the paraphrase made by ibn 1\1iska\vayhin the eleventh century· fro1n a n1anuscript no,v lost. On the right-hand page there are nvo colun1nsr the first \Vith the Latin translation of the Arabic n1adc by Elichn1ann. Beside it., is the Greek text, apparently f ron1 one of the Greek n1a11uscrjptsavait1blc to Elich1nann.H There are t\vo features of the Arabic paraphrase and the Latin translation ,vhich d escrvc special attention~ In the first place, ibn l\.1iska- ,vayh n1ust have had a Greek n1anuscript that preserved a good text~ uaI tradition, for in a nun1ber of places it ha~been found useful in rcstor~ ing so111eomi:;sion ur correcting a faulty reading found in all of the extant (Jater) Greek mannscripts. 18 1\11ore striking, hol•{ever,is the inclusion of a considcrab]c amount of additional 1natcrial at the end of the dialogue in the Arabic ~nd the Latin versions. Nothing cornparablc has been found in any of the extant Greek n1anuscripts,for there the

text breaks off abruptly in chapter 4• + The paraphrase provides over a 1nanuscript page of 1nateriali forming chapters 42 and 434 In these ]ast chapters the allegory is satisfactorily rounded out ,vith an appro- priate ending. Here the 01 d ~Vian,\V ho has heen explaining the signifi- cance of the curious votive tablet dcpictjng the pilgrimage of life, ad- dresses the group of youths ,vho have been examining it. He earnest1y exhorts them to take to heart the ]cssons revealed upon it -a.ndco follo,v out in their lives the salutary advice it offers+ This Vlould seen1 to have constituted the .substanceof the conclu~ion of the original dia]ogue.1~ l\1odern editors of the Greek text, still unable to locate an early Greek manuscript ,vith the co1npletetext, and conjecturing that a folio must

16 C Pracchtcr 1 Cebetir Tabuln quanam aetate r.onscriptaess-e i~ideatur (i\1:arburg, 1885). 17 Salmastos, I'raefatloi p. 5. 18 In his: 1 89 3 critical c::Ji tio t1 of Cebes~ P r-aech ter used the translation in several i nsta nccs to c1ncn t1the Greek text. HiSalmasius says (I'raef citio.. pp. 5i 6! 24) that Elichm-an~ be:Uc,Tcdin the authen- tid ty of the p~ssage.

Harvard University - Houghton Library / Harvard University. Harvard Library bulletin. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Library. Volume XXVII, Number 2 (April 1979) 170 Harvard Library BulletiJ1 have been lost f ron~ the end of the original n1::111uscript~have conc]uded their texts by· adding the final chapters of Elich1nann's Latin transla~ tion / 0 Another feature of Elichmann~s edition that 111arkshirn as a true scholar is the addition of the ear Jy· L.atin translation of Odaxius at the

end of the three texts. ,,rith this-1 the inguirjng reader ,vould then hav-c a con1p]ete Greek text \Vith a rather close La.tin trans1ation for cornparison ,vjth the free and often faulty Arabic paraphrase and its Latin transl atjon. Just as leading scholars edited and translated Cebest Tabuln into Latin before Elichn1ann's unusual edition, so a nun1bcr of ,vell-kno,vn ch1ssicistsproduced editions in the seventeenth century. The fjst includes Casa11bon ( 1 594)"! Berkelius ( 16jo), Gronovius ( 1689), 3nd

i\1cibo1nius ( 17 11). Even earlier, during the sixteenth century 1 the Tnbula ,vas tr~n1s]ated into the \ren1acujar languages by en1incnt scholars. There js, for exa.rnple,the French tr:1nslation by Gcoff rcy Tory jn 1 529t the English by Sir Francis ·Poyntz in 1530, the Spanish by l\11. Pob]aci6n in 1532, the I tali-anby F. A. Coccio in r 5 38, the German by f-J.Sachs in 1 55 1, and the Dutch by·A. G·illis in 1 564. If specific evi- dence for the continued reading of the Cebes allegory ,vere necessary, one n11ghtcite the r 682 edition of the Latin text by ,;\Tolf ,vhich ,vas prjnted expressly for the use of the schoolboys at Eton/ 1 One aspect of the study of the Tabuln particu1ar1y emphasi7,cdin recent tin1es has been that of the pictorial representations of the allc-

!! 0 F Or exan1p ie, the Greek T eu bner text edited by C. Pr~ Cd1tcr in I 89 3 printed it on pp. 35-36, :ind C. S. Jerr::un printed it in the Oxford text ( 1898) on pp. l 3-i4. Saln1 asi us (1• d not think th-at the !!nd i ng w .as in the origina 1 Greek ( Praefatiot p. 14). An anonyJnous Latin translation in Codex \r aticanus Latin us 403 7 provjdes a long final sentence \\rhich docs not occur jn -anyof the other Latin tran5lations nor in tho Gr~ek. It is rcn1::1rk::ablydo.~e in n1cat1ir1gto tllc t1ro final sentences in the E~ichmann

Lat ir1 tra.nslatiun from th c 1\.ra bj c. C. F. Fi {lCh ( LiThc Tra.ns1 at ion of Ce besl Ta bu/a in Cuclcx v·aticanns Latmus 403 it Trausactious of tr;e Ainerican Philolog)c.1l Asto~ catia11,LXXX\T [1954], 79-"87) argtH~sth~t th~ pcnultan1~.tcfolio of th-e arch~type in \i,~hichthe t,vo addittonal chapters occurred ,,·as lost, then the last scntc11ce in the .final folio tnay have sorn~hon· become obliterated so1nc tinH:: after it h~d been seen by the anonymous trans la tor. ,vi thout s rnnc such hypothesis, it is dj ffi cult to ex- plain the rcscmbfance of the ending as jt app.e:1r.sin Elichmann~s tr::insfation to that in the anonymous tn=ms:lation. ~1 ]ndudc:ll in the ·volurne entitled Alyd~ologia A esopica contain•ng the flhlcs of

Acso1l ~nd of Habrius, edited by J. Carncradus1 the Ccbcs text is dc:sigtH1.red:'~In usun1sc ho lac A eton ensis. ,t

Harvard University - Houghton Library / Harvard University. Harvard Library bulletin. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Library. Volume XXVII, Number 2 (April 1979) Sal1nasius-Elicb111anu-Edition of tbe Tabu1a of Cebes r 7 1 gorical scene described in the dialogue..2~ Among the many cxa1nplcs, there are t\VO outst-anding ones. 1.""hefirst is a ,voodcu t in the 1 5 1 2 cdi ti on of th c La tin trans Ia tio n edited by· .Li\.estica tn pian us in Leipzig. 2:l The second js a famous ,voodcut n1adc in 152 :2. by 1-lans Holbein the \r ounger for the title page of Froben's edition of Erasmus' Ne,~ Testa- ment. So it is cviden t that, in pubI1shing the remarkable edition prepared hy his friend, Dr. Elichmann, Salmasius made an important contribution to schol'8.rship~ I-le,. like the dozens of philo]ogists ,vho concerned them5clvcs ,vith the little allegory of the Tabula, nlust have found the dialogue not only a charn1ing literary piece, but a ,vork of real value for education. It is ironical that, in this, he ,vas in 2grccmcnt ,vjth his impJacableenemyt John l\1ilton, ,vho, in his fa1nous Letter to Srnnuel Hartlib ou Educntiou, recommends the Tab11lrras a book eminently suitable for schoolboys "to ,vin them over to the love of vertue and true labour." :!H

.2i Atnong others, see. S. C. Chew, T })e Pngriniage of Life {N e\V HaYen, I 96z )t pp. zo6-zo9"t and R. Schleier., Der Tabula des Cc bes- (Berlin, 1974). ~3 S~e C. R Lutz., '~Aestica111pianus' Edition of th~ Tabula AttrH.>uted to Cebes/' in EssiJys on Afanurcripts and R{lre 13ookr,pp. 79--86. z~ Contpiete Prose lfT orkr of John A1iitou (New Haven, r959 ), II> 38 3.

Harvard University - Houghton Library / Harvard University. Harvard Library bulletin. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Library. Volume XXVII, Number 2 (April 1979) CONTRIBUTORS TO TI-IIS ISSUE

S. F. D. HUGH~S~ Assistant Professor of EngHsh at Purdne University~ ,vrote his dissertation at the Universiry of lVashington in 1972; the t1t]e ,vils 'tAns R.1n111r BogS\."' ei gis: T ,vo N 1n eteen th Century l ce 1and ic lHetrica 1 Rom "J nces.' t

CORAE. l..1u1·zh:1s retired fro1n teaching and 1ibrarianship, but not fron1 scholar- ship; her Sc hoolnuuters of the Te11tb Ceutury '\'"~spu hlishcd by Arc hon Books ln 1977~and Essnys on Atanuscripts nnd Rnre Books ( 1975)~ a collection of her articlcsj includes one that ,vas first printed in the January 1974 I-IARVARD LtERARY BuLLETIK.

SELl\{A A .. j\1u~~IA.NU 1 a graduate student and Teaching Fello-\1/in E.ng1ishat Har'{ardt ,von the ,,,illian1 Harr is Arnold and Gertrude \~/cld Arnold Prize in 1 97 7 for her cssa y uThackc ray the Artist. n

JEFFW~.\SSERl\iAN, a doctorn] cttndidate in the Dcpartn1cnt of Educstiona] Policy Studies at the University of '''faconsin~J\Iadison. is 1vrhing n dissertation entitled ~4 The Histodcal Developn1ent of Post-J]en1ent-ary Education in '''iscon- sini 1840-r 890/' and his published wrjtings include an article on the history of independent colleges in ,,risconsint in the 1978 Tn1.nsactio]J.Jof the "\\'isconsin ...L\.cademy of Arts] Sciences~ and Letters.

CAROL K1.E1NER \Vn.LEN earned her doctorate at Harvard in l978~ her dissert1- tion ,,·as: on [a Coquette puuie, nnd included nn edition of the play. s;nce u;q6 she has b cc n a Lcctu rcr i r1 F re nc h at Case \V c-stcrn R cscrve Uni~.-.crsi ty.

R1cnARDJ. ,~/oLFE JS Joseph Garland Librarian and Cur-ator of R~uc Books and j\tanuscripts in the Francis A. Counnvay Library of !\1edidnej his pubUshed ,vorks include Secul11rAfusic in An1ericn, 1801-1825, n thrcc~volun1c bibli- ography published by the Nc,v York Pub]ic Librar~y in ! 964, and a revjsed and cnfarged edjtion of A Ribliograp/Jryof Ship Passenger Lirts,, 1538-1825i also published by the Ne\V York Pablic Library ( 1965).

Harvard University - Houghton Library / Harvard University. Harvard Library bulletin. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Library. Volume XXVII, Number 2 (April 1979)