Construction of Paper Toys and Use of the Minecraft Video Game

sustainability

Article Alternative Divulgation of the Local Sculptural Heritage: Construction of Paper Toys and Use of the Minecraft Video Game

Cecile Meier 1,*, Jose Luis Saorín 2, Jorge de la Torre-Cantero 2 and Manuel Drago Díaz-Alemán 1 1 Department of Fine Arts, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain; [email protected] 2 Engineering Graphics Area, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain; [email protected] (J.L.S.); [email protected] (J.d.l.T.-C.) * Correspondence: [email protected]

Received: 4 October 2018; Accepted: 15 November 2018; Published: 18 November 2018

Abstract: At present it is easy to digitalize sculptural heritage in 3D. Three-dimensional models allow for visualization of the work from all angles. The result can be seen in three-dimensional visors, in virtual reality, or by means of 3D-printed replicas. However, the recipient continues to be, as is also the case in books and videos, a passive spectator of the cultural patrimony. In order to promote participation and to increase interest in local heritage, alternative methods for promotion of the digital patrimony have been developed. In this article, two means of publicizing local (less-known) heritage in an active manner have been described. On the one hand, the transformation of 3D models into cut-outs (paper toys) where it is necessary to make the sculptures by hand, and on the other hand, the incorporation of the models into the video game Minecraft, an immersed 3D world which permits visiting or generating content. To validate these alternatives, two examples based on the sculptures of Santa Cruz de Tenerife (Spain) have been created, and they have been used in pilot studies in schools in order to obtain a ﬁrst appraisal of user satisfaction.

Keywords: sculptural heritage; divulgation; paper toys; Minecraft

1. Introduction The concept of cultural patrimony is permanently in construction through time, and defines those objects, spaces, and traditions which are considered an essential part of the culture of a society and which should be conserved and transmitted to the next generation [1]. One part of the tangible cultural patrimony and street furniture is urban sculptures. In this article, as a pilot trial of alternative publicizing of this patrimony, the collection of sculptures from the 1st International Exhibition of Santa Cruz de Tenerife (Spain) will be worked on. The publicizing of the patrimony has traditionally been carried out by means of images, videos, the Internet or, at best, via a direct visit to the patrimony of a city or to museums to observe the works [2]. As the sculptures are three-dimensional objects, if they are published via a flat resource as in the case of images, information is lost, limiting the understanding of the works [3,4]. With the appearance of 3D technology and digitalization, there are new possibilities to conserve and publicize the patrimony [5,6]. Currently, numerous databases containing digitalized patrimony in three dimensions exist [7]. Large companies, organizations, and museums are the first interested parties and the most advanced in this sector [8]. As one example, the Smithsonian Museum [9] has free 3D models of its patrimony for three-dimensional visualization and allows the downloading and printing in 3D of all of its models under the Creative Commons license [10]. The 3D technology

Sustainability 2018, 10, 4262; doi:10.3390/su10114262 www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability Sustainability 2018, 10, 4262 2 of 12 Sustainability 2018, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 12 example, the University of Alicante offers the Master’s in Virtual Heritage and aims to research the for the dissemination of three-dimensional patrimony is already incorporated into higher education. adaptation of emerging technologies to the needs of the area of heritage, focusing their research on For example, the University of Alicante offers the Master’s in Virtual Heritage and aims to research generating technological solutions and 3D for the conservation and study of heritage. This includes the adaptation of emerging technologies to the needs of the area of heritage, focusing their research on 3D modelling, augmented reality, and virtual reality applied to the cultural heritage. generating technological solutions and 3D for the conservation and study of heritage. This includes Every day, three-dimensional technology offers more possibilities; however, in the majority of 3D modelling, augmented reality, and virtual reality applied to the cultural heritage. cases, the available resources—although offering interaction on the part of the viewer—continue to Every day, three-dimensional technology offers more possibilities; however, in the majority of be merely expositive material which does not need external participation. In this article, two digital cases, the available resources—although offering interaction on the part of the viewer—continue to alternatives which permit the dissemination of local or less-known heritage via constructibles and be merely expositive material which does not need external participation. In this article, two digital video games, which require the active participation of the user and which incite interaction, are alternatives which permit the dissemination of local or less-known heritage via constructibles and video described. In order to validate these alternatives based on urban sculptures from Santa Cruz de games, which require the active participation of the user and which incite interaction, are described. Tenerife, two pilot studies have been carried out in schools, and they have been validated with users In order to validate these alternatives based on urban sculptures from Santa Cruz de Tenerife, via satisfaction questionnaires. two pilot studies have been carried out in schools, and they have been validated with users via satisfaction questionnaires. 2. Materials and Methods 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Alternatives for the Dissemination of Digital Heritage 2.1. AlternativesIn order for for the the 3D Dissemination digital heritage of Digital to be no Heritage longer merely expository and to allow for interaction with In the order user, for at the present 3D digital there heritage are multiple to be no alternatives longer merely [11,12 expository]. Among and them, to allow we may for interaction highlight withvirtual the tours user, (Figure at present 1a) there[13,14 are]; environments multiple alternatives or realities [11, 12 in]. 3D Among [15,16 them,]; virtual we museumsmay highlight and virtualexhibitions tours [17 (Figure–19]; interactive1a) [ 13,14 digital]; environments worlds like, for or realitiesexample, in Second 3D [15 life,16 [20]]; virtual or Active museums Worlds [21] and, exhibitionsserious video[17 games–19]; interactive [22,23], augmented digital worlds reality like, [24 for–26] example,, etc. Second life [20] or Active Worlds [21], seriousApart video from games the digital [22,23], environment, augmented reality a common [24–26 way], etc. to know heritage via active participation is via theApart construction from the of digital three environment,-dimensional amodels common by the way person to know concerned. heritage These via active models participation are usually is viaready the-made construction and represent of three-dimensional elements of the models patrimony by the which person are concerned. very well These-known models internationally, are usually ready-madelike, for example, and represent the Aphrodite elements of of Milos the patrimony (Figure which1b) or are the very Parthenon well-known [27]. internationally, The prefabricated like, forconstructions example, the (Figure Aphrodite 1c) are of Milosusually (Figure made1 b)of orfoam the Parthenonboard [28] [, 27Lego]. The [29] prefabricated, plastic, wood, constructions or paper, (Figureamong 1othersc) are usually[30]. made of foam board [ 28], Lego [29], plastic, wood, or paper, among others [30].

(a) (b) (c)

Figure 1. AlternativesAlternatives for for the the divulgation divulgation of ofheritage: heritage: (a) (virtuala) virtual tours; tours; (b) (wellb) well-known-known patrimony, patrimony, the theAphrodite Aphrodite of Milos; of Milos; and and (c) prefabricated (c) prefabricated constructions. constructions.

From 3D digital models and using simple software, you can make paper cut cut-outs.-outs. This software allows automation of part of the process of the creation of the cut cut-out,-out, the finalfinal objective of which is the construction of the sculpture. This technology is usually calledcalled paper engineeringengineering oror paperpaper toys.toys. The term “cut “cut-outs”-outs” or “paper toys” is generally applied to the printed picture on paper or card which, when cut out and assembled, becomes a toy. The history of cut cut-outs-outs is connected to the very cultural historyhistory ofof a a society. society. These These paper paper toys toys have have formed formed part part of the of children’sthe children’s universe universe since since the XVIII the Century,XVIII Century, being affordablebeing affordable and educational and educational entertainment, entertainment, as well as as well being as abeing documentary a documentary and social and recordsocial record of the of period the period in which in which they were they printedwere printed [31]. The[31] pedagogue. The pedagogue Friedrich Friedrich Froebel Froebel (1782–1852) (1782– was1852) the was first the to incorporate first to incorporate the folding the of paper folding into of the paper preschool into the educational preschool context, educational considering context, the actionconsidering of folding the paper action as of a recreational folding paper activity as wherebya recreational children activity develop whereby psychological children and develop creative aspectspsychological [32]. Currently, and creative the creation aspects of[32 paper]. Currently, toys is included the creation within of so-called paper toys paper is included technology within or paper so- called paper technology or paper engineering. Such technology refers to the collection of knowledge Sustainability 2018, 10, 4262 3 of 12 engineering. Such technology refers to the collection of knowledge and techniques for design using paper, mainly via its possibility of being folded and cut, bestowing it with three-dimensionality [33,34]. On the web there are resources which disseminate heritage by means of Paper Toys. Commonly on these pages, the best-known patrimony may be found; for example, the Eiffel Tower or Sydney Opera House. However, less-known resources are lacking. In this work the guidelines for which any person may, using 3D digital files, develop paper toys of the heritage of their city will be explained. Another possibility for publicizing the sculptural patrimony in an active way for the consumer is via an immersive virtual world in three dimensions. Immersive virtual worlds are digital environments in which a participant uses a digital avatar to interact with the environment [35]. Many alternatives exist for the creation of these digital worlds. In this article a simple and low-cost option is proposed which consists of developing a world using the Minecraft video game. This option offers the possibility of interactively travelling through the digital patrimony and also permits the construction or destruction of the environment, without being bound to predetermined rules. Minecraft (Microsoft, Redmond, Washington) was launched in May 2009 for computers and in 2012 for Apple’s IOS and Android [36]. The worlds may be created and customized by the very user using building blocks of different materials which remind one of LEGO and provide freedom without any objective or script to create what is desired [37,38]. It is a game in which the players are not simply consumers but are also active in the development of the game. Minecraft permits the creation of a world from blocks, building each element piece by piece, but also prefabricated or personalized complete 3D models may also be inserted, allowing the player to navigate on a map and follow the rules built by another person [39]. Minecraft has been used as an educational resource with regard to the teaching of historic buildings and the promotion of creativity or interest in discovery, among others [40]. In other research it is claimed that as it is a sandbox-type game, without rules, the player may build anything and so the user is free to use their creativity [41]. However, as in paper toys, worlds of Minecraft which represent local scenes are lacking.

2.2. 3D Digitalization Both to introduce sculptures within the world of Minecraft and to create paper toys, it is necessary to begin from a 3D digital model. These models may be obtained from online databases, but there is also the possibility of generating our own material of 3D patrimony at a low cost and with progressively simpler programs. For this article, two examples have been produced based on urban sculptures in Santa Cruz de Tenerife. The 3D digital models of the sculptures correspond to previous work for publication via three-dimensional models in the classroom [42,43]. These sculptures were created with the free version of a 3D modeler program (Sketchup, Trimble Navigation, Sunnyvale, CA, USA), through free photo-modeling app (Autodesk Recap) and a low-cost 3D scanner (3DSense from 3D Systems). The sculptures belonging to the I International Exhibition of Street Sculpture of Santa Cruz de Tenerife (Canary Islands), which was held between December 1973 and January 1974, were digitalized. The exhibition was a cultural event with the idea of creating a museum space breaking with traditional commemorative sculpture. In the exhibition, a total of 43 sculptors of such standing as Joan Miró, Henry Moore, Óscar Domínguez, Martín Chirino, and Eduardo Gregorio participated. Currently, 30 of the works are distributed mainly in García Sanabria Park and in the Rambla of Santa Cruz. The collection of sculptures present in the city today is an open museum of urban sculptures of great value (Figure2). Sustainability 2018, 10, 4262 4 of 12 Sustainability 2018, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 4 of 12

Sustainability 2018, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 4 of 12

(a) (b) (c)

Figure 2. Sculptures belonging(a) to the I International Exhibition (b) of Street Sculpture of (Santa c) Cruz de Tenerife: ((aa)) MonumentoMonumento alal Gato Gato from fromÓ Óscar scar Dom Domínguez;ínguez; (b ()b Femme) Femme Boutielle Boutielle from from Joan Joan Mir Miró;ó; and and (c) Figure 2. Sculptures belonging to the I International Exhibition of Street Sculpture of Santa Cruz de Hombre(c) Hombre from from Marí aMaría Simó n.Simón. Tenerife: (a) Monumento al Gato from Ó scar Domínguez; (b) Femme Boutielle from Joan Miró; and (c) Hombre from María Simón. Once the the sculptures sculptures were were digitalized, digitalized, the three thethree-dimensionaldimensional models models were included were included in a sculpture in a sculpturecatalogue,Once catalogue, available the sculptures available for free were download for digitalized, free download on the the three onInternet-dimensional the Internet (see models the (see Supplementary thewere Supplementary included in Materials). a sculpture Materials). The Thesculptures sculpturescatalogue, are availablepresented are presented for printed free printed download in 3D in 3D and on and the in in the Internet the traditional traditional (see the book Supplementary book format format (Figure (Figure Materials). 33)) where where The the the sculpturessculptures areare described described are presented in in a a factprinted fact sheet sheet in (name, 3D(name, and description, indescription, the traditional author, author, book year, year, format materials, materials, (Figure dimensions, 3)dimensions, where andthe and link withlink withsculptures additional additional are information) described information) in witha fact with onesheet one or (name, various or various description, photos photos ofauthor,each of each year, sculpture sculpture materials, and and dimensions, a schematic a schematic and map map of theof the citylink city with with with itsadditional location. its locat information) Theion. difference The differencewith one with or respect withvarious respect tophotos a conventional toof each a conventional sculpture catalogue and catalogue a lies schematic in the lies inclusionmap in the of the city with its location. The difference with respect to a conventional catalogue lies in the ofinclusion two links: of twoone to links: access one the to online access visualization the online visualization of the 3D model of the and 3D the model other to and download the other and to inclusion of two links: one to access the online visualization of the 3D model and the other to printdownload the sculpture and print in the a sculpture 3D printer. in Thea 3D linksprinter. are The presented links are as presented hyperlinks as forhyperlinks the digital for versionthe digital of download and print the sculpture in a 3D printer. The links are presented as hyperlinks for the digital the catalogue along with a QR code to access the printed format. However, this catalogue remains a versionversion of the of cataloguethe catalogue along along with with a aQR QR code code toto access the the printed printed format. format. However, However, this thiscatalogue catalogue static resource which does not require recipient interaction any further than that of observation and remainsremains a static a static resource resource which which does does not not require require recipient recipient interaction interaction any any further further than than that thatof of manipulationobservationobservation and in and themanipulation manipulation case of printed in in the the sculptures. case case of of printed printed sculptures.sculptures.

Figure 3. Sculpture catalogue and boxes with the printed sculptures. Figure 3. Sculpture catalogue and boxes with the printed sculptures. 2.3. Diffusion2.3. Diffusion via PaperviaFigure Paper Toys Toys 3. Sculpture catalogue and boxes with the printed sculptures. The material described in this section was generated from the previously indicated 3D models. 2.3. DiffusionThe material via Paper described Toys in this section was generated from the previously indicated 3D models. The designThe design of a of paper a paper toy toy has has traditionally traditionally beenbeen work earmarked earmarked for for experts experts as it as is itnecessary is necessary to to create a two-dimensional template from a three-dimensional object. At present, numerous software createThe a two-dimensional material described template in this section from a three-dimensionalwas generated from object. the previously At present, indicated numerous 3D software models. applications exist which in general tend to facilitate or enable a process which is very complicated to applicationsThe design of exist a paper which toy in generalhas traditionally tend to facilitate been work or enable earmarked a process for whichexperts is as very it is complicated necessary to carry out by hand [44–46]. carrycreate out a two by- handdimensional [44–46]. template from a three-dimensional object. At present, numerous software applications exist which in general tend to facilitate or enable a process which is very complicated to carry out by hand [44–46]. Sustainability 2018, 10, 4262 5 of 12

Currently, free technology exists (SketchUp, Pepakura, Foldi, etc.) which allows for the automatic creationSustainability of a paper 2018, 10 toy, x FOR from PEER a REVIEW 3D model [44]. These applications permit the transformation5 of of12 a 3D digital model into a flat figure which may be printed on paper. The aforementioned paper figure is cut Currently, free technology exists (SketchUp, Pepakura, Foldi, etc.) which allows for the usingautomatic scissors andcreation the of original a paper 3D toyfigure from a may3D model be reconstructed. [44]. These applications permit the transformation Theof a 3D design digital of model a paper into toy a flat using figure the which digital may means be printed described on paper. below The constitutes aforementioned a process paper which consistsfigure of is three cut using phases. scissors The and first the phaseoriginal consists 3D figure of may obtaining be reconstructed. a three-dimensional digital model; the secondThe phase design is deployingof a paper toy this using 3D model the digital to create means a described flat template; below lastly, constitutes postproduction a process which is used to add detailsconsists andof three color. phases. In order The first to explain phase consists each of of the obtaining stages, a thethree Monument-dimensional to digital the Cat model; sculpture the by the Spanishsecond phase artist isÓ scardeploying Dom íthisnguez 3D hasmodel been to create chosen a flat as antemplate; example. lastly, This postproduction sculpture was is used part ofto the I Internationaladd details Exhibition and color. of In Street order Sculptureto explain ineach Santa of the Cruz stages, de Tenerifethe Monument between to the 1973 Cat and sculpture 1974, andby it is the Spanish artist Ó scar Domínguez has been chosen as an example. This sculpture was part of the I at present located in García Sanabria Park in the city. International Exhibition of Street Sculpture in Santa Cruz de Tenerife between 1973 and 1974, and it Inis at the present digital located display, in theGarcía three-dimensional Sanabria Park in modelthe city. is transformed into a two-dimensional template. This stepIn is theessential digital and display, is the the most three characteristic-dimensional model in the isdesign transformed of a Paper into Toy.a two For-dimensional that purpose, varioustemplate. free applications This step is essential exist, like, and is for the example, most characteristic 123D Make, in the Pepakura design of Designer,a Paper Toy. or For plugins that for SketchUppurpose, (among various which free applications there are Unwrap exist, like, and for Flattenexample, Faces). 123D Make, For this Pepakura example, Designer, 3D design or plugins software was used.for SketchUp SketchUp (among accepts which the there installation are Unwrap of and various Flatten free Faces). plugins For this which example, expand 3D its design features. Amongsoftware these, was we used. find SketchUpUnwrap and accepts Flatten the installation Faces which of various allow forfree the plugins location which of expand selected its sides on thefeatures. floor.This Among program these, doeswe find not Unwrap createthe and template Flatten Faces automatically; which allow instead, for the itlocation is necessary of selected to slowly unfoldsides connected on the floor. sides This to program achieve does the finalnot create template. the template In addition, automatically; it is necessary instead, it to is drawnecessary the to tabs to slowly unfold connected sides to achieve the final template. In addition, it is necessary to draw the subsequently build the model in paper. In spite of this, it is a very interesting option as it allows us to tabs to subsequently build the model in paper. In spite of this, it is a very interesting option as it createallows a personalized us to create model a personalized and unfold model it as weand wish. unfold Its it user as we difficulty wish. Its may use ber difficulty considered may medium, be and itconsidered is suitable medium, for users and with it is knowledgesuitable for users of Sketchup with knowledge (Figure 4of). Sketchup (Figure 4).

(a) (b)

FigureFigure 4. Monument 4. Monument to theto the Cat Cat sculpture: sculpture: 3D3D geometry (a) (a )and and top top view view of unwrap of unwrappedped and andflatten ﬂatteneded facesfaces (b). (b).

In theIn postproductionthe postproduction stage, stage, the the cutout cutout is is personalized using using any any graphic graphic design design program program (Photoshop,(Photoshop, Illustrator, Illustrator, Gimp, Gimp, Inkscape, Inkscape, etc.). etc.). AtAt this stage stage the the finishing ﬁnishing graphic graphic elements elements are added, are added, like colorlike color or images or images which which simulate simulate texture, texture, etc.etc. The The template template may may also also be beproduced produced without without color, color, offering the possibility of coloring the models. offering the possibility of coloring the models. To obtain an initial assessment of the possibility of diffusion of the patrimony using the designed To obtain an initial assessment of the possibility of diffusion of the patrimony using the designed paper toy book, a pilot trial was carried out using 27 students (divided into 13 groups of two and paperthree toy book,people) a from pilot the trial Echeyde was carried II School out (CPEIPS) using 27 in students Tenerife, (divided in which into the 13participants groups of had two to and cut three people)out from and build the Echeyde the paper II School sculptures. (CPEIPS) At the in end Tenerife, of the activity, in which a the questionnaire participants was had given to cut to the out and buildparti thecipants. paper sculptures.This questionnaire, At the with end a of total the of activity, four questions, a questionnaire was rated according was given to tothe the Likert participants. scale Thisfrom questionnaire, 1 to 5, where with 1 is a not total in ofagreement four questions, and 5 represents was rated totally according in agreement. to the It Likert asked scale about from the 1 to 5, whereinterest 1 is this not material in agreement created and to know 5 represents about the totally patrimo inny, agreement. about the It ease asked of use, about and the about interest the this materialusefulness created to understanding to know about the the three patrimony,-dimensionality about of thethe easesculptures. of use, The and time about taken theto build usefulness each to understandingof the paper the toys three-dimensionality was also measured. of the sculptures. The time taken to build each of the paper toys was also measured. Sustainability 2018, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 6 of 12 Sustainability 2018, 10, 4262 6 of 12

2.4. Diffusion via the Virtual World of the Minecraft Video Game 2.4. DiffusionJust like via the the paper Virtual toys, World a world of the in Minecraft the Minecraft Video Game video game was created using the 3D models describedJust like in Section the paper 2.1. toys, The avirtual world world in the of Minecraft Minecraft video is a simplified game was reconstruction created using theof reality 3D models using describedblocks. In inour Section case, a2.1 world. The was virtual created world which of Minecraft represents is a the simpliﬁed Rambla reconstruction and the García of Sanabria reality using Park blocks.of the In city our of case, Santa a world Cruz was de Tenerife created which in Spain. represents In that the area Rambla of the and city, the Garc the sculpturesía Sanabria of Park the of I theInternational city of Santa Exhibition Cruz de Tenerifeof Street inSculptures, Spain. In thata sculptural area of the heritage city, the which sculptures is representative of the I International of the city, Exhibitionmay be found. of Street Sculptures, a sculptural heritage which is representative of the city, may be found. TheThe sculpturessculptures areare oversizedoversized inin thethe gamegame toto avoidavoid lossloss ofof detaildetail onon transformingtransforming themthem intointo aa blockblock element.element. InIn orderorder toto roamroam thethe virtualvirtual world,world, itit isis estimatedestimated thatthat approximatelyapproximately halfhalf anan hourhour isis required—arequired—a similar similar time time to to that that needed needed to to walk walk down down the the RamblaRambla inin thethe realreal world. world. TheThe constructionconstruction ofof thethe virtualvirtual worldworld beganbegan withwith anan extra-slimextra-slim mapmap intointo whichwhich elementselements ofof thethe worldworld likelike trees,trees, roads,roads, gardens,gardens, etc.,etc., werewere incorporated.incorporated. InIn orderorder toto carrycarry outout thisthis task,task, aa complementarycomplementary programprogram calledcalled MCEdit,MCEdit, whichwhich allowsallows forfor largelargeareas areasto to be be selected selected and and materials materials to to be be applied, applied, was was used. used. MaterialsMaterials suchsuch asas predesignedpredesigned trees trees were were used used to to optimize optimize the the creation creation time time of of the the Minecraft Minecraft world. world. ToTo add add the the 3D 3D models models of of thethe sculpturessculptures ofof SantaSanta CruzCruz dede Tenerife,Tenerife, it it was was necessarynecessary toto transformtransform thethe 3D 3D digital digital formats formats (Figure (Figure5 )5) into into Minecraft Minecraft formats formats called called Schematic. Schematic. A A very very simple simple and and free free way way toto carry carry outout thisthis transformationtransformation stepstep isis byby usingusing TinkercadTinkercad (Autodesk,(Autodesk, Inc.,Inc., SanSan Rafael,Rafael, CA,CA, USA)USA) [[47]47].. InIn orderorder toto introduceintroduce thethe 3D3D ﬁlefile generated generated inin thethe previousprevious stepstep intointo ourour world,world, MCEditMCEdit waswas againagain used.used. Finally,Finally, inin thethe game,game, aa signsign waswas addedadded toto eacheach sculpturesculpture withwith itsits namename andand thethe correspondingcorresponding artistartist toto completecomplete thethe scene.scene. AdditionalAdditional descriptiondescription cancan bebe addedadded byby usingusing thethe “book“book andand Quill”Quill”tool tool inin Minecraft. Minecraft.

FigureFigure 5.5.Process Process toto introduceintroduce thethe 3D3D digitaldigital modelsmodels into into Minecraft. Minecraft.

InIn orderorder to to obtain obtain aa firstfirst appraisal appraisal ofof the the possibilitiespossibilities ofof diffusiondiffusion ofof heritageheritage usingusing thethe designeddesigned MinecraftMinecraft world,world, a a pilotpilot testtest waswas carriedcarried outout usingusing 1616 studentsstudents (distributed(distributed intointo fivefivegroups) groups) fromfrom the the firstfirstyear year ofofBaccalaureate Baccalaureate inin thethe MM.MM. DominicasDominicas VistabellaVistabella dede SantaSanta CruzCruz dede TenerifeTenerifeschool; school; inin thisthis test,test, the the students students had had to to roam roam the the created created Minecraft Minecraft world world and and visit visit all theall the sculptures. sculptures. At theAt endthe end of the of aforementionedthe aforementioned activity, activity, a satisfaction a satisfaction questionnaire questionnaire was given wasto the given participants. to the This participants. questionnaire, This withquestio a totalnnaire, of sixwith questions, a total of wassix questions, rated according was rated to theaccording Likert scaleto the fromLikert 1 scale to 5, from where 1 to 1 is5, notwhere in agreement1 is not in andagreement 5 represents and 5 totally represents in agreement. totally in Itagreement. asked the studentsIt asked the if they students considered if they Minecraft considered to beMinecraft a useful to way be toa useful learn aboutway to patrimony, learn about about patrimony, its ease a ofbout use, its and ease if theyof use, considered and if they it toconsidered be a good it complementto be a good forcomplement learning. Infor the learning. aforementioned In the aforementioned activity, thetime activity, required the time to finish required the entireto finish route the wasentire also route measured. was also measured. 3. Results 3. Results With respect to the diffusion of cultural patrimony via Paper Toys, the results were as follows: With respect to the diffusion of cultural patrimony via Paper Toys, the results were as follows: A total of 12 paper toys of local sculptures located in the city of Santa Cruz de Tenerife were created. A total of 12 paper toys of local sculptures located in the city of Santa Cruz de Tenerife were created. The templates of these cutouts were grouped in book format for publication. The selected sculptures The templates of these cutouts were grouped in book format for publication. The selected sculptures readily lend themselves to creating paper toys, as the geometry of the majority of them is simple. readily lend themselves to creating paper toys, as the geometry of the majority of them is simple. In spite of this, in many cases the model was simplified to facilitate its construction. In spite of this, in many cases the model was simplified to facilitate its construction. The book (Figure6) is available for download (see Supplementary Materials). The book (Figure 6) is available for download (see Supplementary Materials). Sustainability 2018, 10, 4262 7 of 12 Sustainability 2018, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 7 of 12

(a) (b) (c)

FigureFigure 6. 6. TThehe paper paper toy toy book book (a) (a);; pilot pilot test test in in the the classroom classroom ( (b)b);; result result of of the the pilot pilot test test (c) (c)..

InIn Table Table 11 wewe maymay seesee thethe averageaverage timetime thatthat the groups of students took to finish ﬁnish the sculptures. SomeSome of thethe sculpturessculptures were were not not built, built, as as the the students students had had freedom freedom of choice of choice of the of templates the templates and some and somewere notwere chosen. not chosen. On the On other the hand,other hand, other modelsother models were constructed were constructed several several times by times different by different groups. groups.As is logical, As is thelogical, time spentthe time on eachspent sculpture on each sculpture and its completion and its completion depended depended on the skill on of eachthe skill group of eachof students. group of students.

Table 1. Results for the construction time of the paper toys. Table 1. Results for the construction time of the paper toys.

SculptureSculpture FinishedFinished Total Finished Finished Average Average TimeTime FemmeFemme Bouitelle Bouitelle (Joan (Joan Mir óMiró)) nono 00 - IntroversiIntroversiónón (Josep (Josep Mar Maríaía Subirachs) Subirachs) yesyes 22 30 min Macla (Eduardo Gregorio) yes 3 38 min MonumentMacla to the (Eduardo cat (Óscar Gregorio) Domínguez) yesyes 23 38 37 min MonumentHombre to the (Mar catía (Óscar Simón) Domínguez) yesyes 12 37 40 min UntitledHombre (Feliciano (María Hern Simón)ández) noyes 01 40 min - UntitledMóvil (Francisco (Feliciano Sobrino) Hernández) nono 00 - Homenaje a Millares (Claude Viseux) yes 2 35 min Móvil (Francisco Sobrino) no 0 - Tribute to the Canary Islands (Pablo Serrano) yes 1 50 min DadoHomenaje para 13 a (RemigioMillares Mendiburu)(Claude Viseux) yesyes 22 35 87 min Tribute to the Canary Islands (Pablo Serrano) yes 1 50 min Dado para 13 (Remigio Mendiburu) yes 2 87 min The results of the questionnaire on paper toy satisfaction in the pilot trial carried out in the Echeyde school are shown in Table2. The results of the questionnaire on paper toy satisfaction in the pilot trial carried out in the Echeyde school are shown in Table 2. Table 2. Results of the questionnaire on Paper Toy satisfaction.

Table 2. Results ofQuestions the questionnaire on Paper Toy satisfaction. Results N = 27 Building paper toys of sculptures is an interesting resource for 1 Questions Results3.78 N (1.01) = 27 Building paperlearning toys of about sculptures sculptural is an heritage.interesting resource for 1 Building paper toys is an interesting activity to help understand 3.78 (1.01) 2 learning about sculptural heritage. 4.41 (0.84) the three-dimensionality of the sculptures better. Building paper toys is an interesting activity to help 32 I would like to carry out more activities like this in the subject.4.41 4.74 (0.84) (0.66) 4understand The the building three- ofdimensionality the paper toy of has the been sculptures easy. better. 3.48 (1.09) 3 I would like to carry out more activities like this in the subject. 4.74 (0.66) 4 The building of the paper toy has been easy. 3.48 (1.09) With respect to the diffusion of the patrimony via a Minecraft world, the results were the following: A MinecraftWith respect world wasto the created diffusion (Figure of7 )the using patrimony low-cost orvia free a Minecraft technology. world, In this the case, results it was necessarywere the following:to buy Minecraft A Minecraft licenses world (23.95 was Euros) created in order (Figure to have7) usi anng ofﬁciallow-cost version or free installed technology. and toIn bethis able case, to itshare was andnecessary import to a buy world Minecraft created licenses by another (23. person.95 Euros) On in saving order to this have world, an official a version version is created installed in a andfolder to be of able the computer. to share and This import folder a world may be created shared by with another other person. users. On The saving world this is available world, a version for free isdownload created in (see a Supplementaryfolder of the computer. Materials). This folder may be shared with other users. The world is available for free download (see Supplementary Materials). Sustainability 2018, 10, 4262 8 of 12 Sustainability 2018, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 of 12

Figure 7. Views of the virtual world created in Minecraft.Minecraft.

The time control for the activity was carried out by noting noting the the start start and and finish ﬁnish times times (Table (Table 33)).. The route waswas plannedplanned toto bebe carriedcarried outout inin 30 min;min; it is important to note that the majority of the users needed more time thanthan expected.

Table 3.3. Results of the questionnaire onon paperpaper toytoy satisfaction.satisfaction.

GroupGroup Start Start Time Time Finish FinishTime Total Time Minutes Total Minutes Group 1Group 1 9:00 9:00 am 9:45 am 9:45 am45 45 Group 2Group 2 9:00 9:00 am 9:45 am 9:45 am45 45 Group 3 9:15 am 9:45 am 30 Group 3 9:15 am 9:45 am 30 Group 4 9:00 am 9:45 am 45 Group 5Group 4 9:00 9:00 am 9:45 am 9:45 am45 45 Group 5 9:00 am 9:45 am 45 The results obtained confirm that the route through the Minecraft world may be carried out in a The results obtained confirm that the route through the Minecraft world may be carried out in a predetermined time, and the students appraised the activity positively. The results for the Minecraft predetermined time, and the students appraised the activity positively. The results for the Minecraft satisfaction questionnaire in the pilot trial carried out in MM. Dominicas Vistabella in Santa Cruz de satisfaction questionnaire in the pilot trial carried out in MM. Dominicas Vistabella in Santa Cruz de Tenerife are shown in Table4. Tenerife are shown in Table 4. Table 4. Results of the satisfaction questionnaire for Minecraft. Table 4. Results of the satisfaction questionnaire for Minecraft. Question Results N = 16 1 I would like to do moreQuestion activities based on Minecraft 4.29Results (0.73) N = 16 1 2 I believe thatI thewould use oflike Minecraft to do more increases activities my motivation based on to Minecraft study and learn in class 3.714.29 (1.07) (0.73) 2 3I believe Learning that with the Minecraftuse of Minecraft is a good increases complement my in motivation combination to with study traditional and learn materials in class 3.793.71 (0.97) (1.07) 3 4Learning with Minecraft It has been is a easygood for complement me to operate in in combination the world of Minecraftwith traditional materials 3.933.79 (1.07) (0.97) 5 The use of a world of Minecraft is useful for the teaching–learning of urban sculptural patrimony 4.14 (0.66) 4 6 CarryingIt outhasthe been activity easy hasfor mademe to me operate aware in of the urbanworld sculptures of Minecraft of Santa Cruz 4.143.93 (0.77) (1.07) 5 The use of a world of Minecraft is useful for the teaching–learning of urban sculptural patrimony 4.14 (0.66) 6 Carrying out the activity has made me aware of the urban sculptures of Santa Cruz 4.14 (0.77) 4. Conclusions 4. ConclusionsWith respect to the diffusion of cultural patrimony through paper toys, it has been confirmed that theWith creation respect ofto personalizedthe diffusion paperof cultural toys patrimony of the patrimony through of paper any city toys is, it possible has been via confirmed free and simple-to-usethat the creation programs, of personalized appropriate paper for anytoys person of the withoutpatrimony advanced of any knowledgecity is possible of computing. via free and simpleThe-to exercise-use programs, carried appropriate out with paper for any toys person in a secondarywithout advanced education knowledge classroom of computing. allowed us to concludeThe exercisethat it is carrieda cheap out and with accessible paper resource toys in whicha secondary allows education the students classroom to build allowed and visualize us to theconclude sculptures that it in is three a cheap dimensions and accessible with neitherresource the which need allows for technology the students nor to the build need and to leavevisualize the the sculptures in three dimensions with neither the need for technology nor the need to leave the classroom. In this way they also manage to appreciate the three-dimensionality of a work better than Sustainability 2018, 10, 4262 9 of 12 classroom. In this way they also manage to appreciate the three-dimensionality of a work better than when only a flat image is available. The average time the students took to build the different models ranged between half an hour and one and a half hours. The time spent on each sculpture and its completion depended on the skill of each group of students because, eventually, fine psychomotor skills are required to build paper toys. According to the results of the questionnaire, the building of paper toys was considered by the participants to be an interesting resource for learning about local sculptural heritage (3.78/5). They also considered that the building of paper toys was an interesting activity for learning about the three-dimensionality of the sculptures (4.41/5). On the other hand, the participants positively rated the educational experience with the use of paper toys as a didactic resource and showed great interest in carrying out similar activities in the subject of Plastic and Visual Education (4.74/5); they also considered the building of the paper toy to have been easy (3.48/5). With respect to the diffusion of cultural patrimony by means of Minecraft, it may be concluded that to replace or complement visits to the sculptures of a city, it is possible to build an immersive virtual world without advanced knowledge of computing by using the Minecraft video game. In addition, the creation of a world in Minecraft with the necessary complementary programs is free, allowing anyone to be able to create their own local digital environment. The only cost would be the purchase of the Minecraft licenses (23.95 Euros) to allow other users to access the created world. The Minecraft virtual route was completed without any problem by the participants in less than an hour (45 min on average). The virtual route described in this article may be carried out in any room with computers. It is not necessary to have knowledge of Minecraft, as almost all young people know how to use it and cope in a virtual environment, and those who do not can learn in a few minutes. It should be emphasized that the prospect of more Minecraft activities was considered in a positive way (4.25/5) and that the experience motivated them to study (3.71/5). The participants found it relatively easy to operate in the Minecraft world (3.92/5). In addition, the activity serves not only for learning purposes, but also makes the users conscious of the existence of the local sculptures of Santa Cruz (4.14/5). As the final conclusion of this work, we indicate that alternatives may be created, starting from 3D models of less-known heritage, which allow the user to interact with sculptures in a new way. These alternatives are well considered by the users not only as a means of diffusion but also as learning material. In addition, simple digital programs and tools exist which allow for the creation of these alternatives by anyone at a very low cost, or even for free. Frequently, similar results are achieved thanks to expensive tools. For the two proposals put forth in this work, the results obtained are similar. It also would be interesting for future research to consider targeting a wider range of users (use for example, older people). Following the work described in this article, a 3D interactive virtual world is being created using the Unity video game engine. In this way, the problem of the cost of the Minecraft license is solved, and the generation of material in different formats and for different platforms like virtual reality, webGL, mobile devices, etc., is allowed.

Supplementary Materials: The sculpture catalogue is available at http://goo.gl/wD3EwS; The book of Paper Toys is available for download from the following link: https://bit.ly/2L9luuT; The Minecraft world is available at https://goo.gl/g4icfz. Author Contributions: J.L.S. and J.d.l.T.-C. conceptualized the experiments, C.M. and M.D.D.-A. designed the methodology and the validation of the experiment. C.M. and J.L.S. conducted the formal analysis and the writing of the manuscript. Funding: This research received no external funding. Conﬂicts of Interest: The authors declare no conﬂict of interest. Sustainability 2018, 10, 4262 10 of 12

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